Globalization- refers to the integration of the
national markets to a wider global market
signified by the increased free trade.
Manfred Steger- Globalization is the
expansion and intensification of social relations
and consciousness across world-time and
across world-space.
-relates to the way people perceive time and
space.
Globalization
1.Ohmae (1992)- able to coin globalization-
“onset of the borderless world”
2. Robert Cox- Characteristics of globalization
trends include the internationalizing of
production, the new international division of
labor, new migratory movement from south to
north. Etc.
3. Ritzer (2015)- Globalization is a
transplanetary process involving increasing
liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows
of people, objects, places and informationa as
well as the structures they encounter and
creates that are barriers to, or expedite those
flows.
4. Arjun Appadurai (1996)- “Globalization is a
“World of things” that have different speeds,
axes, points of origin, and termination and
varies relationships to institutional structures in
different regions, nation or societies.
5. Cesare Poppi (1997)- Globalization is the
debate and the debate is Globalization. One
became part and parcel of the other.
6. Manfred Steger- Globalization is the
expansion and intensification of social relations
and consciousness across world-time and
across world-space.
Arjun Appadurai’s Different kinds of
Globalization
Scapes-Intersecting dimensions of integration.
Ethnoscape- Global movement of people
Mediascape- Flow of Culture
Technoscape- Circulation of mechanical
goods and software
Financescape- Global circulation of money
Ideoscape- The realm where political ideas
move around.
Globalization of World Economics
IMF regards “economic globalization” as a
historical process representing the result of
human innovation and technological process.
-Characterized by the increasing integration of
economies around the world through the
movement of goods, services, and capital
across borders.
Economic Globalization- The expanding
interdependence of world economy
Global Economy- Movement of people and
knowledge across international boarders
People- referring to the laborers (they move
from one place to another because of their
work)
Knowledge- (brings the information that is
acquired in your place)
Expanding interdependence, in terms of
economy, there are other place that
globaliza:
1. Woods and services
2. Financial and Capital Matters
3. Technology and communication
4. Production
When all of this is globalize, the effect of
this is increase the state of cross boarders
commodities in the states, example, once
this woods are globalize the tendency is the
increase of production.
Advantages of Global Economy
 Opportunity for undeveloped countries
to be develop
 Trade
Disadvantages of Global Economy
 Exploitation of workers
 Diseases may also spread
Silk Road- Oldest known international trade
route
Great Depression (1920-1930)- Global
Economic crisis.
Bretton Woods System- inaugurated in 1994
- Developed after the world war 2
- Europe, Japan, Asia
- Inaugurated to prevent catastrophes like
World War 2
 - Influenced by Maynard Greene
 There is an economic crisis because
the money is not spend
Lending Institutions
 World Bank- main goals involves on
the eradication of poverty.
- Provide loans and grants to the
governments of poorer countries
- multinational financial institution
established at the end of World War II
(1944) to help provide long-term capital
for the reconstruction and development
of member countries
 International Monetary Fund- IMF
lends money to members
having trouble meeting financial
obligations to other members, but
only on the condition that they
undertake economic reforms to
eliminate these difficulties for their
own good and that of the entire
membership.
Tariff- tax impose on imported products
GATT-
Market integration- process that refers to
concrete expansion by consolidating additional
marketing functions or activities.
- different markets combined
- One way to globalized product
Types of Market Integration
Horizontal- Merge of companies within the
same industry (Ex. Facebook and Instagram)
Vertical- A company performs more than one
activity in the sequence of the marketing
process.
Conglomeration- fusion of companies that
offer different services
- Different companies merge (Ex. Paypal
and Ebay)
Advantages of Market Integration
 When your company grows bigger,
there is a lot of audience
Disadvantages of Market Integration
 If the company grows too big, the
bureaucracy (hierarchy of workers)
becomes intensified
Global Interstate System
Global Interstate System- Contemporary
political globalization that seeks to form
collaboration among the states
ILO- International Labor Organization
WHO- World Health Organization
UN- United States
Nation state- when merge or create a group
forms on International Government
Organization (IGO) (Ex. ASEAN)
- composed of two non-interchangeable
terms. “Not all states are nations and
not all nations are states”.
State- A community of person occupying a
different portion of the territory.
- Political Aspect
- Refers to a country and its government.
Four Attributes of a State
 Citizens
 Territory
 Government
 Sovereignty
Nation- “Imagined Community”
- Viewed as group of people sharing the
same ethnicity
- Cultural Aspect
Treaty of Westphalia- only way to end the 30
years’ war
- Signed in year 1648
- Because of this, Europe is at peace
Internationalism
- Supported by Jeremy Bentham
- Immanuel Kant- liberal thinker of liberal
Internationalism
- Jeremy Bentham- Create International
Law
Mazzini-proponent of socialist Internationalism
Italy supports communists (Karl Marx)
- Communism spread in Europe
- Revolutionary government headed by
Vladimir Lenin
Napoleon Bonaparte- emerged that he would
like to conquer Europe countries
Karl Marx- Created communism
- Rise of labor
*United Soviet Socialist Republic-
Communism
League of nations- formed in order to protect
small countries from the communist leader but
not succeeded
United Nations- Started in 1942
5 Countries that leads United Nations
 United States
 Russia
 Britain
 France
 China
Galleon- big gold
- Started from shores of the Philippines
Divide the world into 2 Hemisphere under
the Treaty of Presales
 East- Timor Leste
APEC- Australia, Canada, Japan, New
Zealand
European Union
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agency
Why Asian form organizations?
- Military Defense (NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization- Headed by US to
protect countries)
OPEC- merge countries that manufacture oil,
gas etc.
Reasons for world regionalism
- To protect independence from
possession of super power politics
- Economic Crisis

Global Device
North and South
Global South- under developed countries
Third world- countries that are colonized

Group A- Found in Global North

 Canada
 France
 Japan
 UK
 USA

Biggest manufacturing countries in the

world- (China)

World Regionalism
Members of ASEAN
 Philippines
 Brunei
 Cambodia
 Indonesia
 Laos
 Malaysia
 Myanmar
 Singapore
 Thailand
 Vietnam