it ih CODIER AND = oo PUSTRIAL PARTIES o (2023) —— _ Scanned with CamScannerDensity oF Water Speed OF ligkt C= 3 xI0% M/s = 1000 K9/m? = | K9/jj = 9.53 /gql Pressure Py 62.4 loin/ey3 most dense at °C | atm = 101.325 kPa = 0 Krag Density OF AIT ee) 14.7 psi — faye = 1-2 kg/m? = 0.095 Ibm (tt = 760 mmilg STP £ = 21°C ; P= 10).325 Kfa = 760 torr Spedpic Weight oF Wator 24.92 Hg Y= 9.91 KN/m3 = F9ld N/m3 = 1.032 k9/an? Yw = 62.4 log / #4? = 10.33 m H20 Speakie Gravity = 33.98 ft H20 56 water =1.00 §6 = 13.6 = (.01325 bar =100 kPa S601 =0.80 bin meroury (Hg) _Latent Heat oF E/V 56 ocean = 1.03 ee 395 fh = Ma Bt by = 2059 8 =490.3 CPA Scanned with CamScannerSpeapic Heat of Water Molecular Weight Cp = tv = 4.19F S/kg-k = 1.0 BU/[b-R Spevipic Heat oF Air p= ho0062 N/kgk =0.24 M/i-R S-32 Au -193 Xe - BI Speapic Heat Ratio kar = 14 Coold) kno = 1-399 Key =1.288 = 13 Chot) —_kye = LG6? (y= O-F1% H/kg-k = 0.191 YER R oF Air R= 0.297 My k = 53.34 lbs Universay Gas Constant R= 2.3143 WYpmoie-k T= As HY) mole-k K = 0.0921 ! 9M moje. Critcal Point} = 374°C P= 27,06MPq Triple Point + = 0.01 °¢ Capillary Action Water 6 =0° Hg & =/0° concave menseus convex meniscus A >C Aco _ Laminar Re £2000 Transthenal 20004d00 CPZ Scanned with CamScannerMach Number @ = 1 Stoichiometric Mixture M Name Me2), = m(2) 4 40.8 | Subsonic f f 0.9 -L2 | Tansone <1 fuel -lean_mixtuce ! Sonic may¢ < m(a)a ee Supersoaic f uit 5 -lo Hypersonic 24 Fuel rich Mixture lo-25 High hypersonic > gn hi M(a)t 7 maya 24s Re-enbry speed Air Composition —_ Oxygen Nitrogen Water Formation: 2H +02 = £H20 Py Weight PSs mars 4b Ho = 36 |b Heo By Volume 2 (es ae dele [1b Ha = 4 Ib H26 _ Molal Rativ 3.96 No =102 cies Scanned with CamScannero ¢ Caron Dioxide : C02 =CO2 Specific Heat oF ce I2{bC = 44 (02 C = 1.093 KI/kg [Ike = #8 Cor = 0,50 Cal/gm (arson Monoxide : 20 t02 =2C0 = 0,50 BIU/h MIC = 56 CO Like = # pc Values or k Element _k (Compound Ale Lt (Oz {.288 Nitrogen 1399 (Q 1399 Helium 66? steam =k Argon 1-667 Ammonig (304 helium (00? He Gas 1.4 Scanned with CamScannerA ILEBSIONI— Vnits - Mass | fathom = 6 ft 1 board = / in x I ft I kg = 2.205 bin | foot = 3 hands 1 hectare = 10,000 m? [Ibm + 4000 grains _I_ Furlong = G60 Ft Units — Volume | kip = 1000 Ibm |S. mile = 5280 ft 1 bare] (bb) = 42 gal | quintal = 100 kg [ V.mile = 080 Ft | drum =55 gal I slug = 32.2 Ibm I palm = 310 | board foot =I ¢tx l¢txtin { stone = {4 [bm {rope = 20 #f I ft3= 7.481 gal | Mton = [000 kg I span = din I gal = 3.785 Li | Son = 2000 Ibm lyard = 3 ft I lambda =| mm? 1 Lton = 2240 lb | mile = 1-609 km. I quart = "/4 gal Units - Length Units ~ Ateq [pint ='/s gal Im = 3.28 ft [are = Joo m? {ml = com? I chain = G6 ft [acre = Icha XI furlong | cavan = 25 gantas vPa Scanned with CamScannerCofiversion — Force IJ =INm = 9545 BIU/hr IN =Ikg "5? Lerg = [ dyne-cm = 42.41 BIU/min Idyne = 19 m/s? | erg = 0-7 = 76 ka m/c [dyne = lo-5N I keal > 4.197 KT Metric Hp leg = 9.91 N LeV = l.602 x77 = 0.336 kW I Wop = 4449 N [ therm = 10> Bu =75 kop m/s (tbe = 1 slug F462 [Quad =10'§ Bru = Ps ;CV -VAP_ Flurd enterag/ leaving Power P= Energy = FY = Tu = 20TN Pabs = Pharo + Pgage = Patm t Paage Boyles Law PV, = pV2 ; T =o Poage = Pah = yh chariei lew = | Peo Stored Energy Eneroy flow Gay-Lussacs Law a & i Vee PE = mgh Eps py (ombined Gas law EY = Give stm? Qs=mcAT ideal Castaw PV =ART Mm =M U = mu Q = ML PV Smet MR >R faba Scanned with CamScannerSpedgic Heat Ideal Gas AU = McvAT ; AH = mepAT fe =k sls 4s = menln f tr) Atmel h (p= Sh = KR = Rtcv AS = Mcpin (Jz) - ea ATL FI i) i Spetizic Rect Ratio k= cp fair = 14 Cold) AS = Mev In (fa satiliLs oe Con Vi wv = [.3 Chot) [yokaric Process Clsopiestic) P =o ky, = 1-399 khe = 1.60? Vet Wn = PCv2-w) Keon = 1.288 V 2a Ws = 0 %e incregse In Volume Shine V = (V2 -|\=/ fitz -|) Viva aea rr AV zmevAT Q=AH = mcpAT AS = Mepln ( ea a D9 Scanned with CamScannerIsometric Process CIsvchoric/|sovolumic) Isentropic Process ( Ce Adiabatic) V=¢ fst Wnsd i c _ Pao * Pp T2__Ws = V(Pi-Po) (AV bala (f ye c Q=AU = mCyAT AS=mMeyln(t2 Feud Po AH = mcpAT hi he = PaV2-Pv) Ws = KWa Isothermal Process (Hyperbolic) T=¢ I-k {Wi =f2V2 AU =O = AH AU =mcy AT Q =TAS Wo = PV In (Va Q=IAs A= McpAT _Q=0 + As =0 vw Q=Wp=Ws Polytropro Process Py" =c ps = PoVo" Ws = PV "(£) BS = mene 2). afi s “(4% FPa Scanned with CamScannerWn = P2V2 -PiV) Ws = n(PoV2-PiMi) In [-n Ws =0Wa Ay =Mcy AT Ati =McpaT Q =Mcn dT AS = Men! (Jay ; Cn = Gy (fet) ‘ FH U len Wet Region Forenula D = VE t XV|g = Ve tx (Vo -r¢) Steam uatity Cx) = Myapor M+otal moisture (y) = mrad = Intotal Degree oF Superheat SH = T -[sat Degree of Subcooled °SC =fsat -T Shear Stress Y = Mp OD oy S *S¢ 1Xseq = Sp tx (59-5) Viseosty k= U = Ue txUpg = uf tx (ug -uF) e he he txheg = he t X (hy —he) fk (56) =p latent heat oF Vaporization = heg uf + X ty = 100%, Stoke poise FPH Scanned with CamScannerBulk Modulus Eg = AP Buoyant Force Aydraulic Radius - Wv Fp =W rh = AVew Vo Fe = EVs Hydraulic Diameter Surface Tension 7 =f Vz_= Vs tVy Dh= 4h, L Hydrostatic force Area oF Segment Bubble Proplet f= SehA Ag: trx@ ~1+7sino 7 = APR o = APR Eccentricity e 00? 2 BN 2 CHa Circle ty = "2 Dy*2r =D Capillary Acton Ah. Rectangl@ ry = ab he 4ocsp Reynolds Number 2(atb) yD Re=PVD s¥p ys tab , pe =13(ab)™* \nompressible Pe = Pr =baha,. Mok ath (atb) 5 Compressible 2 = P; (e) er FPS Scanned with CamScanner_Ineompressible fluids V=C Fricton Head Losses Aci = A2V2 Darcy Formula Morse Formula bv 2 027 Vo hee fly? he = api? Comprecstole Fluids mm = 75) 9D CAM = Pz Az Vo Friction Pressure, AN = Az V2 Pe = She = gh Vv, V2 Impulse -Momenrum __Hirizontal_ force QA Ft=in- Ae Fax=mV¥[os6-l] Bemoutlis tauctnn Fhe in DY VE Faye msn fi Resultant Force fy = 0 Fay* HEhy? 29 y ie 2 eee L- Flutd Power /Jet Power J teration head ret ¢a p3 Velouiy Pressure head Josses 2) head head PG Scanned with CamScannerortrice Vi = f2gh. Va = cyV2gh_ Qa = Coy Aol 2gh Cd = CeCy Velocity of Sound Gas Medium Liquid medium Wydrodynamic Force (Drag Force fd = cdApy y= = 1 cd PApV* 2 Compressor Power Polytrepic = W> NPV (2 -H aug Vs=V RT. ae Wsentropic = We ale : te \e zl 1 Pi Mach Number fothermal W = PV, In me Vober PN, = Pela it S a *) Vesound ae ere e ee oes PB Et to SPsv Lenoir — VSP Pron = 2 Oht Brayton —+ SPSP Oo — sysv he = hs t hy Ericsson — TPTP Atkinson — SVPSVP =Paha Rankine — SPsp Dual — svp sv Gtahic_Alr Power Ps =FOhs Carnot —* Tsts _ Epriaency es hs = hs Sticlitg — TVTV em he hs thy Pq Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerOlo Cycle —* Sv sv Diesel cycle —> SPSV pan Yo =Ve =p P23 V2 = Ve = Vp soe Vo = Vive (Ste Vo = Vi-Ve ole [ea z leet > ty Ve. = Ch cutoge) Vo Veo. = V3-Vo Qa = Mcy CIz-f2) tke a mep (faz) Qe =Mev Ct4-1) Qr = Mey ( [4 -f) Compression _Expansinn _(ut-OFF Compression Expansion eM tecVa = V5 = le tye tes Va V2 V3 een) potas Ve tk = tore Cleqrance Epping pas) | ap a apes =o) eee lon ESI pe A K (re =I) tk-! cu Ee a a re jae Feil Scanned with CamScannerDual Cycle + SVPs i ok al me Psv tpriaeny CC =_Iprek-y ee Qar@ P=C e2|-C fp-Itte kCte-1) be) te Gav @ V=C AW aie peas ! 2 (yde — 1PTP Heat y papas ! eae Mey (T3-T2) (7 Qa = TAS Qap = Mcp (14 -fs) Qe= Te AS Qk = Mey CIs-) ie Compression Expansion Stirliig Gycle > TVTV r= te= Vs fine As ne) ; V2 Va 2 \VWis Carore Pressure + Be elem: vo =V4 = ft tp= Faecal Vv Va fs pamaeatol £019 Scanned with CamScannerGas Turbine Power Plant Ideal eee Qa 13-12 Pa Brayton /Joule ro tp= fe = Ps NetPlant _ 3600 Gdle Qeo { or Pies Reatrate e No heat transfer s Adual 1) 3% Qa = top C13 -T2) Brayton 4 Qa= mep (14-1) Gyde ak ¢ Wet = Qa -QR = Wt -We Qu = mep Cf3 -' Usothis We = mep C 13-14) Wnet = Qa -Qr = always! We = mee (f2-fi) We = mcp (13 - ta’) We=mep (Te' -h) Ze leec eee i le bee 16 Erriaency same as Otlo (ye Scanned with CamScanner“Gunttsto Brayton Cycle QA = Qc t QRH Qc=mep CT3-T2) Ge=mep (eh) Qan = Mcp (Ts -14) Wet = We -We = Wt tWte We = Mcp (h- t) We, = Mcp Cts-Tq) Weta = mep (15 -1%4) Cow ihstd, Reyehierative 1 Brayton (yde_ fh =Te(ider Qa = Mcp (f4- — Waek = a QR =mep (Te-f) We =mep (T4-Ts) BR* Ta-h We=mep (f2-f) f4-Ts FPL Scanned with CamScanner@ = Waet = (f4-s)-(p-1) fuels and combustion eke Bee fydrocarsons Cy Hm) Kegenerator = 43 -Jo Alkane _—* Cn Honea ; trpectiveness mteeric Alkene — Cp Hen (p € 100", 13 =Ts Alkyne —* Cy Han -2 Max Temperate work Higher Heating Value (Qh) SVR = fs Sy Dulong’s Formula iF CHONSAM 1 given Max Net Wo; = 339200 4144212 (4-04 8 kg Cwen the Cam a= me Ct4ts -Vib) Ad_maxunum theoretical work Qh = (3500 (fone) #602%> (me) Yin {2214 Festi hoM =Me = Mec MeMe | Me tnetmy Mct a My fo mi = 1 = Mme, epic Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner_ Actual Aic-fuel rattO given excess air Combustion Catm t 02 t 3A6aNe = C02 tcHa0t3.?GaNat ae02 NEP a ED, He 4 (ie) (te) a rel ae Ciien the composition oF Hue gas -meayq = 1 x CMe Xmnz) fir Products oF Combustion f 3292 _tMcoo Meo = {otal carbon g=Atm -b=n; C=mM W= Specpic = my. = total hydrogen 4 2 humidity ma Elements + (02 tCOFO.t No =(0b% Mm: = tq + my Welght oF Fe gas * mfg = ma tme Fauiyalence Ratio N20 = M(2)q +1 - C02 + H20tashlos) $= AFL = Aa fi AFa_ FAL Molal air-fuel ratios Gas Flow Rate < z n(g) = NOztnN2 Veg = Nea Neuel Vicia Sa sh Scanned with CamScanner~_Dietet Powerplant Heat Rate: HR = £0 -Oh Qs > Pina > Pe Pg FO = me 0; = Pind; Om = Ph 5 tg = Pg 2 Qs Pia fb Indicated Power (Work (P;) Qs = Me Qh. Pind = Pmi-Vd _; Vd = [ANCka Thermal_EFfidencies id Pind = Pri LANcKa Ci = Pg = Si eb ke Vo — four-stroke Q, HR te k=l — two -stroko eti = Pid = L énglish : k=2 Steam engine Qs AR; = 545 Indicator nagram Areq Cib= Ph = L AR Cree) eae pnd scale Qs Rb L_ = Area length FP 1g Scanned with CamScannerEDgiNe eFFlUcNy hgross = hhw ~hew tp = bh Ces eae tems sh = hg ~he PERC eae “= Water power: Pw = %wQwh Maximum Power et = Pe eg = Pa P&S Pw PE 29.92 = } Read toss {Frictional head toss < =_ 29.92 - -h (tt) vary: hp = $l? Mowe hp = 2FL2 1000 2gD 9D Tat = 520 - 26h (H) ——_Qw = Ajer = Weer Cnjer) [000 [deat Velocity Viale: 2ghnet __ Hydroelectric Powerpiant Overall erFicienwy py = Pu —>-Pt P Catchment < Qw = Ache (forun ofr) FP1q Scanned with CamScannerGenerator Speed Turbine Affinity laws 8 Scanned with CamScanner_Reneat Modigicat (on in woes x =ms_; hizhe “hea t Xhege o> flew ng WE = X2Mg Ch4-hs) et eq = Weg ha-hs) ettg Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerGravimetric Analy Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanneri mJ Heat Exchanger Temperature DiFperence feat pump: itd = ATmax > Atmi = Qe = Qe = Th In Cera) W Qa-Qn_T-1, | AMID = AT max A Tin = SeeeSeRea COP SSM COR pil meee ee ae 2 Produc Wad = QitO2 tas suit = J CaTmax) COTmin) Qet, = mECpaCta “ttle tulle) “ars ed Qa = Qe (it YL) S Qice = m1 C ts Oe ss i Gian kay hes W R-Qa_ Ta =f a = Ch = [P COPe = EER saison Qe =m Che-hs) lost! AZ We = 0.Ch2-hr) 5 4 24 Scanned with CamScannerSuction Volume V,, =MV, Compressor Work: We = mep (t2=h) Cop = Oy = bu-he = EER We = Ic Dat | a Re __3al2 om reo %) Gas/Air Perri geration ‘itis re We = tp (t3- _ Reversed Brayton Cycle WE = ge [ (4) *- Reversed Joule Cycle Bell Coleman (yde sent Power Factor Qa = Mp C1, =14) e21- pp =t = Cope tl Qe = mee (12-13) tp e Waet = We = me = Ma tmy (OP = Qa = Preisuce COaltons Law) Wer te* =I f= fat Pv Vi = Va = Vv tt> fa Ty FP20 Scanned with CamScanner—$\%. Humidity Ratio Relative Humidity, b RH= fv Psat + O tab feta) oad Snthalpy b= cptd +whg* @tdb Qr = Qs # Qu = ms Che-h) hg # 2501 1.88 tdb — St Qs = Msc CTe-Ts) hg # oe! +045 tab — FAglish Qu = ms (We -Ws) hy _ Air Mixing Motme =Ms ¥ r__Womp twWrme = WsMs hv 2 2442 ky Cave) ce Mohotmehr = Mshs kg Motdbn t Mr tdae =Ms tdbs FP3) Scanned with CamScannerCapaity unit ” Range Range Ctdeni) Qtap = Greg = Ms Cha “hy) Rets-t4 -RCr) = $3 - kwh Ventilation Load Atecuach EpFicency Qvent_= Mo Chs-h) A =ta-twh e@=R = b-ta - Sensiic Heat Ratio Latent : Rap _ts-tuw_AtR | + SHR G57 REG Qt Qr Q cad = Qw = mcAT Range Voo. = (1h 8.0.) Vw - Facto Factor = (p(ts-f4) = 1000 BIY/(D 4 es Scanned with CamScannerDryer: hs = Mit Bd ~~ Tre 3 4 CW = Mat Bde : neal Cw, ble * Monat = Wi = | pdm pay, 62 Beem, = tm - Moisture (Content Cwet basis) — Ms tm-te = f/aNeeM Contact tactor (Fe Me = t-te CW Ms tm~te Bone - dryweight Content Weide Si) "lp Bdw = Bdw cw j ish A ae (F) eve (lb 5) “Regain, Mowe colltent Cdry basis) Sti Fas = 0138 YmrCk “ha Méry R= tL Yan) = 100 Yin Vine Cle) W fr see Scanned with CamScanner