UNIT 1 – GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTIONS

General Objective : to meet people in business and get to know them

Specific Objectives : (1) to introduce yourself and other people
(2) to practice small talks
(3) to address people
Grammar Points : sentence pattern with BE

When you meet and greet someone like colleagues, co-workers, customers and/or
clients for the first time, introductions are needed. Especially in a business setting. It is
important to pass along information about their job title or function at their company. The
structure of an introduction is like this:

a. First Meeting:
Identification Company Information
Formal:
Good morning*, I'm . . . I'm from . . .
Hello, my name is . . . I work for . . .
I'm with . . . *morning/afternoon/evening
I'm in charge of . . .
I'm responsible for . . .
Informal:
Hi, I'm . . . from . . .

b. Response to Introduction:
Initial Greeting
Formal:
How do you do? I'm pleased to [finally*] meet you. * finally makes the
It's nice to [finally*] meet you. greeting more
Informal: cordial and
Hi, Nice/good to meet you. friendly
Hello, Pleased to meet you.
Response to the Greeting
Formal:
How do you do? It's nice to meet you too.
I'm pleased to meet you too.
Informal:
How do you do? Nice/Good to meet you too.
Hello, Pleased to meet you too.
Hi, (very informal)

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c. Follow up with the initial response from the host might include:
Formal:
* It is polite in many countries
Please have a seat. Please join us at the table.
to offer tea or coffee to even
Please take a seat. Can I get you a drink?*
an unscheduled guest. Later in
Informal:
the day, in certain countries or
Have a seat. Sit over here.
in a less informal setting,
Take a seat. Would you like a drink?*
alcohol might be offered.
Please sit.

Example of dialogue:
Ms. Anderson arrives at the Bangkok Post to meet the circulation director Khun Suwat.

• Formal dialogue
Anderson : Good morning, I'm Janet Anderson from Jiffy Transport Company.
Suwat : How do you do? I'm pleased to finally meet you. Please have a seat.

• Informal dialogue
Anderson : Hi, I'm Janet Anderson from Jiffy Transport.
Suwat : Welcome, come have a seat.

Note:
You can easily see that less formal dialogues tend to be shorter and use ellipses (leave out parts
of the sentence). Look at the differences in the formal and informal dialogs above to note how
one is different from the other.

INTRODUCING OTHERS

On occasion, you may find yourself in a situation where you have to introduce one person to
another. Look at these possible expressions that are used for this.

Sam : Peter, I would like to introduce Miss Helen Keller.

Peter : Hello Miss Keller. Nice to meet you.
Helen : Nice to meet you too, Mr. Kellogg.

Betty : Lionel, this is my friend Regina Watson.

Lionel : Hi Ms. Watson, a pleasure to meet you.
Regina : Same here.

Alice : Harry, let me introduce my supervisor, Mr. Lee.

Harry : Mr. Lee, it’s good to meet you.
Mr. Lee : Good to meet you too. But please, call me Sammy.

Point to remember: The expression “Nice to meet you” is only used at a first meeting, not after
that. Instead, when you greet a person for the second time, use “Nice to see you again”.

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 Introduce
your guest •May I introduce Mr. Jonathan Spencer from Citibank?

Introduce the
other person to •Mr. Spencer, this is Maria Stephenson.
your guest
Describe the
other person's •She's responsible for
job function international logistics.

Note:
When we introduce other people, we say their names and usually give other information—what
company they are from, what they do, where they work, and so on.

Formal
• May I introduce (name) from • She’s responsible for negotiating our shipping rates.
(company)? • She’s in charge of training our sales
representatives.
Informal
• I'd like you to meet (name) from • She takes care of our purchasing department.
(company).

Note:
This phrase above can be used to describe any person’s job function, at any level in the company.

• Now add the responses you learned in the Greetings Section

Initial Greeting Response to the Greeting
Formal:
How do you do? I'm pleased to [finally] meet you. I'm pleased to meet you too.
It's nice to [finally] meet you. It's nice to meet you too.
Informal:
Hi, Nice/good to meet you. Nice/Good to meet you too.
Hello, Pleased to meet you. Pleased to meet you too.

• The complete dialogue would go like this:

You : May I introduce Jonathan Spencer from Citibank? He's responsible for our air
cargo division. Mr. Spencer, this is Martin King.
Mr. J : How do you do. I'm very pleased to meet you, Mr. King.
Mr. M : I'm pleased to meet you too, Mr. Spencer.

Note:
Depending on the country and culture, conversation may remain formal using Mr./Mrs./Ms./Dr.
etc.

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• Using Other Expressions
Expression
• Hello, I’m (... Ms. White).
• My name is (... John Grey).
• I’m (... George Franks). What's
your name?
• Allow me to introduce myself.
My name is (... Frank Jeffers).
Response
• Hello Ms. White. I’m Susan Appleton.
• Nice to meet you, Mr. Grey. I’m Mrs. Adams.
• My name is Syafira. Syafira Hasan. It’s a
pleasure to meet you, Mr. Franks.
• I'm delighted to meet you, Mr. Jeffers. My name
is Angela Dubois.

TITLES IN ENGLISH

• Mr. → Men/Boys
Mrs. or Ms. → Married women
Miss or Ms. → Single women/girls
Doctors
Dr.

• Mrs. and Miss are the traditional titles. Many women and girls now prefer the title Ms. They
do not think it is important if they are married or not.

• Anne Marshall likes the title ‘Ms’. Look at this:

Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Ms. Underline as appropriate
Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Ms. Delete as applicable
Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Ms. Circle as appropriate
☐ Mr. ☐ Mrs. ☐ Miss  Ms. Tick as applicable

• Now complete the details about yourself :

Title Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Ms. Delete as applicable
Age Group ☐ Under 21 Tick as appropriate
☐ 21-30
☐ 31-50
☐ Above 50
Sex M / F Circle as appropriate
Marital Status Married/Single/Divorced/Widowed Underline as appropriate

• The title in English is used only with a surname. We can say:

 Ms. Marshall, or  Anne, or  Ms. Anne Marshall, but not  Ms. Anne

FAREWELLS

Just as there are several standard expressions for greetings, there are also expressions of
farewell. The farewell itself is generally very short – one or two words. However, many times
people add something to the expressions, depending on what they want to happen in the future
or the situation.

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 Expressions Extensions to farewells
• Goodbye • Bye • See you again!
• So long • Catch you later • See you later (soon)!
• I have to run • I have to be going now • I hope to see you again!
• So long • Later dude • Call me!
• Good day
Bye Bye is an expression that very young children use when they are first beginning to learn to
talk or on very rare occasions by women, but almost never by most adults.

WELLBEING

One of the most common ways is to ask about the other person’s wellbeing. Let’s take a look at
these.
Responses
Expressions
If good If so-so If bad
How are you? Great. Could be worse. I’ve had better days.
How’s it going? Couldn’t be I can’t complain. Not too good.
How are things? better. Not bad Lousy.
How are things going? Fantastic.
How have you been?
How do you feel?
How goes it?
How are you doing?
How's life treating you?

EXAMPLES OF DIALOGUE
Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue
can be used as a model to have similar conversations.

Dialogue-1
Sam : Hello, you look lost. Can I be of assistance?
Mary : Oh, thanks. You’re right, I am lost. I’m looking for the Student Union building.
Sam : It’s just across the lawn. It’s the three-story brick building over there.
Mary : I see, well thanks a lot. You’ve been a big help.
Sam : Excuse me for saying so, but you’re not from around here, are you? Are you British?
Mary : Actually, I’m Australian. I’m a new transfer student. You’re an American, I assume?
Sam : Yes, by the way I’m Sam, Sam Jones.
Mary : I’m Mary Donald. Pleased to meet you.
Sam : So how long have you been in the States, Mary?
Mary : I’ve been here for about three weeks now. So, what’s your major, Sam?
Sam : I’m a pre-med student. What’s yours?
Mary : I’m not sure yet, but I’m kind of interested in sociology.
Sam : So, do you live in the dorm?
Mary : Actually, no. I have a small apartment about five blocks from here. Well, I have to
run. Thanks for your help. Maybe we’ll bump into each other again sometime.
Sam : Could be, it’s a pretty small campus. Nice to meet you, Mary. See you later.
Mary : So long.

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Dialogue-2
Mr. Ando : Good morning. My name is Ken Ando. I’m the head of sales from the Tokyo
office. I have an appointment with Ms. Tod.
Receptionist : Oh yes, Mr. Ando. Good morning. Ms. Tod is expecting you. Please go right
in.
Mr. Ando : Thank you.
(Sound of a knock at the door)
Good morning, Ms. Tod. I’m Ken Ando from Tokyo.
Ms. Tod : Ah, yes, please come in, Mr. Ando.
Mr. Ando : How do you do, Ms. Tod? It’s nice to meet you.
Ms. Tod : How do you do, Mr. Ando? It’s nice to meet you, too. Welcome to San Francisco.
I hope you enjoy your visit.
Mr. Ando : Thank you. I’m sure I will.
Ms. Tod : Please take a seat. Would you like some tea or coffee?
Mr. Ando : Thank you, I’d like coffee, please. Black with no sugar.

FORMAL TO INFORMAL GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTIONS

First Introducing yourself

Meeting o How do you do? My name is Mrs. Hand.
o Hello, Lynne Hand. I'm the owner of this web site.
Formal o Lynne Hand.
Introducing others
o Mrs. Hand, may I introduce my boss, Mr. Smith.
o Lynne, I'd like you to meet John Smith, our salesman. John, this is
Lynne Hand.
o Lynne, meet John, my husband. John, this is my teacher, Lynne.
Responding to an introduction
o Pleased to meet you, Mrs. Hand.
o Pleased to meet you, Lynne.
o Hi, Lynne. How are you?
Informal On leaving
o Goodbye. It's a pleasure to have met you.
o Goodbye. Nice to have met you.
o Bye. It was nice to meet you.
Subsequent Possible Greetings
Meetings o Hello Mrs. Hand. It's nice to see you again.
Formal o Good morning, Mrs. Hand. How are you today?
o Good afternoon, Mrs. Hand. It's good to see you.
o Hello Lynne. How are you doing?
o Hi, Lynne. How's it going?
o Hi, Lynne. How are things?
Possible Responses
o What a pleasant surprise! How are you? It's been a while.
o I'm very well, thank you. And you?
o Thank you. It's nice to see you, too. How are you?
o Fine thanks. What's new with you?
Informal o Not too bad, busy as ever.
o Oh fine. You know how it is.

Note: The first time you meet someone, use a formal or neutral greeting like “How do you
do?” rather than informal greeting like “Hello” or “Hi”.

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 SMALL TALKS

When you meet someone for the first time, it is usual to ask him/her some polite questions to
show your interest. Be careful not to ask too personal questions they may offend.

suitable questions of general small talk unsuitable ones

• Do you like living in (Japan)?
• What do you think of (capital city)?
• Do you play golf?
• What is the weather like in your country?
• What is the population of the USA?
• How much money do you earn a year?
• What is your religion?
• Are you a member of a political party?
• Are you married?
• How old are you?
• Do you have any children?

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 1

Activity 1. Choose the best answer.

1. “Hello. My ……… Jim Harris.”

a. name’s b. names c. name d. is

2. “Hi. I’m Anthony Quinn, but please ……… Tony.”

a. call b. call me c. my name d. I’m

3. Dita: How’s it going? // Yani: ………

a. I’m from Mexico. b. I’m going to Finland. c. I’m going by bus. d. Not bad.

4. Sheila : Kevin, have you met Barry ……… ?

Kevin : No, I don’t think so.
Sheila : Kevin, this is Barry, our new legal staff. Barry, this is Kevin, the head of the Business
Studies department.
a. since b. before c. again d. after

5. Kevin: Hello, Barry. How do you do. // Barry: ……… .

a. Nice to meet you, too b. My pleasure, Kevin c. I’m fine d. How do you do

6. Michael: What is your ……… name? // Arnold: It’s Anderson.

a. nick b. first c. last d. full

7. Complete the dialogue!

Nadya : Hello, my name is Nadya. (1)……… .
Alicia : Hi, I am Alicia.
Nadya : Where are you from, Alicia?
Alicia : I am from Nicaragua. (2)………?
Nadya : I'm from (3)……… .
Alicia : Is this your first time in (4)……… ?
Nadya : No, I have been living in London for about three years now.
Alicia : I see. Have you been studying here for all that time?
Nadya : Yes, this is my third year here. (5)……… .
Alicia : What are you studying?
Nadya : I'm studying English Literature. (6)……… .
Alicia : That's great! Well, good luck to you, I have to go to class now. (7)……… .
Nadya : Thank you! You, too. Have a good class.

a. France d. I want to be a linguist f. I have got one more year to go

b. London e. It was nice talking with you g. Welcome to our university
c. How about you

8. Tina: Sorry, what’s your name ………? // Maura: It’s Maura.

a. is b. Maura c. again d. Cindy

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9. Merilyn: I’m Merilyn. I’m from ……… . // Peter: Oh, you’re from ……… .
a. Ireland – Irish b. Irish – Dublin c. Ireland – Portugal d. Dublin – Ireland

10. Match the capital cities with the countries and nationalities!

CAPITAL CITY COUNTRY NATIONALITY

1. Amsterdam A. a.
2. Ankara B. b.
3. Athens C. c.
4. Bangkok D. d.
5. Berlin E. e.
6. Brasilia F. f.
7. Cairo G. g.
8. Copenhagen H. h.
9. Jakarta I. i.
10. Lisbon J. j.
11. London K. k.
12. Madrid L. l.
13. Manila M. m.
14. Ottawa N. n.
15. Paris O. o.
16. Rome P. p.
17. Tokyo Q. q.
18. Warsaw R. r.
19. Washington S. s.
20. Wellington T. t.

Holland Dutch Canada British Indonesia Greece

Egypt Brazil Brazilian French American Polish
Portugal Britain Indonesian Greek Italian Pilipino
Turkish German Poland Egyptian Japanese Germany
New Zealand Turkey Portuguese Denmark Italy Zealander
France Philippine Japan Canadian Spanish
Thai USA Spain Danish Thailand

Activity 2 – Pair Work. Interview your friend and write his/her answers in the form below. Report
and give a short introduction of him/her to the class.

1. Name

2. Where he/she is from

3. Address

4. Phone number

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5. Hobby

6. Favorite food

7. Favorite colour

8. Activity in spare time

9. His/her goal in life

10. Why he/she wants to learn English

Activity 3 - Group Work. Read each of the following situations, then make sentences to
express the introduction.
1. Introduce two friends at an informal party.
2. Introduce your spouse to your Managing Director at a formal social event.
3. You’re at a conference and you have just seen someone you’ve wanted to meet for ages.
Go up to him/her and introduce yourself.
4. You have an appointment to see Mrs. Higgins at 3.30. Introduce yourself to the secretary
at the reception desk.
5. You have arranged to pick up a client at the airport and take him to his hotel. You’ve
never met him before so you’re not sure what he looks like. You see someone who might
be your client. Speak to him.

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 UNIT 2 – EXCHANGE INFORMATION

General Objective : to exchange information

Specific Objectives : (1) to ask questions;
(2) to talk about daily or regular activities;
(3) to talk about on-going activities
Grammar Points : Present Tense, Wh-questions, and adverb of frequency

YES/NO QUESTIONS

What is a question?
• A question is a request for information or action.
• When writing a question, you should always end the sentence with a question mark (?)

Closed questions
• Closed questions demand a yes/no, true/false or right/wrong answer.
• When we want to ask yes/no questions we can use do/does, am/is/are or have/has as
question words. We use do or have or am with personal pronouns (I), we use does or has
or is with third person singular pronouns (he, she, it) and with singular noun forms. We
use do or have or are with other personal pronouns (you, we they) and with plural noun
forms.
• Yes/no questions with the verb be are created by moving the verb be to the beginning of
the sentence. In other words, the subject and the verb change their positions in
statements and questions.
• A ‘yes/no’ question is a question which can be answered with ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Basic Pattern:
Auxiliary + Subject +Verb/Complement+(object)
• When forming questions in the present simple tense use the verb be, do, or have. The
auxiliary verb isplaced before the subject.

To be
• If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is a form of be, simply switch the
positions of the subject and verb.
o I am Indonesian.
o You are a doctor.
o He is very smart.
o She is my best friend.
o It is his book.
o We are in the classroom. →
o They are students.
→ Am I Indonesian?
→ Are you a doctor?
→ Is he very smart?
→ Is she my best friend?
→ Is it his book?
Are we in the classroom?
→ Are they students?

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To do
• If there is one verb in the statement and the verb is do, simply switch the positions of the
subject andverb.
o I do. → Do I?
o You do. → Do you?
o He does. → Does he?
o She does. → Does she?
o It does. → Does it?
o We do. → Do we?
o They do. → Do they?

WH-QUESTIONS OR OPEN QUESTIONS

• Open questions leave room for a description or opinion and are more useful in eliciting
information.
Who, Whom
•Asking about someone's identity
•Who's your boss? My boss is Mr. Black.

What
• When you are asking for information about something
•What's your job? I'm a lawyer.

Where
•To ask about place or position
•Where are you from? I'm from New York.

When
•To ask about the time something happened or will happen
•When will he arrive? At about 5 p.m.

Which
•Asking for information about one of a limited number of things
•Which one is yours? The blue one.

Whose
• Ask about possession
•Whose calculator is this? It’s mine.

Why
•Ask about reason
•Why is your shirt wet? Because I was walking in the rain.

How
•Ask about the way in which something is done
•How do you go to school? By train.

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• Basic Pattern:
Action Verbs

Wh-
question auxiliary subject verb
word

Where are you going?

Where do you come from?
How do you go to school?
What do you do?

Some exceptions

subject verb (object)

Who manages the company?

Who came last night?

Question word Verb + Answer

What is your name? My name is Lynne.
When is the party? The party is on Tuesday.
Where are you from? I'm from England.
Which is your car? The red car is mine.
Who are you? I'm Lynne.
Whose is this web site? It's mine.
Why is this web site here? Because it is!
How are you? I'm fine thanks.

• What, which and whose can be used with or without a noun as a question word. For
example:
What time is it? = What is the time? Which car is yours? = Which is your car?
Whose web site is this? = Whose is this web site?

• Whom can only be used to elicit information about the object of the sentence. Although
using whom would be grammatically correct, we normally use who instead because it
doesn’t sound so formal. For example:
"Whom did you see?" would normally be expressed as "Who did you see?"

• Who, what, which and whose can all be used to elicit information about the subject or object
of the sentence. For example:
If the answer is "I eat the banana every day", the object question would be "What do you
eat every day?" and the subject question would be "Who eats the banana every day?"

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Object Questions
• Object questions ask about the object of a sentence. The word order of the question must
be changed, and the question requires the use of the auxiliary verb 'to do'. For example:
o If the answer is "I catch the train to London on Mondays", the question would be
"Which train do you catch on Mondays?"
o If the answer is "I always go to the cinema on weekends", the question would be
"What do you do on weekends?"
• Other questions :
1. What do you usually do on Fridays?
2. Which film is your favorite film?
3. Who do you usually call when you have problems?

Subject Questions
• There are also subject questions. These are questions that we ask to find out about the
subject. When, what, which, who or whose refers to the subject, the question word
comes before the verb without the use of the auxiliary verb. For example:
o If the answer is "The train to London is late", the question would be "Which train is
late?"
o If the answer is "I go to the office by car", the question would be "Who goes to the
office by car?"

• Other questions:
1. What is going on now in Indonesia?
2. Which film is best?
3. Who usually works late?

We can also form this style of question with “Do…have…?”. Here there is no subject-verb
inversion, do is placed before the subject.
I I
You you
have breakfast every morning. Do have
We we
breakfast
They → they
every
He he
morning?
She has breakfast every morning. Does she
It it

If there is one verb, and the verb is not a form of be, the process is more complex. To form a
question, add the correct form of the verb 'to do' to the beginning. Here there is no subject verb
inversion.
I I
You you
speak English. Do
We we
They → they speak English?
He he
She speaks English. Does she
It it

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Answering a Closed Question
For example: "Are you from England?"
You can answer closed questions with "Yes" or "No".
You can also answer closed questions with a slightly longer answer
"Yes, I am" or "No, I'm not".
Finally, you can answer closed questions in the long form
"Yes, I am from England" or "No, I'm not from England".

SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Simple Present
Present Simple is the most basic structure in English grammar and it is useful to express our
ideas. Present Simple is used to describe common activities (routines) in an ordinary day.
We also use the present simple to talk about habitual actions, and things which are generally
true.
- Time: I get up at 7:00 o´clock in the morning.
- Frequency adverb: I sometimes have breakfast.
- Day of the week: I go to school from Mondays to Fridays.
- Means of transportation: I rarely get home on foot / I always go to school at 9 by bus

Present Simple is used in:

1) Permanent or long-lasting situations
- Where do you work?
- The store opens at 9 o'clock.
- She lives in New York.
2) Regular habits and daily routines
- I always get up at 5 o'clock.
- She doesn't often go to the cinema.
- When do they usually have lunch?
3) Facts
- The Earth revolves around the Sun.
- Sugar tastes sweet.
- Water doesn't boil at 20°.
4) Feelings
- I love walking around late at night during the summer.
- She hates flying!
- What do you like?
- I don't want to live in Texas.
5) Opinions and states of mind
- He doesn't agree with you.
- I think he is a wonderful student.
- What do you consider your best accomplishment?
6) Timetables and schedules
- The plane leaves at 4 p.m.
- When do courses begin this semester?
- The train doesn't arrive until 10.35.

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 Common present time expressions include usually, always, often, sometimes, on
Saturdays, at weekends (on weekends US English), rarely, on occasion, never, seldom.

Wh-question forms in SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Question word do or does Subject Verb Phrase

What do you do?
does he
When do I go
does the train leave?
Where do they come from?
does Malika
Why do you need two invoices?
does she want a new printer?
How do you spell enough?
does it work?
How often do they travel abroad?
does it rain?

Wh-questions with the verb 'BE'

Wh-
question be complement
word

What‘s your job? What are their names?

Who‘s your boss? Who are they?
Where‘s my case? Where are the files?

+ I / You / We / They work.

He /She / It works.
- I / You / We / They don't work.
He / She / It doesn't work.
? Do I / you / we / they work?
Does he / she / it work?

B. Present Continuous/Progressive
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

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The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for
actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development
and actions that are arranged for the near future.

Form:
+ I'm
He's / She's / It's waiting.
You're / We're / They're
- I'm not
He / She / It isn't working.
You / We / They aren't
? Am I
Is he / she / it coming?
Are you / we / they

Compare the following sentences:

1. Scotland Yard _________ (require) its male employees to be 1.73 m tall.
2. We're _________ (recruit) more and more graduates.
3. Who is she _________ (talk) to?
4. I'm _________ (meet) the Production Manager this afternoon.
5. I _________ (get) up at 7.00 most mornings.

Simple Present Present Progressive

Infinitive (3rd person Form of 'be' and verb + ing

singular: infinitive + 's') I am speaking
I/you/we/they speak You/we/they are speaking
You speak He/she/it is speaking
He/she/it speaks

Exceptions when adding 'ing' :

Exceptions when adding 's' :
•Silent e is dropped. (but: does not
•For can, may, might, must, do not apply for -ee). Example: come –
add -s. Example: he can, she coming; agree – agreeing
may, it must
•After a short, stressed vowel, the
•After o, ch, sh or s, add -es. final consonant is doubled.
Example: do - he does; wash - Example: sit – sitting
she washes
•After a vowel, the final consonant l is
•After a consonant, the final doubled in British English (but not in
consonant y becomes ie. (but: American English). Example: travel -
not after a vowel). Example: travelling (British English); traveling
worry - he worries; play - he plays (American English).
•Final ie becomes y. Example: lie -
lying

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COMPARE:

In general or right now?

Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is happening
right now?

Present Simple Present Progressive

In general (regularly, often, never). Example: Right now. Example: Look! Collin is playing
Collin plays football every Tuesday. football now.

Present actions happening one after Also for several actions happening at the
another. Example: First, Collin plays same time. Example: Collin is playing
football, then he watches TV. football and Anne is watching.

Signal words: always, every ..., often, Signal words: at the moment, at this
normally, usually, sometimes, seldom, moment, today, now, right now, Listen!,
never, first, then Look!

Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present: be, have, hear, know, like,
love, see, smell, think, want.

Timetable/Schedule or Arrangement?
Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do you refer to a
time set by a timetable or schedule?
Present Simple Present Progressive

Action set by a timetable or schedule. Arrangement for the near future.

→ The film starts at 8 pm. → I am going to the cinema tonight.

Daily routine or just for a limited period of time?

Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only
going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?
Present Simple Present Progressive

Daily routine. Only for a limited period of time (does not have to
Example: Bob works in a happen directly at the moment of speaking).
restaurant. Example: Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.

18
 Certain Verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the progressive form).
• State: be, cost, fit, mean, suit. Example: We are on holiday.
• Possession: belong, have. Example: Sam has a cat.
• Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch. Example: He feels the cold.
• Feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish. Example: Jane loves pizza.
• Brain work: believe, know, think, understand. Example: I believe you.

Verbs Having No Continuous Forms

• like, dislike, love, hate, want,
Feeling
appreciate, prefer

• know, believe, recognise, understand,

Thought
forget, think, realise, remember, mean

Examples:
 I know Mr. McLean.
 I am knowing Mr. McLean.
 I like chocolate.
 I am liking chocolate.

ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY

Take a look at the following conjugation chart. We use verbs of frequency (always, sometimes,
usually, Never, rarely, occasionally, often) which indicate a habit.
1. Adverbs of frequency usually go before the main verb but after the verb to be.
- I sometimes make phone calls to the USA.
- My boss is usually friendly.
- We don't generally stay up late.
2. For emphasis, usually, generally, often and sometimes can go at the beginning of a
sentence.
- Sometimes I don't like my job.
- Generally, we take clients out to a good restaurant.
3. Expressions of frequency can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence but not in the
middle.
- Once a year we have a sales conference We have a sales conference once a year.
(NOT *We have once a year a sales conference)
- Does he play golf often?

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 EXAMPLE OF DIALOGUE

Mark : Hello, Can I ask you some questions for an interview?

Jenny : Yes, I can answer some questions.
Mark : Thank you for taking the time. Now, first question: What do you do?
Jenny : I work in a library. I'm a librarian.
Mark : Are you married?
Jenny : Yes, I am.
Mark : What does your husband do?
Jenny : He works as a policeman.
Mark : Do you usually have dinner together?
Jenny : Yes, we do.
Mark : How often does your husband exercise?
Jenny : He sometimes exercises 4 times a week. But he usually exercises only twice a week.
Mark : Where do you like going on holiday?
Jenny : We rarely go on holiday. However, we like going to the mountains if we can.
Mark : What type of books do you read?
Jenny : I often read horror stories.
Mark : Thank you very much for answering my questions.
Jenny : You're welcome!

Answer the question?

1. What does her husband do?
2. Does she go on holiday?
3. What place does she go on her holiday?
4. Does her husband always exercise?
5. How does she spend her spare time?

20
 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 2

Activity 1. Use the ‘Wh’ words to complete the questions!

1. _______ time do you finish work?
2. _______ lives in this big house?
3. _______ of these coats belong to you?
4. _______ advice would you give to someone about to leave school?
5. _______ does she live? In London?
6. _______ bag is this? It’s not yours, is it?
7. About_______ long does it take to get to Birmingham?
8. _______ do you get to the post office from here?
9. But_______ can’t you come? Are you busy?
10. I don’t know, _______ do you ask?

Activity 2a. Fill the gaps to complete the conversation between Susie and Maria.
Susie : So, where (1)_________ you from, Maria?
Maria : Susie, (2)_________ from Italy
Susie : Really? Are you from Rome?
Maria : No, (3)_________ . I’m from Milan. (4)_________ you know Milan?
Susie : Yes, I went there on holiday last year. It’s a lovely place.
Maria : Yes, it’s beautiful. Do you (5)_________ to Italy often? Because I know you are
French.
Susie : No, I (6)_________ travel much, maybe two or three times a year for business. Yeah,
you are right, but I work in Oslo.
Maria : Which company do you (7)_________ for?
Susie : I work for Skateline.
Maria : Skateline? Yes, I know the name. What (8)_________ you do exactly?
Susie : We (9)_________ inline skates. And you? What do you do?
Maria : We (10)_________ bicycles.

Activity 2b. Decide if the statement is T (true) or F (false) based on the conversation above
1. Maria is Italian.
2. Susie works in Oslo.
3. Maria doesn’t know Milan.
4. Susie works for a bike company.
5. Susie is French.
6. Maria lives in Milan.
7. They both like Milan.
8. Susie goes to Milan regularly.
9. Maria is unemployed.
10. They both are good friends.

21
Activity 3. Read the passage below and tick the correct answer in the table!
Ken Harper is a businessman. He is 37. He works in downtown San Francisco at the
Hi-Tech Corporation headquarters on the thirty-fourth the Transamerica building. He
Ken and his wife, Diane, usually get up at seven o’clock in the morning. Ken has toast, an
egg, yogurt and coffee for breakfast. Then he takes “BART” (the subway) to work. He
Harper usually gets home at seven o’clock in the evening. Then he watches the news on TV.
Ken and Diane usually entertain friends on weekends.

Judy Parker is thirty-two. She is a medical student. She is married and has a son. Her
Judy husband is a dentist. They usually have breakfast together. Judy has toast and her
husband only drinks coffee. Judy takes the bus to campus. Judy comes home before
Parker her husband does. They have dinner together and get to bed at 11.00.

Mr. Chen is an architect. He is sixty-two and has lots of grandchildren. He is a very

discipline man. That’s his secret for being successful. Before he retires, he wants to
go all around the world. He always wakes up at 4.00 and takes a 30-minute walk.
Mr. Then he reads the newspaper while enjoying his morning tea. At 8.00 he goes to the
Chen office by car and has lunch at a nearby restaurant. He usually gets home at about
6.00 and watches TV before having a shower. He has a late dinner at about 10.00
before going to bed at 11.00.

1. Who has a son? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one

2. Who wakes up early in the morning? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
3. Who has plan after retiring? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
4. Who is unemployed for a moment? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
5. Who is an unskilled worker? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
6. Who is a successful person? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
7. Who likes to entertain friends? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
8. Who has lunch at the office? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
9. Who is still studying? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one
10. Who has dinner together? ☐ Ken ☐ Judy ☐ Chen ☐ No one

Activity 4a. Fill the blanks with correct verbs in the present simple or present continuous tense
Philip Andre, a France Executive, (work)1____________ for Techno Profile, a medium-sized
company just outside Paris, selling and manufacturing electronics components for different
applications. ‘He is the finance manager which (mean)2____________ that he (have)3
____________ complete responsibility for all aspects of our financial policy. He carefully
(follow)4 ____________ the result of our six regional offices in France.

This year the company (introduce)5 ____________ a new range of product that the
company (import)6 ____________ from Germany. Next week he’s going to Bordeaux to meet
the office manager and discuss developments in the south-west region. At the moment he
(make)7 ____________ about 28,000 Francs a month with a bonus, which of course,
(depend)8 ____________ on result.

He lives in a large apartment in the center of town and (drive)9 ____________ to work every
day in the company car. He (get)10 ____________ five weeks paid holiday a year which he
usually (spend)11 ____________ in Spain with his wife and kids.

22
Activity 4b. Answer the questions!
1. What does Philip Andre do?
2. Where is the company located?
3. Why is he going to Bordeaux?
4. How does he go to work?
5. What does he do on his holiday?

Activity 5. Correct the mistakes in these sentences!

1. He work in Madrid.
2. Where do you coming from originally? Are you German?
3. Sales increase a lot at the moment in China.
4. I’m usually going to work by car.
5. This meal is delicious. The meat is tasting really good.

Activity 6. Choose the correct question from the two options for each answer!
1. Q : (What do you do / What are you doing)?
A : I’m a consultant
2. Q : (Do you specialize in project work? / Are you specializing in project work)
A : No, I don’t. I work in a lot of different areas.
3. Q : (How often do you come to Zurich / How often are you coming to Zurich)?
A : This is my first time.
4. Q : (Where do you stay / Where are you staying)?
A : I’m in a hotel near the railway station.
5. Q : (Does your business expand at the moment / Is your business expanding at the
moment)?
A : Absolutely. The market is fantastic right now.

Activity 7. Choose the correct time expression used with the present continuous tense.
1. They are cooking dinner (on the moment / now).
2. The company is preparing a report for their most important client (last / this) week.
3. My sister is studying for a test (at the moment / in the moment).
4. (Currently / Current) we're working onthe Anderson account.
5. Susan is playing tennis with Tim (now / then).
6. They're enjoying dinner (at / next) the moment.
7. Henry is making the presentation (at /on) Wednesday.
8. Our teacher is helping us with grammar (that / this) morning.
9. My dog is barking (at the moment / in the moment).
10. The clock is striking twelve o'clock right (now / soon). It's time to go!
11. Frank is flying to Chicago (this / that) morning.
12. We're reading that book (at the moment / on the moment).
13. Thomas is presenting at the meeting (on / in) April.
14. She's mowing the lawn (now / moment).
15. They're developing a new product (this / last) month.

23
Activity 8. Complete the conversation between two former colleagues at an airport using the
words in brackets.
Karl : Hi, Marina. Surprise, surprise.
Marina : Karl. Good to see you. What (you/do)1 _______________ here?
Karl : I’m on my way to Nairobi for a business meeting.
Marina : Really? (I/go)2 _______________ to Paris to meet my brother for the weekend.
Karl : Oh, (he/work)3 _______________ in Paris?
Marina : No. He works in Budapest. Paris is just an easy place for us to meet.
Karl : OK. (How often/you/see)4 _______________ him?
Marina : (We/try/meet)5 _______________ twice a year in Paris.
Karl : Sounds good
Marina : It is. (you/know)6 _______________ Paris?
Karl : Not very well. (I/not/go)7 _______________ there very much. Anyway, how’s work?
Marina : Good. (I/work)8 _______________ on a new product at the moment. And you?
Karl : Well (things/not/go/well)9 _______________ you know, because it’s very difficult
market situation. Oh I think your plane is boarding.
Marina : You’re right. I’ve got to go. Bye.
Karl : Bye. Have a good trip! Really good to see you again.

Activity 9. Make a conversation with your friends in a group using the questions given!
1. How often do you _______________ ?
2. How long does it take you to_______________ ?
3. What kind of_______________ ?
4. How much do you spend on_______________ ?
5. How many times a day do you _______________ ?
week
year
6. Where
How long do you usually _______________ ?
When

24
 UNIT 3 – TALKING ABOUT EXPERIENCE AND DESCRIBING PEOPLE’S CHARACTERS

General Objective : To talk about experience

Specific Objectives : (1) To describe people’s characters
(2) To use Simple Past Tense
(3) To use Present Perfect
Grammar Points : (1) Past Tense and Present Perfect; (2) Adjective

PERSONALITY ADJECTIVES

• What is an Adjective?
Adjectives are, quite simply, descriptive words. An adjective is a word which qualifies a
noun, that shows or points out some distinguishing mark or feature of the noun. An adjective
can come before the noun it describes or after Be and other linking verbs (look, seem,
become, etc.).

• How would you describe someone’s personality?

Look at these three questions which look similar, but have very different meanings:

What is she like?

“She is outgoing and talkative.”

What does she look like?

“She is short, slim and she has big brown eyes.”

What does she like?

“She likes swimming, reading and eating cheese.”

• List of Descriptive Adjectives

Descriptive adjectives can be divided into different categories :

Qualities
Sound Ages

Colors Times

Descriptive
Adjectives
Personality
Sizes
adjectives

Taste Shapes
Touch

25
 a. Positive personality adjectives
The following positive Personality Adjectives are in common use in the English language.

adaptable credible endurable good lucky resolute succinct

adorable cultured energetic happy mature responsible talented
agreeable dashing entertaining harmonious modern rhetorical thoughtful
alert dazzling enthusiastic helpful nice righteous thrifty
alluring debonair excellent hilarious obedient romantic tough
ambitious decisive excited honorable painstaking sedate trustworthy
amused decorous exuberant impartial peaceful seemly unbiased
boundless delightful fabulous industrious perfect selective unusual
brave detailed fair instinctive placid self-assured upbeat
bright determined faithful jolly plausible sensitive vigorous
calm diligent fantastic joyous pleasant shrewd vivacious
capable discreet fearless kind productive silly warm
charming dynamic fine kind-hearted protective sincere willing
cheerful eager frank knowledgeable proud skillful wise
coherent efficient friendly level punctual smiling witty
comfortable elated funny likeable quiet splendid wonderful
confident eminent generous lively receptive steadfast zany
cooperative enchanting gentle lovely reflective stimulating
courageous encouraging glorious loving relieved successful

b. Negative Personality Adjectives

The negative personality adjectives are listed in the table below:

abrasive combative envious grumpy naive sore unsuitable

abrupt confused erratic guarded nasty spendthrift unsure
abusive cowardly evasive gullible naughty squeamish upset
afraid crazy evil helpless nervous stingy uptight
aloof creepy faded hesitant noisy strange vague
ambiguous cruel fanatical homeless obnoxious sulky vengeful
angry cynical fierce horrible outrageous tacky venomous
annoyed dangerous filthy hungry panicky tense volatile
anxious deceitful finicky hurt pathetic terrible voracious
arrogant defeated flashy ignorant possessive testy vulgar
ashamed defective flippant ill quarrelsome thick-skinned wary
awful defiant foolish irresolute repulsive thoughtless wasteful
bad demonic forgetful jealous ruthless threatening weak
belligerent depressed frantic jittery sad tight weary
bewildered deranged fretful lacking scary timid wicked
boorish disagreeable frightened lazy secretive tired worried
bored disillusioned furtive lonely selfish tiresome worthless
boring disturbed greedy malicious silly troubled wretched
callous domineering grieving materialistic slow truculent
careless draconian grouchy mean sneaky typical
clumsy embarrassed gruesome mysterious snobbish undesirable

Some of the words with the meaning:

Active : She/he likes to play sport or do physical things
Bright : She/he is intelligent
Cunning : She/he uses her intelligence secretly/mysteriously to get what she wants
Diligent : She/he is hardworking.
Extroverted : She/he is very outgoing.

26
 Funny : She/he makes people laugh
Generous : She/he likes to ‘give’ to help others.
Honest : She/he tells the truth
Imaginative : She/he has a good imagination
Jealous : She/he doesn’t like others to succeed (-)
Kind : She/he is nice, gentle and helpful
Lazy : She/he doesn’t like to do anything / She is happy doing nothing (-)
Moody : She/he often becomes angry and unfriendly because she is unhappy (-)
Naughty : Her/his behavior is bad (usually for children)
Optimistic : She/he is positive about the future
Pessimistic : She/he thinks things will end badly (-)
Quiet : She/he doesn’t say much. She prefers to listen (-)
Rude : She/he is not polite, and she offends other people
Sensible : She/he has good common sense and judgment.
Thoughtful : She/he carefully thinks about other people and how to help them.
Upbeat : She is positive and in good mood
Wonderful : She/he is great
Youthful : She/he is young at heart.
Violent : She/he will hurt / She is aggressive (negative)

Examples:
1. James is an honest man.
2. Young people nowadays are very moody.
3. I like Mary because she always tells funny stories.
4. My boss is a wonderful person.
5. I'm not always optimistic.
6. You used to be a rude person.
7. I wouldn’t be near her if she’s angry, she can get very violent.
8. Laura is very bright; I like talking to her.
9. You are so thoughtful in bringing me this present.
10. My brother is very active; he is usually in the gym.

PRESENT PERFECT

• Form
To form a sentence in the Present Perfect, you need:
1. The proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb "to have".
We conjugate the auxiliary verb "to have" the same way we would conjugate the
normal verb"to have".
Person Singular Plural
First I have We have
Second You have You have
Third He/She/It has They have
As you can see, the third person singular is irregular.
More examples:
• Maura has never seen my brother.
• Neither Mike nor Tom has ever driven a truck.

27
 2. The Past Participle of your verb.
The past participle of a verb is a verb form that appears with the perfect tense. The
pastparticiple can be either regular or irregular.
The formation of irregular verbs does
The regular verbs are formed by
not follow one rule.Therefore, they
adding -ed to the verb:
should be memorized.
Verb Past Participle Verb Past Participle
talk talked be been
explain explained become become
use used see seen
deliver delivered go gone
include included eat eaten
achieve achieved

Declarative Sentences

auxiliary past
subject
verb participle

Examples: They have slept. // It has gone.

Negative Sentences

auxiliary past
subject not
verb participle

Examples: They have not slept. // It has not gone.

Interrogative Sentences

auxiliary past
subject
verb participle

Examples: Have they slept? // Has it gone?

• Uses
The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that
began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity
influences the present moment.
1. Actions which happened at an indefinite (unknown) time before now.
Use the Present Perfect to talk about actions that happened at some point in the past.
It does not matter when exactly they happened.
Examples: I have already had a breakfast.
He has been to England

28
 You should not use this tense with time expressions like yesterday, a week ago, last
year.
Examples: I have seen it yesterday. WRONG
We have gone to Paris last year. WRONG

2. Actions in the past which influence the present moment.

We also use this tense when an activity influences the present moment.
Examples: He has finished his work. (so he can now rest)
I have already eaten the dinner. (so I'm not hungry)
He has had a car accident. (that's why he is in the hospital)

3. Actions which began in the past and continue in the present.

We often use the Present Perfect when we want to emphasize that an event
continues in the present.
Examples: Mary has worked as a teacher for over 25 years.
Patrick has achieved a lot in his life.

• The Use of Since and For

“Since” and “for” are very common time expressions used with the Present Perfect.
- We use “for” with a period of time
For example: I have lived here for 20 years.
- When talking about a starting point, we use“since”
For example: I have lived here since 1960.

• Time expressions
already, before, (not) yet, just, recently, lately, never, ever, at last, up to now, until now

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

• Form
To form a declarative sentence, you need the subject of the sentence (e.g. I, you, he, a dog)
and the past form of your verb (e.g. was, talked, swam). Questions and negative sentences
require an auxiliary verb.

Declarative Sentences

subject verb-2

Examples: I ate the cake. // He entered the room.

29
 Negative Sentences

auxiliary
subject not verb-1
verb

Examples: I didn’t eat the cake. // He didn’t enter the room.

Interrogative Sentences

auxiliary
subject verb-1
verb

Examples: Did you eat the cake? // Did he enter the room?

• Uses
We use the Past Simple to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past.
The actions can be short or long. There can be a few actions happening one after another.
Examples: I was sleepy.
He didn't learn any Italian when he was in Italy two year ago.
I went to the cinema, bought popcorn and watched a movie.

The Past Tense is used for :

1. Events in the past that are now finished.
The first use of the Past Simple is to express actions that happened at a specific time
in the past.
Examples: John cut his finger last week. He ate the dinner 1 hour ago.
I went to college 3 years ago. I slept well last night.

2. Situation in the past

Another use of this tense is talking aboutsituations in the past.
Example: I lived in New York for 10 years (Idon't live there anymore).

3. A series of actions in the past

The Past Simple can also be used with a few actions in the past happening one after
another.
Example: He entered a room, lit a cigarette, and smiled at the guests.

• Time expressions
Common time expressions (time adverbials) in the Past Simple are: yesterday, the other day,
just now, the day before yesterday, …ago, last… , in 2021

• Simple Past VS Present Perfect

Simple Past Present Perfect
Irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular Irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column
verbs. ofirregular verbs. Examples:
Example: I spoke. • I / you / we / they have spoken.
• he / she / it has spoken.

30
 Regular verbs: infinitive + ed
Example: I worked.
Certain time in the past
Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago.
Regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + -ed
Examples:
• I / you / we / they have worked.
• he / she / it has worked.
Just / already / not yet
Example: I have just phoned Mary.

Exceptions when adding -ed

a. When the final letter is -e, only add -d
Example: love – loved
b. after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
Example: admit – admitted
c. final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
Example: travel – travelled
d. after a consonant, final -y becomes -i (but: not after a vowel)
Example: worry – worried; but: play – played

Certain event in the past or how often so far?

Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action
has happened till now?
Past Simple Present Perfect

whether / how often till now.

Certain event in the past.
Example: Have you ever been to Canada?
Example: He went to Canada last summer.
/ I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasize the
result (a past action's consequence in the present)?
Past Simple Present Perfect

Emphasis on action. Emphasis on result.

Example: I bought a new bike. (just Example: I have bought a new bike. (I actually
telling what I did in the past) want to express that I have a new bike now)

31
 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 3

Activity 1a. Fill the blanks to complete the conversation!

Donald : Hello, John! Where _________ (1) you last month?
John : Oh, I _________ (2) on holiday.
Donald : Oh, really? but you _________ (3) on holiday in December.
John : Yes, I _________ (4) in Switzerland.
Donald : Where _________ (5) you in January?
John : I _________ (6) in Florida.
Donald : Florida! What _________ (7) it like?
John : Fantastic! The weather _________ (8) hot and the beach _________ (9) amazing.
Donald : What was the _________ (10) like?
John : Excellent! There was a swimming pool and private beach. There _________ (11)
two restaurants and _________ (12) bar.
Donald : What _________ (13) the people like?
John : They _________ (14) very _________ (15).
Donald : _________ (16) your wife with you?
John : No, she _________ (17), She never comes with me on holiday.
Donald : What about the children? _________ (18) they with you?
John : No, they _________ (19), they _________ (20) with their grandparents.

Activity 1b. Choose T if the statement is true and F if the statement is incorrect!
1. John has more than one holiday.
2. Donald has never been to Florida.
3. John wasn’t in Switzerland in January.
4. John was satisfied with the hotel.
5. John’s wife was in Florida.

Activity 2a. Complete the verb forms.

No. Infinitive Participle Past Past Participle
1 began
2 bring
3 caught
4 come
5 drove driven
6 find
7 went gone
8 know
9 left
10 send

32
Activity 2b. Fill in the blanks using the words from Activity 2a to complete the sentences. Then
Match the responses to the sentences.
1. I didn't _________ that you brought our materials A. He certainly did.
to the training last month. B. He delivered it by hand
2. I didn't _________ to work because of the snow. I yesterday afternoon.
_________ by bus instead. C. Well, he had another
3. Why did Emma _________ the company? appointment with the board of
4. Did he _________ the report by post, or did he directors.
_________ it here himself? D. It was all in last year's annual
5. The training course _________ last week. report.
6. Our first manager really _________ how to E. No, I didn't. I came by car.
motivate us, didn't he? F. It was on 26 February.
7. I didn't _________ to the staff meeting. I was G. Really? I thought everyone in
feeling very ill. the office knew!
8. This is very useful information. Where did you H. Well, I think she didn't get on
_________ it? with the new manager.
9. Did you _________ the early morning train? I. Were you? Did you see a
10. Why didn't Peter _________ to the Opening doctor?
Ceremony? J. Yeah. I left my car at home too.

Activity 3. Read the following passages and do the exercises. (Tick the answer according to the
information in the passages)
My name is Martha Glass. I'm thirty-nine years old and I'm a doctor. I chose the medical
profession because I wanted to help people and at the same time make good money. When I
was younger I wanted to become a teacher or a nurse, but I soon realized there wasn't much
money in either of those professions. My parents didn't help me much, because they didn't want
me to have a career at all. They wanted me to do what so many other girls did. They wanted me to
become a secretary, marry the boss, have kids and stay at home. Well, I got married, and I had
kids, but I have my career as well.

My name is George Rushton. I'm a businessman. I’m fifty years old and I've been working for the
same company for twenty-five years. I think I've had a very successful career. I started working
with the company as a poorly paid clerk. I was one of those nine-to-five white-collar office
workers who spend all day with a pencil in one hand and a telephone in the other. I hated it. So I
got transferred to sales and became one of the company's sales representatives. I travelled all
over the country selling the company’s products and became the most successful salesperson
on the staff. In ten years I have been promoted to manager or the sales department. In another
ten years I hope to retire with a good pension.

Hi, I’m Billy. I left school when I was sixteen. I didn't have any qualifications. I just wanted to
earn some money. I got a job in a factory. I didn't mind being a blue-collar worker. All I wanted
was enough money to take my girlfriends out on a Saturday night. But then they got robots in to
do my job and I was out of work. I was out of work for sixteen months. It's terrible being
unemployed. The days seem so long. I finally got a job as an unskilled laborer, working for a
builder. I'm twenty-five now. I suppose I should go to night classes and get some extra training so
that I can earn more money as a skilled worker.

33
 1. Who had a white-collar job for a while? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
2. Who works in a profession? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
3. Who wanted to become a secretary? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
4. Who is unemployed at the moment? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
5. Who is an unskilled worker? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
6. Who was a successful salesperson? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
7. Who wanted a different career as a ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
child? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
8. Who married the boss? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
9. Who has no career? ☐ Martha ☐ George ☐ Billy ☐ No one
10. Who was out of work for a while?

Who is the most successful person? Why?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4a. Match the bold phrases with the definition!

Text-1

•The person I’m closest to in my family is definitely my mom. We’ve always got on
and we hardly ever fall out. I know that’s unusual. She’s really outgoing and
sociable. She’s always going out with friends and colleagues. Everyone thinks
she’s good fun. I look up to her because she’s so hard working. She never sits
still and works long hours. She can be a bit impatient, too. And she’s over
sensitive, often getting offended for seemingly no reason.

Text-2

•My cousin, Kieron and I grew up together. We were inseparable. He was so

creative. He’d always think of new games we could play and make up these
stories to make me laugh. I was constantly amazed by his open mindedness as
well. He was never judgmental. I wish I could be like that. Unfortunately, we grew
apart, slowly but surely, and by the time we went to university we weren’t in
touch anymore. I haven’t seen him for years. It’s really sad. I would blame it
partly on the fact that he’s not very reliable, so for example, if I email him he
won’t respond. I’m not sure what he’s up to these days.

Text-3

•I know this is a cliché, but I don’t get on with my colleague, Mary Wilson. She is
so nosy, always wanting to know what we’re doing and who we’re with, and she’s
terribly blunt, which means she quite often upsets us with things she comes out
with. And the she can be quite stingy. When we go out for a meal together, she
never offers to pay, even though she’s much better off than us. I must say,
though, she’s extremely clever and I do respect her for that. She set up her own
business five years ago and it’s gone from strength to strength. She’s so self-
assured and ambitious too, which I suppose is why she’s so successful in
business.

34
 1. Fall out A. somebody gradually has a less close relationship with somebody
2. Grew up B. somebody be in communication with somebody
3. In touch C. respect somebody
4. Look up D. argue and stop being friendly with somebody
5. Grew apart E. have many childhood and adolescent experiences in common with
6. Get on somebody
F. have good relationship

Activity 4b. Match the characters and personality with the definition
1. They say exactly what they think without trying to be polite.
2. This person is good and fun to be with because they say and do interesting or amusing
things.
3. They form opinions of people and situation very quickly, when it would be better for them
to wait until they know more about the person or situation.
4. They are friendly and enjoy talking to other people.
5. They are willing to listen to and consider other people’s ideas and suggestions.
6. Someone who is ambitious has a strong desire to be successful, rich, or powerful.
7. They work very hard.
8. They are interested in things which do not concern them.
9. They can be trusted to work well or to behave in the way that you want them to.
10. They are very friendly and like meeting and talking to people.
11. They are intelligent and able to understand things easily or plan things well.
12. They are unwilling to spend money.
13. They are confident in what they say and do because they are sure of their own abilities.
14. They are easily worried and offended when people talk about it.
15. They have the ability to invent and develop original ideas, especially in the arts.

A. Ambitious B. Blunt C. Clever D. Creative

E. Good fun F. Hard-working G. Judgmental H. Nosy
I. Open-minded J. Outgoing K. Over-sensitive L. Reliable
M. Self-assured N. Sociable O. Stingy

Activity 5. Choose the correct words to complete this article

Miguel Perez studied business at Santiago de Compostela University in Spain (A. in / B.
from) 2005 to 2008. During the summer holidays, he worked part-time as a salesman for
Levi's. After graduating (A. in / B. on) July 2008, he wanted to continue in sales, so he worked
(A. at / B. for) a year in the sales department of his family's company. He decided to improve
his English.
In September 2009, he went to London to study for a Diploma in Business with English.
(A. For / B. During) that year, he worked part-time for the Students' Union. In July 2010, he
began looking for a sales job. Six months later, he got a permanent position in a shipping
company. However, a year (A. ago / B. since), he changed his job and joined Futura Financial
Services. He now works in the sales department. Next month he will be voted salesperson
of the year. Currently he is the supervisor in the sales department.

35
Activity 6. Pair Work. Write your own holiday and ask your friend about his/her holiday.

Questions You Your partner

Where/you? Where were you last holiday?

Who/you with?
What/weather/like?
How/hotel?
How/food?
What/people/like?
How long/ there?
How/spend/holiday?

Which holiday was better, your holiday or your partner’s? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

36
 UNIT 4 – USING MODALS AND TALKING ABOUT HABITS AND INTEREST

General Objective : To talk about obligations and habits

Specific Objectives : (1) To describe habits and interests;
(2) To use some modal auxiliaries in talking about obligations
Grammar Points : (1) Modals;
(2) Adverbs of Frequency

MODAL AUXILIARIES

• Definition.
Modal verbs are verbs that are used in combination with other verbs to express ability,
advisability, polite request, necessity, lack of necessity, and degrees of certainty. These
verbs are can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, have got to, will
and would. Need can also act like a modal verb in certain situations.

• Form
Modals do not take a final -s, even when the subject is he, she, or it.

Declarative Sentences

simple
modal
subject form of
auxiliary
verb

Examples: They must stay. // She can leave.

Negative Sentences

simple
modal
subject not form of
auxiliary
verb

Examples: They must not stay. // She cannot leave.

Interrogative Sentences

simple
modal
subject form of
auxiliary
verb

Examples: Must they leave? // Can she leave?

37
• Meaning
1. To express ability (can, could)
➢ Can expresses ability in the present or future.
For example: Bob can play the piano.
➢ The negative form of can may be written can’t, cannot, or can not.
For example: I can’t/cannot/can not understand the sentence.
➢ The past form of can is could.
For example: When I was younger I could run fast.
➢ The negative of could is couldn’t or could not.
For example: They couldn’t/could not come to class yesterday.

2. To express advisability (should, ought to, had better)

➢ Should, ought to, and had better have basically the same meaning. They express
advisability. Had better is more common in speaking than writing.
For example: You should/ought to/had better study harder.
➢ Negative form:
o Should not. For example: You shouldn’t leave your keys in the car.
o Had better not. For example: You’d better not be late.
o The negative of ought to is not common. We usually use shouldn’t instead.
If it is used, the “to” is often dropped: You oughtn’t leave your keys in the car.
➢ The past form:
o have + past participle
For example: I should have studied last night.
I ought to have studied last night.
I’d better have studied last night.
o Had better have + participle is rarely used, and usually in speaking, not
writing.

3. To express polite request

a. With “I” as the subject (May I, Could I, Can I)
➢ People use May I, Could I, Can I to request permission.
For example: May I/Could I/Can I leave earlier?
➢ They have basically the same meaning. Can I is less formal.
➢ Responses:
- Certainly. - Of course. - Sure. (informal)
- Yes, certainly. - Yes, of course.
➢ To give permission, we can use can and may. Can is less formal.
For example: “Yes, you may have a cookie after dinner.”
“Okay, you can have a cookie after dinner.”
➢ May not and cannot (can’t) are used to deny permission: to say “no”.
For example: “You may not/cannot have a cookie.”

b. With “you” as the subject (Would you, Could you, Will you, Can you)
➢ People use Would you, Could you, Will you, Can you to ask for someone’s
help or cooperation. Can you is often used informally.
For example: Would you/Could you/Will you/Can you open the door?

38
 ➢ Would you mind is followed by -ing (gerund).
For example: Would you mind closing the window?
➢ Responses:
- Yes, I’d be happy to. - Certainly.
- Yes, I’d be glad to. - Sure. (informal)

Note: It is desirable to use the word “please”. For examples:

➢ May I/Could I/Can I borrow your pen, please?
➢ May I/Could I/Can I please borrow your pen?
➢ Would you/Could you/Will you/Can you please cover my shift on Tuesday?
➢ Would you/Could you/Will you/Can you cover my shift on Tuesday, please?

4. To express necessity (must, have to, have got to)

➢ They have the same meaning. They express the idea that something is necessary.
For example: All applicants must/have to/have got to take an entrance exam.
➢ In everyday statements of necessity, have to is used more commonly than must.
➢ Must is usually stronger than have to.
➢ Have got to is informal and is used primarily in spoken English.
➢ The past form of must, have to, and have got to is had to.
For example: I had to study last night.

5. To express the lack of necessity and prohibition (don’t have to, mustn’t)
When used in the negative, must and have to have different meanings.
➢ Lack of necessity (don’t have to)
Don’t have to expresses the idea that something is not necessary.
For example: I can hear you. You don’t have to shout.
Need not (needn’t) may also be used → You needn’t shout.

➢ Prohibition (must not)

Must not/mustn’t expresses prohibition (DO NOT DO THIS!)
For Example: Children, you must not play with matches!

6. To express degrees of certainty (must, may, might, could)

a. Present Time
Why isn’t John in class?
100% 100%
•He is sick. •He is not sick.
95% 99%
Affirmative

Negative

•He must be sick. •He can't be sick.

<50%
•He may be sick.
•He might be sick.
•He could be sick.
•He couldn't be sick.
95%
•He must not be sick.
<50%
•He may not be sick.
•He might not be sick.

39
 ➢ Degree of certainty refers to how sure we are that something is true. If we are
sure something is true in the present, we don’t need to use a modal.
A: Why isn’t John in class?
B: He is sick.
Negative: He is not sick. → The speaker is 100% sure that John is not sick.

➢ Must is used to express a strong degree of certainty about a present

situation, but the degree of certainty is still less than 100%.
A: Why isn’t John in class?
B: He must be sick. → express a logical conclusion/deduction.
Negative:
1) John couldn’t/can’t be sick. → The speaker believes that there is no
possibility that John is sick, but the speaker is not 100% sure.
2) John must not be sick. → The speaker is expressing a logical
conclusion, a “best guess”.

➢ May, might, and could are used to express a weak degree of certainty. They
have the same meaning.
A: Why isn’t John in class?
B: I don’t know. He may/might/could be sick.
Negative:
John may not/might not be sick. → The speaker mentions a possibility.
Notes:
❖ Maybe (spelled as one word) is an adverb meaning “perhaps”.
For example: Maybe John is sick.
❖ May be (spelled as two words) is a verb form (aux. May + Verb BE)
For example: John may be sick.

b. Past Time
Why wasn’t John in class?
100% 100%
•He was sick. •He was not sick.
95% 99%
Affirmative

Negative

•He must have been sick.
<50%
•He may have been sick.
•He might have been sick.
•He could have been sick.
•He can't have been sick.
•He couldn't have been sick.
95%
•He must not have been sick.
<50%
•He may not have been sick.
•He might not have been sick.

• Other uses of modal (shall)

➢ Shall is a modal verb used to indicate future action.
For example: I shall be replaced by someone from the New York office.
➢ It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we".
➢ Shall is often found in suggestions.

40
 For example: Shall we begin dinner?
➢ Shall is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions.
For example: I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.
➢ In formal English, the use of shall to describe future events often expresses
inevitability or predestination.
For example: I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director.
➢ Shall is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English;
Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use Shall in
suggestions or formalized language.

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
(Review Unit-2)

• Adverbs of frequency are often used to talk about one’s habits/routines, and to say how
often something happens, they are : never, rarely, occasionally, sometimes, often, usually,
always.

• We can put adverbs in different positions in sentences. There are three main positions but
also a lot of exceptions.
1. Adverb at the beginning of a sentence (for emphasis: usually, generally, often,
sometimes)
For example: Usually we go for a run after work.
2. In the middle of a sentence (comes before the main verb or after the verb to be).
For example: The students often ride their bikes to campus.
We are sometimes lazy.
3. At the end of a sentence.
For example: I sleep all weekend sometimes.

• In English we never put an adverb between the verb and the object.
For example:  We play often basketball.
 We often play basketball.

41
 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 4

Activity 1. Complete these requests.

A. buy some cereal C. call back later E. turn on the lights
B. send these documents D. close the window
1. Can you ______? It’s freezing here.
2. Would you ______ ? It’s dark in here.
3. Will you ______ ? We don’t have any left.
4. Could you ______ ? Mrs. Jane is on another call right now.

Activity 2. Match each polite request to a suitable response.

1. Could you tell me when the train leaves?
2. Would you explain these instructions for
the fax machine?
3. Could you bring me a coffee?
4. Would you mind helping me with my bags?
5. Could you do me a favour?
6. Would you mind speaking slowly?
A. Of course. Do you take sugar?
B. No problem. Let me help you.
C. Sure. It leaves at 9 a.m.
D. Sure, just put your letter in here and
dial the number.
E. Of course. I’ll slow down.
F. Yes, what do you need?

Activity 3. Complete each sentence with correct modals (must, mustn't, don't/doesn't have to)
1. You ______ forget to buy vegetables and meat. We'll make a nice recipe tonight.
2. You ______ turn on the air conditioner. It's an automatic system.
3. You ______ wait for the green signal before crossing the road.
4. She ______ take her umbrella. It is not raining.
5. We ______ allow ourselves to be defeated by the difficulties.
6. She ______ be rich to start a business.
7. You ______ wait for me. I'll join you later.
8. They ______ apologize for their behavior. It was so gross.
9. You ______ forget to lock the door before leaving the house.
10. You ______ help your parents with household chores.
11. She ______ buy a new dress for the party. Her old one is still in good condition.
12. I ______ do the dishes tonight. It's not my turn.
13. They ______ smoke in this area. It's strictly prohibited.
14. These copies ______ be clearly marked as "confidential".
15. You ______ worry about cooking dinner tonight. I'll take care of it.

Activity 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct modals

1. This is a hospital. You ______ (mustn’t, may not, don’t have to) smoke here.
2. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He ______ (must, had better, mustn’t) be
tired after such hard work. He may prefer to get some rest.
3. I ______ (could, might, can, must) speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived
in Morocco. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language

42
 and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I ______ (may, can, must) just say a
few things in the language.
4. The teacher said we can read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional. But we
______ (could, need, needn’t, mustn’t) read it if we don’t want to.
5. ______ (May, Need, Can, Must) you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I can’t.
6. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you ______ (could, need, needn’t, mustn’t)
worry. We will help you become a fluent speaker, but you have to work hard.
7. Take an umbrella. It ______ (should, mustn’t, might) rain later.
8. You ______ (shouldn’t, need, needn’t, may not) leave small objects lying around. Such
objects ______ (must, need, may, mustn’t) be swallowed by children.
9. Drivers ______ (could, must, may) stop when the traffic lights are red.
10. You ______ (may, must) follow the traffic rules.
11. It ______ (should, must) be difficult to live amidst war.
12. You ______ (should, ought) be punctual.
13. ______ (Could, Might) you show me the road to the market?

Activity 5. Do the Exercise Below on The Present and Past of Modals

1. He ______ (can’t have been, can’t be) French. His French is terrible.
2. The kids are calm today. They ______ (must be, must have been, had to be) tired.
3. Although Leila was very hungry, she didn't eat very much. She ______ (couldn’t have liked,
could have liked, can’t like) the food.
4. The phone is ringing. It ______ (must be, had to be, must have been) Mary. She promised
she would call.
5. John had a terrible accident. He ______ (must stop, had to stop) when the traffic lights
were red.
6. I don't know why she got so many bad grades. She ______ (may be, might be, might have
been) lazy studying.
7. I didn't know you needed help. You ______ (should have told, should tell) me.
8. I am so tired. I need some rest. I think I ______ (should take, should have taken) a week off.
9. He ______ (could have run, can run, could run) so fast when he was young.
10. Nancy ______ (can’t have gone, can’t go) on holiday. I have just met her in the street.

Activity 6. What advice would you give in the following situations?

1. I won Rp.100.000.000 and I don't know how to spend it. What should I do?
2. I have just lost my job. I haven't told my husband/wife yet. How should I tell him/her?
3. I hate working. What should I do?
4. I am new in this city. I would love to meet some people. What should I do?
5. My husband doesn't help me with the housework. What should I do?
6. My wife criticizes me all the time. What should I do?
7. I need to find a job. What should I do?
8. I need to learn English much faster. What should I do?
9. I want to travel. Should I get a job abroad? Where?
10. I gained a lot of weight in the last few years. I want to lose at least 10kg. What should I do?

43
Activity 7. Write the respond for the question and decide whether it is Request, Invitation or
Suggestion
Request,
No Question Suggestion, Respond
Invitation
Could I borrow a pen for a
1
minute?
Do you think you could post a
2
letter for me?
I was wondering if you’ve got a
3
suitcase you could lend me?
Would you like to go out this
4
evening?
I’ve got some tickets for a
5 concert. Do you fancy coming
with me?
How about going to a football
6
match at the weekend?
Why don’t we meet this
7 afternoon and practice our
English for an hour?
We could invite some other
8 people from our English class
to meet us as well
I know you’re busy, but could
9
you help me with this essay?
Do you fancy going to the
10
cinema?

Activity 8. Read the article and answer the question!

Michael Dell’s working day (From: The Times Magazine)
Michael Dell is chairman of Dell Computer Corporation in the US. For about 30 percent of his
time, he travels overseas and meets international customers. He usually makes two or three
trips to Europe and two trips to Asia every year. When he is at his home in Austin, Texas, he
always gets up at 5:30 a.m. He lives with his wife, Susan, and their four children, who are all
under the age of ten. His wife owns a clothes shop in Austin. In the mornings, he usually does
exercises for an hour from 6:00 a.m. and then drives to his office. He arrives at 8:00 a.m. At
his office he sometimes talks to customers and makes plans for the organization. He usually
leaves the office at about 6:15 p.m. and has dinner with his family. He always reads stories to
his children and gets them to bed. He often spends time in the evening writing e-mails. “Then
I go to sleep, get up and do it all again. I seldom wake up late” he says. In his free time, he likes
to go running and biking.
1. Who is Michael Dell?
2. How often does he go to Asia and Europe?
3. When does he always get up at 5.30 a.m?
4. Does is exercise every morning?

44
 5. What time does he arrive at his office?
6. What does he do at his office?
7. Does he always have dinner with his family?
8. Who always reads to the children?
9. What does he do in the evening?
10. When does he go biking and running?

Activity 9. Choose the correct adverbs of frequency!

1. He reads the papers every day.
→ He (always / sometimes) reads the papers.
2. We eat in the company cafeteria four times a week.
→ We (usually / sometimes) eat in the company cafeteria.
3. I work late once a month.
→ I (usually / sometimes) work late.
4. The managers don’t go to business dinners at the weekend.
→ The managers (never / sometimes) go to business dinners at the weekend.
5. The company director travels on business twice a week.
→ The company director (always / often) travels on business.

Activity 10. Decide each statement below, whether they express positive or negative feelings.
1. I'm keen on cycling. ☐ positive ☐ negative
2. I can't stand fishing. ☐ positive ☐ negative
3. I'm crazy about going shopping. ☐ positive ☐ negative
4. I don't mind cooking. ☐ positive ☐ negative
5. I'm fanatical about mountain climbing. ☐ positive ☐ negative
6. Listening to music is not my kind of thing. ☐ positive ☐ negative

Activity 11. Pair Work. Ask your friend how often he does the following activities (in a
week/month/year).
No. Activity Answer
1 Do sport
2 Drive to university
3 Create content on social media
4 Watch a movie
5 Go abroad on holiday
6 Buy a book
7 Go camping
8 Eat pizza

What activity does he do more often?

45
 UNIT 5 – DESCRIBING JOB RESPONSIBILITY AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

General Objective : To describe nature of jobs and physical appearance

Specific Objectives : (1) To use expressions related to job responsibilities and job conditions
(2) To use expressions related to physical appearance and feelings
toward it
Grammar Points : Present Tense and Past Tense

A. Expressions that are related to job responsibilities and job conditions:

• I’m a secretary/a CEO (chief Executive Officer).
• I work part time in a grocery store.
• I have my own business.
• I make furniture.
• I have been a teacher for quite some time. (focusing on time spent to do the job)

Common sentence patterns used:

• Subject + Be + Complement
I am a secretary.
• Subject + Action Verb + (Object)
I make furniture.
I teach English.

B. Information about company

• What does your company do?
We produce marketing materials.
• What is your specialty? / What do you specialize in?
We specialize in art and design.
• What is your main line of business? / What are your major products?
We produce office machines.
• What services do you provide?
We design software.
We provide technical support.

Read the text about Joan Henderson and answer the questions below.
Joan Henderson (MBA, Southern Cal, 1986) is a management consultant who spends
most of her time advising corporate and governmental clients on how best to implement
environmental management systems. “Any company that is seriously committed to the
environment should adopt management systems which combine consideration for the
environment with the day-to-day running of the company,” she argues. She has just
completed a project, financed by the Environmental Protection Agency, to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions in the Pittsburgh area. Before that, her consulting firm carried out a
study for the Endal Corporation of Dallas to assess the economic costs of reducing CFC
emissions from their plants in Texas. Henderson is soon to begin work on a similar project
in California.

46
 1. What kind of clients do Joan Henderson mainly work with?
2. What does she spend most of her time doing?
3. What was her most recent job?
4. Where is her next project?
5. When did she get her MBA?

C. Specific Conditions refer to jobs :

• I travel a lot. • I have to wear a uniform.
• I deal with clients. • I work long hours.
• I don’t earn much. • I get fringe benefits.
• I get good salary. • I have to communicate in English.
• I work in shifts. • I sometimes work out.

D. Feelings toward jobs:

• Sometimes I have to deal with nasty people.
• I like my job very much.
• I enjoy the travels.
• I am sometimes tired of doing the same things at work.
• I wish I earned more/I wish I got a better salary.
• There isn’t enough space for us to work in.
• There is a good café inside the building.
• The people I work with are very helpful.

Questions asked to get the answers above:

• How do you feel about your job?
• How do you like your job?
• What is it like to be an executive secretary?
• Do you like your job?

E. Expressions related to someone’s physical appearance:

• He isn’t very tall.
• He’s less than medium height.
• He has thick fair hair, and intense blue eyes.
• He usually wears jeans and rarely shaved.
• He always looks smart in his suit.
• He wears/doesn’t wear glasses.
• He looks younger than his age.
• He’s actually in his 40s.
• He’s always formally dressed.
• He likes to look casual.
• He has a big moustache/a beard.

Questions asked to get the answers above:

• How does she/he look? • What sort of hair has he got?
• How is she/he like? • What sort of person is she/he?

47
F. Physical Appearance
1) Face Shape Square, Oval, Round, Triangular, Heart-shaped
2) Skin/Face/ • Freckled: sprinkled or covered with light brown spots.
Complexion • Rosy: pink-cheeked; fair complexion that glows with a hint of pink.
• Ruddy: skin that has a healthy reddish tint; may have the
appearance of sunburn.
• Tanned: skin with a healthy goldenbrown tint.
• Wrinkled: full of or covered with lines or loose folds of skin; often
associated with age.
• Other skin-related adjectives: pale, spotless, silky, smooth, creamy,
baby-soft, glowing, paper-thin or translucent (as with a very old
person); rough, callused, dry.
3) Eyes • General: Brown-eyed mother, bright-eyed sister, wide-eyed child.
• Eye expressions: Adj. eyes: piercing, mesmerizing, sad, sorrowful,
tear-filled, gentle, sympathetic, warm, compassionate, expressive,
twinkling, lively, dancing, laughing.
• Eye shape and size: Large, small, almond-shaped, round, slanted,
squinty, crinkly.
4) Mouth/lips • Thin lips, full lips, pouting lips, pursed lips (puckered up, like when
someone is concentrating).
• Laugh, smile, beam, grin, frown, grimace, scowl
5) Hair • Texture/appearance: wavy, curly, straight, spiky, stiff, buzzed,
shaved, parted, neatly-combed, tamed, long, short, cropped
Adjectives • Hair styles: braids, ponytail, pigtails, bun, twist, bob, ringlets, flip,
order for hair: bangs, buzz
length – type of • layered, feathered, chopped, gelled, spiked, slicked down
hair – colour – • Lots of hair: thick, full, lustrous, bushy, coarse, wiry (stiff)
noun • Little hair: thin, scraggly, fine, baby-fine, wispy, limp, flat, balding,
bald, bald spot, receding hairline (gradual loss of hair at the front of
Example: long the head)
curly brown • Treated hair: permed, dyed, bleached, highlighted, weaved
hair • Hair colors: black, brunette, brown, chestnut-brown, honey-blond,
blond, golden-blond, ashblond, auburn, red, strawberry-blond,
gray, silver, white, salt-and-pepper
6) Facial hair • Beard, goatee, moustache, sideburns
• Five o’clock shadow: new beard growth, shadowy in appearance,
that can be seen late in the day on the jaw, chin, or cheek area (also
known as stubble)
• Adjectives: bearded, unshaven, cleanshaven, trimmed, neatly-
trimmed
7) Clothing • Fabric: denim, twill, wool, cotton, tweed, polyester, corduroy,
fleece, spandex, leather
• Bottoms: jeans, cargo pants, flatfront pants, pleated pants, slacks,
trousers, overalls, sweatpants, crop pants, skirt, culottes, shorts,
board shorts

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 • Tops: sport shirt, dress shirt, polo shirt, button-down shirt, tank top,
blouse, long-sleeve, short-sleeve, sleeveless, collared, T-shirt,
sweatshirt, pullover, sweater, cardigan
• Other clothing: dress, uniform, costume, pajamas, bathrobe, robe,
vest, jacket, blazer, coat, socks, stockings, gloves, hat, cap, shoes,
boots, slippers, sandals, flip-flops, heels, pumps

When we describe people, we usually concentrate on certain characteristics or qualities,

such as these (1-6). Now study this list below.

Which of the characteristics above (1-6) do you think each word or phrase refers to?
• attractive • friendly • rude
• aggressive • generous • shabby
• bald • handsome • short
• beautiful • jealous • shy
• casually-dressed • long • slim
• curly • of medium-height • snobbish
• dark • overweight • tall
• dyed • pale • tight-fisted
• elegant • pretty • ugly
• fair • reserved • well-dressed

G. Comments on someone’s look:

• She looks horrible in those tight
jeans.
• I hate moustaches and beards.
• I can’t stand women with heavy
makeup.
• I feel disgusted by his look.
• I never like fair skinned men.
• I’m not used to dealing with funky
looks.

49
 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 5

Activity 1. Complete the passage with the correct word/phrase.

Text-1.
Hi! My name’s Julia. I'm _____(1) . I give art classes, mainly to _____(2) people. I may not
_____(3) a great deal but I get a great amount of _____(4) because I see people who have barely
held a brush before gain in confidence and learn new skills. I don't think I could cope with
having an (5) _____ job - the monotony would drive me mad. People in offices seem to work (6)
_____ , and there's always the (7) _____ of being made redundant or getting (8) _____ . Nobody
can fire me because I'm my (9) _____ .

A. office D. long hours G. retired

B. earn E. own boss H. sacked
C. job satisfaction F. risk I. self-employed

Text-2.
Hello! I’m Paul. I'm a water _____(1). In my current job, I'm _____(2) for designing flood
defence systems and monitoring flood levels. I must admit that I'm a bit of a _____ (3). I'm
constantly doing _____(4) and so I generally _____(5) late. I would definitely say I live to work,
not work to live. Years ago, I did a lot of _____(6) work, advising people in developing countries
on installing water supplies. However, since I've now settled down and am the main
breadwinner, I feel I have to earn a decent _____(7). My wife works _____(8) time but she only
went back to work last month. Before that, she was a _____(9) mother. I think she enjoyed
looking after the kids but she's always been quite career-minded so she didn’t want to stay
a _____(10) forever.

A. engineer E. part I. wage

B. housewife F. responsible J. workaholic
C. get home G. stay-at-home
D. overtime H. volunteer

Activity 2. Match the statement with the job.

1. Alan advises people about the law. He’s a/an ______ . A. Accountant
2. Angelica fits electrical apparatus, she’s a/an ______ . B. Architect
3. Elisa performs a medical operation. She’s a/an ______ . C. Dentist
4. Frank repairs water pipes. He’s a/an ______ . D. Electrician
5. Helen looks after people’s teeth. She’s a/an ______ . E. Engineer
6. Nigel arranges a funeral. He’s a/an ______ . F. Lawyer
7. Noelle plans a new building, She’s a/an ______ . G. Librarian
8. Petra designs engines. She’s a/an ______ . H. Plumber
9. Ricardo works in a library. He’s a/an ______ . I. Surgeon
10. Silvio is in charge of the accounts, He’s a/an ______ . J. Undertaker

50
Activity 3. Read the text about three people and fill the chart below.
1. Angela Duffy is a schoolgirl from Brington. She wants to be a doctor. I’m going to medical
school next year. It’s a long course -about six years- but I’m going to work it very hard. It’s
a difficult job, but I like working with people and I like the idea of working in a caring
profession. She says that later she would like to specialize and perhaps be a pediatrician.
I love children and looking after them would be wonderful.
2. Pippa Wilson is studying marketing at universiy. She enjoys travelling and would probably
like to work for a tour company. I’m not sure yet exactly what I want to do. After university
I’m going to have a year off and I’m going round the world with another girl. We hope to
find work on the way.
3. Steve Barnes wants to be a chef. His favorite room in the house is the kitchen where he
spends most of the day. I love cooking, especially for lots of people. I have over a hundred
cookbooks. He’s going to work in a restaurant in Paris, where he hopes to learn how to
prepare sauces. English people really don’t know how to cook imaginatively, he says, but
we have the best ingredients in the world. One day I would like to have my own restaurant.

Ambitions Reasons What they are going to do

Angela

Pippa

Steve

Activity 4. Which of the followings would you like (✓) or not you like (x) in the job?
Like Don’t like
(✓) (x)
1. A lot of telephone works
2. Writing lots of reports
3. Working with the same people
4. Working with a lot of different people
5. Working individually
6. Sharing the office
7. Underpaid
8. Working flexible hours (Including weekends)
9. Casual dress
10. Uniforms

Activity 5. Group discussion. Which is more important: a high salary or a job you enjoy? Give the
reason!
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

51
Activity 6. Match the vocabulary with the correct definition.
1. cash A. talkative
2. a trainee B. having a special ability or training
3. chatty C. an informal word for money
4. valuable D. very useful or important
5. a career E. a person who is being trained to do a job
6. skilled F. a person’s chosen job and life’s work

Activity 7.1. Which job from the advertisements would you recommend to Nina, Dave, Jacob,
Sarah, and Sam?
1. Nina is studying English and has her
own blog. She is a very sociable
person and is interested in music and
also fashion.
2. Dave has just finished school and is
looking for a full-time job. He is
sociable, likes working with his hands
and cares about his appearance.
3. Jacob enjoys helping people. He
wants to make a difference to other
people's lives. He is looking for
opportunities to learn new things that
will help him in his career.
4. Sarah is a student, and she is looking
for flexible, part-time work. She
doesn't want to work in a restaurant or
shop. She is tall, beautiful and has her
own unique look.
5. Sam is friendly and sociable. He has
experience working in a restaurant
and wants a job with more
responsibility. He is studying part-
time, so he needs flexible working
hours.

52
Activity 7.2. Complete the sentences with A, B, C, D or E from the advertisements in Activity 7.1.
You can use each letter more than once.
1. You never have to wear your own clothes for job ________ .
2. Job ________ offers possibilities for children under 16 years old.
3. Your pay for job ________ depends on how successful you are at the job.
4. Job ________ requires physical contact with customers.
5. Job ________ offers management opportunities.
6. You might get some ‘freebies’ if you do job ________ .
7. You need to work closely with your team for job ________ .
8. Job ________ is for someone who likes working with older people.

Activity 8.1. Complete the questions about Liliane’s job. Liliane has just got a job in the
Administration Office of a small company. She is a part time clerk.
Reasons for choosing a job. Duties.
•Why _________________________ ? •What ________________________ ?

Training. Job satisfaction.

•Did you ______________________ ? •Do you _______________________ ?

Hours. Payment.
•How many____________________ ? •How much ___________________ ?

Holidays.
•How long ____________________ ?

Activity 8.2. Use the question above to complete the conversation and finish the conversation.
Liliane is talking to her friend, Elizabeth.
Elizabeth : _________________________________________________________________________ ?
Liliane : Lots of different things. I send bills, I bank cheques from customers, I do the
accounts and I pay the salaries.
Elizabeth : _________________________________________________________________________ ?
Liliane : Because I wanted to work in a small company. They were very friendly at my
interview. And there aren’t many jobs at the moment.
Elizabeth : _________________________________________________________________________ ?
Liliane : Well, you know I took commerce and Computer Studies at school. And the Head
Clerk shows me how to do everything.
Elizabeth : _________________________________________________________________________ ?
Liliane : Yes, I like working with figures and I enjoy working with a computer.
Elizabeth : _________________________________________________________________________ ?
Liliane : Five hours, four days a week. I’m free on Wednesdays.
Elizabeth : _________________________________________________________________________ ?

53
 Liliane : Two pounds an hour.
Elizabeth : _________________________________________________________________________ ?
Liliane : Fifteen days a year and I can have one week this year. Let’s book that holiday in
Spain!

Activity 9. Write six sentences describing the appearance of this person.

1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________

54
 UNIT 6 – DESCRIBING FEATURES AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

General Objective : To describe features of things and places or facilities

Specific Objectives : (1) To compare and contrast; (2) To use dimensions, (3) To give direction
Grammar Points : Noun and Adjectives

DESCRIBING THINGS

A. Identifying adjectives:
• Meaning:
Typically, adjectives are defined a words that describe nouns. To use question words to
help identify adjectives, find the nouns and then ask the question "which (say the
noun)?" or "what kind of (say the noun)? as in the following examples:
➢ He pulled out a flattened bag. Which bag? or What kind of bag? a flattened bag.
➢ She glanced at the icy water. Which water? or What kind of water? The icy
water.
➢ We provide an innovative network. Which network? or What kind of network? an
innovative network.

• Order:
Usually, we only use one adjective at a time. However, when we use two or more, there is
an order they tend to come in according to their meaning.
Descriptive studies indicate that the following seems to be the preferred order of native
speakers:
det opinion size shape condition age color origin noun
the wonderful little square smooth old green German mug

Of course, we would probably never use that many adjectives at a time. Try the categories
given above two or three adjectives at a time but reversing the order they give and see if
you agree on the order.

Notice the following, taking note of the answers:

✓ How tall are you? *I'm 5 feet short.
✓ How short are you? I'm 5 feet tall.
✓ Is it the right length? No, it's 5 feet short. (i.e. the quality is missing)
✓ How shallow is the kiddie pool? *It's 4 inches shallow.

The second was free writing about the same person. Which creates a better picture?
➢ I am going to describe a girl who is walking before me face to face. She is five feet
tall, her face is white, and her hair is long. She is not thin, and she is not fat. She
has a normal body.
➢ She is very beautiful, her hair dark and her eyes black in color. Her face looks like
a moon in the middle of the sky. She walks smoothly. When she walks, you think
that she is dancing. When she talks, you think she is singing. When she smiles,
you think the light of the sun is coming.

55
 USEFULL LANGUAGE

BUYER SELLER
Asking for information
• Can you tell me about…..? • Of course. What would you like to
• I’d like some information know?
about…… • Our most popular model
Target market
• Who is it for ? • It’s for people with/who…
Colors
• What about colors? • It comes in four colors.
Features
• Does it have any special features? • It has an unusual design.
• It’s easy to use.
Price
• How much is it? • The trade price is……….
• How much are they?
Delivery
• What about delivery? • We can deliver within three days

THE PRODUCT YOU MAKE/USE

Our products are reasonably priced

Our products are extremely well-made

Our products are highly competitive

The casing is stainless steel. The working parts are titanium. They are
What are they made of?
25% solid gold

56
 ADVERBS IN PHRASES

We can use adverbs to modify adjectives:

•absolutely accurate, really expensive, completely reliable

We can use adverbs to modify past participles:

•Extremely well-made, highly recommended, beautifully designed

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES

Form
Comparative adjectives are forms like older, more expensive.
Superlative adjectives are forms like the oldest, the most expensive.

• For the majority of one-syllable adjectives, add -er, -st.

o cheap → cheaper → the cheapest

• For one-syllable adjectives ending in -e, add -r, –st.

o late → later → the latest

• For short adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant.
o big → bigger → the biggest
o hot → hotter → the hottest
BUT don't double w:
o new → newer → the newest

• For adjectives ending in -y, change y to i.

o easy → easier → the easiest
o healthy → healthier → the healthiest

• Some adjectives are irregular.

o good → better → the best
o bad → worse → the worst
o far → further → the furthest OR far → farther → the farthest

• When we compare two things, we use the comparative + than.

o France is bigger than Belgium.
o I think a Porsche is less expensive than a Rolls Royce. (NOT *that)

• When we compare three or more things, we use the superlative.

o December is the busiest month in all our stores.
o Our products are not just good - they're the best in the world.

57
Large and small differences
We can use a lot / a bit (especially in conversation) or much / a little (more formal) before
comparatives.
▪ Large differences
o We have a much lower margin on computers than on software.
o Our new range is a lot more successful than the previous one.
▪ Small differences
o This time he seemed a little more interested than last time.
o Our prices are a bit higher than theirs.

Numbers and symbols

Reference numbers:
▪ 106/B-2 one oh six slash B dash two
▪ A3/077-PP three slash zero seven seven hyphen PP
Dimensions:
▪ 10ft x 6.5 ft ten by six point five feet
▪ 10ft x 10ft ten feet square
▪ 10ft2 ten square feet
▪ 10ft3 ten cubic feet

The order of adjectives

Note the following examples.
▪ a large red container
▪ a small rectangular table
▪ a white styrofoam box
▪ a long Tibetan jacket
▪ black leather golfing shoes
▪ a faulty, plastic smoke alarm
▪ a new fiberglass tennis racket

GIVING DIRECTIONS

a) Before asking for directions

• Excuse me.
• I am sorry (to interrupt you, but)
✓ I am new here.
✓ Could you help me, please?
✓ I’m lost.
✓ I seemed to be lost.

b) Asking for directions

• Where is the nearest pet shop, please?
• Where can I find the nearest pet shop.
• How do/can I get to the pet shop from here?
• Can you give me directions to the nearest pet shop?
• Can you tell me how to get to the pet shop from here?

58
 • Can you tell me the way to the pet shop?
• What’s the best/quickest/easiest way to get to the pet shop from here?
• Is this the right way for the pet shop?
• Are we on the right road for the pet shop?
• Is there a pet shop near/around here?
• I am trying to get to the pet shop. Can you tell me how to get there?
• I’m looking for a pet shop.
• Does this bus go to the pet shop?
• Could you tell me where the nearest pet shop is?
• Do you know where the pet shop is?

c) Giving directions
The person who helps you often says how near or far the place is:
• It’s about (five minutes) from here.
• It’s about a (ten-minute) walk.
• It’s easier if I can show you on the map…

d) Specific instructions
• Go straight.
• Go along the road.
• Go down or walk down there.
• Go up or walk up the street.
• Go past the bus stop.
• Go toward the church.
• Keep walking ahead.
• Take this road.
• Walk to the corner.
• Follow the road until you get to the bank.
• Turn right/left.
• Turn back (go back)
• Take the first/second right.
• Take the first/second street on the left/right.

e) Landmarks
• taxi rank = a place where taxis queue for passengers
• level crossing = where the road and railway meet. There are barriers that go up
and down to signal when a train is coming
• underpass = a walkway that goes under a busy road so pedestrians can get to the
other side safely
• overpass / flyover = a road that goes over another road (or railway)
• zebra crossing = black and white markings in the road for pedestrians to cross the
road
• pedestrian crossing = a place in the road where pedestrians can cross. Often
there are traffic lights.
• tunnel = a road under (or through) mountains
• crossroads = where two roads cross each other
• junction = where one road meets another, and you can either go left or right

59
 • fork in the road = where the road divides, and you decide to go left or right
• turning = a road off to your left or right
• main road = a big road where there is lots of traffic
• Lane = a small road, or a part of a road (the left-hand lane / the right-hand lane;
the bus lane)

f) Prepositions
• Go past = continue past something so that is now behind you
• Go across = cross something, like a road or crossroads
• Go along = continue down a road
• Go straight on = don’t turn left or right
• Go up = walk / drive up a hill
• Go down = walk or drive down a hill or a road
• Go through = pass through something, such as a tunnel or a town
• Go out of = exit (i.e. a railway station)
• It’s in front of you = you can see it facing you
• It’s opposite the bank = it faces the bank
• It’s on the corner = it’s where two roads meet at a 90° angle

g) If we don’t know the answer

We can say:
• I am sorry.
✓ I don’t know.
✓ I am a stranger here myself.
✓ I’m not from around here.
✓ I’m not from here.
• I’m afraid I can’t help you.

Or we can offer another solution:

• You could ask the bus driver.
• Ask the front desk clerk.

h) Asking for repetition

• Sorry, I didn’t catch that.
• Could you say that again please?
• Could you repeat it again please?
• What did you say the street’s name was?
• Could you speak up please?
• Could you speak a little louder?

i) Finishing conversation
• Thanks for your help. Bye.
• Thank you for your help. Goodbye.
• Thank you for spending your time with me. Have a nice day!

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 6

Activity 1. Complete the dialogue and guess the object!

Rosie Brady is talking to her brother, James, on the telephone. Describe Rosie’s present to
James.
A. next B. big C. made D. shape
E. yesterday F. What G. heavy H. color

Rosie : I made your birthday present ______ .

James : You made it! ______ is it?
Rosie : I’m not telling you. I’ll bring it to London ______ week.
James : Ok. Let me guess. What ______ is it ?
Rosie : Umm… green and blue.
James : So, what ______ is it ?
Rosie : Rectangular. I suppose.
James : Hmm. And, umm, how ______ is it ?
Rosie : Oh about 30 centimeters wide and 2 meters long.
James : Really? How ______ is it ?
Rosie : I’ve got no idea. Less than a kilo.
James : Right and um, what is it ______ of ?
Rosie : Wool.
James : Oh, I know! It’s a...
Rosie : See you next week, James, Bye.

Can you guess what it is? It is a ________________________________

Activity 2. Match the objects in the picture with the descriptions.

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

1. It’s square, it’s made of plastic, and it’s about 13 centimeters by 13 centimeters.
2. It’s round and 45 centimeters in diameter. It’s made of glass, and the frame is made of
wood.
3. It’s about 2 meters high and it’s made of wood.
4. It’s made of soft black leather. It’s 32cm by 28cm by 5cm. It’s rectangular, and it’s got a
handle and two front pockets.

61
 5. The face is triangular and it’s made of glass. The strap is made of metal.
6. It’s oval and it’s made of blue wool.

Activity 3. Match the pictures to the objects and shapes.

Shape Object
Heart-shaped, L-shaped, Chess board, Cigarette
Picture Oval, Rectangular, packet, Football, Golf
Round, Square, club, Pyramid, Shield,
Triangular Wheel

______________________ ______________________

1.

______________________ ______________________

2.

______________________ ______________________

3.

______________________ ______________________

4.

______________________ ______________________

5.

______________________ ______________________

6.

______________________ ______________________

7.

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Activity 4. Complete the sentences.
A. deep B. wide C. old D. big E. long F. heavy

1. How ______ is the Borobudur Temple? Built in the 9th century, it’s approximately 1.198
years old.
2. How ______ is the deepest point in the Indian Ocean? It is 7,450 meters, it is in the Sunda
Deep of the Java Trench off the southern coast of the island of Java, Indonesia.
3. How ______ is the bronze Flame of Independence at the top of Monas? It measures 14
meters in height and 6 meters in diameter. How ______ is it? It weighs 14.5 tons.
4. How ______ is Barito River in Borneo? The average is between 650 and 800 meters, with a
length of approximately 1,000 kilometers.
5. How ______ is the Kapuas River in Borneo? It is 1,143 kilometers, with 70-150 meters
wide.

Activity 5. Read the information, then match the sentence halves to describe the comparison.

Virga M100 Pronto-X

Price €299.99 €149.99
Weight 120 grams 90 grams
Size 6 x 11 x 3 cm 6 x 10 x 2 cm
Features - Has 20 ringtones - Has 5 ringtones
- Comes with 3 fun games - Comes with 10 fun games
- Get €80 free calls when you buy one - Get €40 of free calls when you buy one

1. The Virga M100 is much ______ A. cheaper than Virga M100.

2. The Pronto-X is a lot ______ B. than the Virga M100. It is only 6x10x2cm.
3. You get a lot more free calls ______ C. heavier. It weighs 120 grams.
4. The Pronto-X is a bit smaller ______ D. fun games than Pronto-X.
5. The Virga M100 has a lot ______ E. more ringtones than the Pronto-X.
6. The Virga M100 has a lot fewer ______ F. when you buy a Virga M100.

Activity 6. Group work. Compare two or three products. List the information about the products
in the table. Discuss with your partners, which product you would recommend more. Describe
the reasons.

Criteria Product 1 Product 2 Product 3

1. Name Pepsodent Ciptadent Sensodyne
2. Price Rp 1.000 Rp 500 Rp 1.500
3. Colors
4.
5.
6.
7.

63
8.
9.
…

Activity 7. Complete the dialogue.

A. I’m sorry I’m not from here B. I’m looking for

C. Do you know where it is D. This is the fifth floor
E. Straight on the roundabout and right F. I’ll show you
G. It’s just over here H. Can you show me
I. Turn Right J. Is this the right road to

By Car
A : Excuse me _____(1) the sculpture park?
B : Yes, it is. Go straight to the roundabout _____(2) . Then it’s about four miles on the left.
A : So, _____(3) four miles.
B : Yes, it’s easy. You can’t go wrong.

Where is it?
A : Hello, I think I’m lost. Can you tell me where the Age d’Or restaurant is?
B : _____(4) .
A : OK thanks, I’ll ask someone else .
B : Just a minute! I can see it, _____(5)!
A : Oh yes, so it is! Thanks a lot.

Understanding the map

A : Excuse me. _____(6) where we are?
B : Of course. We’re here, next to King’s College. Where do you want to go?
A : I’m looking for Bank Street _____(7) ?
B : It’s not far _____(8) I’m going that way.

Getting around a big building

A : Sorry to bother you. _____(9) , isn’t it?
B : Yes, it is. Where do you want to be?
A : _____(10) the Brunel Room. Is it near here?
B : Yes, down this corridor and through that door, then it’s on the left.

64
Activity 8.1. Choose the best answer.

1. The police station is ______ the bank and the store.

A. between B. on the left C. in front of
2. The drug store is _____ the police station.
A. next to B. across from C. beside
3. The train station is ______ the school.
A. next to B. across from C. beside
4. The drug store is ______ the movie theater and the post office.
A. behind B. opposite to C. between

Activity 8.2. Fill in the blanks! (Restaurant=B)

Alan : _____________(1) me. _____________(2) do I get to the restaurant?

Betty : Go _____________(3) , past the bookstore and the hotel. Turn _____________(4) onto
Main Street. It’s the second building on your __________(5) side, it’s ____________(6)
the hotel and the bank.
Alan : Thank you.

65
 UNIT 7 – TELEPHONING

General Objective : To make contact, exchange information and do business over the
telephone
Specific Objectives : (1) To give and write phone numbers, (2) To use functions in telephoning
Grammar Points : Present Tense

A. Giving, writing, and pronouncing phone numbers.

When giving or asking for telephone numbers, say each figure separately. However, when the
same figures occur together at the beginning or end of a group, the word ‘double’ is used with
the figure. The ‘0’ is pronounced 'Oh' (the same as the letter ‘o’).
Examples: 283 4465 (two eight three, double four six five)
061 352 2899 (oh six one, three five two, two eight double nine)
021 616 7425 (oh two one, six one six, seven four two five)

A simple dialogue:
A: Is that 407 3812?
B: Yes. Can I help you?
A: I'd like to speak to Miss Smith, please.

A sample of a complete phone conversation:

Caroline : Caroline Menzies speaking.
John : Could I speak to Diana Curzon?
Caroline : I'm afraid she's in a meeting at the moment. Who's speaking?
John : This is John Laing from Danton's.
Caroline : Can I take a message, Mr. Laing?
John : Yes, please. I'm actually returning her call. So perhaps you could tell her that I
called.
Caroline : Certainly. Does she have your phone number?
John : She must have, but let me give it to you anyway. It's 01705 455623
Caroline : 01705 …
John : 455623.
Caroline : 455623
John : That's right.
Caroline : OK. I'll make sure she gets the message.
John : Thank you.

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B. Language focus:

1) Telephone terms
- caller/called party
- switchboard (operator)
People - telephonist
- operator
- subscriber

- fixed
- desk / desktop phone
Types of phone - mobile
- hands free (in a car)
- push-button

- handset
- dial
Parts of phone - keypad
- earpiece
- mouthpiece

- Subscriber number
- local/national/international code
- ex-directory
- free phone (0800)
Numbers
- office/work number
- extension
- home number
- direct line

- Operator
- Directory
- Enquiries
Services
- Call diversion
- Call waiting
- Call hunting

- Long distance
- International
Calls
- Local
- Collect (US) reverse charge (UK)

- Bad line
- Engaged (busy)
- Cutoff
Problems
- Cross-talk (interference, somebody on the line)
- Off the hook
- Number unobtainable

- pick up
- putdown
Actions - hold on
- hang up
- dial / redial

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2) Opening a call
Identifying your •Odyssey Promotions, can I help you?
company •Good morning, Communicon International.

•This is...
Identifying yourself •... speaking.
•... here.

•Who’s calling, please?

•Who’s that speaking?
Identifying the caller
•May I ask who’s calling?
•I’m sorry, I didn’t catch your name.

•I’d like to (May I, Could I, Can I) speak to ...

Asking for your •Could you put me through to...?
connection •Could I have extension 211, please?
•Could I speak to someone in the... department?

Asking about the •Could you tell me what it’s about?

purpose •What’s it in connection with?

•I’m calling about...

•The reason I’m calling is ...
Explaining the purpose
•It’s about... .
•It’s in connection with ...

•Just a moment / hold on / just a minute

Making the connection
•I’m putting you through.

3) Taking messages
•I’m afraid he's in a meeting; out of the office (at the moment).
•He is on holiday. He won’t be back until Monday.
Excuses
•He’s away for the week.
•I’m sorry; the line’s busy. Will you hold?

•Can I take a message? / would you like to leave a message?

Messages •Could you give him a message? / Could I leave a message?
•Could you tell him I called?

•Shall I spell it for you?

Spelling •Could you spell that, please?
•You’d better spell that, please. (informal)

•Let me write that down ...

Noting
•I’ll just get a pen ...

•Could you go over that again?

Repeating
•Let me just repeat that ...

•That’s right.
Confirming
•Fine.

•Of course.
Encouraging
•Go ahead.

•I’ll make sure she gets the message.

Reassuring •I’ll tell him you called.
•I’ll get someone to ring you first thing in the morning.

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4) Calling back
•It’s a terrible line.
•You sound miles away.
•There’s a terrible echo on the line.
Technical reasons
•I’m afraid we’ve got a crossed line.
•I can hear you, but not very well.
•It’s very noisy here. I can hardly hear you.

•Could you speak a little slower (please)?

•Could you speak up la little louder (please)?
Requests
•Could you ask her to call me back?
•Could you ask him to get back to me?

•I’m sorry, I think you’ve got the wrong number.

Wrong numbers
•I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong extension. I’ll try to transfer you.

•Sorry, I’ve got someone on the other line (at the moment).
Excuses
•I’m in a meeting (at the moment). I’ve got to go out.

•I’ll call you back.

Offering to call back •Can I call you back?
•Let me call you back.

•This is ... returning your call.

Calling back •... here. You called earlier.
•Hello, this is ... again.

•Thanks for calling back.

Thanking
•Thank you for getting back to me so quickly

•The reason I called you was ...

Returning to the
•As I was saying…..
subject
•Anyway….

•Is that any better?

Checking the line
•Can you hear me all right/OK/clearly?

5) Arranging meetings
•Could we fix a meeting?
Suggesting a meeting •Shouldn’t we get together in the near future?
•I’d like to see you before the end of the month.

•Let me have a look at my diary.

•Could you manage next Tuesday?
•I could shift things around a bit.
Negotiating a time
•Maybe I could manage Thursday afternoon.
•How would 10.00 / Friday / next week suit you?
•Thursday’s fine. Shall we say 2 o’clock?

•It’s not ideal, I’m afraid.

Excuses
•This is a very busy time of year. I’m afraid Mr. Smith is tied up tomorrow.

•Your place / office or mine?

Places
•I’ll come to your place / office, if you like.

•OK, then, Thursday2 o’clock at my place / office.

Confirming •Right, in the meantime shall we just pencil in Tuesday, the 5th of December?
•All right, I’ll do that and we’ll confirm nearer the time.

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6) Responses
•Of course.
•Please do.
Encouraging responses
•Go ahead.
•Certainly.

•Good.
Positive responses •Fine.
•That sounds great!

•OK.
Neutral responses
•All right.

•Oh dear.
Disappointed responses
•That’s a pity.

•I see.
Showing understanding
•I’ve got that.

Asking for clarification / •I’m sorry, I didn’t catch that.

repetition •Could you repeat that?

7) Closing a call
•So, let me just go over that...
Confirmation
•Can I just make sure I’ve got your name right?

•I think that covers everything. Is there anything else?

Closing signals
•I’m afraid I’ve got a meeting now. I’m sorry, I must leave it there.

•Thanks for calling.

•Thanks for calling back.
Thanking
•Thank you for the information.
•Thank you for your help.

•Bye.
•Goodbye.
•Speak to you soon.
•Looking forward / I look forward to... (seeing you soon, meeting you, hearing
Farewells
from you, our next meeting) *response: you too.
•Have a good weekend / journey / holiday. *response: you too.
•See you soon.
•I’ll get back to you.

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 7

Activity 1. Choose the best answer.

1. If someone leaves you a message on voicemail, you have to _______ it.

A. read B. listen to C. text

2. I'm sorry, but I really have to take this _______ .

A. ring B. tone C. call

3. We don't speak on the phone much because _______ each other is cheaper.
A. calling B. texting C. dialling

4. I was fined for using my _______ while I was driving.

A. landline phone B. mobile phone C. pay phone

5. If I really like a song, I make it my phone's _______ .

A. ringtone B. dial tone C. pick-up tone

6. I'm busy right now. Can you _______ later?

A. hang up B. call back C. call through

7. To use the phone in your hotel room, you have to _______ "0" for the operator first.
A. answer B. pick up C. dial

8. Maria's not here just now. Would you like her to _______ your call?
A. return B. answer C. take

9. You'll need coins or a phone card if you want to use a _______ .

A. cell phone B. pay phone C. smartphone

10. A telephone call in which three or more people can hear and speak with one another is a
_____ .
A. conference call B. robocall C. busy signal

Activity 2.1. Work in pairs. Dictate these abbreviations to one another.

1. IBM 2. FOB 3. OPEC 4. EEC 5. USSR

6. VDU 7. GDP 8. JAL 9. AGM 10.

Activity 2.2. Listen to your teacher as she/he dictates the letters. How many correct letters?

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Activity 3. Match the responds with the sentences on the left column.

1. Is Mario Ferrara there, please?
2. I’ll just put you on hold.
3. Can I have extension 4784?
4. I’ll make sure.
5. Would you like to leave a message?
6. Sorry I didn’t catch that. Could you
repeat what you said?
7. This is Ruth Levine. How can I help
you?
A. Sorry. I said we’d like to order some more
brochures.
B. Speaking.
C. Can you tell him it’s Anna from City Tours
about the group from New York?
D. Hello, I’m phoning to check the availability
on your winter mini-breaks.
E. OK, but don’t be too long-I’ve got a queue
of people here.
F. Certainly. I’m just trying to connect you.
G. Thanks. It’s really very important.

Activity 4. Fill the table.

These people are ringing an office asking to speak to someone. The person is not in.
Tick () what the callers do.

Leave a Make an Call back Wait Ask to speak

message appointment later to someone
Caller 1
Caller 2
Caller 3
Caller 4
Caller 5
Caller 6

1. A : Could I speak to Miss Cole, please?

B : She’s on another line at the moment. Would you like to wait?
A : All right.

2. A : Mr. Sampson, please.

B : I’m afraid he’s at a meeting right now. Would you like to leave a message?
A : Well, is Mr. Day there?
B : Yes, just a moment

3. A : May I speak to Miss Hennings?

B : I’m afraid she’s not in. Would you like to leave a message?
A : Well, actually, I wanted to meet her tomorrow at 10. Is she free?
B : Yes, she is. Your name, please?

4. A : Is Mr. Platt in, please?

B : He’s busy right now. Would you like to leave a message?
A : It’s all right. I’ll call back this afternoon.

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 5. A : Mrs. Gordon, please.
B : I’m sorry, she’s not here today.
A : Oh, then could I speak to Mr. Harper, please?
B : Yes, just a moment.

6. A : I’d like to speak to Mrs. Wilson, please.

B : She’s at a conference at the moment, I’m afraid.
A : Oh. Could you ask her to call Ted Collins on 467 3445?
B : Yes, all right.

Activity 5. Put the dialogue in order.

1 Laurie : Yes, please. Would Tuesday the 26th be convenient?
2 Micah : It's quite all right.
3 Laurie : I'll look forward to seeing you on Thursday the 28th, then.
4 Laurie : I'm calling about our appointment on the 25th. I'm afraid I can't make it.
5 Micah : Thank you.
6 Laurie : Goodbye.
7 Laurie : Yes, I can manage the 28th. I'm sorry to be a nuisance.
8 Micah : It doesn't matter. Would you like to fix another time?
9 Micah : I'm afraid I'm tied up on the 26th. How about the 28th?

Activity 6. Fill in the missing words in these conversations.

1. Mr. Brunet : I’m ______ but Mr. Dan is not here at the moment. Would you like to ______
him a message?
Mr. Keller : Yes, please. Tell him that Mr. Keller needs to contact him.
Mr. Brunet : Sure, I’ll tell him. Does he ______ your phone number?
Mr. Keller : Yes, he has it. Thank you.
Mr. Brunet : You’re welcome. Something else?
Mr. Keller : No, that’s all. Goodbye.

2. Switchboard : Curtis Holdings.

Mr. Keller : ______ 2867, please.
Switchboard : ______ on.
Ms. Delmont : Accounts Department.
Mr. Keller : I’d ______ speak to Jean Delmont?
Ms. Delmont : How can I ______ you, Mr. Keller?

Activity 7. Read the phone conversation below. Charly Hanks is calling Pepi's Pizza for a pizza
delivery at home. Fill in the missing words.
Hank : Pepi's Pizza. How can I ______ (A. call, B. answer, C. help) you?
Charly : Hi. I'd like to order a pizza please.
Hank : Okay. I'll have to ______ (A. take, B. transfer, C. pick up) your call to our take-out
department. ______ (A. One, B. This, C. The) moment, please.

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 Recorded Message : Thank you for calling Pepi's Pizza. All of our operators are
busy working ______ (A. then, B. away, C. at the moment). Please hold for the
next available person.
Taylor : Thank you for waiting. Taylor ______ (A. is here, B. speaking, C. talks). Is this for
take-out or delivery?
Charly : Delivery, please.
Taylor : Can I have your name and address please?
Charly : My name is...
Taylor : Sorry, it's really busy in here. Could you ______ (A. speak out, B. speaking,
C. speak up) a little please?
Charly : Oh, sure. This is Charly Hanks. My address is number two Front Street.
Taylor : Okay. And what would you like to order today?
Charly : I'd like a large pepperoni pizza with mushrooms, olives and extra cheese.
Taylor : I'm sorry, my English isn't ______ (A. better, B. very strong, C. easy). Could you
slow down a little please?
Charly : No problem. That's a large pizza.
Taylor : Large pizza. Okay.
Charly : And I'd like it with pepperoni and mushrooms.
Taylor : Pepperoni and mushrooms. Is there anything ______ (A. else, B. order, C. notes) ?
Charly : Yes, olives and extra cheese please.
Taylor : Okay. I've got it all down.
Charly : Great. How long will that be?
Taylor : It will be about thirty minutes, Mr. Hanks.
Charly : And how much will it cost?
Taylor : Um, could you please ______ (A. hold off, B. holding, C. hold on) while I check
with the kitchen?
Charly : Don't worry about it. I have to go. I have another ______ (A. do, B. call, C.
time) coming through. Thank you. Bye for now.
Taylor : Okay. Thanks for calling. Bye.

Activity 8. Complete the phone conversations.

1. Conversation 1
Alicia : Hello?
Ben : Good morning. Could I ________ (1) Alicia James?
Alicia : Alicia __________(2) .
Ben : Oh, good morning, Mrs. James. My name’s __________ (3) Howard.

2. Conversation 2
Jake : Good morning. Boulding Limited. Can I help you?
Paul : Yes. This __________ (4) Paul Mathews and I’m trying to contact Mr. Patterson. He
left a _________ (5) on my answer phone yesterday afternoon.
Jake : I see. Well, I’m afraid Mr. Patterson’s ______ (6) here at the moment. Can I ask him
to phone you __________ (7) later?
Paul : Yes, please. I shall be here until lunch time. My _________ (8) is 7487267.

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3. Conversation 3
Alexander : Hello?
Catherine : Hi. __________ (9) this Sandra?
Alexander : No, sorry. Sandra’s not here at the __________ (10).
Catherine : Oh. Do you know when she’ll __________ (11) back?
Alexander : No, I’ve no idea.
Catherine : OK. Well, in that case, could I ________ (12) a __________ (13) for her?
Alexander : Yes, of course.
Catherine : Could you ask her to __________ (14) me a call this evening?
Alexander : Sure. What’s your name?
Catherine : Catherine. I’m a colleague from work. She’s got my __________ (15).
Alexander : Right. I’ll tell her.

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 UNIT 8 – APPLYING FOR A JOB

General Objective : To apply for a job

Specific Objectives : (1) To write an application letter, (2) To write a CV

When a company needs to recruit or employ new people, it may decide to advertise the job or
position in a page of a newspaper. People who are interested can then apply for the job by
sending in a letter of application and curriculum vitae containing details of their education and
experience the company will then draw up a shortlist of candidates, who are invited to attend an
interview. Your application may be used to decide if you got an interview for a job, so it is
important to give the right impression.

A. Letter of Application

What to analyze before writing/applying for a job:

Working Terms of Fringe

Job Title Duties Salary
Conditions Employment Benefits

Personal Communication
Qualification Experience Others
Skills Skills

When writing a letter of application, you can:

Use different statements to start your letter.
Give personal details and experience relevant to the position applied for.
Politely request to be considered for the position.

Suggested layout:
1. Give a summary of your skills and experience. Keep it brief and to the point. Then,
say when you will be free for an interview. Remember to include your name, address,
phone number (if you have one), the date and enclose a copy of your CV.
2. What to say. Be clear. Don’t use a long word if a short one will do. If you have been
unemployed for a while, say how you spend your spare time (for example, by doing
voluntary work, study and soon). Be honest and keep to the facts and try not to oversell
yourself.
3. How to say it. Include the job reference number if there is one in the job details. Enter
it below the opening line. For example:
Dear Mr/Mrs……
Re: Job reference 345
Try to find out the name of the person you need to write to.
- If you start with ‘Dear Sir/Madam’, end with ‘Yours faithfully’.

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 - If you start with the person’s name (for example, ‘Dear Mrs. Smith’, end with ‘Yours
sincerely’.
Finally, double-check your spelling and grammar before sending the letter.
4. How the letter looks. Be neat, whether your letter is handwritten or typed. Leave
plenty of space around the edges and a clear space between each paragraph. Use
good quality plain paper and envelopes. Check against your rough copy to make sure
you have not missed anything. If your application is in audio format check that the
content is clear, to the point and easy to understand.
5. Signing the Letter. Sign the letter and print your name underneath to make sure it can
be read easily. Ask a friend or relative to check over your letter before you send it.
6. Finally, make sure your application arrives on time. If you are posting it, allow for
delays. If your application is late, the company might not even consider it and your time
will have been wasted.

I wish/would like/am writing to apply for the post of ...... as advertised

in (where) on (date).
I recently saw the advertisement for the post of ...... with your
Starting the letter
company.

With reference to your advertisement in (where) on (date)

I have completed my course in ......

Function of the statement

Giving personal details

I have a Diploma in ......
relevant to position applied for

I studied ...... at ......

I gained experience in ...... during my course work/project/

Relating relevant vacation training
past-experience
and skills When I was working for ...... I learned how to ......

I would appreciate it if you would consider my application.

Asking to be
I hope you would consider my application.
considered

I would be grateful if you would consider my application.

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Example of a letter of application:

1. Your address. Include your postcode.

2. One blank line in between. The date — this is the preferred order, but the month may
come first. It is better not to put the month as a number, e.g. 12.2.88 — as this can be
confusing. American usage would be 2.12.88.
3. Heading. The name and address of the person to whom you are writing. Include the
postcode.
4. One blank line. Salutation (most forms of salutation start with Dear….). Other possibilities
are:
Dear Sirs (you know there are several people);
Gentlemen (several men — US usage);
Dear Madam;
Dear Sir
5. Introduction
- With reference to your advertisement in…… for ……
- I am writing in reply to your advertisement ……
- I am applying for the position of …… as advertised in ……
- I wish to apply for the post of ……
6. Explain why you are applying. Here the applicant is informing the editor how his
qualifications match those required. He could have used some kind of formula to
introduce his explanation, such as:
- I feel that my qualifications match your requirements ……
- My qualifications are as follows ……
- I feel I could be suitable for this post because ……
- I wish to gain experience of ……
- Having already worked as …… for (time), I wish to extend my experience/feel I could
be useful to you ……

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 7. Further details
- Give further details. The details given here may have been asked for in the
advertisement. An employer may want to know if a school-leaver has held any
positions of responsibility. Or the applicant may feel they are of interest to the
employer. But you should not spend too much time on such details.
- Please find enclosed / l enclose ……
• The names and addresses of …… referees
• My curriculum vitae l CV (personal data sheet — US usage)
8. Make some reference to hearing from the employer
- I could come for an interview at any time which would suit you.
- I am available for interview ……
- I should be glad to attend an interview ……
- I look forward to hearing from you ……
9. The close.
- Yours faithfully, where the salutation is Dear Sir, etc.
- Yours sincerely/sincerely, is used with a salutation such as Dear Mr Brown / Dear Mrs.
Jones,
- Yours respectfully/truly, should be avoided in modern British usage.
10. The signature. Sign in your usual 'formal’ way — e.g. as on your identity card or on
cheques. It is advisable to print your name afterwards as people's signatures are often
illegible.

B. CV and Portfolio
Portfolio and CV are similar in function, that is, they're both used to showcase a skill set
for a prospective role, the CV provides a relevant overview of qualifications and experience,
and a portfolio provides the evidence. A CV is a written overview of your work experience, skills,
and qualifications, and is often an essential component for any job application. A CV structure is
flexible and can be bent to your unique situation. However, there are sections employers expect
to see regardless, including:
- Name, professional title, and contact details
- Personal profile
- Key skills
- Experience and employment history
- Education and qualifications
Typically, a CV offers an overview of the last 10 years of your employment history and your
qualifications. While you might have a generic copy of your CV on file, when submitting it for
a job application it should always be tailored to the vacancy at hand. In summary, the perfect
CV is a targeted, professional document, no longer than two pages, designed to sell your skills,
abilities, and achievements to potential employers.
A portfolio, which is sometimes referred to as a professional or career portfolio, is a
collection of your work that demonstrates your skills and abilities. They are very common in
creative roles, such as design and writing, and even teaching, project management, and
technology. Portfolios can sometimes be referred to as creative CVs and, as a result, the portfolio
may also include an overview of qualifications and work experience. A portfolio can come in
physical format, but is more likely to be digital. For example, it may be a personal website hosting
examples of your work, it could be a content management system like Dribbble or clippings.me,

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or it may even be a PDF. To summarize, a portfolio contains evidence of your work throughout your
career, such as photos, designs, articles, project templates, or lesson plans, and you can include
a link to it in your CV. Ultimately, a portfolio and a CV are not the same thing, but the portfolio
complements the CV.

What should be included in a CV?

Contact details - Include your full name, home address, mobile number and email
address. Your date of birth is irrelevant and unless you're applying for an acting or
modelling job you don't need to include a photograph. If you have a professional
networking profile, website or online portfolio link to it within your contact details.
Profile - A CV profile is a concise statement that highlights your key attributes and helps
you stand out from the crowd. Usually placed at the beginning of a CV it picks out a few
relevant achievements and skills, while expressing your career aims. A good CV profile
focuses on the sector you're applying to, as your cover letter will be job-specific.
Discover how to write a personal statement for your CV.
Education - List and date all previous education, including professional qualifications.
Place the most recent first. Include qualification type/grades, and dates. Mention specific
modules only where relevant.
Work experience - List your work experience in reverse date order, making sure that
anything you mention is relevant to the job you're applying for. Include your job title, the
name of the company, how long you were with the organization and key responsibilities.
If you have plenty of relevant work experience, this section should come before
education.
Skills and achievements - This is where you talk about the foreign languages you speak,
and the IT packages you can competently use. The skills that you list should be relevant
to the job. Don't exaggerate your abilities, as you'll need to back up your claims at the
interview. If you've got lots of job-specific skills, you should do a skills-based CV.
Interests - 'Socializing', 'going to the cinema' and 'reading' aren't going to catch a
recruiter’s attention. However, relevant interests can provide a more complete picture of
who you are, as well as giving you something to talk about at an interview. Examples
include writing your own blog or community newsletters if you want to be a journalist,
being part of a drama group if you're looking to get into sales and your involvement in
climate change activism if you'd like an environmental job. If you don't have any relevant
hobbies or interests leave this section out.
References - You don't need to provide the names of referees at this stage. You can say
'references available upon request' but most employers would assume this to be the case
so if you're stuck for space, leave this out.

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 8

Activity 1. Read the letter.

To Messrs. Plugg and Gaskett, Ltd., Motor Engineers

Dear Mr Plugg and Gaskett, — I see by your advert that you require a junior Clerk that is quick at figures.
You say you woold prefere one just left School, well I have just left School so pheraps I woold do? I was
3rd in my class for Maths and Top for Algebra, but pheraps you woold not ,re-jq flre any Algebra? I was
farely good at most subgects exePT-English grammer and competition, so pheraps you will let me know?
I am very intrested in Motor Enginering and I am sure you woold find me just right - for the job.

Yours truly,
J. Hoop

1. Do you think the writer will get the job? Why?

2. What kind of letters do employers like to receive? Tick the boxes.
 correctly spelled  detailing your failures
 containing your life history  detailing relevant experience
 friendly  long and chatty
 detailing your qualifications  short and to the point

Activity 2. Read the letter and answer the questions.

Dear Sir,

I am responding to your recent advertisement in the Indonesia Post for a bilingual international flight
attendant. I think I could be a good flight attendant for Universe Airlines because I'm a very friendly
person and I really love travelling. I also enjoy meeting people.

As you can see from my resume and references, I've had a lot of experiences working with tourists. I
used to work at a prominent multinational travel agent as a tourist guide for about one year, and another
two years as a tour consultant at the same company.

I would be really glad if you would take me into consideration. I'm looking forward to having your
invitation for an interview.

Yours truly,
Ellina Winarti

1. What is the letter about?

A. A recruitment letter. C. A letter from Personal Director.
B. An application letter. D. A letter from the Universe Airlines

2. Where did the applicant work before?

A. At a travel agent. C. At a multinational airlines.
B. At the Universe Airlines. D. At an international company.

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 3. "I'm looking forward to having your invitation for an interview." What does the sentence
mean?
A. I'm going to be interviewed.
B. I'm waiting for an interview invitation.
C. I'm going to be invited for an interview.
D. I'm going to invite you for an interview.

Activity 3.1. Read the letter and answer the questions. (A. True B. False C. Not given)

10 High Street
Newton
N99 9AZ
28th February
Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to you to express interest in the voluntary work placement at your animal sanctuary which
I saw advertised on your website.

I am eighteen years old and in my final year at secondary school, due to sit my A levels next summer.
I am planning on taking a degree in veterinary science at university and have received two conditional
offers. As you will see from my CV, I have always shown an interest in working with animals and have
relevant experience from voluntary work which I carried out at a local dog’s home. In this position, I
had sole responsibility for taking care of some dogs’ daily needs, such as feeding, cleaning, and
exercise. In addition to this, I regularly spend time on my uncle’s farm throughout the year, and usually
help him take care of the animals. This hands-on experience has reinforced my decision to seek a
career working with animals. Both the dogs’ home and my uncle would be willing to provide references.

I am hard-working, punctual, and willing to help out with any kind of job at the sanctuary. My decision
to undertake a degree in veterinary science confirms my interest in and my commitment to the field. I
am certain that experience working at your animal sanctuary will provide an invaluable insight into
working with animals and a unique opportunity to acquire a range of skills and expertise.

I hope I have shown that I am an ideal candidate for this position and please attached my CV. I look
forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,
E. Jones
Emily Jones

1. Emily was told about the work placement by a friend.

2. Emily will study veterinary science at university if she passes all her A levels.
3. Emily has worked mainly with wild animals.
4. Emily has worked on her uncle’s farm at different times of the year.
5. Students who apply to veterinary science at university are expected to do work
experience before starting the course.
6. Emily is clear about the type of career she wants to have.

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Activity 3.2. Match the vocabulary with the correct definition.
1. An insight A. Connected with taking care of the health of animals.
2. Hands on B. A clear, deep understanding of a difficult problem or situation.
3. A sanctuary C. Extremely useful.
4. Expertise D. To make stronger.
5. Veterinary E. Not shared with anyone else.
6. To reinforce F. High level of knowledge or skill.
7. Sole G. A safe place where animals can be protected.
8. Invaluable H. Practical, that involves doing rather than just reading or learning
about something.

Activity 3.3. Complete the sentences with a preposition (use the letter to help)

A. on B. to (3) C. at (2) D. from E. into F. of G. with H. in (5) I. for

1. I am writing _____ you with regard _____ the voluntary work placement.
2. I am planning _____ doing a degree _____ veterinary science _____university.
3. As you will see _____ my CV, I have always shown an interest _____ working _____ animals.
4. _____ this position I was responsible _____ taking care _____ the dogs’ daily needs.
5. Undertaking a degree _____ veterinary science confirms my interest _____ and
commitment _____ the field.
6. Working _____ your animal sanctuary will provide an invaluable insight _____ working with
animals.

Activity 3.4. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets!
1. There are several _____ (advertise) online for a variety of work placements.
2. She’s always known that she wants to work as a _____ (science) after university.
3. He has an _____ (condition) offer from medical school, which means he’s definitely got a
place, whatever his exam results.
4. Learning music is interesting, but it’s _____ (relevant) to what I want to do at university.
5. At the animal sanctuary I had sole _____ (responsible) for looking after the birds.
6. She _____ (regular) spends time helping out on her uncle’s farm.
7. My time helping out at the animal sanctuary _____ (reinforcement) my decision to
become a vet.
8. Hands-on experience provides an _____ (value) insight into any profession.
9. It was a unique opportunity to acquire new skills and_____ (expert).
10. My previous employers would be willing to provide _____ (refer) to support my application.

Activity 4. Re-arrange the following letter of application in the correct order.

1. ______ A. I am presently employed by a small computer company, but I feel that I am not
using my knowledge of software engineering to the full. I am looking for a more
2. ______
challenging position where my field of specialization could be exploited in a
3. ______ more stimulating environment. As you will notice on my enclosed CV, the job
you are offering suits both my personal and professional interests.
4. ______

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 5. ______ B. I would be pleased to discuss my curriculum vitae with you in more detail.
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require further information. I look
6. ______
forward to hearing from you.
7. ______ C. Dear Ms. Johansson,
D. 12 January 2004
8. ______
E. I am writing to apply for the position of Director of Software Development which
9. ______ was advertised on your company website.
F. 31 Bloomington Street, London
SK45 BX123
G. Carry Johansson
12 Hamilton Street, Brighton
FH2 6KX
H. Peter Sellers
I. Yours sincerely

Activity 5. Complete Fiona Scott's letter of application using the following verbs:
A. contact B. discuss C. employed D. welcome E. involved
F. apply G. enjoy H. notice I. advertised J. matches

Fiona Scott
52 Hanover Street
Edinburgh EH2 5LM
Scotland UK
8 October 2023
th

Nathalie Beaudoin
Patagonia GMBH
Reitmorstrasse 50
8000 Munich 22
Germany

Dear Ms. Beaudoin,

I am writing to _____ for the position of public affairs Associate which was _____ last week in
the International Herald Tribune.
Although I am presently _____ by a non-profit making organization, it has always been my
intention to work in a commercial environment. I would particularly ____ the chance to work for
your company and as you will _____ my enclosed curriculum vitae, the job you are offering _____
both my personal and professional interests .
My work experience has familiarized me with many of the challenges _____ in public relations
today. I am sure that this, together, with my understanding of the needs and expectations of sport
and nature enthusiasts, would be extremely relevant to the position. Moreover, as my mother is
German, I am fluent in this language and would definitely _____ working in a German-speaking
environment.
I would be pleased to _____ my curriculum vitae with you in more detail at an interview. In the
meantime, please do not hesitate to _____ me if you require further information. I look forward to
hearing from you.

Yours sincerely
Fiona Scott

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Activity 6. Choose the correct options to complete this application letter.

______ (A. Hey B. Dear C. Hi)1 Sir/Madam,

I would like to apply ______ (A. at B. for C. to)2 the role of customer service assistant,
which I saw advertised on your website. At the moment, I ______ (A. would be B. am
C. was)3 a student at Plymouth College, where I study Tourism Management, and I am
keen to gain work experience in the tourism industry. I am ______ (A. good B. willing
C. available)4 for work between June 30th and September 12th, and I would be ______
(A. willing B. good C. interested)5 to work early in the morning or late at night. I am
polite and friendly so I ______ (A. will be B. would be C. am)6 happy to work with
customers and ensure they have a good time at your holiday park. I am also adept
at working with computers and I am good ______ (A. at B. for C. in)7 problem-solving.
My work experience includes volunteering for the Students Entertainment
Organization at Plymouth College and working in a grocery store. I ______ (A. am
welcoming B. would welcome C. welcome)8 the opportunity to meet you in person
and discuss my application. I attach my curriculum vitae.
Thank you for your ______ (A. application B. interest C. consideration)9.

Yours ______ (A. faithfully B. sincerely)10,

Amelia Seymour

Activity 7. Fiona Scott is one of the applicants for the job at Patagonia. Study her CV carefully
and decide where each of the following headings should be placed.
A. REFERENCES B. INTERESTS C. PERSONAL DETAILS
D. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE E. EDUCATION F. ADDITIONAL SKILLS

CURRICULUM VITAE

1) ______________
• Name: Fiona Scott
• Date of Birth: 7 August 1969
• Nationality: British
• Address: 52 Hanover Street Edinburgh EH2 5LM Scotland
• Telephone: 031 4490237

2) ______________
• 1991-1992: London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Diploma in Public Relations
• 1988-1991: University of London BA (Honours) In Journalism and Media Studies (Class II)
• 1981-1988: Fettes College, Edinburgh A-levels in German (A), English (B), History (B) and
Geography (C)

3) ______________
• 1992 to present: Scottish Wildlife Trust Department of Public Relations Responsible for
writing articles on all aspects of the Trust's activities and ensuring their distribution to the
press Editor of the Trust's monthly journal. In charge of relations with European
environmental agencies
• Summers of 1990 and 1991: Three-month training period with the Glasgow Herald. Assistant
to the sports editor.
• Summer of 1989:Sales assistant in the record department of Harris Stores Ltd., Edinburgh.

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 4) ______________
• Sports: Cross-country skiing, rock-climbing and swimming.
• Secretary of the local branch of 'Action', an association organizing summer camps for
disabled children.

5) ______________
• Camp counselling certificate
• Grade 3 ski instructor
• Driver's license (car and motorcycle)
• IBM PC user
• Fluent German and good working knowledge of French

6) ______________
• Geoffrey Williams, Professor of Journalism, University of London
• Bill Denholm, Sports Editor, Glasgow Herald

Activity 8. Think of a job vacancy that would interest you, then write a letter of application and
the CV.

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 UNIT 9 – JOB INTERVIEW

General Objective : To prepare for a job interview

Specific Objectives : (1) To answer question in an interview, (2) To address people
Grammar Points : (1) Present and Past Tense, (2) Wh-questions

Functions of a job interview

• To give the prospective employer an opportunity to see if the applicant is the most
suitable person for the job.
• To give the applicant the opportunity to appraise the company and the job.

If a company calls for an interview, they are interested in hiring you. So you must be prepared to
“sell” yourself as the most suitable applicant for the job.

The Usual Stages of an Interview

1 Beginning of the interview 2 The main section of the Interview

• Applicant greeted and • Questions from interviewer(s)
introduced to interviewer(s) • Asking applicant to elaborate on certain points
in application letter.
• Applicant is informed about company and job

3 End of the Interview 4 After the Interview

• Applicant usually given
opportunity to ask questions.
• Applicant told of future action
• Interviewer(s) thanked by
applicant
• If offered the job, applicant informs company of
his decision.
• If there is no news within time mentioned,
applicant makes enquiry (by telephone)
• If applicant has accepted another job, he/she
informs company

Research
It is an advantage to have some knowledge about the company and the job. You could get
such information from annual reports, newspaper and magazine articles in the local library,
and also through other sources like your lecturers, other professionals and friends. This
research will give you confidence at the interview and help you decide whether you would
like to have this type of job, and to work for this company. It is an advantage to have
knowledge about the company and the job position you applied for.
Sources of information: Annual reports, Newspaper, Magazines, Friends

Communication
a. Speech
✓ Should be clear and precise.

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 ✓ Use your natural voice.
✓ Avoid using jargon and slang.
✓ Never ask the company about salary or benefits packages until after you receive the
job offer.
✓ Focus on your accomplishments, not just your job duties.
b. Eye contact
✓ Maintain eye contact. If you do not do this, it may seem that you are uninterested in
what the interviewer is saying.
✓ Keep your focus and intensity level high throughout the interview.
✓ Introduce yourself with a confident approach and a smile.
c. Answering Question
✓ Answer carefully.
✓ Listen closely.
✓ Think before you answer.
✓ If you don’t understand the question, ask for clarification.
✓ Avoid answer just “yes” or ”no”.

Types of Questions
Before an interview, the interviewer or panel of interviewers would have reviewed your
application and references. To find out more about you and how well you communicate, you
will be asked different types of questions.
In the table below are examples of the types of questions you could be asked. Choose the
appropriate response for each question. Explain the reasons for your choice.

How long was your Quite long

course?

Just three years with vacation training.

You said you had There were basic computer tutorials for all students and in my final year. I
used computers chose the computer option which covered programs related to my interest.
during the course.
Could you tell me I enjoyed programming very much.
more about this?
Why did you I did badly in Math. However, I received extra coaching. And in my repeat year, I
repeat your found that with the extra help and time, I improved.
second year?
There was a personal problem.

What made you The pay and holidays are good.

choose this
company?
I'd like the opportunity to work on the development of new products. Also the
terms of employment are attractive.
Why have you not Personal problem.
been employed for
six months?
There was a personal problem. My father broke his arm and so I had to help
him at his fruit stall in the market.

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 Here are some typical interview questions:
1. Can you tell me about yourself?
2. What are your strong / weak points?
3. Why do you want to work in the travel industry?
4. Do you have any previous work experience?
5. What do you see yourself doing five years from now?
6. What kind of salary are you looking for?
7. When would you be willing to start?
8. What skills have you got?
9. What are your strengths?
10. What are your interests?
11. What kind of people do you work well with?
12. What has been your greatest achievement?
13. What did you like about your last job?
14. What do you want to do in the future?

Preparing yourself for the questions and answers:

✓ Practice more on Wh-questions.
✓ Practice answering requests.
✓ Have better understanding in tenses.
✓ Learn more about vocabulary of personality.
✓ Learn to give reasons and further explanation.

Examples of interview dialogues:

Example 1
Interviewer : I’d like to ask you about your work experience. What did you learn from your
last job?
Candidate : I learned to sell machines and I improved my computer skills.
Interviewer : Do you have any special skills?
Candidate : I’m good at languages. I speak Japanese very well. Also I find selling very easy.
Interviewer : What do you want to do in the future, in ten years time?
Candidate : Well, I plan to be head of a large marketing department.
Interviewer : Finally, about your interests – what do you do in your free time?
Candidate : Well, I spend most of the time playing golf at the weekend and I’m keen on
fitness so I go to the gym a lot.

Example 2
Interviewer : Why do you want this job?
Candidate : I like travelling and using my languages. I also like meeting people and I want a
new challenge. I really want to work for this company. It has an excellent
reputation. I think with my excellent sales experience I can contribute to its
success.
Interviewer : What are your strengths?
Candidate : I’m fluent in Italian and Spanish. I’m good at training sales staff and I get on
well with people. I think I’m very good at organizing seminars for customers.
Interviewer : What mistakes have you made?
Candidate : I’m not patient when people don’t meet deadlines.

89
Interviewer : What kind of people do you work well with?
Candidate : I like people who work hard and are reliable.
Interviewer : What are your interests?
Candidate : I have a lot of different interests. As I said before, I like travelling and I like
reading travel books. I also like aerobics and skiing.
Interviewer : Do you have any questions to ask us?
Candidate : If I get the job, when would you like me to start?

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 9

Activity 1. Isabella is looking for a new job. Fill in the question word and match the questions
with her answers.
1. ______ is your full name? ____ A. I'd like to have a post with more
responsibility.
2. ______ did you choose to study ____ B. I can start at the beginning of next
tourism? month.
3. ______ college did you go to? ____ C. I wanted to combine work and travel.
4. ______ kind of job are you looking for? ____ D. My full name's Isabella Mary Lock.
5. ______ languages can you speak? ____ E. I'm fluent in Spanish am Italian.
6. ______ did you find out about the job? ____ F. I did a course at Westminster College.
7. ______ would you be willing to start? ____ G. I saw the advert in the Travel Trade
Gazette.

Activity 2. Make questions using the prompts!

1. people / the company / employ : How many people does the company employ?
→ We have three hundred full-time staff.
2. I/ travel abroad : ______ ?
→ Three or four times a year.
3. I/ working with : ______ ?
→ You would start in a small team.
4. Starting salary : ______ ?
→ It’s very competitive.
5. Let me know : ______ ?
→ We’ll be in touch by next week.

Activity 3. Tick the answer in table based on the dialogue!

1 2 3 4
Education Secondary school
College/ university
The job Factory job
Shop assistant
Hospital job
Hotel job
Previous experience A lot
Some
none

1. A : And did you go to college?

B : No just secondary school
A : I see, now let me tell you a little about the job. We make television sets here and also
car radios.

91
 B : That sounds interesting.
A: Have you ever worked in a factory?
B : No, I haven’t

2. A : So you went to college in Ireland, did you?

B : That’s right.
A : Now, most of our guests come from Europe. Do you speak any foreign languages?
B : I speak a little French and Spanish.
A : Very good. Have you ever worked in a hotel before?
B : I worked in a small hotel for three months once in the summer.

3. A : Could you tell me about your education?

B : I left school last month.
A : I see. Now in this shop we sell mostly to tourists. Do you like meeting people?
B : Yes, I do.
A : Good. Have you had any experience working in a shop?
B : No, I haven't.

4. A : And when did you leave college?

B : I graduated from college in 2010.
A : I see. You'll be working in the library; doctors use the library a lot and some of the
nurses do, too.
B : Fine.
A : Now, you say you worked in a hospital library in India?
B : Yes, for five years.

Activity 4. Questions asked at an interview. Discuss the answer in groups.

1. Tell me about yourself.
2. What do you think are your strengths and weaknesses?
3. We have a lot of applicants for this job, why should we appoint you?
4. What has been your most valuable experience?
5. How would you describe your personality?
6. Which is more important to you: status or money?
7. Why do you want to leave your present job?
8. What makes you think you’d enjoy working with us?
9. What would you like to be doing ten years from now?
10. What is the best idea you’ve had in the past month?
11. Don’t you think you’re a little young/old for this job?
12. What are your long-range goals?
13. What do like most about the job?
14. Describe your ideal boss.
15. How would you rate your present boss?

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Activity 5. Put the words in order!
1. enjoy you your Did studies?
2. Why that did take you up course?
3. did enjoy most What you about a being student?
4. like Do working you a team in?
5. How you the did handle who members were not contributing their share work of?
6. How do you in a supervisory role think you can motivate your staff?
7. think do you What you can contribute this company to?

Activity 6. Rearrange the sentences below in the form of a short interview!

1. Interviewer: ______ A. Because the salary wasn’t very good, and I wanted a job where
2. Interviewee: ______ I had prospects of promotion.
3. Interviewer: ______ B. Then I’ll let you know my decision by the end of the week.
Thank you for coming.
4. Interviewee: ______
C. How do you do, Mr. Jackson.
5. Interviewer: ______ D. Oh good. That’s all I want to know at the moment.
6. Interviewee: ______ E. Thank you.
7. Interviewer: ______ F. Goodbye, Mr. Jackson.
8. Interviewee: ______ G. I see. Well, you’ve got the qualifications we want. Have you
9. Interviewer: ______ any questions about the job?
10. Interviewee: ______ H. How do you do, Mrs. Smith. I’m Mr. Jackson, the personal
officer.
11. Interviewer: ______
I. Goodbye, Mrs. Smith.
12. Interviewee: ______ J. No. This is a small company and you’ll be working as part of a
13. Interviewer: ______ team.
14. Interviewee: ______ K. Why did you leave?
15. Interviewer: ______ L. Now then. I see from your cv that you used to work for Price &
Co.
M. Yes. If I get the job, will I be working alone?
N. That’s right. I worked for them from 1976 to ’79.
O. Please take a seat.

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Activity 7. Work in pairs. The Human Resources Director is interviewing a candidate for the job
of General Manager.
Human Resources Director
Introduce yourself and ask the
candidate these questions.
Interview questions
• How long / been in / present
job?
• Why / leave last job?
• What skills / have?
• Where / want to be in five
years' time?
• What / do / in free time?
• Do / have any questions?
Preparing for the interview. You can offer:
• Job starts next month.
• Annual holiday 25 days.
• Company car after six months.
• Salary $35,000.
Candidate
Introduce yourself and answer the interview
questions.
CV summary
• Assistant General Manager for three
years.
• Left last job because wanted a
challenge.
• Speak two languages and have
computer skills.
• Plan to be a good manager and
become a director.
• Enjoy reading and playing tennis.
Preparing for the interview. Ask these
questions:
• When / job start?
• How long / annual holiday?
• Will / company car?
• What / salary?
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 UNIT 10 – ENRICHING VOCABULARY IN TALKING ABOUT JOBS AND COMPANIES

General Objective : To review some functions in talking about jobs and companies.
Specific Objectives : (1) To use vocabulary related to jobs and a company profile,
(2) To use simple past tense in talking about past events,
(3) To use present continuous tense in talking about current projects,
(4) To use simple present tense in talking about leisure time activities.
Grammar Points : Present, Past and Perfect Tense

When we talk about or describe a job, we need to use certain vocabulary that can precisely
explain what someone does and what responsibilities someone has in a particular job.

1. Responsibilities
A : So, what exactly do you do in the company?
B : I’m responsible for new product development. I report directly to the CEO.
A : What does that involve?
B : I supervise a team of designers. We all have to think of ideas, test them and develop the
ones that we think will succeed.
A : It sounds challenging.
B : It is, and I really enjoy it.

2. Qualifications for the job

A : I hear you studied in Finland.
B : That’s right. I did a degree in Engineering at Tampere Technical University and then I
worked in a small software company in Helsinki.
A : Why did you decide to stay in Finland?
B : I was very interested in the job. I wanted to put my training into practice. The experience
was very good and certainly helped me to get this job.

3. A typical day
A : What time do you start in the mornings?
B : I am to get to work by 8 a.m. that means leaving home at 7:30. I usually cycle to work.
A : Are the hours flexible?
B : In theory, yes, but I normally finish at 4 p.m. I sometimes finish earlier if I take a very short
lunch break.
A : Do you go out for lunch?
B : Occasionally, but I like eating in the company canteen. It’s more efficient. Discussing a
new appointment
A : What kind of person are we looking for?
B : I think someone who is already working as a Project Manager in a software house. He or
she should have at least three years experience.
A : What kind of skills are needed?
B : Excellent communication skills are essential. The person we appoint will have a lot of
direct contact with clients – we need someone who can present the company clearly.

95
 A : Absolutely. So where can we find this person?
B : I think we should advertise with an on-line recruitment agency, but we may have to use a
respectable firm.

4. Working condition
A : Are you pleased you moved to the Bangkok office?
B : Yes I am. The atmosphere is very relaxed, and I have a good group of colleagues. There’s a
great mix of nationalities and we often go out for dinner or for a drink after work. Everyone
is on first name terms.
A : Don’t you find it very hot there?
B : Bangkok is hot, yes, but the offices are very comfortable. All the buildings and cars are air-
conditioned. I have no regrets about moving.

5. Financial rewards
A : What kind of salary do you think we should offer for the new sales manager’s job in
Singapore?
B : It’s difficult to say. We would normally pay $50 000 a year plus commission for a job with
these responsibilities, but I don’t know about the cost of living in Singapore, and I have no
idea about the level of local salaries.
A : Neither have I. I’ll talk to Mr. Chen about it. He’s originally from Singapore – I think he’s
working in our Delhi office at the moment.

6. Job benefits
A : How’s your new job?
B : I’m very happy with it. The salary is reasonable – not quite as good as in my previous job
but the company really looks after its people.
A : What do you mean?
B : Well, I have free use of the company’s gym and health club, they pay for all my phone calls,
and I get excellent medical insurance. Sickness pay and holidays are very good and the
promotion prospects are excellent.
A : You are lucky.
B : Yes, I am – they even give us a season ticket for the local football team!

7. Retirement and redundancy

A : How has the takeover affected the company?
B : Well, the new owners are going to close down one plant in Manila and another in Dubai.
About 300 people are going to lose their jobs.
A : That’s terrible.
B : Actually, it’s not quite as bad as it seems. Most of the staff will be offered jobs in other
plants, and quite a few want to take early retirement.
A : So, there are no compulsory redundancies?
B : Very few.
A : That’s good news.

96
Notice the use of different tenses in the text below.
When do you use the Present Perfect Tense and the Simple Past Tense?

I think I have had an interesting career. I studied at Oxford University from 1997 to 2000. Then
I applied for jobs abroad. I worked in Hong Kong for a year and then I went to Japan in 2001. I
have done a number of different jobs. I sold computer software in Hong Kong. I taught English
in Japan. I wrote a book, and so far, I have run my own business.
Compare: I have had an interesting career.
I had an interesting career.

Notice the use Simple Present Tense to describe leisure activities:

A : What do you do at the weekend?
B : I’m keen on sport. I really like karate, and love playing football. But I’m not really
interested in watching sport on TV. I don’t enjoy professional football matches.

Compare the passages below. What tenses are used?

1. The Inditex Group owns six fashion chains including Zara. It has around 1,500 stores
worldwide. It operates in 44 countries. Inditex employs 27,000 people and has more than
200 fashion designers. Currently the fashion designers are working on next year’s
designs. The Inditex Group is doing very well at the moment, and it is trying to become a
global fashion leader. Amancio Ortega, founder of Inditex, also invests in property and
hotels. Most of this year’s investment is staying in Spain.
2. Lisa Roseleaf worked in public relations in New York. A year ago, she was laid off from her
job. She thought that she would find a new job quickly, but she had the same problem
with her two friends. They were also unemployed.
3. The number of Pret a Manger (PaM) shops is increasing not only in London but also in
other parts of the UK. At present PaM is expanding its overseas business, particularly in
China. Currently it is translating its advertising material into Chinese. PaM is exporting its
winning formula to Hong Kong and Japan. PaM is planning to open new shops in New York.

Note: Pret creates handmade natural food avoiding the obscure chemicals, additives, and
preservatives common to so much of the 'prepared' and 'fast' food on the market today. The
name comes from the French Prêt à Manger meaning “ready to eat”.

97
 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 10

Activity 1. Complete the job advertisements with the best words.

Telesales
Executive Salary: £20,000 per year
Our Telesales Executive will have the (1)______ to make effective phone calls to
marketing contacts and to (2)______ business meetings for our clients. Bebop
offers excellent training and promotion (3)______ .

Call Paul Glover on 020 4456 1090 or e-mail: beboprecruit@easynet.co.uk

1. A. interest B. ability C. responsibility

2. A. work B. organize C. communicate
3. A. opportunities B. facilities C. qualities

Sales Salary: £26,000 per year

Manager
Conference and Events Company urgently requires a sales manager to (4)______ a
team of eight telesales executives. You will (5)______ the team and deal with all
sales staff and their problems. In addition, you will (6)______ future marketing
campaigns and develop a new marketing strategy. Background of the candidate:
experience in telesales and direct sales; at least three years management
experience.
Location: Cheshire
Contact: Karen Poulson, Tel. 01260 271288, email: cec@events.co.uk
4. A. boss B. lead C. drive
5. A. apply B. practice C. train
6. A. train B. control C. plan

Activity 2. Complete this Letter of Reference.

A. for this post. B. taking solutions. C. meets his deadlines.
D. and to the quality of his work. E. very good results. F. a good team leader.

Dear Ms. Eastwood,

Thank you for your letter of the 2nd February about Marcel Lacour's application for the job of
Deputy Director.
Marcel worked with us for three years as Office Manager. Then he worked for two years in the
same position in our Paris subsidiary. He has a degree in Accountancy and Management. His
knowledge of languages includes French, English, Greek and Polish. This makes him very
suitable to work in European organization.
He is an excellent manager, very dedicated to the staff ______(1). He is hard-working, and gets
______(2). He motivates the staff and ______(3). He is good at dealing with problems, and is very

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 good at ______(4). Marcel is completely reliable and always ______(5). I highly recommend him
______(6).

Activity 3. Study the examples and the tip and complete the sentences. Use for, as and in.
Examples: Stephen works for an engineering company.
Gerhard works as a receptionist.
Sandra works in education.
Isabelle works in a French restaurant.

• Use work for when you talk about the company or organization where someone is
employed.
• Use work as + job.
• Use work in + kind of activity.
• Also use work in with words like bank, hotel, hospital, or factory.

1. He has worked ______ an air traffic controller.

2. Have you worked ______ the food industry?
3. At the moment, he is working ______ a travel agency.
4. Would you like to work ______ mechanical engineering?
5. Sandra’s husband works ______ the BBC.
6. Are you going to work ______ a consultant for a design company.

Activity 4. Choose at least five statements below and make it into a dialogue with your partner.
• I work for a software company.
• I’m responsible for the development of new products.
• It’s a very challenging job.
• I report directly to the Managing Director.
• The job involves a lot of telling.
• I usually start work at 8 o’clock in the morning.
• Do you usually drive to work?
• How’s the new job?
• I really enjoy it.
• The salary is good.
• I’m very pleased I moved here.
• How has the takeover affected you?
• Some people are going to lose their jobs.
• Some will take early retirement.
• There won’t be any compulsory redundancies.
• We need to recruit a new training manager.
• What kind of person are you looking for?
• We need someone with excellent communication skills.

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Activity 5.1. Put the verb in brackets in the present perfect.
1. ___ you ___ each other for a long time? (know)
2. ___ Pierre and Lucien ___ jobs frequently? (change)
3. ___ Anna ___ several jobs since leaving university? (have)
4. ___ Aura and Stella ___ for the same job? (apply)
5. ___ you and Tim ever ___ difficulties getting along with Mr. Dumas? (have)
6. ___ you ever ___ in Central Asia? (work)

Activity 5.2. Match these answers to the questions in Activity 5.1

1. ___ Pierre hasn’t. but Lucien has three or four different ones already.
2. ___ No, we haven’t. we met at conference only last week, in fact.
3. ___ Yes, I have. I worked in Kazakhstan from 1998 to 2001.
4. ___ Yes, she has. I don’t know how many, though.
5. ___ Yes, they have. That’s a coincidence, isn’t it?
6. ___ Yes, we have. Especially me.

Activity 6. Complete the short answers with the correct form of have.
1. A : Has Francois ever worked in a bank?
B : No, ______ .
2. A : Have all the candidates for the interview arrived?
B : Yes, ______ .
3. A : So you have worked for Nielsen Electronics, is that right?
B : Yes, _____ .
4. A : What about these candidates? Have they ever managed a project?
B : No, _____ .
5. A : Have you called a job agency?
B : No, _____ .
6. A : Have you and Luis received a reply yet?
B : Well, Luis ____ but I’m afraid I ______ .

Activity 7. Which sentence is suitable to pair with the following time expression?
1. three months ago A. The last time I saw her was ____________
2. this year B. They haven’t been very successful ________
3. for the past ten days
4. last week
5. at 9 o’clock
6. yesterday morning
7. so far
8. over the last five years
9. in 2001
10. five minutes ago

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Activity 8. Change the words in brackets with the correct tense (the present perfect or simple
past) to complete the conversation.
Rose : Hi, Michelle. I’m calling about our advert for the post of personal assistant. ______
(anybody/express)1 any interest yet?
Michele : Yes, it’s all going very well. We ______ (receive)2 thirty-one applications so far. And
yesterday alone about ten people ______ (phone)3 for further details of the job.
Rose : Excellent. So how many applicant ______ (you/select)4?
Michele : Well, I ______ (start)5 working on the selection as soon as I ______ (arrive)6 this
morning. I ______ (not/finish)7 yet, but I ______ (already/selected)8 eight
candidates, all with the right qualifications and experience.
Rose : Very good. ______ (you/invite)9 them for interview yet?
Michele : Well, no. I ______ (think)10 you would like to have a look at all the applications
yourself first.
Rose : I won’t be back in the office till Friday, I’m afraid, so just go ahead, Michelle. You
know I trust you 200%!
Michele : Thanks. OK then. I’ll start working on the that as soon as I ______ (finish)11 the
Conference program. I ______ (not/have)12 time to deal with it yesterday, with all
those phone calls.

Activity 9. Correct the sentence below.

1. I like really going to restaurants.
2. She’s keen sport on.
3. In our free usually time we visit friends.
4. I go on holiday always in the autumn.
5. I enjoy don’t meetings.
6. They once go to the gym a month.
7. We’re keen not on football.
8. You get up never at 5 a.m..
9. She isn’t in interested the cinema.

Activity 10. Work in pairs. Make the following phrases into interrogative sentences, then carry
out a dialogue with your partner in class.
1. Which day/busy during the week? Which day are you busy during the week?
2. What time/get up?
3. What/like/about your college
4. What/do/in free time?
5. When/go on holiday?
6. How often/travel abroad?
7. Do/like/music?
8. Interested/in sport?
9. How often/buy/a newspaper?
10. When/study/English?

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 UNIT 11 – COMMON FUNCTIONS IN SPEAKING
(Giving Opinion, Agreeing, Disagreeing, Offering, Requesting)

General Objective : To use some common functions in speaking.

Specific Objectives : (1) To give opinions, (2) To agree and disagree, (3) To offer politely, (4) To
request politely.

A. Giving Opinion
How you express your opinion is very important. Firstly, you have to choose the correct
words and phrases to not upset and offend other people. Secondly, you have to use the
correct intonation when you speak, so you don’t sound rude or angry.
a. Useful expressions for the language function of giving opinions
- In my opinion, ______
- I think ______
- I believe ______
- It seems to me ______
- As I see it, ______
- As far as I'm concerned, / As far as I know, ______
- I’m (pretty) sure that ______
- Personally, I think ______
- Personally speaking, ______
- To be honest, ______
- In my honest/humble opinion, ______
- My point of view (on this) is ______
- From my point of view, ______
- Correct me if I’m wrong, but ______
- I am not very familiar with this topic, but ______
b. Asking for opinions
- Do you think (that) ______?
- Don’t you think (that) ______?
- What do you think about ______ ?
- I wonder if ______.
- What's your idea?
- What are your thoughts on this?
- How do you feel about that?
- Do you have anything to say about this?

B. Agreeing, Disagreeing
a. Asking about agreement
- ______. Do you agree?
- ______. Don't you agree?
- ______. Wouldn't you agree?
- ______. Don't you think so?

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b. Some useful expressions
1) Agreement
 I quite agree.  That’s just what I think.
e.g. Yola: Taxes are too high.
Fiona : I quite agree.

2) Disagreement
 I'm afraid I don't agree.
e.g. Yola: Studying English is a waste of time.
Fiona: I'm afraid I don't agree.

3) Polite disagreement
 That may be true, but…  You may be right, but…
e.g. Yola: Cars are necessary.
Fiona: That may be true, but they cause so many problems.

4) Strong disagreement
 Rubbish!  Nonsense!  That's ridiculous!
e.g. Yola: Jogging is bad for your health.
Fiona: Rubbish!

5) Disputing facts
 I'm afraid you must be mistaken.
e.g. Yola: London is the world's biggest city.
Fiona: I'm afraid you must be mistaken. Tokyo is bigger than London.

6) Questioning facts
 Are you sure of that?  I find that hard to believe.
e.g. Yola: America was discovered by the Romans.
Fiona: Are you sure of that? I thought Columbus discovered America.

7) Asking for clarification

 What exactly do you mean?  Would you mind explaining that?
e.g. Yola: Journalists are irresponsible.
Fiona: What exactly do you mean by irresponsible’?

8) Pointing out illogicalities

 Just because… that doesn't mean… .
e.g. Yola: Smoking isn't harmful. I've been smoking for years and I'm perfectly
healthy.
Fiona: Just because it hasn't affected you, that doesn't mean it has no effect
on other people.

9) Pointing out irrelevance

 That's beside the point.  That has nothing to do with it.
e.g. Yola: You can't be a pilot – you're a woman.
Fiona: That's beside the point.

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 10) Conceding a point
 That's a good point. I hadn't thought of that.  I suppose you're right.
e.g. Yola: Teachers are overpaid. They only work a few hours a day.
Fiona: In addition to teaching, they have to mark assignments, prepare
exams, counsel their students, write reports and study new
developments. They have to work very hard.
Yola: That's a good point. I hadn't thought of that.

c. Techniques for agreeing and disagreeing

1) Standard phrases (strong agreement and disagreement)
✓ Absolutely!
✓ I’m sorry, I can’t agree with you.
2) Standard phrase (polite)
✓ I’m not sure I agree with you.
✓ I think so.
✓ I do too.
✓ Yes, I can see what you’re saying, but . . .
3) Open Question
✓ Really?
✓ Do you think so?
4) Negative question
✓ Don’t you think that . . . ?
5) Introductory phrase to prepare the listener
✓ Actually . . .
✓ To be honest . . .

d. Example of dialogue
Frank : Did you go to that talk? You know, the one about summer jobs in France.
Simon : Actually, yes. I applied yesterday and I’ve got an interview next week. Isn’t
that great?
Frank : I suppose so, but shouldn’t you think about it first? What I mean is, there are
lots of things to find out: application forms, visas, accommodation,
qualifications and training.
Simon : Maybe, but the university organizes everything. It’s pretty easy.
Frank : But what about living in another country? Or speaking another language?
Aren’t you worried about that? If I were you, I would be really nervous.
Simon : I know what you mean, but they have a residential course in the first week, so
we can make friends and improve our French.
Frank : Well, to be honest, I’m not interested in learning French.
Simon : Really? But French is quite popular now.
Frank : I’m just saying, I don’t think French is easy to learn.
Simon : I totally agree, but don’t you like learning languages?
Frank : I do, but I just don’t like French!

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C. Offering and Requesting
a. Things to remember
If you can’t do something a client or someone asks you to do, it is important to sound
polite when you refuse and explain why you can’t do what they ask. Offering something
to someone should also be done in such a way that you sound sincere.

b. The most common modal auxiliaries used

Would you Can (informal Shall (also
Could Would May (polite)
mind request) suggestion)
Could I Would you
Would you
have some like some May I Shall I
mind Can I
more of more of (please) bring the
moving borrow
this this borrow suitcase
your car your pen?
chocolate chocolate your pen? for you?
please?
mousse? mousse?

c. Offering
• Would you like a magazine to read while you’re waiting?
• Would you like to leave a message?
• Would you like me to close the door?
• Would you mind joining us?
• Would you care for dessert, sir?
• Shall I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade?
• Can I get you anything?
• Do you want another coffee?
• Let me get you a drink.
• Do you fancy chicken or beef for dinner? (British English)
• How about going for a walk?
• Who wants an ice cream? Who would like something to drink? Who
fancies going to the cinema tonight? (offering something to a group of people)
• It’s my turn to get the drinks. What will you have?
• Good afternoon, madam. What can I get you?

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d. Response to an offer
Accepting
✓ Yes, please.
✓ Yes, of course.
✓ That’s very kind of you.
✓ I appreciate that.
✓ Thank you.
✓ That would be very nice.
✓ Thanks. I’d love to.
Refusing
✓ I’m sorry, but ………
✓ No, thanks.
✓ Thank you for your kindness, but ………
✓ I appreciate that, but ………
✓ That’s very kind of you, but ………
✓ Please don’t bother yourself.

e. Requesting
Can you
Could you (please)
Do you think you could
open the door?
I wonder if you could
I’d really appreciate it if you could
Would you
Would you mind opening the door?
Open the door, could you?
would you?
I don’t suppose you could open the door, could you?

f. Response to a request
Agreeing Refusing
✓ Certainly. ✓ I’m sorry, but ………
✓ Yes, of course. ✓ I'm sorry, but the problem is …......
✓ By all means. ✓ Unfortunately, …......

g. Requesting suggestions and ideas

1) An open request: I'd like to hear some of your suggestions.
2) A question directed at one person: What's your reaction to that, Rene?
3) A request for confirmation of his own opinion: Don't you think that your three-
division structure might be more expensive to operate, Hank?

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h. Other phrases that can be used here are:
 I'd like to hear your ideas on this.
 Do any of you have any suggestions?
 How do you think we should do this?
 What would you suggest?
 What do you recommend?
 Do you think we should. . . ?
 How do you see this?
 What's your opinion?
 What are your views on this?
 What do you think?
 I suggest we should...
 Any suggestions?

i. Making suggestions and recommendations

Suggestions and recommendations can be strong, neutral, or tentative. Examples of
other phrases to use are:

Strong suggestions The only solution is to...

I see no other alternative but to ...
There is no alternative but to ...
We must ...
Neutral suggestions I recommend that we should ...
I think we should ...
My recommendation is that we should ...
We should/ought to ...
If I were you I would ...
Tentative suggestions We could always ...
It might be a good idea to …
Have you thought of ...-ing
One solution would be to...
What about ...-ing ...

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 11

Activity 1. How do you feel about the following statements? Write a few words saying how you
feel about them. Give your reasons.
For example: People should not be allowed to smoke in public.
- I quite agree, smoke can damage other people’s health.
- I disagree. People must have the right to do what they want.
- I’m not really sure. It seems a bit extreme to ban all smoking.
- I agree up to a point, but smokers need somewhere to smoke.
1. Women should only work in the home.
2. People should use public transportation more.
3. The police should not be allowed to carry weapons.
4. Individuals should be allowed to dress in any way they want.
5. School uniforms are good idea.

Activity 2. Discuss with your partner and give opinion.

1. The best
1) restaurant in town 3) computer to buy
2) city to live in 4) country to visit
2. The most
1) useful machine 3) serious problem in the world
2) important goal in life 4) difficult subject
3. The best way to
1) find a job 3) learn language
2) invest your money 4) meet people
4. The biggest advantage/disadvantage of
1) working for a small company 3) working the night shift
2) owning a car 4) living in foreign country

Activity 3. Try to use a variety of phrases from the unit in discussing the following situations.
Student A : make a request.
Student B : Agree to or refuse the request. If you refuse, be sure to give a good reason.
1. The manager is talking to a secretary:
a. The manager has misplaced an important file.
b. An urgent letter must be sent out immediately.
c. The manager needs five copies of a report.
2. An employee is talking to the manager:
a. The employee isn’t going to finish the project on time.
b. The employee wants to postpone a meeting with the manager until tomorrow.
c. The employee needs a day off to take care of some personal business.
3. A secretary is talking to the manager:
a. There are some letters that the manager must sign right away.
b. The secretary feels that his [or her] lunch break is too short.
c. The manager has given the secretary too much work to do today.

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 4. An employee is talking to a colleague:
a. The employee needs help with a project.
b. The employee needs a ride home.
c. One employee doesn’t understand what the other has just said.

Activity 4. Complete the dialogue.

A. lucky C. skillful E. would you like me
B. would you help me D. kind

Lucy : ______(1) to help you with your project?

Jason : Sure. ______(2) design the cover?
Lucy : Of course. I like designing very much.
Jason : OK. It should be simple but impressive. I know you are ______(3) at it.
Lucy : No problem. I will have it done soon.
Jason : I’m ______(4) to have a friend like you.
Lucy : I am glad to help you.
Jason : Thanks a lot. You are very ______(5).
Lucy : Don’t mention it.

Activity 5. Work in pairs.

Student A: You are staying at your friend’s house for the weekend. At various times you make
the request. Choose the most appropriate way of asking, from the expressions in the box.
Student B: Reply to each request in any way you like. If you refuse, give a reason.

Could you . . . ? Would you . . . ?

would you . . .-ing . . .? do you think you could . . .?
I don’t suppose you could. . ., could you? Do you think you could possibly . . .?

A wants B to:
1. Lend him his bike.
2. Bring him breakfast in bed.
3. Give him a lift to the station.

Activity 6. Choose the best answer.

1. John : Hello, Jean. Where have you been?
Jean : Hi, John. I just bought a few kilograms of apples in the market.
John : Do you need some help to carry the apples?
Jean : ______
A. I don’t know. C. Of course, that’s very kind of you.
B. Why? D. I will help you.
2. Ronald : You look so busy. ______
Mary : No, thank you. I can handle them.
A. I will leave you alone. C. Do you want to help me?
B. Would you like some help? D. Sure, I would like to.

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 3. Andy : I heard there will be a concert tonight. Would you like to go with me?
Sam : I’m afraid I can’t.
Andy : why? I thought you really love the band.
Sam : Yes, I do. But I have many works at home.
Andy : Let me help you, then.
Sam : ______
Andy : Never mind. That’s what a friend should do.
A. I really appreciate your help. C. I’m fine, thank you.
B. I don’t need your help. D. I will go, too.

Activity 7. You have a guest for the weekend. You want to be a good host, so instead of waiting
for him to ask for things, you guess what he wants and make offers. What do you say if:
1. He looks thirsty.
2. It’s time for the news and he’s looking at the radio.
3. He looks hot.
4. He’s left his suitcase at the station.
5. He looks bored.
6. He hasn’t seen much of your town.
7. He’s hot and tired after his journey.
8. He doesn’t know how to operate the air conditioner.
9. He’s leaving and it’s a long way to the station.

110
 UNIT 12 – PRESENTATION

General Objective : To deliver a presentation

Specific Objectives : (1) To prepare for a presentation,
(2) To give an introduction of the presentation,
(3) To identify the purpose of the presentation,
(4) To deliver the body of the presentation,
(5) To conclude the presentation,
(6) To handle question from audience
Grammar Points : Present Tense

Main Parts of a Presentation

The body of the Concluding the

Introduction Handling questions
presentation presentation

1. Introduction
▪ Self Introduction
✓ My name is Ricardo Vilagas.
✓ I’m Nancy James from Power and Efficient Agency.
▪ Introduction to the topic
✓ I’m going to talk/explain/outline/describe about …
✓ The title of today’s presentation is …
✓ This talks is …
▪ Outlining
✓ I’ve divided my talk/presentation into three parts.
✓ First (of all), I’ll tell you a bit about …
✓ First, I’ll say a few words about ….
✓ Then I’ll say a few words about…
✓ And finally …
▪ Welcoming
✓ Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.
✓ Welcome to …
✓ It's very nice to see you all here today.
▪ Mapping the talk
✓ I'll start with …
✓ Then I'll go on to …
✓ I'll also …
✓ Finally, …

2. The body of the presentation

▪ Referring to a point
✓ Regarding ...

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 ✓ With regard to …
✓ Concerning …
✓ With reference to …
▪ Moving on
✓ That brings me to my next point.
✓ Let’s move on to the next ….
▪ Referring forward
✓ I’ll say a bit more about that in a moment.
✓ I’ll come back to that later on.
▪ Referring back
✓ As I mentioned/said before/earlier …
✓ Going back to what I said earlier …
▪ Referring to visuals
✓ As you can see from the diagram/table/graph …
✓ These figures show …
✓ This chart/graph shows that …
✓ If we look at this chart...
✓ It gives a breakdown of...
▪ Giving examples
✓ For instance...
✓ For example...
✓ Let me give you an example…
▪ Handling over
✓ I'd like to hand over to (Mr. Soras) now. He is going to say a few words about...

3. Handling questions
▪ Inviting Questions
✓ If anyone has questions, please feel free to interrupt.
✓ If you have any questions, I’ll do my best to answer them.
✓ Any questions so far?
✓ Does everyone follow that?
✓ Is that clear?
✓ Does anyone/everyone know what is?
✓ Are you familiar with...?
▪ Asking for Clarification :
✓ Could you say a little more about that?
✓ I’m still a bit confused about …
✓ Could you expand about …
✓ Could you clarify what you said about …?
▪ Agreeing and Disagreeing
✓ I agree completely.
✓ Yes, but …
✓ I’m afraid I don’t agree.
✓ I wouldn't like to say.
✓ I couldn't agree more.
✓ You could be right
✓ Up to a point but …

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4. Concluding the presentation
▪ Summarizing
✓ Well, that was a brief overview of the topic …
✓ Well, I hope that has given you some idea of …
✓ Therefore …..
✓ So ...
▪ Closing
✓ Thank you for your attention.
✓ Well, if there are no more questions…

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 12

Activity 1. Complete the sentence.

A. deal B. go C. mind D. move E. prefer F. summarize

1. Well, actually, I'd _____ to answer your question after the presentation.
2. To _____ what we were discussing, let me mention the following points.
3. Sorry, but I'd rather not ______ with this question now as we'll be looking at that in detail
later on this morning.
4. Let me just _____ back to what we were discussing earlier.
5. Before we _____ on, let me briefly summarize the main points we have been talking
about.
6. I'm sorry, but would you _____ waiting until the question period?

Activity 2. Put the sentences/phrases in the correct category.

1. We’d suggest… A. Signaling the end of
2. Now I’ll be happy to answer any questions you may have. the presentation
3. We’d therefore recommend that we… B. Summarizing the main
4. Before I stop, let me go through my points again. points
5. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. C. Recommending or
6. In my opinion, we should… suggesting something
7. We just have time for a few questions. D. Inviting questions
8. To sum up then, we…
9. OK, I think that’s everything I wanted to say.
10. Are there any questions?
11. I’m now nearing the end of my talk.
12. Just to summarize the main points of my talk…

Activity 3. Fill the blanks with the words below.

A. present B. lastly C. three main points D. work as E. thank you

Sarah Benson: Good morning. My name is Sarah Benson and, as you know, I ______(1) a
consultant for the LX Consulting- Group. You've all been aware of the presence of myself
and two of my colleagues over the past couple of weeks, and I'd like to ______(2) very
much for your cooperation and understanding. What I'd like to do this morning is to
______(3) the results of our study into the consolidation of your computer activities in
Europe. I'm going to be developing ______(4). First, I'll give you some background
information about the LX project team which, as many of you will know, was set up three
months ago to study levels of computer activity. Then, after outlining the objectives of
the team, I'll go on to examine the current organization of your European data centers.
______(5), I'll explain our recommendations for maximizing the efficiency of those
centers.

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Activity 4. Choose the correct words in the brackets.
Master of ceremonies: Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. It's my privilege today to
______ (A. let you know, B. talk about, C. introduce)1 Dr. Martin Roberts who is going to
be talking to us about addiction. His specific area of interest is rather unusual, so
perhaps I'd better let him ______ (A. talk, B. introduce, C. tell)2 the subject in detail, Dr.
Roberts.
Dr. Martin Roberts: Good morning. Before I ______ (A. move, B. sum up, C. get down)3 to the
serious business of the presentation, I'd just like you to think for a few seconds what
these letters, C and A, stand for. No, it's not the famous store! In this case the letters
stand for Chocolate Addiction, which is the subject of my presentation. My ______ (A.
first point, B. start on, C. view)4 will be to define what chocolate addiction is in the
scientific sense, that is. Then, I'll give you some clinical data about chocolate addiction
– this, I'm sure, will be of particular interest to those of you involved in the area of
hyperactive children. And ______ (A. the end, B. finally, C. next)5, I'll describe the
treatment suitable for acute forms of addiction.

Activity 5. Match the more formal phrases with the less formal phrases.
More Formal Less Formal
1. Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. A. What I want to do today is…
2. Today, I would like to… B. I know you are all very busy…
3. Let me start by introducing myself. My name is… C. As you know, I’m…
4. It’s a pleasure to welcome you today. D. OK, shall we get started?
5. In my presentation I would like to report on… E. It’s good to see you all here.
6. The topic of today’s presentation is… F. Hi, everyone.
7. I suggest that we begin now. G. Today I’m going to talk about…
8. I’m aware that you all have very tight schedule… H. In my talk, I’ll tell you about…

Activity 6. Put the words in good order.

1. point – back – Perhaps – get – we – later – can – to – that
2. answer – question – can’t – afraid – I – that – I’m
3. deadline – interested – meet – I’d – to – know – the – can – if – be – we
4. those – arrived – you – how – May – figures – at – I – ask ?
5. Sarah – to – department – speak – suggest – you – I – the – from – marketing

Activity 7. Discuss with your friends and write what you would say in these presentation
situations.
Example:
Start a talk. Explain what you are going to talk about. → Hello everyone, my name’s
Hiro Rosado and I’d like to talk about the reliability of high-quality human-written
sources with the power of AI.
1. You are giving a presentation, and someone asks you to go back to a previous slide.
What could you say as you are looking for it?
2. Invite questions from the audience.
3. After answering a question, check that the questioner is happy with the answer.

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 4. The audience have no questions. Move on to the next point.
5. Refer to some details on a graph or chart.
6. Comment on a question from a member of the audience.
7. Finish the talk. Thank the audience.

Activity 8. Group work. Discuss a topic related to your study program, prepare the PowerPoint,
and do/deliver the presentation in the class.

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 UNIT 13 – MEETING

General Objective : To hold a meeting

Specific Objectives : (1) To learn some function in a meeting,
(2) To find out what the other members of the group think

Language functions used in a meeting

- Asking for and giving opinion
- Agreeing and Disagreeing
- Clarifying
- Suggesting (including the use of conditional sentences)
- Using presentation format

Steps in a meeting
1. 3. Beginning 5. Finishing
Introductions the Meeting the Meeting

2. Reviewing 4. Discussing
Past Business Items

1. Introductions
Opening the Meeting
✓ Good morning/afternoon, everyone.
✓ If we are all here, let's get started / start the meeting / start.

Welcoming and introducing participants

✓ Please join me in welcoming …(name of participant)
✓ We're pleased to welcome …(name of participant)
✓ I'd like to extend a warm welcome to …(name of participant)
✓ It's a pleasure to welcome …(name of participant)
✓ I'd like to introduce …(name of participant)

Stating the Principal Objectives of a meeting

✓ We're here today to...
✓ I'd like to make sure that we...
✓ Our main aim today is to…
✓ I've called this meeting in order to...

Giving apologies for someone who is absent

✓ I'm afraid …(name of participant) can't be with us today. She is in...
✓ Unfortunately, …(name of participant) will not be with us today because he/she...
✓ I have received apologies for absence from …(name of participant), who is in
…(place).

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 Example of Dialogue:
Meeting Chairman : If we are all here, let's get started. First of all, I'd like you to please join
me in welcoming Jack Peterson, our Southwest Area Sales Vice
President.
Jack Peterson : Thank you for having me, I'm looking forward to today's meeting.
Meeting Chairman : I'd also like to introduce Margaret Simmons who recently joined our
team.
Margaret Simmons : May I also introduce my assistant, Bob Hamp.
Meeting Chairman : Welcome Bob. I'm afraid our national sales director, Anne Trusting,
can't be with us today. She is in Kobe at the moment, developing our
Far East sales force.

2. Reviewing Past Business

Reading the minutes (notes) of the last meeting
✓ To begin with I'd like to quickly go through the minutes of our last meeting.
✓ First, let's go over the report from the last meeting, which was held on (date)
✓ Here are the minutes from our last meeting, which was on (date)

Dealing with recent developments

✓ Bob, can you tell us how the water pump project is progressing?
✓ Bob, how is the fertilizer project coming along?
✓ Sarah, have you completed the report on the new accounting package?
✓ Has everyone received a copy of the Tate Foundation report on current marketing
trends?

Example of Dialogue:
Meeting Chairman : Let's get started. We're here today to discuss ways of improving sales in
rural market areas. First, let's go over the report from the last meeting
which was held on June 24th. Right, Tom, over to you.
Tom Robbins : Thank you, Mark. Let me just summarize the main points of the last
meeting. We began the meeting by approving the changes in our sales
reporting system discussed on May 30th. After briefly revising the changes
that will take place, we moved on to a brainstorming session concerning
after sales customer support improvements. You'll find a copy of the main
ideas developed and discussed in these sessions in the photocopies in
front of you. The meeting was declared closed at 11.30.

3. Beginning the Meeting

Introducing the agenda
✓ Have you all received a copy of the agenda?
✓ There are X items on the agenda. First, ... second, ... third, ... lastly, ...
✓ Shall we take the points in this order?
✓ If you don't mind, I'd like to go in order today.
✓ Skip item 1 and move on to item 3.
✓ I suggest we take item 2 last.

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 Allocating roles (secretary, participants)
✓ …(name of participant) has agreed to take the minutes.
✓ …(name of participant), would you mind taking the minutes?
✓ …(name of participant) has kindly agreed to give us a report on...
✓ …(name of participant) will lead point 1, …(name of participant) point 2, and …(name
of participant) point 3.
✓ …(name of participant), would you mind taking notes today?

Agreeing on the ground rules for the meeting (contributions, timing, decision-making,
etc.)
✓ We will first hear a short report on each point first, followed by a discussion of...
✓ I suggest we go round the table first.
✓ Let's make sure we finish by...
✓ I'd suggest we...
✓ There will be five minutes for each item.
✓ We'll have to keep each item for 15 minutes. Otherwise, we'll never get through.

Example of Dialogue:
Meeting Chairman : Thank you, Tom. So, if there is nothing else we need to discuss, let's move
on to today's agenda. Have you all received a copy of today's agenda? If
you don't mind, I'd like to skip item 1 and move on to item 2: Sales
improvement in rural market areas. Jack has kindly agreed to give us a
report on this matter. Jack?

4. Discussing Items
Introducing the first Item on the agenda
✓ So, let's start with...
✓ I'd suggest we start with...
✓ Why don't we start with...
✓ So, the first item on the agenda is…
✓ Pete, would you like to kick off?
✓ Shall we start with ...(name of participant)?
✓ Would you like to introduce this item?

Closing an item
✓ I think that takes care of the first item.
✓ Shall we leave that item?
✓ Why don't we move on to...
✓ If nobody has anything else to add, let’s...

Introducing the next item

✓ So, if there is nothing else, we need to discuss about….
✓ Let's move on to today's agenda. / Let's move onto the next item.
✓ Shall we get down to business?
✓ Is there any other business?
✓ If there are no further developments, I'd like to move on to today's topic.

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 ✓ Now that we've discussed X, let's now...
✓ The next item on today's agenda is...
✓ Now we come to the question…

Giving control to the next participant

✓ I'd like to hand over to …(name of participant), who is going to lead the next point.
✓ Next, (name of participant) is going to take us through...
✓ Now, I'd like to introduce …(name of participant) who is going to...

Keeping the meeting on target (time, relevance, decisions)

✓ We're running short of time.
✓ Well, that seems to be all the time we have today.
✓ Please be brief.
✓ I'm afraid we've run out of time.
✓ I'm afraid that's outside the scope of this meeting.
✓ Let's get back on track, why don't we?
✓ That's not why we're here today.
✓ Why don't we return to the main focus of today's meeting?
✓ We'll have to leave that to another time.
✓ We're beginning to lose sight of the main point.
✓ Keep to the point, please.
✓ I think we'd better leave that for another meeting.
✓ Are we ready to make a decision?
✓ Can we deal with that point later?
✓ Can we get back to the main point?
✓ I think we are getting away from the subject.

Commenting
✓ That's interesting .
✓ I never thought about it that way before.
✓ Good point!
✓ I get your point.
✓ I see what you mean.

Agreeing
✓ I totally agree with you.
✓ Exactly!
✓ That's (exactly) the way I feel.
✓ I have to agree with …(name of participant).

Disagreeing
✓ Unfortunately, I see it differently.
✓ Up to a point I agree with you, but...
✓ (I'm afraid) I can't agree.

Advising and Suggesting

✓ Let's...

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 ✓ We should...
✓ Why don't you....
✓ How/What about...
✓ I suggest/recommend that…

Clarifying
✓ Have I made that clear?
✓ Do you see what I'm getting at?
✓ Let me put this another way...
✓ I'd just like to repeat that…

Asking for Clarification

✓ I don't quite follow you. What exactly do you mean?
✓ I'm afraid I don't quite understand what you are getting at.
✓ Could you explain to me how that is going to work?
✓ I don't see what you mean. Could we have some more details, please?
✓ Do you mean that...?
✓ Is it true that...?

Requesting Information
✓ Please, could you...
✓ I'd like you to...
✓ Would you mind...
✓ I wonder if you could...

Correcting Information
✓ Sorry, I think you misunderstood what I said.
✓ Sorry, that's not quite right.
✓ I'm afraid you don't understand what I'm saying.
✓ That's not quite what I had in mind.
✓ That's not what I meant.

Asking for Verification

✓ You did say next week, didn't you? ('did' is stressed)

Asking for Repetition

✓ I'm afraid I didn't understand that. Could you repeat what you just said?
✓ I didn't catch that. Could you repeat that, please?
✓ I missed that. Could you say it again, please?
✓ Could you run that by me one more time?

Asking for Contributions

✓ We haven't heard from you yet, …(name of participant).
✓ What do you think about this proposal?
✓ Would you like to add anything, …(name of participant)?
✓ Has anyone else got anything to contribute?
✓ Are there any more comments?

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 Asking for Spelling
✓ Could you spell that, please?
✓ Would you mind spelling that for me, please?

Bringing people in
✓ Mark, what's your opinion...?
✓ Would you like to begin, Lisa, with...?
✓ I believe you wanted to say something about...
✓ I'd like you, John, to outline.

Voting
✓ Shall we vote on the proposal then?
✓ Those in favor? Those against?
✓ Are you abstaining?

Example of Dialogue:
Jack Peterson : Before I begin the report, I'd like to get some ideas from you all. How do you
feel about rural sales in your sales districts? I suggest we go round the table
first to get all of your input.
John Ruting : In my opinion, we have been focusing too much on urban customers and
their needs. The way I see things, we need to return to our rural base by
developing an advertising campaign to focus on their particular needs.
Alice Linnes : I'm afraid I can't agree with you. I think rural customers want to feel as
important as our customers living in cities. I suggest we give our rural sales
teams more help with advanced customer information reporting.
Donald Peters : Excuse me, I didn't catch that. Could you repeat that, please?
Alice Linnes : I just stated that we need to give our rural sales teams better customer
information reporting.
John Ruting : I don't quite follow you. What exactly do you mean?
Alice Linnes : Well, we provide our city sales staff with database information on all of our
larger clients. We should be providing the same sort of knowledge on our
rural customers to our sales staff there.
Jack Peterson : Would you like to add anything, Jennifer?
Jennifer Miles : I must admit I never thought about rural sales that way before. I have to agree
with Alice.
Jack Peterson : Well, let me begin with this Power Point presentation. As you can see, we are
developing new methods to reach out to our rural customers. (Jack presents
his report)
John Ruting : I suggest we break up into groups and discuss the ideas we've seen
presented.

5. Finishing the Meeting

Summarizing
✓ Before we close today's meeting, let me just summarize the main points.
✓ Let me quickly go over today's main points.
✓ To sum up, …

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 ✓ OK, why don't we quickly summarize what we've done today.
✓ In brief, ...
✓ Shall I go over the main points…
✓ Let's recap.
✓ Is there anything anyone wants to add? So, we have decided to...

Suggesting and Agreeing on Time, Date and Place for the Next Meeting
✓ How does …(day) in two weeks’ time sound to everyone?
✓ Let's meet at the same time, 1 PM. Is that OK for everyone?

Thanking Participants for Attending

✓ Thank you all for coming.
✓ I'd like to thank …(name) for coming to our meeting today.

Closing
✓ Let's finish there.
✓ I think we can call it a day.
✓ I suggest we leave it there.

Example of Dialogue:
Meeting Chairman : Unfortunately, we're running short of time. We'll have to leave that to
another time.
Jack Peterson : Before we close, let me just summarize the main points: Rural
customers need special help to feel more valued. Our sales teams
need more accurate information on our customers. A survey will be
completed to collect data on spending habits in these areas. The
results of this survey will be delivered to our sales teams. We are
considering specific data mining procedures to help deepen our
understanding.
Meeting Chairman : Thank you very much Jack. Right, it looks as though we've covered the
main items. Is there any other business?
Donald Peters : Can we fix the next meeting, please?
Meeting Chairman : Good idea Donald. How does Friday in two weeks’ time sound to
everyone? Let's meet at the same time, 9 o'clock. Is that OK for
everyone? Excellent. I'd like to thank Jack for coming to our meeting
today. The meeting is closed.

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 13

Activity 1. Choose the best answer.

1. In order to create new ideas and initiatives ______ .
A. individual or team meetings play the most important role
B. email and text messaging play the most important role
C. letters and presentations play the most important role
D. none of the above

2. At the end of a meeting, it is most important to ensure that everyone is aware of _____
A. who said nothing C. who said the least
B. who is responsible for carrying out decisions made D. who said the most

3. Meetings are organized to find out facts and _____

A. decrease information overload C. waste valuable time
B. keep employees busy D. devise alternatives

4. Internal communication can _____ by providing better understanding of the corporate

goals.
A. increase confusion B. decrease morale C. increase productivity

5. The _______ is the tool that controls the meeting.

A. time sheet B. feedback C. meeting agenda D. minutes

6. Stick to set timings for ______

A. breaks C. closing the meeting
B. each item on the meeting agenda D. warm up

7. If there is no clear ______ to the meeting, there is no need to call for one.
A. location B. agenda C. objective D. leader

8. Using charts, diagrams and posters can help ______

A. change perceptions C. reduce costs
B. the audience better understand you D. controlling the meeting

9. When planning a meeting, the group leader prepares a(n) ________ of items to discuss,
topics to present, or decisions to make.
A. agenda B. roster C. proforma D. flow chart

10. Which of the following would be a positive, productive way of using a mobile device during
an important meeting, convention, or conference?
A. using the mobile device so the speaker cannot see it
B. working on other projects while listening to the speaker
C. checking your Instagram
D. tweeting key points from a convention speech
E. answering emails

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 11. When conducting a meeting over a meal, it is appropriate to ______
A. ask personal questions.
B. avoid profanity.
C. discuss business documents before the entrée arrives.
D. choose foods that can be eaten with your hands.

12. Please join me in _____ the CEO of OCEAN, Mr. Chandra Winatra.
A. welcome B. welcoming C. introduce D. introduction

13. If there is nothing else we need to discuss, let’s _____ to today’s agenda.
A. move on B. go in C. move in D. go

14. I have received apologies for _____ from Mrs. Mulyati who is in Banten.
A. absent B. absence C. present D. presence

15. I think we’d better _____ that for another meeting.

A. talk B. leave C. speak D. discussing

16. Are we ready to make a _____ ?

A. decided B. decide C. decisive D. decision

Activity 2. Complete the following sentences with the suitable preposition.

A. about B. on C. in D. at
1. Can you make the meeting __ the 23rd?
2. It'll be _____ lunch some time.
3. It's a meeting _____ the VZ contract.
4. Was John _____ a meeting?

Activity 3. In small groups, conduct a meeting to discuss “Smoking in the workplace”.

Meeting agenda:
➢ Production considerations
➢ Special areas for smokers
➢ Company policy on smoking
➢ Counseling for smokers
➢ Resistance of smokers
➢ Penalties
➢ Reaction of hourly workers
➢ Positive action (anti-smoking posters, etc.)

a. Adapt the agenda to your needs.

b. Use the list of phrases provided to help you.
c. Refer to the article below, as necessary.

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 Smoking in the workplace

Public health laws in the UK state that workplaces and public places must be smoke
free. This means that employers have legal responsibilities to prevent people from
smoking in relevant premises at work, as well as in certain workplace vehicles.
Employers are required by law to:
✓ display no-smoking signs in workplaces and work vehicles;
✓ take reasonable steps to make sure that staff, customers, members and visitors are
aware that they may not smoke in the premises or in work vehicles;
✓ make sure that no one smokes on the premises or in vehicles.
Smoking is defined as being in possession of a lit substance such as tobacco or any
other substance that can be smoked. This includes any type of cigarette, pipe, cigar or
water pipe used to smoke tobacco.
The smoking ban applies to enclosed or substantially enclosed workplaces where
more than one person works, regardless of whether they are paid or voluntary, or whether
they work at the same or different times or only intermittently.
According to the Health and Safety Executive, employers should consult their
employees and their representatives on the appropriate smoking policy to suit their
particular workplace, though this has to meet the requirements of the legal ban.
A smoke-free policy should aim to protect all staff from the harmful effects of second-
hand tobacco smoke, comply with the law and support workers that wish to give up, but
also make provision for those unable or unwilling to give up.
The term “enclosed or substantially enclosed” refers to a place that has a ceiling or
roof, with walls (including doors and windows) around at least half the perimeter.

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 UNIT 14 – REVIEW

General Objective : to review materials studied at previous meetings

Specific Objectives : to prepare students for the final examination

Applying for a job

1. The job which was advertised in the Tribune International Post, ______ both my personal
and professional interest.
A. apply B. matches C. involves D. discuss

2. Please do not hesitate to ______ me.

A. introduce B. tell C. contact D. notice

3. I would be very ______ if you would consider my application.

A. happy B. appreciate C. like D. interest

4. If we start the application letter with “Dear Mr. Burhanudin”, end it with ______.
A. Yours faithfully B. Yours sincerely C. Thanks D. Yours

5. I am _____ for an interview at any time.

A. come B. can C. available D. attend

Job interview
6. What made you choose this company?
A. The terms of employment are attractive. C. The pay is terrible.
B. The holidays are not long enough. D. We don’t get any fringe benefits.

7. I have a strong desire for success, I am very ______ .

A. dependable B. even-tempered C. organized D. ambitious

8. Putu: _____ do you handle pressure at work? // Catur: Get help.

A. How B. What C. Which D. Why

9. Why is maintaining eye contact important during an interview?

A. Signifying that we are not focused.
B. Implying that we are personally attracted to the interviewer.
C. Showing that we are insecure.
D. Indicating that we are interested in what the interviewer is saying.

10. Andi is incredibly good _____ Accounting.

A. at B. on C. for D. about

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Talking about jobs and companies
11. I report ______ the Head of Administration.
A. to B. for C. about D. on

12. I worked _____ my father for three years before I had enough money to go to college.
A. in B. as C. for

13. I actually loved working _____ a mailman. I met lots of different people all around the
city.
A. in B. as C. for

14. It had always been my dream to work _____ film as a kid.

A. in B. as C. for

15. I work in a restaurant. I cook food. I am in charge of the kitchen. I am a ______.

A. maid B. waitress C. chef D. cooker

Giving Opinion, Agreeing, Disagreeing, Offering, Requesting

16. Steve: Do you think we should expand the company?
Brade: ______ (agree).
A. Don’t, it’s a bad idea B. Baloney C. I don’t care, actually D. Definitely

17. John : People should work more hours so they can get more money.
Mary : ______ (Disagree).
A. I’m not sure about that B. You are quite true C. Yeah D. You’re probably right

18. I’m broke. Could you please ______ me some money?

A. borrow B. lend C. borrowing D. lending

19. It’s cold, would you mind ______ the window?

A. to close B. closing C. close D. to closing

20. Fitri: There’s no way I’d be able to do that kind of heavy lifting!
Ali: _____
A. Would you like to drink? C. Shall I help you?
B. Can you tell me? D. Do you want me to leave?

Presentation
21. As you can ______, the production this year is not as successful as last year.
A. say B. see C. look D. show

22. Don’t forget to make your presentation ______ .

A. colorful B. boring C. dull D. interesting

23. Below, you can see the example of a bar graph which is the most widespread visual for
_____ statistical data.
A. presenting B. refusing C. removing D. deleting

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 24. Let’s ______ to the next presentation.
A. go back B. turn on C. turn D. move on

25. We will begin in ten minutes, if you’re _____ .

A. come B. ready C. want D. perfect

Meeting
26. Would you like to ______ anything, Mr. Shepherd?
A. welcome B. add C. call D. leave

27. Jeff: Will we be in time for the meeting?

Mia: I’m afraid ______ .
A. not B. yes C. maybe D. probably

28. Copies of the __________for the meeting were distributed to the heads of departments.
A. proposal B. summary C. plan D. agenda

29. She made sure that everyone was able to express their points of _______ .
A. view B. opinion C. idea D. impression

30. He thanked the management ________ behalf of the staff for taking their suggestions
seriously.
A. with B. on C. in D. for

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 EXERCISES FOR UNIT 14

Activity 1. Applying for a job

Correct the words in brackets to complete the Application Letter
John K.Alberts
27 University Avenue
Brooklyn, NY 11288

February 24, 2011

Ms. Mary Jones
Director of Campus Relations
Giant Corporation
54 West Third Street
Albany, NY 10056

Dear Ms Jones,

I am ______ (interest)1 in applying for the sales representative position recently ______ (advert)2
in The New York Times. The skills I have developed from my work experience and academic
background ______ (support)3 my candidacy for the announced position.

As you can see from my resume, the internship I had with ABC Corporation ______ (provide)4 an
opportunity for me to gain practical experience with account maintenance and cold-calling new
accounts. In addition, I ______ (work)5 as a ______ (wait)6 for the past four years, learning first
hand how to effectively deal with customer and their demands.

Please see my resume for additional information on my experience. I can be ______ (reach)7
anytime via email at alberts.john@yahoo.com or phone (718) 545-0098.

Thank you for your time and ______ (consider)8. I look forward to speaking with you about this
employment opportunity.

Yours sincerely,
John K. Alberts

Activity 2. Job interview

Complete the dialogue
Paula Jones : _____________________________________________________________________ (1)
Tom Watson : I’ve been an assistant photographer for 3 years
Paula Jones : What did you think of your boss?
Tom Watson : _____________________________________________________________________ (2)
Paula Jones : What do you want to do in the future?
Tom Watson : _____________________________________________________________________(3)

130
 Paula Jones : What are your interests?
Tom Watson : _____________________________________________________________________(4)
Paula Jones : What makes you think you’d enjoy working for us?
Tom Watson : _____________________________________________________________________(5)

Activity 3. Talking about jobs and companies

Correct the words in brackets in the correct form of the Present Perfect or Past Simple
Amalia : Hi, Bimo. I _____ (see)1 you in a long time! How have you been lately?
Bimo : Great! It’s nice to see you. How are you?
Amalia : I’m doing great too. Hey, Sarah _____ (tell)2 me that you have a new job.
Bimo : Yes, at Sinarmas Insurance. I’m doing accounting, of course. I _____ (be)3 there for
three weeks but it seems pretty good. And what’s new with you?
Amalia : Well, I _____ (move)4 into a new apartment last month with Radit.
Bimo : Radit?
Amalia : My brother. You _____ (not, meet)5 him.
Bimo : What does Radit do?
Amalia : He’s an accountant too. Actually, he’s searching for a job now. It _____ (be)6 a few
months, but he _____ (not, find)7 anything good yet.
Bimo : I know how he feels. I’m sure he’ll find something.
Amalia : I hope so. Okay, I’ve got to get going. It was nice talking to you. Have a nice day.

Activity 4. Giving Opinion, Agreeing, Disagreeing, Offering, Requesting

Make the Question for the following Answer!
1. Chika : _________________________________________________________________ (request)
Yuni : Sure, the book is on top of the television.

2. Chika : Dogs with terminal illnesses could suffer for days from pain and anxiety as their
bodies begin to shut down. You should take them to a vet to euthanize them to
end your pet's suffering.
Yuni : __________________________________________________ (agree/disagree, opinion)

3. Chika : My boss just asked me to work overtime, but there’s no food at home for my son
to eat for dinner.
Yuni : ____________________________________________________________________ (offer)

Activity 5. Presentation.
Complete the sentence (only one word is needed)
1. Good afternoon, everyone. ______ to our 3rd Annual Sales Leadership Conference.
2. First, let me ______ myself. I am Ira from IPB.
3. I’ll come back to that later on. Now let’s ______ on to our second sales strategy.
4. As I said ______, we’ll see an increase in profit if we follow these five steps.
5. This chart ______ a breakdown of the ingredients we use in our gluten-free products.

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Activity 6. Meeting
Complete the following dialogue of a meeting (only one word is needed)
Boss : Thank you all for ______(1) today. First of all, I would like you all to ______(2) Mr. Mark
Johnson. He is our new salesperson with the company.
Ann : Hello, Mark. I am Ann. Nice to meet you. I am a salesperson, too.
Mark : It’s nice to meet you, too, Ann. Maybe you can help to teach me about my new job.
Ann : Sure. We can be a team. You help me, I’ll help you.
Boss : That sounds good to me. Now let’s talk about business. Linda, please read the notes
of our last ______(3) for us.
Linda : Okay. First, we talked about the budget for next year. Second, we talked about the
new products we are going to sell. ______(4), we talked about the profits that we had
last month. And fourth, we talked about the bills we had to pay. Finally, we talked
about raising the cost of our new products.
Boss : O.K. Susan, would you like to give your report.
Susan : Yes, thank you. I have a sales graph I would like to show everyone. This shows how
well we are selling our products this year. This line is the sales of our ______(5), and
this line is the sales of our competitors’ products.
Ann : O.K. And if that line goes up, does my salary go up?
Susan : Good question, Ann. We’ll talk about that after the meeting.

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