The interaction

Menus
• Interaction Styles
• Elements of the WIMP Interface ➤ Set of options displayed on the screen
• Interactivity
➤ Options visible
Interaction Style

➤ command line interface • less recall – easier to use

• rely on recognition so names should be
➤ Menus natural language question/answer and query dialogue
meaningful
➤ form-fills and spreadsheets
➤ Selection by:
➤ WIMP

➤ point and click • Numbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse

• Combination (e.g. mouse plus
➤ three-dimensional interfaces the Interaction
accelerators)

Command line interface ➤ Often options hierarchically grouped

➤ Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly • sensible grouping is needed

➤ function keys, single characters, short abbreviations,
➤ Restricted form of full WIMP system
whole words, or a combination

➤ suitable for repetitive tasks

➤ better for expert users than novices

➤ offers direct access to system functionality

Natural Language
➤ command names/abbreviations should be meaningful!
➤ Familiar to user
➤ Typical example: the Unix system

Query Interfaces ➤ speech recognition or typed natural language

➤ Question/answer interfaces ➤ Problems

➤ user led through interaction via series of questions
• vague
➤ suitable for novice users but restricted functionality • ambiguous
➤ often used in information systems • hard to do well!
•
➤ Query languages (e.g. SQL)

➤ used to retrieve information from database ➤ Solutions

➤ requires understanding of database structure and Try to understand a subset
language syntax, hence requires some expertise
Pick on key words

WIMP Interfaces ➤ Examples Siri, Chabot

Windows. Icons. Menus. Pointers
… or windows, icons, mice, and pull-down menus!

Default style for majority of interactive computer systems,

especially PCs and desktop machines

Point and Click Interfaces

used in..

• multimedia

• web browsers
 hypertext

• just click something! Form-fills

• icons, text links or location on map • Primarily for data entry or data retrieval
minimal typing • Screen like paper form.
Three dimensional Interfaces • Data put in relevant place
• Requires
• virtual reality
• 3D workspaces • Good design
o Use for extra virtual space • Obvious correction facilities
o Distance effects

Elements of the WIMP interface

Wimpless Interfaces??

Menu design Issues

• which kind to use

• what to include in menus at all

words to use (action or description) Kinds of Menus

• how to group items
choice of keyboard accelerators
Palettes
Palettes – little windows of actions
Shown/hidden via menu option
e.g. available shapes in drawing package
tear-off and pin-up menus menu ‘tears off’
to become palette
• Menu Bar at top of screen (normally), menu drags down
• Pull-down menu – mouse hold and drag down
menu
• drop-down menu – mouse click reveals menu
• fall-down menus – mouse just moves over
bar!
• Contextual menu appears where you are
• pop-up menus – actions for selected object

Dialog Box
• pie menus – arranged in a circle

• information windows that pop up to inform of an • easier to select item (larger target area)
important event or request information.

e.g.: when saving a file, a dialogue box is displayed

to allow the user to specify the filename and • quicker (same distance to any option)
location. Once the file is saved, the box disappears.

Interactivity

The ability of a computer to respond to a user’s … but not widely used

input.

• Speech Driven Interfaces

rapidly improving …

But still inaccurate

how to have robust dialogue? Interaction of course!

e.g. airline reservation:

reliable “yes” and “no”

+ system reflects back its understanding “you want a ticket from New York to Boston?”