highlight two broad differences:

MODULE 5: Varieties and a. Some of the established grammatical features

Registers of Spoken Language found in writing need to be rethought when it comes
to speaking. For example, written language has clear
Lesson Proper sentences, as compared to spoken language which
tends to be structured around turns, where a turn may
Language register is a variety of language you use in
not consist of what we would conventionally think of
a particular social setting, using certain words,
as a complete sentence.
phrases, and contradictions that are not normally used
b. In spoken language, small words or phrases are
in other settings. It can also be defined as the level of
used that stand on their own and function
formality with which you speak or write, according to
independently of grammatical structures.
different contexts. Language register is also referred
to as tenor, tone, and style.

EVERYDAY LANGUAGE
Five Language Registers

1. Colloquialisms
• Spoken English, unless it forms part of a formal
1. Static or Frozen Register
speech, uses many colloquialisms or informal words,
• This language is almost boring because it rarely or
since these represent the language of everyday casual
never changes. It is literally “frozen” in time and
speech.
form and is often learned and repeated by rote.
• Colloquialisms are different from slang words since
2. Formal Register they are not confined to one group of society or to
• This style is used in a formal setting and usually one area of the country.
follows a prescriptive format. It is impersonal and
Examples:
one-way in nature. The speaker uses complete
Telly for Television
sentences, avoids slang and may use technical or
Hassle for annoy
academic vocabulary. This is often used in speeches
Sacked for losing your job
and for most academic and scientific publishing.
2. Slang words
3. Consultative Register
• Slang words are common in spoken English. There
• This language is a standard form of communication.
is not much difference between colloquialisms and
It is a professional discourse where users engage in a
slang except that slang is less formal than
mutually accepted structure of communication. This
colloquialisms. However, some slang words can
is used when a superior talks with a subordinate, a
become colloquialisms if they are used frequently
doctor with a patient, a teacher a student, etc.
enough and move into general language.
4. Casual Register
3. Contracted Forms
• This style is conversational, and informal, and is
• Contracted forms of verbs are very common and
usually used among and between friends. It’s also
quite acceptable in spoken informal English, unlike
called “group” language and may include slang and
other more formal contexts, as in:
colloquialisms.
Don’t for do not
5. Intimate Register
He’ll for he will
• This communication is private and is usually
I’ve for have
engaged in between and among close family
She’s for she is
members, husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend,
parent and child. Since it is intimate, it’s best to avoid
it in public and professional situations.
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
SPOKEN vs. WRITTEN LANGUAGE LANGUAGE
We use language differently when we speak and
when we write. Carter and McCarthy (2015)
There are many varieties of English especially
nowadays where English is becoming the universal
language. Countries, regions, and communities
around the world have adopted their own variety of
English that is usually mixed with words organic to
their culture.
The Inner Circle is made up of the traditional bases
of English and its speakers are the ones in charge of
providing the norms. These places are where the
norms are created and from which they spread to the
other circles. Some of the countries that conform to
the Inner Circle are USA, UK, and Canada.
• The Outer Circle represents the places where they
speak official non-native varieties of English because
of their colonial history. The speakers of these places
are the ones who challenge the norms and develop
them. They are mainly ESL. Some of the countries
that belong to this circle are India, Pakistan, and
Egypt.
• The Expanding Circle is made up of EFL speakers
where English is not usually spoken. In this circle,
the speakers have to follow the rules established by
the Inner Circle and developed or challenged by the
Outer one. Some examples of countries that belong to
this circle are China, Russia, and Brazil.
BRITISH AND AMERICAN
ENGLISH
British and American English are the principal
varieties of English. There are many differences
between them such as pronunciation, spelling,
vocabulary, and even grammar and usage.
Spelling Differences
1. Many words end in -our in British English end
in -or in American English English, such
as colour/color; favour/favor; harbour/harbor;
honour/honor; labour/labor; neighbour/neighbor;
tumour/tumor; vigour/vigor.
2. Many words which are spelled
with ae in British English are spelled simply with
an e, American English, such
as anaemia/anemia, archaeology/archeology, aesth
etics/esthetics, gynaecology/gynecology, and
haemoglobin/hemoglobin. Meanwhile, several
words spelled with oe in British English are spelled
with an e in American English, such
as amoeba/ameba, diarrhoea/diarrhea, oesophagu
s/esophagus, and oestrogen/ estrogen.
3. Many words that end in -re in British English end
in -er in American English, such
as centre/center; fibre/fiber, and many more.
4. Some words spelled with a single ‘l’ in British are
spelled with a double (ll) in American English, such
as distil/distill, enrol/enroll, and many others. On
the other hand, some words which have a double
(ll) in British English have a single l in American
English, such as cancelled/canceled and many
others.
5. Some words ending in -ogue in British English
end in -og in American English, such
as catalogue/catalog, although words
as dialogue often retained in British spelling.
6. Verbs such
as analyse and paralyse in British English
become analyze and paralyze in American English.
7. Some words which use the
letter c in British English use the
letter k in American English, such
as sceptic/skeptic and mollusc/mollusk.
8. Some words ending un -ence in British English
end in -ense in American 3. In certain contexts, the verb used in British English
English: licence/license and may others. is replaced with the verb take in American English, as
in:

4. In American English, there has always been a

b. Different words same much more pronounced tendency to create verbs
meaning

Some American English words are now displacing

their British English equivalents such as backpack for
rucksack in British English.
from nouns. This is now almost as likely to happen in
Britain as in the United States. For example, the word
“Google”, which is a noun that pertains to an internet
search engine is used in the US as a verb as in, “I
need to google the meaning of this word.”

5. Certain simple past tense and past participle forms

of verbs are different, for
example:

d. Prepositions
1. In American English, the preposition to is often
left out after to write:
I’ll write you as soon as I get there. (AmE)
Here are some examples:

c. Grammar and Usage

Differences in grammar principally relate to the use
of verbs and prepositions.

Verbs
1. In informal American English the present perfect
tense is used much less than in British English, as in: I’ll write to you as soon as I get there. (BE)

In informal American English the present perfect 2. British English prefers different from and different
tense is used much less than in British English, as in: to, whereas American English
prefers different than:
American Her hairstyle is different from mine. (BE)
British English Her hairstyle is different than mine. (AmE)
English
3. British people do something at the weekend, and
I can't find my shoe. I can't find my shoes. Americans do it on the weekend.
Did you see it Have you seen it
anywhere? anywhere?
I feel queasy. I ate I feel queasy. I have
too much. eaten too much.
MODULE 3 - Local and Global
Communication in Multicultural
2. In informal American English it is accepted that
the simple past tense maybe used with already, just,
Settings
and yet, whereas in British English the present
perfect tense is preferred, as in: CULTURE: Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming
from colere, meaning "to cultivate")generally refers
to patterns of human activity and the symbolic
structures that give such activities significance and
importance. Cultures are "systems of symbols and
meanings that even their creators contest, that lack
fixed boundaries, which are constantly in flux, and
that interact and compete with one another."
I. Manifestations of Culture
• Symbols - are the most evident - words, gestures,
pictures, clothes, acts, or objects that carry a
particular meaning - which are recognized only by
members of the same culture. Symbols easily develop
and disappear. A culture's symbols are easily imitated
by other cultures.
• Heroes - are past or present, real or fictitious
personas who are respected and admired in a culture.
They possess qualities that are highly valued by
members of a culture. According to Deal and
Kennedy (1982), the hero is a great motivator, the
person everyone will depend on when beset with
problems.
• Rituals - are a collection of activities such as ways
of greeting, paying respect to others, and religious
and social ceremonies. They hold social significance
although oftentimes they are acted out for their own
sake.
• Values - are the core of a culture. They consist of a
culture's predilection between right and wrong, good
and bad, likes and dislikes, and natural or unnatural.
They are interconnected with what is moral or ethical
standards of a culture.
• Language - is the way by which people
communicate with one another, build relationships,
and create a sense of community. There are roughly
6,500 spoken languages in the world today, and each
is unique in a number of ways.
(Hofstede and Minkov 1997)
II. Strategies of Interaction
within a Culture
• Accommodation - when one culture integrates into
another without losing its identity
• Acculturation - when one individual adopts,
acquires, and adjusts to a new cultural environment
as a result of being placed into a new culture, or when
another culture is brought to someone
• Assimilation - when one individual of differing
ethnic heritage is absorbed into the dominant culture
of a society
• Integration - when one individual conserves his /
her own practices while acquiring elements of other
cultures
• Separation - a strategy when individuals reject the
dominant or host culture of origin in favor of
preserving their culture of origin
• Marginalization - occurs when certain groups of
people get denied access to areas of society
III. Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture:
Understanding Cultural Similarities and
Differences
It is necessary that you understand their cultures and
avoid using inappropriate cross-cultural
communication. To understand cultural similarities
and differences, it is useful to learn about and explore
the use of Hofstede's six dimensions of culture.
The cultural dimensions are constructed to track
value shifts across generations when a society goes
through modernization and post-modernization and
as a result of interactions between cultures, political
entities and economies (Inglehart, 1997).
1. POWER DISTANCE INDEX (PDI) - This refers
to the level of inequality that exists between people
who hold and who do not hold power and who do not
hold power. A leader's status is recognized in cultures
with high PDI scores. cultures with low power
distance scores believe that power is shared and
considerably distributed.
2. INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM
(IDV) - This pertains to how strong the ties that exist
among people within a community area. Cultures
with high IDV rating shows weak interpersonal
relationships with others, thus people's time and
privacy are highly respected. Individual achievements
are highly valued. Cultures with low ID scores tend
to promote group welfare toward stability and
harmony, and therefore suppress behaviors.
3. MASCULINITY VERSUS FEMININITY
(MAS) - This refers to the distribution of roles
between men and women. In a highly masculine
culture, aggressiveness, strength, money, and
achievements are given a high premium by members.
They show strong egos brought about by status of
pride and importance. In highly feminine societies, understanding that different cultures have different
members value relationships and sensitivity towards
members. customs, standards, social mores, and even thought

4. UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE INDEX (UAI) patterns.

- This is the dimension that describes the way people
tackle uncertainty and ambiguity. People in societies
that have a high score in this dimension make life as A.) Ethnocentrism - The tendency of a group of
predictable and controllable as possible. They use an
indirect approach based on the tradition-bound people to consider their culture superior to all other
communication system.
cultures.
5. LONG-TERM VS. SHORT-TERM
ORIENTATION
B.) Cultural Relativism - It is the acceptance that
Long-term orientation tends to be characterized by
a focus on the future, a focus on perseverance, and all cultures are equal in value to one another despite
delays in short-term gratification for future benefit.
their differences.
Examples of long-term orientation cultures include
China, Japan, and South
Korea. C.) Melting pot Philosophy - It pertains to the idea
Short-term orientation tends to be characterized by
that different cultures will blend together and create
a pursuit of immediate gratification, fulfilling social
obligations, and concern with social hierarchy.
one ultimate culture.
Examples of short-term orientation cultures include
America, Australia, and Canada.
D.) Pluralism - It refers to the acknowledgment of
6. INDULGENCE VS. RESTRAINT
cultural relativism and the promotion of respect for
By definition, indulgence cultures allow relatively
free gratification of basic and natural human desires uniqueness and forbearance of the diversity of
related to enjoying life and having fun while restraint
cultures control gratification of needs and regulate cultures.
people's gratification of human needs by means of
strict social norms.
(Skills You Need, 2019)
Among indulgent countries are Australia, Canada, the
US, Argentina, Chile, and several African countries.
Cultures with a high degree of indulgence enjoy life V. Improving Intercultural Communication
and behave in accordance with basic human drives.
Therefore, having fun and fulfilling desires is  Pay attention to your words and actions.
considered natural.  Control your assumptions.
 Engage in transpection.
According to Hofstede's research, most Asian
 Gain knowledge.
countries are on this side of the spectrum. They
include Russia, China, Japan, and South Korea.  Gain experience.

IV. Defining Intercultural Communication (Stanley Martinez, 2019)

Intercultural communication is the sharing of VI. Nonverbal Forms in Intercultural

Communication
information with and from other cultures and social
 Eye contact
groups. Intercultural communication also requires an  Touch
 Gestures
  Physical Space
 Facial expressions
 Posture
 Paralanguage
(Rebecca Bernstein, 2019)
MODULE 2 - Communication
and Globalization
Teaching-Learning Activity:
Acquiring New Knowledge-2
I. CULTURE AND GLOBALIZATION
A. CULTURE - Culture can mean all the ways of
life including arts, beliefs, and institutions of a
population that are passed down from generation
to generation. Culture has been considered "the way
of life for an entire society." As such, it includes
codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals,
and art. Lee Kuan Yew said, "Culture is destiny".
Your culture will determine your destiny. Your set of
beliefs will determine how far you will go in life.
Culture guides communication. It is
the lens through which we view the world. Through
the use of language, wide perspectives of reality have
been opened and this includes dealing with people in
the context of local and global communication.
B. GLOBALIZATION - the word used to describe
the growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about
by cross-border trade in goods and services,
technology, and flows of investment, people, and
information.
II. GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
The development and sharing of information, through
verbal and non-verbal messages, in international
settings and contexts.
A. Definition through the Process of
Communication
1. A person or an organization in one country sends a
message.
2. The message is encoded.
3. The message travels through a channel or medium.
4. The receiver in another country decodes the
message.
5. The recipient receives the message. When it comes
to communicating globally, it is usually in the
encoding and decoding that problems occur. As with
any communication, ensuring that the message is
received as it was intended, is the responsibility of
the sender.
B. Examples
1. Global advertisements
2. Journalistic news stories
3. Social media posts
4. Online Film Streaming Channels
5. More interconnectedness of trade and industry
6. Mental health as a global phenomenon
III. HOW CULTURAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES
AFFECT COMMUNICATION
With all of the news around the world, social
media has indeed played a significant role in how
people view cultural and global issues. The use of
Facebook and Twitter has truly revolutionized the
communication of people and has weighed its impact
on the different cultural and global issues at hand.
From students to workers to business people,
everyone has their own opinion about controversial
things. By voicing their viewpoints through words,
videos, and other means, they have let the internet
become as powerful as it is now and have allowed
conversations ranging from "one to many", "many to
one", or "many to many".
As our nation continues to change, we all interact
with others from quite different backgrounds from
our own. Communication always takes place within a
particular culture. The way we respond to others who
may be different from us can have an impact on our
relationship with others.
IV. BARRIERS IN GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION
A. CULTURAL BARRIERS
1. Language
Having a different language can be a challenge. We
would want to travel, meet other people, and have
better relationships with our coworkers abroad, but it
is just too difficult. Some Filipino slang such as
"WEH" means "Really?" But for people in South
Africa "AWEH" means "Hello!" Thus, not knowing
this may cause a lot of misunderstandings.
2. Stereotypes and Prejudices
While cultural generalization may have some
advantages in some aspects, most if not all affect our
communication with others. Some stereotypes or
prejudices for some are as follows:
Chinese: They all love eating exotic food.
Koreans: They all love spicy food.
Japanese: They all love anime.
Taiwanese: They don't like people from China.
Filipinos: They all enjoy big, boisterous kinds of
weddings.
Asians: They are good with Math.
3. Signs and Symbols
Non-verbal communication like signs and symbols
varies from one society to another and can therefore
not be relied upon in communication. For example,
the “thumbs up”, known in the Western world as a
sign of approval, is seen as an insult in Bangladesh
and asking for a fight in Arab countries, as it means
"bad finger" to them. The Swastika is a very
historical symbol that brought pain to many in the
past, due to being used as a symbol for the Nazis in
Germany, but for Hindus, it means spirituality,
prosperity, and good luck.
4. Behaviors and Beliefs
Cultural varieties cause behavioral and personality
differences like body language, gestures, mindsets,
communication, manners, and norms, which may
lead to miscommunication. Eye contact, for example,
is very important in some cultures, but rude and
disrespectful in others. Japanese businessmen usually
take a long time to decide on something important
because a long time means you have thought
carefully and surely. On one hand, for Koreans, time
is of the essence. They will decide on something
really fast. They have a system called, "Pali-pali"
which connotes being fast all the time.
5. “Us” versus “Them” (ethnocentrism)
This us- versus them-thinking is ingrained in our
subconscious and can lead to a sense of alienation if
someone behaves in a way we don’t understand or
aren’t expecting — if they don’t fit in. A person’s
standard is his or her own culture; the more another
person’s culture, behavior, language, and beliefs
deviate from it, the more “other” they are labeled.
This affects the understanding of the message and
creates hostility.
B. HOW TO OVERCOME CROSS-CULTURAL
BARRIERS
1. Embrace diversity and accommodate cultural
differences.
2. Promote open communication.
3. Lead open discussions about team norms and
shared culture.
4. Rally the team around a shared vision or common
cause.
5. Leading cultural diversity as a global leader.
C. COMPLICATIONS IN GLOBAL
COMMUNICATIONS
1. Having different time-zones
Some major challenges of working in different time
zones include lack of real-time communication,
collaboration at unexpected hours, and lack of team
bonding due to no in-person meetings or interactions.
For Filipinos working as virtual assistants, when they
don't set up their computer's time with the time of
their boss in America, that will be a major problem
for them.
2. It is more challenging to do business with people
across the globe
Global Communication in business can fail in a
global context, businesses must be diligent in
lessening as many potential errors as possible,
especially those related to differences in language
and culture. Before
attempting to do business with people in another
country, organizations should become familiar with
cultural differences that can arise in different
contexts. It may be paramount to hire consultants
who are
experienced in that country. Thus, may cost more for
the company.
3. Leaking of personal information
The digital age can be described as a collection of
different technological solutions such as virtual
environments, digital services, intelligent
applications, machine learning, knowledge-based
systems, etc., determining the specific characteristics
of contemporary world globalization, e-
communications, information sharing, virtualization,
etc. However, there is an opportunity for the
technologies of the digital age to violate some basic
principles of information security and privacy by
unregulated access to information and personal data,
stored in different nodes of the global network.
having to dread receiving an expensive long-distance
phone bill. Electronic communication helps to make
the world a smaller place by making news stories
more accessible as well, as by increasing the amount
of international news people have access to.
3. Improves Cultural Education

4. Not finding the right communication tools.
The digital age can be described as a collection of
different technological solutions such as virtual
environments, digital services, intelligent
applications, machine learning, knowledge-based
systems, etc., determining the specific characteristics
of contemporary world globalization, e-
communications, information sharing, virtualization,
etc. However, there is an opportunity for the
technologies of the digital age to violate some basic
principles of information security and privacy by
unregulated access to information and personal data,
stored in different nodes of the global network.
The increase in global communication has led to new
tools for educating children about different cultures.
For instance, children can learn about other cultures
directly from kids who live in other countries through
international pen pal programs. Also, teachers can
use technology to allow political leaders and cultural
experts to educate students on the differences and
traditions of other cultures.
Caudilla and Cansancio, 2019
Africa, 2018
Ferrer-Badua et.al., 2019

V. BENEFITS OF GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION

1. New Opportunities

Despite the risks, operating a business on a global

level has many benefits that far outweigh those risks.
Not only does doing business on a global level open
up new markets for selling products and services, but
it can also give you access to resources and talent that
may not be available locally. While every business is
different, it's worthwhile to note that Coca-Cola
didn't stop selling its products worldwide because of
a few translation problems. As the world has
continued to become more tightly attached and
communication technologies have continued to
evolve, the benefits as a whole can be illustrated by
the market penetration
of these new technologies themselves. The more
globally connected the world has become, the faster
people have adopted new global communication
technologies.

2. Makes the World a Smaller Place

While a cliché idea, the world being a small place has

become more evident with the rise of global
communication. Family members separated by
distance can stay connected with each other through
electronic communication. Computer-mediated
communication, like social networking websites,
even allows for long-distance communication without