Revision Material

Year 07

Conjunctions and Clauses

A conjunction is a word or words used to connect sentence parts. Coordinating

Conjunction. Three conjunctions used to connect related sentences, words, or phrases
are: and, but,yet,nor, so, for,and or. They are called coordinating conjunctions.
Correlative Conjunctions. A few conjunctions are used in pairs: not only . . . but
(also); either . . . or; neither.....nor; both . . . and; whether . . . or. These conjunctions
are called correlative conjunctions.
Subordinating Conjunctions. Words used to introduce adverb clauses are called
subordinating conjunctions. These words not only introduce the subordinating clause
but link it to the main clause. Their chief function is to make clear exactly what is the
relation between the two clauses. The most common subordinating conjunctions are
these: after, as,even though, whenever, although, because, since, unless, where,before,
so that, until, while, as if, if, though, when.
CLAUSES - a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. There are
two types of clauses:
1. Independent Clause - expresses a complete thought and has a subject and verb. It
is the main thought of a sentence and can be used alone as a simple sentence.
Examples: 1. Mrs. Smith bakes wonderful pies. 2. During the rainstorm, the children
were frightened by the thunder. 3. She enjoys playing the piano.
2. Dependent Clause – has a subject and verb but cannot be used as a simple
sentence. A dependent clause is introduced by a dependent word (subordinating
conjunction, see the list of Subordinating Conjunctions above).

Identifying Conjunctions. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.

1. I've studied both French and Spanish in school.
2. She said she was going to come, although I don’t think she was that keen.
3. He was chosen to represent the school because he was the most talented swimmer.
(Subordiante Conjunction)
4. We are going to go to either Spain or Portugal next year. (Correlative Conjunction)
5. She had walked all the way to school before realising that she was wearing odd
socks.(Subordiante Conjunction)
6. He always seemed so confident, yet he was actually quite shy. (Coordinating
Conjunction)
7. Our neighbours are not quiet, nor are they particularly friendly.(Coordinating
Conjunction)
8. Sally will be late for the party because she must work until nine.(Subordiante
Conjunction)
9. Jim is not only class president, but he is also captain of the football team.
(Correlative Conjunction)
10. It has turned cool, although it's still very sunny.(Subordiante Conjunction)
11. Please tell me if you will be late for dinner. (Subordiante Clause)
12. Either Laura or Sue will have the lead in the play. (Correlative Conjunction)
13. We played tennis until it was too dark to see the ball.(Subordiante Clause)
14. Since Mr. Hays has just moved into the state, he can't vote in the election today.
(Subordiante Clause
15. Neither radio nor television offered any good programs last night. (Correlative
Conjunction)
16. After we went to the movie, we stopped for some pizza. (Main Clause)
17. Please help us whenever you have the time. (Subordiante Conjunction)
18. I like to play bridge, but I can't keep score. (Main Clause)
19. Helen looks as if she's seen a ghost.(Compound Conjunction)
20. Dan likes to play tennis and golf. (Coordinating Conjunction)
21. Though he didn't learn to play golf until he was forty, he became a good player.
(Main Clause)
22. While the teacher passed out the exam questions, Martha gazed out the window.
(Subordinate Clause)
23. Let us know where you spend the first night of your vacation.(Main Clause)
24. Mr. Clark walks as though he is exhausted. (Compound Conjunction)
25. Unless they put that coat on sale, I can't afford to buy it.(Subordinate Clause)
26. Let's start early in the day before it gets too hot.(Subordinate Clause)
27. Neither my sister nor my brother knows how to change a tire. (Correlative
Conjunction)
28. Tony wanted to make a new recipe, yet he also wanted to order pizza.
(Coordinating Conjunction)
29. Today we’re studying ocean animals and a guest is presenting a slideshow.
(Coordinating Conjunction)
30. We won’t know how well Dad is doing until his lab tests come back.
(Subordinating Conjunction)
31. I’d like to go to the movies, but there’s nothing good playing.(Coordinating
Conjunction)
32. Jeanne can read lips if she’s looking right at you. (Subordinating Conjunction)
33. Either stop talking to your friends or move your seat. (Correlative Conjunction)
34. Harriet visits her best friend when she comes to town. (Subordinating Conjunction)
35. Since you know my mom, you can ask her a question for me.(Subordinating
Conjunction)
36. The next test is really hard, so you should study more.(Coordinating Conjunction)
37. I ran to school so I didn’t arrive late.(Main Clause)
38. Sam believed that having pets and having kids were the same thing.(Main Clause)
39. She put on a sweater for it was cold outside. (Main Clause)
40. Julie was tired from taking the kids to the zoo so she decided that it would be a
good idea to take a nap and watch Netflix after.(Coordinating Conjunction)
41. She thinks that soccer is fun to play and that baseball isn’t fun.(Main Clause)
42. I refused to go because I had homework to do. (Subordinating Clause)
43. I could make good grades if I studied. (Subordinating Clause)
44. After I finish college, I’ll get a job. (Subordinating Clause)
45. They were playing Frisbee while he was studying. (Main Clause)
46. Her essay would have been better if she had rewritten it.(Main Clause)
47. Unless you return your library book today, you’ll have to pay a fine of ten cents
per day.(Subordinating Clause.
48. A large vocabulary is the characteristic that most often accompanies outstanding
success. (Subordiante Clause)
49. Although he looked a long time, he couldn’t find it. (Subordiante Clause)
50. Until you understand subjects and verbs, you cannot understand clauses and their
purposes in sentences. (Main Clause)

Synonyms and Antonyms

1. wonder
a. question b. like c. happy d. scared
2. Sight
a. cry b. short c. view d. sharp
3. Cheer
a. cook b. sport c. lose d. applaud
4. Cook
a. laugh b. bake c. sour d. crash
5. Problem
a. crisis b. correct c. fight d. relax
6. Command
a. escape b. control c. game d. complete
7. Hit
a. pay b. angry c. fast d. bang
8. Return
a. present b. attempt c. revisit d. belong
9. Evening
a. daybreak b. sunset c. afternoon d. ocean
10. Amiable
a) Hostile b) Friendly c) Aggressive d) Bitter
11. Aplomb
a) Confusion b) Poise c) Fear d) Hesitation
12. Ubiquitous
a) Rare b) Present everywhere c) Limited d) Scarce
13. Voracious
a) Indifferent b) Hungry c) Moderate d) Meager
14. Ephemeral
a) Eternal b) Temporary c) Permanent d) Lasting

Antonyms:
1. Diligent:
a) Lazy b) Hardworking c) Careful d) Active
2. Obtuse:
a) Sharp b) Dull c) Intelligent d) Acute
3. Opaque:
a) Clear b) Translucent c) Visible d) Shiny
4. Cacophony:
a) Harmony b) Noise c) Melody d) Silence
5. Squalid:
a) Clean b) Dirty c) Tidy d) Neat
6. Together
a. positive b. separate c. problem d. several
7. Horizontal
a. complete b. real c. vertical d. outdoor
8. Strange
a. familiar b. afraid c. negative d. excited
9. Total
a. skill b. success c. excellent d. partial
10. Bright
a. fake b. dim c. sunny d. clever
11. Relax
a. Hungry b. dizzy c. tense d. smooth
12. Avoid
a. wonder b. force c. peace d. confront
13. Punishment
a. fear b. reward b. escape d. power
14. Unique
a. unoriginal b. serious c. melody d. correct

Inferences
Inference is an educated guess to understand a sentence beyond the provided structure
of information. We learn about some things by experiencing them first-hand, but we
gain other knowledge by inference — the process of inferring things based on what is
already known. When you make an inference, you're reading between the lines or just
looking carefully at the facts and coming to conclusions. You can also make faulty
inferences. If you hear a person's weight is 250 pounds, you might make the inference
that they're overweight.

Paragraph 1:
In a small town nestled between rolling hills and meandering streams, a mysterious
antique shop stood at the corner of Elm Street. The shop, with its creaky wooden door
and dusty windows, seemed frozen in time. The proprietor, an elderly woman named
Agatha, had lived in the town for decades, yet nobody knew much about her past. The
shelves of the shop were lined with an eclectic collection of items ranging from
ancient books with worn leather covers to peculiar trinkets that seemed to emit a faint
glow. Locals whispered that some objects held mystical powers, but Agatha remained
tight-lipped about the origins of her merchandise.

What physical features contribute to the mysterious atmosphere of the antique shop?
a) The name "Agatha"
b) The meandering streams
c) The creaky wooden door and dusty windows
d) The frozen-in-time shelves

Why do locals believe some objects in the shop have mystical powers?
a) Agatha told them about it.
b) The objects emit a faint glow.
c) The town has a history of mystical occurrences.
d) The shop is located on Elm Street.

What can be inferred about Agatha's character based on the text?

a) She is a new resident in the town.
b) She is open about the origins of her merchandise.
c) She values her privacy.
d) She is a young woman.

What term best describes the ambiance created by the antique shop?
a) Cheerful
b) Mysterious
c) Modern
d) Ordinary

What is the significance of the eclectic collection of items in the shop?

a) They are worthless
b) They contribute to the mystery
c) They are all modern
d) They are well-organized

Paragraph 2:
In the heart of the bustling city, an old bookstore named "Whimsical Words" stood as
a haven for book lovers. The owner, Mr. Anderson, a bespectacled man with a
penchant for storytelling, had curated the collection over the years with a meticulous
eye for unique and rare editions. The shelves were stacked with books that seemed to
whisper tales of bygone eras, and the scent of aging paper hung in the air. Regular
customers cherished the cozy reading nooks scattered throughout the store, where
time seemed to slow down, allowing them to lose themselves in the enchanting worlds
crafted by various authors.

What is the atmosphere of "Whimsical Words" as described in the paragraph?

a) Chaotic
b) Bustling
c) Calm and enchanting
d) Modern

How does the description of Mr. Anderson suggest his role in the bookstore?
a) He is a bespectacled man.
b) He is a meticulous curator.
c) He is a regular customer.
d) He is a storyteller.

What can be inferred about the customers' experience in the bookstore?

a) They dislike the scent of aging paper.
b) They feel rushed and hurried.
c) They appreciate the cozy reading books.
d) They prefer modern editions.

What role does Mr. Anderson play in the bookstore?

a) He is a customer.
b) He is the owner.
c) He is a storyteller.
d) He is a bespectacled man.
What do the shelves in "Whimsical Words" seem to communicate to visitors?
a) A lack of organization
b) An abundance of modern books
c) A focus on unique and rare editions
d) An absence of storytelling

Paragraph 3:

The small seaside town of Harborville was buzzing with excitement as the annual
summer festival approached. Colorful banners adorned the streets, and the aroma of
delicious food filled the air. Families gathered in the town square, where a stage had
been set up for live performances. Children laughed and played games, and local
artisans displayed their crafts. As the sun began to set, a fireworks display painted the
sky with vibrant colors, marking the grand finale of the festivities. Harborville's
summer festival was a celebration of community spirit and joy, bringing residents and
visitors together for a memorable experience.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

What was happening in Harborville as the annual summer festival approached?

a) A political rally
b) A sports competition
c) A music concert
d) A festive atmosphere

What adorned the streets of Harborville in preparation for the festival?

a) Traffic signs
b) Colorful banners
c) Construction barriers
d) Political posters

Where did families gather in Harborville during the festival?

a) Shopping malls
b) Town square
c) Movie theaters
d) Schools

What marked the grand finale of the festivities in Harborville?

a) A marching band
b) A talent show
c) A fireworks display
d) A fashion parade

What was the atmosphere during Harborville's summer festival?

a) Sad and gloomy
b) Serious and focused
c) Joyful and community-oriented
d) Angry and confrontational
Decoding Unfamiliar words:
The words that sound difficult to comprehend, using context clues is a better way to
grasp and decode the meaning of it. One should read the whole context of the
sentence for guidance and obtaining clues to decode a word.

1. The ancient ruins were a testament to the ingenuity of civilizations that thrived
centuries ago.
a) Creativity
b) Strength
c) Laziness
d) Determination
2. The quizzical expression on the student's face suggested confusion about the
complex mathematical problem.
a) Curious
b) Confused
c) Happy
d) Bored
3. The teacher praised the student for his exemplary behavior, setting a positive
example for the entire class.
a) Outstanding
b) Disruptive
c) Average
d) Unnoticed
4. The explorer marveled at the diversity of wildlife in the dense rainforest, observing
species never encountered before.
a) Variety
b) Uniformity
c) Predictability
d) Hostility
5. The historical novel provided a vivid depiction of life during the Renaissance,
capturing the essence of the era.
a) Description
b) Destruction
c) Creation
d) Distortion
6. The athlete's resilience was evident as he continued to train despite facing
numerous setbacks and challenges.
a) Flexibility
b) Perseverance
c) Fragility
d) Rigidity
7. The scientist conducted a series of controlled experiments to test the hypothesis and
gather accurate data.
a) Chaotic
b) Unplanned
c) Regulated
d) Random
8. The protagonist encountered an enigmatic figure in the dark alley.
a) mysterious
b) colorful
c) ordinary
d) chaotic
9. The scientist's esoteric research baffled most of his colleagues.
b) common
c) complex
d) entertaining
a) outdated
10. Sarah's ephemeral joy turned to sadness when she realized it was only temporary.
a) lasting
b) transient
c) permanent
d) enduring
11. The detective found a clandestine entrance to the secret hideout.
a) hidden
b) public
c) obvious
d) crowded
12. The speaker's eloquent words captivated the audience.
a) awkward
b) articulate
c) silent
d) incoherent
13. The artist's work was known for its innovative approach.
a) traditional
b) groundbreaking
c) repetitive
d) outdated
14. The old manuscript contained arcane symbols that puzzled historians.
a) clear
b) mysterious
c) simple
d) modern
15. The chef prepared a sumptuous feast for the guests.
a) bland
b) extravagant
c) meager
d) tasteless
16. The explorer was determined to reach the pinnacle of the mountain.
a) base
b) summit
c) valley
d) plateau
17. The musician's melancholy melody evoked a sense of sadness in the audience.
a) joyful
b) sorrowful
c) lively
d) chaotic
Punctuation

Punctuation is defined as a set of symbols used to separate and clarify the meaning of
sentences and written elements. In other words, punctuation tells readers of your
writing where to pause, what words are quotations and which are clarifications, where
words have been omitted, and more.
Find the sentences with punctuation mistakes and see the correct versions of it.

1. Mistake: The cat sat on the mat, the dog slept in the corner.
Correction: The cat sat on the mat; the dog slept in the corner.
2. Mistake: My favorite activities include hiking, swimming, biking and reading.
Correction: My favorite activities include hiking, swimming, biking, and reading.
3. Mistake: She said, "I can't believe you're here", and then left in a hurry.
Correction: She said, "I can't believe you're here," and then left in a hurry.
4. Mistake: John's car is blue but his brother's is, red.
Correction: John's car is blue, but his brother's is red.
5. Mistake: The match starts at 8: 00 PM, make sure to arrive on time.
Correction: The match starts at 8:00 PM; make sure to arrive on time.
6. Mistake: They're going to the racing club, their friends are already there.
Correction: They're going to the racing club; their friends are already there.
7. Mistake: The weather is nice today however, I forgot my umbrella.
Correction: The weather is nice today; however, I forgot my umbrella.
8. Mistake: I love cooking, however, I'm not very good at it.
Correction: I love cooking; however, I'm not very good at it.
9. Mistake: The cat sat on the mat, it looked very comfortable.
Correction: The cat sat on the mat; it looked very comfortable.
10. Mistake: John's favorite activities include hiking playing guitar and reading.
Correction: John's favorite activities include hiking, playing guitar, and reading.
11. Mistake: She said, "I don't want to go with you".
Correction: She said, "I don't want to go with you."
12. Mistake: Running late, the car wouldn't start.
Correction: Running late, I found that the car wouldn't start.
13. Mistake: The conference was informative and interesting however, the speakers
went over time.
Correction: The conference was informative and interesting; however, the speakers
went over time.
14. Mistake: After the storm passed, the sky was clear, the air was fresh.
Correction: After the storm passed, the sky was clear, and the air was fresh.
15. Mistake: My goals for this year are to exercise more, eat healthier, and save
money.
Correction: My goals for this year are to exercise more, eat healthier, and save money.
16. Mistake: We can go to the movies or stay home and watch TV it's up to you.
Correction: We can go to the movies or stay home and watch TV; it's up to you.
17. Mistake: In the morning, I like to start my day with coffee, eggs, and toast then go
for a run.
Correction: In the morning, I like to start my day with coffee, eggs, and toast, then go
for a run.
Write a Letter
1. You have recently visited a place. Write a letter to your friend about 100 words.
Think about:
a) The place you visited.
b) What you saw and did there
c) Your thoughts and feelings when you visited
2. Picture yourself organizing a cultural event in your community. Write a letter to
your friend. Think about:
a) What was the event's theme.
b) What were the activities involved.
c) What was the overall atmosphere.
3. Imagine you've recently read a thought-provoking article. Compose a letter to your
friend. Think about:
a) Summarizing the main arguments
b) Sharing your own perspective on the topic.
4. You have taken part in a school cultural day. Write a letter to your friend about 100
words.
Think about:
a) What was the theme of the day?
b) What activities were done?
c) What did you enjoy most?
Write an email.
1. You participated in the conference after your science teacher's recommendation.
Write an email
to your teacher about 100 words.
Think about:
a) What was the agenda of the conference?
b) What did you learn at the conference?
c) Would you like to take part in conferences like this? Why/Why not?
2. You have won a speech competition. Write an email to your friend about 100
words.
Think about:
a) What was the speech about and where was it held?
b) What was the criterion for selecting a winner?
c) What books did you read for preparation?
3. Imagine you've recently attended a thought-provoking lecture. Write an email to
your friend. Think about:
a) Summarizing the key points discussed
b) How they resonated with you.
4. Envision you've just completed a community service project. Write an email to
your friend. Think about:
a) Outlining the impact of the project on the community and
b) Your personal reflections on the experience.
5. Suppose you've decided to adopt a healthier lifestyle. Draft an email to your friend.
Think about:
a) Explaining the motivations behind this choice and
b) The specific changes you've made in your daily routine.