1.

0 INTRODUCTION

This project is covering the design of 3-storey braced steel-framed building. In this project consist of
detailed design for primary and secondary beams, an internal column, truss member and several different
connection types.

A braced frame is a structural system commonly used in structures subject to lateral loads such as wind
and seismic pressure. The members in a braced frame are generally made of structural steel, which can
work effectively both in tension and compression.

The beams and columns that form the frame carry vertical loads, and the bracing system carries the lateral
loads. The positioning of braces, however, can be problematic as they can interfere with the design of the
façade and the position of openings. Buildings adopting high-tech or post-modernist styles have
responded to this by expressing bracing as an internal or external design feature.

There are several types of structural bracing:

1. Chevron bracing
The chevron braced configuration supports two braces framing into a beam from opposite
directions. It consists of three sub-connections as follows:
 Left Brace-to-Gusset Connection.
 Right Brace-to-Gusset Connection.
 Gusset-to-Beam Connection.

2. Single Diagonal Bracing:

Diagonally braced frame is better in vertical tension and compression on opposite sides of the
frames, due to the bending effect.

3. Portal Frame Bracing

It is a combination of struts and ties, which transfer air pressure from the upper parts of the truss
to the support of the bridge.

1.1 Steel

Gary S. Berman (n.d.) stated that steel is a common building material used throughout the
construction industry. It forms the skeleton for the building or structure and basically holds everything
together. Steel is widely used as a building material. It is because of its design simplicity, mechanical
properties and ease and speed of construction. If there is any extension needed on a steel structure, the
new structures can be just welded or bolted to the existing structure and it will change strength of steel.
Steel has a variety of properties to suit different requirements which are strength, ductility, weld ability
and corrosion resistance. Besides, steel has also a special feature. It will not break directly when it is
loaded with excessive loading. It will buckle first, until it reaches its maximum capacity, then only it fails.
This feature is explained in the Figure 1.1 (William, n.d., Chapter 1).

Figure 1.1: Stress-strain curve of steel (“True Stress – True Strain Curve,” n.d)

Steel is shaped into several sections for the construction purposes which are I- section (Universal
Beam), H-section (Universal Column), circular hollow section (CHS), rectangular hollow section (RHS),
and square hollow section (SHS), unequal angles, equal angles, double angles and many other shapes as
shows in Figure 1.2. This is why steel is preferred to be used in the construction as compared of concrete
and timber. There are many sections available in the market. The engineer only needs to choose which
design suits his design requirements. Other than that, this might cut off the cost of construction as well.
The chosen design unquestionably satisfies the building requirements.
 Figure 1.2: Steel structure shapes (“Structural Steel,” n.d)

There were several steel structure elements in a building which are trusses, beams and columns. This
project is covering the design of 3-storey braced steel-framed building. In this project consist of detailed
design for primary and secondary beams, an internal column, truss member and several different
connection types.

1.2 Truss

A truss is an assembly of beams or other elements that creates a rigid structure with a series of
straight bars that form triangles or other stable. The truss structure system is defined as a medium to
transport the loading from the top (roof) to the ground or as a collection of objects that have the same
characteristics that are connected in a certain way so that the whole system can function
simultaneously in carrying and distribute loads horizontally or vertically (Lianto et al., 2018). There
are two types of trusses which are planar truss and space truss. A planar truss is a two-dimensional
truss, where all members and applied forces are one plane. The space frame truss contrasts with
planar truss, the members and the nodes are located in the three-dimensional space such as Electrical
and telecom tower. The most common types of roof trusses used in roof construction are Howe truss,
Pratt truss, and Warren truss. There are other types of trusses used in the industry such as King post
truss, Fink truss,
Scissors truss, Bowstring truss, and more.
 Figure 1.3: common type of truss

1.3 Beam

A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building to resist the lateral loads applied to the beam’s
axis. The structural member which resists the forces laterally or transversely applied to the (beam)
axis is called a beam. In it, the loads are acting transversely to the longitudinal axis, which produces
the shear forces and bending moment. The lateral load acting on beams are the main cause bending of
the beam. They are responsible to transfer a load from the slab to the column. The load distribution
pattern is, Slab > Beam > Column > Foundation
Beams are used to ‘span’ distances, such as the distance between two walls. How well the beam
works depends on the material it is made from and its shape. In some buildings, it can easily be seen
 the steel girders that hold the roof up. The diagram below shows the common sections used as beams
in building construction. That beam is connected with the column and this connection is called direct
support while the beam connected with beam and this connection is called indirect support.

1.4 Column

Column is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member that carry the
loads from the beams and slabs down to the foundations and also have to resist bending moments due
to continuity of the structure and eccentricity of loading. EC2 Clause 5.3.1(7) defines column as a
compression member where the greater cross-sectional dimension does not exceed four times the
smaller dimension (ℎ ≤ 4𝑏) and the height is at least three times the section depth. The column
section is generally square or rectangular, but circular and other shapes are also used in special cases.

Columns can be classified into two categories as follows:

1) Braced and unbraced columns.

Figure 1.4: Braced and unbraced frame

2) Slender and non-slender columns

1.5 Properties of Element

Steel grade = S275

No. Elements Section properties Materials

1 Truss (top chord) TUB100606.3 Steel
2 Truss (bottom chord) TUB100606.3 Steel
3 Truss (diagonal member) TUB60606.3 Steel
4 Truss (vertical member) TUB60606.3 Steel
 5 Column UC254X254X89 Steel
6 Beam UB406X140X39 Steel
UB203X133X30
7 Ground beam 5mx2.5m Reinforced concrete

1.6 Frame Geometry

Figure 1.5 Full design of 3 storey braced steel-framed

Figure 1.6 Full 3D design of 3 storey braced steel-framed in Staadpro

Figure 1.7: 2D front view

Figure 1.8: 3D front view

Figure 1.9: 2D side view

Figure 1.10: 3D side view

1.7 STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
Figure 1.2.1 shows the ground floor plan of the office and Figure 1.2.2 to 1.2.4 provided the first floor
plan, second floor plan and roof of structural layout respectively.

1.2.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

1.2.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN
1.2.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN
1.2.4 ROOF PLAN
3.0 BEAM

3.1 The design beam procedure for beams calculation were shown in the flow chart (Figure 3.0)
below.

Classification of cross-
section

Load Distribution and

beam analysis

Design shear forces and

bending moments

Bending resistance of
cross section

Shear resistance of cross

section

Deflection

Figure 3.0 flowchart of beam calculation