THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
- A set of social processes it involves peoples, processes that are thought to transformation our
present social condition into one of globality.
 Shifting forms of human contact.
 Globality signifies a “social condition” characterized by the existence of global dimensions
( economic, culture, political )
- Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a
more connected and interdependent place.

NATION
- is a territory where all the people are led by the same government. The word “nation” can also
refer to a group of people who share a history, traditions, culture and, often, language—even if
the group does not have a country of its own.
STATE
- a community formed by people and exercising permanent power within a specified territory.

NATION-STATE
- a sovereign territory with one group of individuals who share a common history.

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Political Sciences Economics

History Geography

Anthropology

5 INFLUENTIAL DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

 Anthony Giddens – borders or boundaries irrelevant

 Frederic Jameson – immerse enlargement of world technology communication.
 David Held – transformation in the spatial/space organization of social relations and
transactions. Ex. Earth hour ( turn off the light of an hour)
 Roland Robertson – compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness
 James Mittleman – compresses the time and space aspects of social relations.
Ex. Google meet/zoom meeting
5 DISTINCT HISTORICAL PERIOD OF GLOBALIZATION
“Globalization is as old as humanity” (Manfred Steger)

1. Pre-Historic Period ( 10,000 BCE – 3,000 BCE ) 6,500

Pre-history – no written account
History – writing system Geographically limited and
Hunters/ gatherers (nomadic) coincidental
Nomadic – where hunters spread
when the food in their location
is now empty or not enough
(by walking)
Characteristics of Pre- Historic
BCE Before Common Era
BC Before Christ

2. Pre- Modern Period ( 3,500 BCE/ 1,500 CE)

- Civilization ( school, leaders)
Agricultural revolution
creative pursuit
writing system trade network of road
Wheels – travel and trade series of roads
Empires (conquering lands) The Great Silk Road

3. Early Modern Period (1,500-1750)(250 years)

Renaissance/ rebirth
People are being courageous
Enlightenment
Magellan – first navigate the world (1521)
Discover land that has resources(spices)
Age of Discovery

Sea voyage (ships)(steamed)

Colonization of Spain

4. Modern Period ( 1750- 1970)(220 years)

Air transportation
Railways, trains
Capitalist ventures
Capitalism (profit)
Global corporation (apple)

5. Contemporary world (1970)

Digital living
AI, internet
Computer
IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Ideology- system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding, norms and principles, values,
ideas, accepted as truth.
Offers coherent pictures (describe)
Prescribed “ what is ought to be”

Globalism – dominant ideologies of Globalization

 Neoliberal values(new liberalism/neoliberalism) – classic liberalism
 Advocates of consumerist, free market world
(Adam Smith, David Ricardo)
Free competition
Seller wants income/profit
Consumer value their money
1. Pursue their own interest
Laissez fair (allow to do)
2. Free competition
3. Invisible hand
Self -regulation – minimum to no government interference

Neoliberal measures (actions)

 Privatization
 Deregulation
 Liberalization of trade and industry (imports/exports)
 Massive tax cuts
 Strict control or organized union
 Monetarist measures (4p’s)(band aid solution)

ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
Manfred Steger, professor of global studies and research leader in the Global Cities Institute at RMIT
University, identifies four main empirical dimensions of globalization: economic, political, cultural, and
ecological.

The origin of the “sovereignty”

(Peace of Westphalia)

INSTITUTION THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

IGO’S (INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS)

- Made up/members are government to bind nation- states and facilitate international connections.
NGO’S (NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS)
- Private properties/ entities
UNICEF (UNITED NATION CHILDREN’S EMERGENCY FUND)
UNDP (UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM)
UNEP (UNITED NATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM)
IGO’S
Promote treatise Military alliance
UN (UNITED NATION) NATO (NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION)
WW2
International corporation
Int’l order
USA
1. Military issues- security council CHINA
RUSSIA VITO POWER
FRANCE
UK
2. Economic issues (UNDP)(SDG)
3. Environmental issues – (UNEP)- environmental issues/problems
4. Human protection
Human rights (UDHR)
UNICEF, ICT
World court – legal dispates between countries
ICC International Criminal Court
Trial on war crimes, war against humanity, genocide

SUPRANATIONAL UNIONS
- Regional organizations
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nation
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
EU European Union
Warsaw pact

WB World Bank- provide/give help disaster related issues

IMF INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND- helping/ money for the economics issues
WTO WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION- ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely
as possible.

Economics- UN Conference on Trade and Development

Helping the development countries

OPEC ORGANIZATIONOF PETROLIUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES

INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS- INSTITUTION

First aid
Charity
Humanitarian service

Doctor’s w/out boarders – Individual

Amnesty International – to end abuses in human rights
OXFAM Oxford Committee for Famine Relief- fights inequality to end poverty and injustice
 INTERNATIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION
- Business expansion - Functional integration
- Small activities like owners between international disposed
- Specific countries activities.
-Multi National Entities
- Free flow of Capital, goods
- Global Scale

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
- Free flow of market, good service, human labor and technology.
- Transactions of goods and services globally
- Worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of economics
- The major driving force of Globalization

ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. The Globalization of trade of goods and services
2. Globalization of financial and capital markets
Financial (loans)
Capital (FDI Foreign Direct Investment)
Security stock, bonds, options
Markets (Buy and sell)
3. Globalization of Technology and Communication
Money transfer- easy transactions
Faster production
4. Globalization of Production

ACTORS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. NATION- STATE- government
2. GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
3. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS
-Gold standard
-FIAT money (confidence currency)
rules, customs, instruments that facilitates international payment and facilitates cross boarders
transactions involving trade and investments.
4. IFI International Financial Institutions
IMF (economic issue) WB (lending money)
ASEAN Development Bank
AFDB African Development Bank
5. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
WTO (GATT)(tariff-imports/exports)
European Union (Common Market)
NAFTA North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
TRUE COST MOVIE
It discusses several aspects of the garment industry from production—mainly exploring the life of low-
wage workers in developing countries—to its after-effects such as river and soil pollution, pesticide
contamination, disease and death.

The True Cost is a 2015 documentary film directed by Andrew Morgan that focuses on fast fashion. It
discusses several aspects of the garment industry from production—mainly exploring the life of low-
wage workers in developing countries—to its after-effects such as river and soil pollution, pesticide
contamination, disease and death. Using an approach that looks at environmental, social and
psychological aspects, it also examines consumerism and mass media, ultimately linking them to global
capitalism. The documentary is a collage of several interviews with environmentalists, garment workers,
factory owners, and people organizing fair trade companies or promoting sustainable clothing
production.

Main issue -It is a story about greed and fear, power and poverty, examining connections between
fashion, consumerism, mass media, globalization and capitalism.

Main material that generating pollution

- Water pollution of the fashion industry
In most of the countries in which garments are produced, untreated toxic wastewaters from
textiles factories are dumped directly into the rivers. Wastewater contains toxic substances such as
lead, mercury, and arsenic, among others.
- Improperly disposing of clothing can harm the environment, especially through
wastewater. Chemicals from decomposing clothing can leach into the air and into the ground,
affecting both groundwater and surface water. Aside from plastic pollution, textiles also
contributes significantly to marine pollution.