SSC part I Computer Science AJK board

Fundamentals of Computer
Q2: Define the following.
Q1: Define Microcomputers.
Microcomputers are small, affordable, and most widely used computers. They are designed for the individual users.
Microcomputers are also known as personal computers (PC).
Examples of microcomputers are:
Desktop Computers
Tablet PC
Smart phones
Q2: Define computers in education.
Computers are used in education in the form of educational software. Educational software help students to learn a
particular skill, and for help and guidance in particular subjects such as:
SAT, GMAT, GRE etc
Q3: Define system analyst.
A system analyst is a person who specializes in analysing, designing, and implementing information systems. Basically, his job
is to analyse the problem and analyse the problem and design a system that can solve the problem.
Q4: Define control unit.
The Control Unit is the part of the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), which directs the operation of the processor. Its
primary job is to direct instructions and give it to other parts of the computer. It does not execute any instruction by itself. It
also maintains the flow and sequence if instructions to be processed by a computer.
Q5: Define utility software.
Utility program is a system software that allows a user to analyse, configure and maintain the computer. It performs a specific
task related to the management of the computer, it’s devices and files/programs. For example: windows explorer, windows
pictures, disk clean up etc.
Q6: Define shareware.
A software or a program that is installed or downloaded free of cost for use on trial basis is called shareware. The basic
purpose of shareware software is to develop a market. So, user can experience it if they like it then they can purchase it for
example., WinZip, antivirus software etc.
Q3: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Write the names of types of computers.
Digital computer
Analog computer
Hybrid computer
2. Write the names of 5 computer from mini, micro and mainframe computers.
The names of 5 computer form mini, micro and mainframe computers are as follows:
Desktop computers
tablet PC
smartphones
HPMML 350 Gen 9 server
AS 400 by IBM
Cray-X
3. List down the different careers in the field of IT.
Teacher
System analyst
Web designer
Software engineer
Hardware engineer
4. Define hardware and write names of different hardware devices.
Hardware refers to physical parts of the computer that a user can see and touch. This includes input and output devices such
as:
Mouse

1
 Keyboard
Monitors etc
5. What is ALU?
ALU stands for arithmetic and logical unit is the part of the processors where all mathematical and logical operations are
performed. It is the processing area of the computer.
ALU further consists of
i. Arithmetic unit
ii. Logical unit
6. What do you know about cache?
Cash is memory where frequently used data and instructions are stored. It is located between CPU and RAM. It increases the
speed and performance of processor by providing data and instructions quickly to processor.
Types of processors are as follows:
i. L1: Its range is from 8kb to 128 kb.
ii. L2: Its range is from 64kb to 32 MB. It is slower than L1.
7. Differentiate between port and expansion slot.
A computer port is a connection point on the motherboard at which we can attach different devices such as monitor,
keyboard, flash drives, and printers etc. internally and externally.
8. What is an operating system?
 Operating system is a system software.
 It controls overall functionality of a computer.
 It controls link between user and computer.
 Microsoft windows, LINUX, UNIX, MacOS are examples of OS.
9. Differentiate between freeware and shareware.
FREEWARE SHAREWARE
available completely free of cost. It is available free of cost on trial basis.
User cannot modify or redistribute it. it normally cannot provide full functionality of the software.
Examples are adware, Linux, Firefox etc Examples are Google chrome, Adobe Flash player etc.

Fundamentals of Operating system

Q2: Define the following terms.
1. Command line interface
A command line interface is a user interface in which a user communicates with the operating system by typing a command
on a specified line. The computer acts on that command and then issues a new prompt for the next instruction form the user.
Examples of command line interface are MS-DOS and UNIX.
2. Define batch processing.
In batch processing operating system there is a very limited or no interaction between the user and the processor. In batch
processing operating system similar jobs are bundled together and collected as a batch and executed together.
Ideal situations for batch processing are:
 There are large amounts of data.
 Similar jobs need to be processed.
 Similar processing is involved during the execution of the data.
Credit card billing is an example of batch processing.
3. Graphical user interface
Graphical user interface is the way in which most of us interact with the OS now a days. GUI uses windows, icons, and menus
to carry out command. GUI operating systems are operated using mouse, keyboard, shortcut keys, arrows, and menus.
Examples of GUI are Windows, Linux and MacOS.
4. Single user multitasking OS
Most of the people use single user operating system now a days. Windows, MacOS and Linux are examples of single user
operating system. These OS allows a single user to perform multiple tasks at the same time.
For example, a user can type a one document and print the other document at then same time.
5. MS-Windows

2
 Windows is the most widely used GUI OS in the world. Almost 80 to 90 percent of the users in the world use windows. It
supports almost all hardware and applications. Unique features of windows are task bar, start menu, application launcher
and icons.
Q3: Give brief answers to the following questions.
1. Define Operating system.
A system software that controls and manages all the operations of computer system. It is the most important software that
runs on a computer. A computer is useless without operating system. Examples of OS are Windows, Linux, Unix, MacOS etc.
Functions performed by OS are:
User interface
File management
User management
Memory management
Resource management
2. Differentiate between Linux and Unix.
Unix Linux
Unix is popular multitasking and multiuser OS. It is single user multitasking OS.
It is command line interface. It is GUI OS.
It is machine independent. It is machine dependent mostly used on
It is developed in high level language C in 1970. It is also written in C.

3. Explain single user operating system and its types.

A single user operating system allows users to perform one task at a time. There are two types of OS:
 Single user single tasking
 Single user multi-tasking
Single user single tasking
Only one user can effectively use single user single tasking OS. Example of single user single tasking OS are:
MS-DOS
Palm OS
Single user multitasking OS
Most of the people use single user operating system now a days. Windows, MacOS and Linux are examples of single user
operating system. These OS allows a single user to perform multiple tasks at the same time.
For example, a user can type a one document and print the other document at the same time.

Office Automation
Q2: Define the following terms.
1. Word processing
Word processing means to create, edit, and print text documents using a computer program. The software used to produce
text documents is called word processor. Example of word processor is MS Word.
2. Define indentation.
An indent is the space between text and margin. Indentation determines the width of lines in the paragraph. CTRL + M is the
shortcut key of indent paragraph. A user can increase or decrease the indent of paragraphs.
Different types of indents are as follows:
 First line indent
 Hanging indent
 Indent both sides
3. Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet is an application software that helps the user to analyse numerical data arranged in rows and columns.
Uses:
 Financial records
The software used to create spreadsheets are known as spreadsheet software.
4. Urdu Editor
Urdu editor software helps users create Urdu text documents. Inpage is one of the most popular Urdu editing software.
 We can type using English keyboard.

3
  It works like a word processing software.
5. Drag and drop
Drag the selected text to move to the new location. Drag and drop is a common practice in which users select an object or
text and move it to another location on the screen using a mouse or similar device.
6. Special paste
Excel allows to paste only specific aspects of cell data by using the paste special feature. For example, if we want the result of
a formula but no longer need the formula itself, we can choose to paste only the value found as a result of the formula.
Q3: Give brief answers to the following questions.
1. Differentiate between cut and copy command.

The main difference between Cut and Copy is that cut removes the selected data from its original position while copy
creates a duplicate of the original content.
Shortcut keys for cut and copy commands are: CTRL+X and CTRL+C respectively.
2. Define different indents.
i. Left indent indicates space between the paragraph and the left margin.
ii. Right indent: indicates space between the paragraph and the right margin.
iii. First line indent: used for the first line of a paragraph.
iv. Hanging indent: used to define position of the text lines below first line of the paragraph.
3. How to copy paste and delete the contents of the paragraph.
Go to the Ribbon, select the Home tab, then select Cut or Copy.
Right-click the selected text and choose Cut or Copy.
Use the key shortcut Ctrl + X to cut or use Ctrl + C to copy. On Mac, use Command + X or Command + C.
4. Write the name of different types of charts in MS Word.
 Line Chart
 Bar Chart
 Pie Chart
5. What is section break?
Dividing a document into more than one sections is called section break. It allows user to apply different formats to
individual sections of the document.
6. Write the syntax of sum Function.
Sum (number1: number2)
7. Differentiate between absolute and relative addressing.
A relative addressing is the formula that changes when we copy it somewhere else for example sum (A1:A2) will change to
sum (A3:A4)
An absolute addressing is a formula that does not change even if we move it to a new location. For example, sum($A$1+
$A$2).
8. What is a formula?
A formula is a mathematical expression that returns a value. Every excel formula begins with an equal sign (=). A formula is
written using following mathematical operations (+,-,*,/,^)
9. Write the formula that adds values in cell D4 and E7.
D4+E7 will add the values in respective cells.
10. What formula will you enter to add values in cell B4, B5, B6?
Try to answer it by yourself.
11. What is text alignment?
Alignment is the way by which text is placed between the left and the right margins of the page. Alignments of the text
can be changed by choosing alignment options from paragraph group.

Unit 4
Define the following terms.

1. Analog signals

An analog signal is a continuous signal that contains time varying quantities. An analog signal has
continuous fluctuations. Analog singnals are used to measure changes in some physical quantities
such as light, sound, pressure, or temperature.

4
2. Protocol

Protocol is the set of rules for data communication. Protocol is defined before communication takes
place between two devices.

3. Accuracy

Data must be delivered accurately i.e., without alteration. Data that have been altered in
transmission and left uncorrected is useless.

4. Router

A router is a device that allows multiple devices to join the network. It is also used to send data
packet from one device to another. A router joins multiple networks together. A Router not only
route data but also analyses it and send it to the right destination.

4. Distortion

Distortion is the undesired change in the shape or form of the transmitted signals .It commonly
happens in composite signals. Different signals have different speed therefore they arrive with
different delays at the receiver than they were sent.

Q2: Give brief answers to the following questions.

1. Define data and data transmission.

Data is an entity that is sent or received or received over a computer network. It can be in
the form of text, images and audio or video.
Data transmission means sending data from one device to another in a network.
2. Differentiate between analog and digital signals.

The major difference between both signals is that the analog signals have continuous
electrical signals, while digital signals have non-continuous electrical signals. The difference
between analog and digital signal can be observed with the examples of different types of
waves shown above.
3. What is meant by timeliness in good communication?
The communication system must deliver data in time. Data deliver late is useless.
4. List down the basic components of communication system.
The basic components of communication system are as follows:
Sender
Receiver

5
 Protocol
Message
Transmission medium
5. Differentiate between guided and unguided media.

Guided media Unguided media

Signals are bound to a specific path such as
Signals are transferred in the form of waves.
wire. They do not travel along a specific path.
Also known as bounded media. Also known as unbounded media.
Example: Coaxial cable (any type of cable) Example: Microwave, Cellular data, radio
broadcast, satellite.
6. Which transmission medium is useful for radio and television signal?

Unguided media such as radio waves are useful for radio and television signals.

7. Describe the functionality of modem.

The word modem is derived from the word modulation and demodulation.

Modulation means to convert digital signals to analog signals.

Demodulation means to convert analog signals to digital signals.

A modem perform modulation and demodulation because a computer send and receive data in the
form of digital signals only but telephone lines can carry analog signals only.

8. Give an example of satellite communication.

Telephone, radio, television, internet, and military applications use satellite communications.

9. What do you know about cross talk?

Cross talk is a disturbance caused by electromagnetic interference. In cross talk a channel create
effects on another channel or circuit, which causes error, noise or prevent cables to transmit data.

For example during crosstalk one can hear someone else’s conversion.

10. Define bandwidth and write its formula.

The difference between highest and lowest frequency is known as bandwidth. Its unit is hertz.

Formula: b= fl – fh

6
 Unit 5

Q1: Define the following terms.

1. Computer network.
Set of computers or devices that are connected to each other to share information. A
computer network is formed to exchange data and share resources such as hard disks,
database, internet printer and scanners etc. The smallest network can be made by
connecting blue-tooth.
2. Define mesh topology.
In mesh topology each nodes is exactly connected to all other nodes on a network. It is
difficult to install and manage and expensive. It is difficult to add new nodes in this topology.

Figure 1 Mesh Topology

3. Client/server Architecture

In a client server architecture many client computers request and receives the services from a
centralized computer known as server.

Client: A computer that request for services in a network.

Server: A computer that respond to the request in a network.

4. CDMA
CDMA stands for Code division multiple access. It is a digital wireless technology that is used
for cellular communication. It provides better capacity for voice and data communication
than other commercial mobile technologies.
5. ISDN modem

7
 ISDN lines is a standard for sending digital data over standard telephone lines. It is used for
home and small business. It’s faster than dialup. In ISDN a wire can carry 3 or more signals at
a time. In ISDN lines we need 2 ISDN modems one on the sending side and other on the
receiving side. Both the modems should be in the range of 3.5 miles.

Q#3: Give brief answer to the following questions.

1. Define the types of communication modes.

There are 3 types of communication modes:
Simplex mode: Simplex mode is a transmission mode in which information is sent in one
direction only, also known as unidirectional.
Half duplex mode: In this mode, every station can both- receive and transmit data- but not
at the very same moment.
Full duplex mode: Full-duplex transmission implies a bidirectional line that can move data in
both directions simultaneously.

2. Define server computer.

A server is a computer or system is the one that provides resources, data, services, or
programs to other computers, known as clients, over a network.