NIPPON: LAND OF THE RISING SUN

SOCIETY
Written by Andrew R Fawcett for www.criticalhit.co.uk

FOREIGN RELATIONS
Before delving into Nippon proper it is probably a good idea to give an idea of how Nippon’s foreign relations.
Basically-speaking Nippon is not a very open society and distrusts all foreigners, save those from Cathay
perhaps, and all Old Worlders are viewed as hairy savages. When Shogun Yoritomo Ieysau rose to power, and
re-united the warring states of Nippon, he imposed certain restrictions on foreigners as well as restricting his
own people from leaving the island. Most foreigners are confined to sealed off areas in whichever city they are
occupying and dealings with them is often conducted by lower class characters, such as merchants.

Below is a list of some of the countries that Nippon has dealings with.

THE EMPIRE

There have been very few dealings with the Empire and few Imperial merchant ships have ever made the long
and arduous journey to the Far East. However, the Empire is anxious to change this not least because of
Marienburg’s enviable position with Nippon and the Far East as a whole. They do not want to be barred from the
riches of the Far East as they are from Lustria, although this has more to do with Marienburg’s alliance with
Ulthuan than anything else. Emperor Karl-Franz therefore sent a diplomatic mission to Nippon in order to
cement some kind of an alliance or treaty. Unfortunately progress has been painfully slow as they try to get to
grips with Nippon customs. The fact that they are confined to sealed off foreign quarters in the capital of Hyudo
also possess problems as many days can go by without any meetings with Nipponese officials and what is more
is that the translators present at all of the meetings are Marienburgoise Clerics of Haendryk. It is rumoured that
they are economical with the truth when relaying back to the Nipponese what the Imperials want and can give in
return. However, the Imperials have been successful in converting a few people to the cult of Sigmar both in and
outside the city. Sigmar’s appeal to the new converts is one of strength and unity and they view him as another
kami or god. With dozens of Nipponese Sigmarites created maybe the Empire can make some gains?

ESTALIA

Estalia, especially the great seaport of Magritta, is in competition with Marienburg when it comes to securing
trade with the Far East. This has even amounted to clashes in the Ind Ocean between Estalian ships and those of
Marienburg. As these incidences are very embarrassing both sides have conveniently chosen to brush them under
the carpet. The Estalians haven’t been as successful as the Marienburgers in their dealings with Nippon but they
occupy a bit of the merchant quarters in the port of Tokaido. The Marienburgers are unhappy with their presence
and rumour has it that both sides are seeking to sabotage each other’s trade.

MARIENBURG

The most important Old World trading partner is Marienburg. It was Marienburg who introduced firearms into
Nippon some twenty years ago and one of the merchant houses, the den Euwe, has an heir married to a daimyo’s
daughter Lady Katsi Okumoto. It is not presumptuous to say that Marienburg has a firm foothold on Nippon.
Although they are, like the Imperials, confined to sealed off quarters of Hyudo for most of the time, they also
occupy a small island just off the port city called Dejim. The tiny island is complete with its own set of quays so
that ships can anchor there and if anything the island is a piece of Marienburg transported some seven thousand
miles across the globe. The Marienburgers were given the island when they first came to Nippon to keep their
influences away from the populous as the Jinto priests viewed them with distain because they were merchants.
But on Dejim the Marienburgers are free to do as they please although the Shogun isn’t without his eyes and ears
there, as a shrine to Jinto attended by several priests testifies along with the fishermen who often moor their
boats on the island. The Marienburgers, while they are happy to join them in their religious ceremonies, do not
trust them. Nippon itself has a little community in the city of Marienburg. It was there quite a few years before
the present Shogun made it harder for people to leave his island. While he was opposed to it at first Yoritomo
has grown used to the arrangement.

TILEA

The Doge of Remas has managed to secure some trade with Nippon. Marienburg and the Tilean City-states have
reasonably good relations with each other but not with Estalia and the Remans especially do not like Estalia
having a foothold in Tokaido. But Reman efforts are mostly turned to preventing their Tilean rivals from
benefiting from Nipponese trade. Of course Marienburg is turning a blind eye to this as it keeps the other Tilean
city-states away.

ULTHUAN

High Elves used to live in several of the cities of Nippon pre-Incursions of Chaos, but when Tor Elithis was
attacked by the forces of Chaos the vast majority of the Elves left to defend it. Small communities lived on in
some of the cities but over the subsequent years they gradually left. Most chose to go back to Ulthuan but those
who did not decided to go to the Gates of Calith and reinforce the garrison there against sporadic attacks from
Chaos armies. To this day that is where they remain. The High Elves are welcome in Nippon although they are
often feared.

The Phoenix King, although he would like to regain Tor Elithis, is more concerned with keeping his island
territories in the vast ocean between Cathay and the southern tip of the Southlands which are: the Fortress of
Dawn, Tower of Stars, Tor Elasor and the Tower of the Sun. In truth, King Finubar is not too bothered about
Nippon and sees the Kingdoms of Ind and Cathay as more valuable. However, this has not prevented High Elf
clippers from exploring the ocean east of Nippon, as in the past, though long ago, the Dark Elves of Naggaroth
sailed a Black Ark from the western New World to the coast of Cathay. Fortunately the Black Ark was destroyed
therefore preventing a probable Druchii invasion.

OTHER ORIENTAL COUNTRIES

CATHAY

Nippon has always been in the shadow of the mighty trade powerhouse called Imperial Cathay. The Cathayans
are known to be unimaginably wealthy and cultured and their ships can frequently be seen plying the waters of
the Sea of Nippon and docking at ports throughout the island. Cathay has always had an influence over Nippon
from thousands of years ago when primitives raided the western shores to exporting elements of their
educational system and even some of their religious beliefs.

THE KINGDOMS OF IND

The Rajahs and Moghul Kings of Ind view Cathay as more important to them than Nippon. Ind is a powerful and
wealthy nation of nations itself and has little need to travel the distance to Nippon and doesn’ t particularly see
the island as a lucrative trading block. Furthermore they are too busy waging war on each other to have much of
an influence over the lives of the Nipponese.

NIPPON SOCIETY
There are two classes in Nippon (three if you include the despised outcasts), the buke and the heimin (the
religious orders are also explained in this section even though they constitute neither class but are considered of
equal rank as the buke). The buke are the military aristocracy and effectively represent both the noble and
warrior class. They came to supplant the ancient kuge (the imperial nobility) centuries ago in bloody civil wars.
The heimin are the commoners and ordinary people of Nippon, which, amazingly enough, include such
respectable people as merchants. They represent the largest class and they have very little rights other than to
obey the powerful buke.
THE BUKE
The buke is the military aristocracy of Nippon and is the highest class in the country (equivalent to Old Worlder
upper class and nobility). They are the undisputed rulers of Nippon. Within the buke class comes the ranks of:
the shogun and the bakufu, the daimyo, the samurai, the hatamoto, the gokenin and various other members of the
bushi (Nippon's warrior caste, but outside administrative government).

THE EMPEROR

“If the people only possess tools of culture and devote themselves exclusively to agriculture, they and their
descendants will prosper. The good of the people is the object of this order which is fundamental to the peace
and security of the country and the happiness of the people.”

-Emperor Takagura addressing the Imperial court.

Despite the fact that the Imperial Seat has lost much of its power over the last few centuries it is still nevertheless
very powerful. It is the Emperor who formerly accepts a new shogunate although it is not as if he can refuse. He
is also the first Jinto priest of Nippon, the official Nipponese religion, on account of the Imperial Family being
descended from the Sun God Hiruko. So his duties are not only secular but also religious as he officiates in many
religious ceremonies throughout the year.

But really the true power in Nippon is held by the Shogun. Although the Emperor does have an army of his own
it is really just for self-defence and many of its commanders are loyal to the Shogun. True, they are loyal to the
Emperor as well but when it comes down to it the Shogun is the master of Nippon.

The current Emperor of Nippon is Takagura. He has a cordial relationship with the shogunate and is generally
well liked. Being just nineteen years old the Shogun is happy that he won’ t get ideas above his station. In the
past the emperor of Nippon has always been responsible for the general management of the economy and the
shoguns’ responsibility have always been to the military. But most of those powers have been taken away and
Emperor Takagura is privately seeking to empower the Imperial court so that it controls a higher portion of the
country than it presently does.

But any thoughts of returning power to the Imperial court must wait, at least for the moment. The Emperor’ s
movements are always known to the Shogun as he is under close observation both by his appointed officials and
spies at the Imperial court. It can be argued that it is for his own protection that his whereabouts must always
been known but then it is the case that the Shogun wants to know where the Emperor is at all times and what he
is doing. In all intents and purposes the Emperor is a ceremonial position but for how long?

THE SHOGUN

“If a peasant forsakes his fields, either to go into business or to become a merchant or
worker, he must be punished and his whole village prosecuted with him. All those who are not
employed in military service or engaged in farming the land are to be questioned by the local
authorities and expelled. In cases concerning the disappearance of peasants who have
deserted their land to go into business, the whole town or village is to be held responsible for
the offence. No soldier who has left his master without permission may be taken on by
another. If this rule is infringed and the soldier has been allowed to go, three men must be
offered as compensation to the first master.”

-Shogun Yoritomo Ieysau

The position of “shogun” (approximated in Old Worlder as “General against barbarians”) is the title granted to
Nippon’ s top military commander by the emperor. For the last three or four centuries it has become the most
powerful position in the country so much so that it has taken over the Imperial court and, as a result, government.
The shogunate is highly coveted, as one can imagine, and there have been many a war over its succession. The
title is usually hereditary, passed on from father to son, but sometimes, as the past has amply shown, there have
been endless disagreements over the succession. But sometimes the shogun’ s family would become weak and a
rebel leader would seize power from them, after which he would be named shogun and would start a new ruling
family.

The shogun rules Nippon from his government known collectively as the bakufu (named after the general' s
headquarters on the battlefield). From here he rules Nippon directly through the use of special agencies or
indirectly through the daimyo, which are the martial governors of Nippon’ s provinces.

The current Shogun is Yoritomo Ieysau, a ruthless military dictator and a harsh disciplinarian. It was Yoritomo
who stopped the Onin Wars by defeating all the rivals to the shogunate and forced all the warring states to
kowtow to his rule. It is thanks to him that there isn’ t constant war but this has been achieved through fear than
through any real loyalty. The factions opposed to him who were defeated in the Onin Wars were placed in
provinces further away from his own whereas those who were allied to him or submitted fealty to him were
closer by.

The Shogun lives in one of the most productive provinces in all of Nippon. In this province, called Kumayama,
he dwells in a castle surrounded by three moats. The outer moat is nine miles long, the inner most is one and a
half, and their scarps are built up with colossal blocks of granite. Even the gardens within these walls, with all
their sophisticated elegance, cannot conceal the military nature of the roads and paths leading to the central
buildings. They constitute a labyrinth whose very pattern is a closely guarded secret, and they pass beneath
bridges and are, in many places, lined with bastions in such a way as to expose any unwanted guests, regardless
of their number, to a concentrated attack with bows and arrows, crossbows, or firearms. The Shogun' s castle is
more like a veritable city with mansions, to accommodate the daimyo, plus residences for the hatamoto (banner-
knights) and the gokenin (household vassals), covering its 180 acres.

THE CENSORS (metsuke)

“ The guilt of a vassal murdering his suzerain is in principle the same as that of an arch-traitor to the Emperor.
His immediate companions, his relations – all even to his most distant connections – shall be cut off, hewn to
root and fibre. The guilt of a vassal only lifting his hand against his master, even though he does not assassinate
him, is the same.”

-The Grand Censor

The Censors are the sinister secret police of the Shogun. Their role is the covert surveillance of the daimyo. They
look out for any ' shifty'dealings of the nobles in the Shogun's provinces and, should there be any indiscretions,
the appropriate punishments will be metered out. Often the Censors will enlist the help of the feared ninja
assassins to 'remove'any high-ranking official that has overstepped the mark (to step out of line in Nippon' s
strict feudal system is tantamount to treason and the mildest punishment a person can ' suffer'is a reduction in
class).

The Censors occupy a high position in the Shogun' s bakufu and they are answerable only to the Shogun or the
leader of their organisation: the Grand Censor. This individual is himself assisted by several high ranking and
experienced Censors who survey the activities of the other Censors. The Censors typically come from the ranks
of the hatamoto and because of this the hatamoto are sometimes distrusted by everyone they come into contact
with.

THE DAIMYO

"What do you think of farmers? You think they're saints? They're beasts! They say, ‘We've got no rice, we've no
wheat. We've got nothing!’ But they have! They have everything! Dig under the floors! Or search the barns!
You'll find plenty! Beans, salt, rice, cake! Look in the valleys, they've got hidden warehouses! They pose as
saints but are full of lies! If they smell a battle, they hunt the defeated! They're nothing but stingy, greedy,
blubbering, foxy, and mean!”

-Lord Noriko
The daimyo are the heads of military clans and second to the clan of the Shogunate in order of importance in
Nippon's rigid class system. When being invested with the title of daimyo, the subject has to submit written oaths
and swear personal fealty to the Shogun. This ritual is repeated every time there is a new shogun.

The daimyo each rule their own state or fief as they see fit. Those daimyo that are related to, or have close ties
with the Shogun, have fiefs situated around the Shogun' s own fief. These daimyo are known as the "three exalted
families" or the "family daimyo" and occupy high positions of power in the Shogun' s central government. Other
daimyo, sometimes known as "outside daimyo", have fiefs further away from the Shogun' s own and the three
exalted families'. These daimyo are not as powerful as the daimyo clans situated around the Shogun' s own,
possibly because the Shogun wants any potential enemies to be as far away as possible from him. It can be said
that the closer a daimyo' s clan is to the Shogun' s province the more power he wields and the more his
relationship with this military dictator is comfortable. Of course, the outer daimyo were probably those ones who
warred against the Shogun and as a result do not enjoy the favour of those who allied with him.

With the oaths the daimyo is obligated to provide troops for battle as and when required and he must provide
troops for guard duty at any station specified by the Shogun and his government, such as the thirty-six gates of
the Shogun' s castle, the imperial court, various coastal sites, the barriers and checking points along the highways
and as Shogun' s envoy' s on special missions. A daimyo' s most important obligations are almost always military.
Among his administrative duties, the daimyo must also keep peace within his own territory and provide funds,
materials and workers for any public projects devised by the Shogun.

Aiding the daimyo in his rule over his soldiers, peasants, and merchants of the principality is a class of officials
and military officers, who form the little court in the daimyo's central castle. They live on the hereditary salaries
that the daimyo assigns to them. The cohorts of warriors available to a daimyo, in keeping his province
productive and subservient, are either owned by the daimyo' s clan or lesser military clans within the province
who are tied to the daimyo through blood or sworn oath. It would be very unusual for a daimyo who governed a
province in which he wasn' t tied to the minor clans by blood or oath.

Every other year the daimyo must meet at the Shogun' s castle at Hyudo. There they are seated according to their
holdings and their fief'
s productivity. Daimyo with a definite territorial stature are ranked above those with little;
these are followed in turn by the lords of castles, those without castles, and the possessors of residences. The
members of the three exalted families are the highest ranking of all the daimyo. In this way the Shogun can
weaken and divide them. What' s more the daimyo must leave their wives and children at the Shogun' s castle
when they return home; a daimyo' s family in all intents and purposes become "hostages". This ruling has made
Shogun Yoritomo extremely unpopular among many of the daimyo which is why some of them (the ones who
many have designs on war) employ doubles or use magic to make it look like their spouses and kids are staying
at Hyudo castle.

The daimyo-ruling-provinces are not allowed to build new castles in their territories without the permission of
the Shogun and they are not allowed to repair or expand any of their existing castles without this authorisation.
Furthermore any daimyo is not allowed to marry someone from another clan without the Shogun' s consent
(probably for fear of the creation of too many overly powerful clans through the amalgamation of marriage).
However, it is not uncommon for certain officials of the bakufu to conveniently ignore this rule.

Amongst the other administrative duties assigned to the daimyo they must report to the Shogun on any unusual
activities within their territories, as well as neighbouring territories, such as conspiracies, banditry, goblinoid
incursions, Chaos worshipping etc. Sometimes the daimyo must also report on anyone passing through their
territories. This is usually achieved by the highway gate-wardens or the ward officers of any towns within a
daimyo' s province.

There are approximately over two-hundred daimyo in Nippon today. Many do not rule provinces. Most govern a
single castle or a collection of castles, which are semi-autonomous in their own right. These are typically the
warlords of whom the provincial daimyo, in one way or another, are related to. It is not common to have a ruling
daimyo unrelated to the warlords in his province, such a case would mean that the daimyo' s rule would be
contested.

The Shogun and the provincial daimyo are:

1. Emperor Takagura, Yamanashi province, in Makudo.

2. Shogun Yoritomo Ieysau, Kumayama province, in Castle Hyudo.

3. Exalted-daimyo Nara Yamayuki, Yoshida province, in Castle Tokaido.

4. Exalted-daimyo Nobunaga Kabuki, Akita province, in Castle Kumano.

5. Exalted-daimyo Otomo Iwamoto, Izumo province, in Castle Izumo.

Outer-daimyo

6. Lord Yoshinobu Dobashi, Tokaguchi province.

7. Lord Tomohiko Urabe, Ishiguchi province.

8. Lord Takamichi Kawaharazuka, Wakakawa province, in Castle Okakama.

9. Lord Kenji Nemoto, Yamakama province.

10. Lord Satoshi Noriko, Tokuoka province.

11. Lord Hideichi Fujita, Okahama province.

12. Lord Kazuki Imayama, Matsuyama province.

13. Lord Takeshi Seto, Miyasaki province.

14. Lord Sho Kobayashi, Munoguchi province.

15. Lord Yositaki Watanabe, Toyakita province.

16. Lord Keizo Okada, Tochigi province.

17. Lord Naoki Honmati, Fukushima province.

18. Lord Hiroshi Ito, Tokayama province.

19. Lord Tano Matsunaga, Kumanashi province.

THE SAMURAI

"Remember. A war is fun. When you can'

t have fun, it'
s time to die."

-Samurai chatting to another Samurai.

"Do not worry about your beard when you'

re going to lose your head."

-Samurai talking to a farmer.

The term samurai ("one who serves") has meant many things over the many centuries these warriors have been
around in Nippon society. In older times the samurai title was assigned only to the leaders of military clans
(known as the goshozamurai), or to warriors of aristocratic clans. Today it is more common to attribute the title
to warriors of exceptional skill and bravery and who are also allowed to wear the daisho or the two swords:
katana (long sword) and wakizashi (short sword).
The samurai are retainers who serve a master. Their primary function is to carry out any orders issued by
whoever they have pledged their loyalty, this maybe several superiors and their families to a single master. Often
this pledge of loyalty and oath is born into the clan by the sons of a samurai and the sons must also grow up to
serve their superiors in the clan. The samurai pledge is inscribed on a scroll with a brush dipped in the warrior' s
own blood, then it is burned before the deities worshipped by the clan, the ashes are then dissolved in liquid and
subsequently swallowed. The pledge is then duly inscribed in the clan' s records, and the retainer, his family, and
his dependents become totally identified with their master, whose desires and wishes become, from that moment
on, their own. So binding is this bond that many retainers will follow their masters into death, even if a master
dies of natural causes. This practice, committing mass suicide on the death of a master, is called junshi.
However, these days it has become a matter of choice for this mass suicide and many provinces have outlawed
this practice due to too many good retainers being lost. Indeed, in many provinces it has become law that junshi
is not carried out upon the death of a master. In ancient times this mass suicide was commonplace.

The samurai occupy some of the highest positions in the buke and have many privileges. Most samurai despise
commoners, as the lower class they naturally represent, and have the right to kill a peasant if the samurai deems
his actions to be disrespectful or even unexpected. This makes samurai feared and respected by all normal
peoples though they may be hated too by many.

There are four ranks of samurai with the lowest being the Heishi and the lowest being the Hatamoto.

HEISHI

The Heishi, or “ country samurai” , are the samurai retainers of the various minor lords or joshu, the smaller
landowning shomyo, or perhaps even the retainers of the powerful daimyo. They are capable warriors and fulfil
the duties of guards for their master, his family, and other important clan officials. Some Heishi may also be
called upon to collect taxes or dispense justice in their clan’ s domain. Even though the Heishi are samurai they
are not especially wealthy. Accomplished Heishi maybe granted the title of Baishin (see below).

BAISHIN

The most privileged of the samurai of the various daimyo, the Baishin are the only warriors permitted to serve in
the capital of Hyudo in addition to the Shogun' s own retainers. The Baishin serve in a number of capacities
including serving their respective daimyo during that daimyo' s mandatory bi-annual stay at the capital, waiting
on the Shogun having been assigned as such for specific duties, and guarding the immediate families of the
daimyo who are required to stay in the capital.

GOKENIN

The gokenin ("honourable member of the household", "inferior vassal" or "household member") are very strong
warriors who operate, like the hatamoto, as personal guards for the Shogun and form cohorts of powerful
warriors in times of war. Exceptionally good Baishin maybe granted the title of Gokenin and guard the various
personal properties of the Shogun and the Exalted Families. In reality the Gokenin are comprised of those
warriors who fought with and for the Shogun on his road to power and for their loyalty they have been dually
rewarded.

HATAMOTO

“ If a man doesn’t have responsibility and duty then he must be a farmer.”

The hatamoto ("banner-knights" or "standard-bearers") are the highest samurai rank and
are the personal guards of the Shogun. In the field of battle they also form cohorts of
bodyguards for the various military commanders of the bakufu and of course the Shogun
himself. With this prestigious rank come many advantages not least good pay and fine
weapons and armour.

A Hatamoto can also rise in the ranks of the bakufu especially as they grow older and the need for less physical
tasks becomes more acute. They can become commissioners of finance, superintendents of the treasury, town
magistrates, grand censors and censors among the many titles available in the Shogun’ s government.
RELIGIOUS ORDERS & WIZARDS
“ Nothing is asked of the gods as they know the needs of mankind.”

-Jinto Priest.

The religious orders of Nippon remain as independent and powerful clans in their own right with the high priests
as effective daimyo. The monastic orders evolved from clusters of hermits, ascetics and other holy men, in the
pursuit of supernatural powers. Their search inevitably led them to the mountains that the Nipponese hold so
dear; places where they could learn and practice magic. Religion in Nippon is a form of nature worship and the
kami (the gods) called Jinto (see the chapter “ Religion & Belief for more details about this religion.)

Today, the religious orders provide healers and mediums for the towns and cities as and when required; the
latter, especially are used by magistrates to probe a person'
s mind with their mysterious hypnotic powers. They
can also forecast the future. The holy fortunetellers, Augurs, interpret the will of the kami by listening to the
sounds emitted by boiling water in a pot.

RELIGIOUS MILITARY ORDERS

The Yamabushi, or mountain warriors, are the military cohorts of the monastic religious
orders of the mountains. Their descendants were the groups of hermits who, many
centuries ago, journeyed to the mountain regions of Nippon in pursuit of supernatural
powers. The mountain warriors have long been known to be expert in the martial arts
and have invented and perfected their own styles, such as naginatajutsu or the way of
the halberd.

Along with the cohorts of Yamabushi cohorts of Warrior Monks or Sohei protect the
monastic orders. They are particularly zealous individuals who are fanatically loyal to
their monastery much as the knightly orders of the Old World are to theirs. The Warriors
Monks are required to protect their temples to the death as and when it is necessary.
Their primary weapon is the naginata, which they use with deadly ease and efficiency. Long ago it was the
monks of the monastic orders who invented the way of the naginata or naginatajutsu. Although their duty is to
protect the monastery they are still essentially monks and spend long hours in study and meditation.

WIZARDS

Wizardry or shugendo (“ Way of Supernatural Powers” ) is associated with religion in Nippon. It is believed that
all magic not matter how dark and hideous comes from the kami. To the Nipponese they regard the learning of
magic as another way of reverence for the kami: the priests do it through prayer and the wizards do it through
learning. They are greatly respected and feared at the same time for their mysterious magical powers.

But not all wizards are respected. Over the centuries there have formed two groups: the kenja and the kenza. The
kenja basically represent harmonious as well as destructive forces and these are the standard Wizards,
Elementalists and Illusionists. The kenza, however, are said to be agents of inharmonious and disruptive forces
and are not tolerated. According to Jinto they have opened themselves up to evil spirits and have polluted and
tainted their bodies. These individuals are said to be able to summon Daemons and raise the dead:
Daemonologists and Necromancers.

THE HEIMIN
The heimin represents Nippon’ s lower class. They include: farmers, artisans and merchants. The higher members
of the heimin, district and village elders, are almost comparative in rank to the lower bushi, such as the Ashigaru
foot soldiers.

The heimin constitutes by far the largest and the most productive segment of the nation. Regardless of how wise
and intelligent some of the heimin may be, they have no political right whatsoever. Their position in Nipponese
society is to grow, make, carry, multiply and - above all - to pay taxes. Furthermore they are not allowed to carry
weapons although small daggers and knives are acceptable, even short swords in some cases.

The heimin of the urban centres, towns and cities, are kept under close control and surveillance. They are kept in
wards, usually consisting of two streets, by the use of gates. At these gates are the gate-wardens who will only
let anyone pass, after dark, if they possess a pass.

FARMERS (hyakusho)

The farmers constitute close-knit clans in Nippon. For centuries their lands and villages have been plagued by
bandits as well as the rapacious tax collectors. This has made them a formidable fighting force when banded
together against a common cause, especially in the defence of their homes or against intolerable conditions
levied on them by their provincial governors. In the past peasant revolts were so common that armed troops had
to come in to quell the trouble. Sometimes it wasn' t so straightforward for armed troops to quell them, even
though they were armed with formidable weapons, because the farmers often trained in martial techniques,
usually from the ronin, and used whatever weapons that came to hand. Indeed, the ronin sometimes joined the
peasants in these uprisings. The scope of such revolts range from desertion of fields to destruction of property
and armed clashes. The revolt leaders are always harshly dealt with, which leads to many of them, if they can, to
escape into the hills and forest where bandits have always found haven or into the underworld of Nippon' s
towns.

Farmers till their lands and pay rent directly to the daimyo or equivalent samurai master. These rents are almost
never remitted, even due to harsh weather conditions, such as a bad season, floods, or other disasters, whether
man-made or natural. However, in particular trying conditions the rent maybe reduced accordingly, albeit only
slightly.

MERCHANTS (akindo)

Although merchants play a large part in the development of the Nipponese economy not least by creating wealth,
their talents are not highly valued because they are not seen as productive people, i.e. they don’ t produce food
like the farmers do or make weapons and armour like the smithies do and instead make money off other people.
To this end, even though many might be quite rich and successful, they are but mere commoners. Nevertheless
merchants are a popular choice for district headmen in cities and towns, as they tend to possess good leadership
and bargaining skills. Some merchants even secretly front organisations which are opposed to the rule of the
Shogun. With the merchant guilds gaining in power it can only be a matter of time before this class takes it
rightful place higher up Nippon’ s class structure.

OUTCASTS
The outcasts of society (eta, hinin) are like any other. They are the rogues, thieves, bandits, pirates, cutthroats
and other criminals, plus mercenaries; some adventurers and ronin may even be placed into this category, those
who have no clan or master. Disturbingly for any oversees visitors to Nippon, they are also known as outcasts
and dealings with them are conducted by merchants and prostitutes.

Social standing: The hinin have a social standing of D, the lowest in Nippon.

TYPICAL DRESS
PRIESTS & KENJA

Priests often stick to wearing simple robes and loose fitting garments (much like those of the Old World). Like
the Old Worlder Wizards, it depends on the temperament of the Nipponese kenja as to what he or she wears.
Some kenja will often wear high quality garments and usually these will be kimonos, patterned with cosmic
symbols, such as the sun, moon, and the stars. Others, however, will often wear the attire of a commoner or
peasant so as not to attract any unwanted attention, such as some of the kenza who practice Black Magic.

Social standing: All priests and wizards are highly respected and have a social standing of B.
BUKE (lower)

Generally speaking, anyone not walking around in Nippon without a sword or clad in armour will usually be
taken for a commoner. Lower-ranking bushi will usually wear a shitagi (a longish shirt), short trousers
(kobakama) and shin-guards (kyahan). He may also wear leather or mail sleeves and a breastplate (do). A katana
and wakizashi will typically be kept in a sash tied round the waist. Some low-ranking bushi will wear a
haramaki-do and a simple loincloth or fundoshi.

Social standing: The lower-buke, the majority of warriors throughout Nippon, has a class standing of B or C (at
the GM' s whim, but usually warriors command a lot of respect, albeit grudgingly, from the heimin).

BUKE (upper)

Samurai, and other high-ranking bushi, will typically wear full battledress of a
haramaki-do, sode, crested kabuto and mempo, and mail sleeves. Generals will often
wear a jimbaori (surcoat) over their armour (see picture, right.) A katana typically
hangs from the waist (tachi). Other high-ranking bushi wear a hakama over their
shitagi. A hakama is a divided skirt with a stiff back and openings at the sides. On his
feet, a high-ranking bushi wears fur boots lined with silk or brocade with the soles of
stiff leather and upper side of bearskin Alternatively some of the upper-buke will wear
the simple garb of the lower-buke, most notably the samurai, depending on their
circumstances.

Social standing: The upper-buke consists of samurai, hatamoto, gokenin, and generals:
the real nobility of the warrior caste. Not surprisingly their social standing is the highest: A.

HEIMIN (rural)

Farmers, including fishermen and boatmen, predominate the heimin. They, like all commoners, are very poor
folk and have barely enough to live on after the daimyo have taken their taxes. They wear simple garments,
which can be anything from a tatty and worn shitagi to a simple loincloth. They also wear the mino, which is a
straw coat made from a kind of grass with long and broad leaves, and on their heads a straw jingasa. These
provide exceptionally good protection against the rain. Farmers travelling to the local town will often carry with
them a staff and/or the rice grinding instruments used in bujutsu (martial arts); nunchaku, tonfa and kama.

Social standing: The heimin have a social standing of C.

HEIMIN (urban)

The urban heimin constitute the artisans and merchants, though they may also be based in villages too. The
artisans may not look too dissimilar to the rural heimin as their physical pursuits put them in line with the
farmers. Merchants typically wear kimonos, of varying quality as the merchant guilds are taxed heavily by the
daimyos in order to curb their power, and/or a hakama with shitagi.

Social standing: The heimin have a social standing of C.

CLANS & GUILDS

Clans and powerful warlords rule Nippon. These clan leaders and warlords are also daimyo and are obliged to
attend the Shogun's court every other year (where they must also leave their wives and children). Not only are
there these powerful provincial clans but there are also the sinister ninja clans (or families) and the various guilds
and corporations of the towns and cities. All of these influence how the country is run although, as to be
expected, the Shogun is the absolute master of Nippon.
DAIMYO CLANS
Every province in Nippon is governed by a daimyo, its semi-martial governor. In many cases this position is
hereditary but when there is no apparent heir to the seat a successor must be chosen and this can sometimes lead
to war with rival factions pitting their candidates against each other. But wars of this kind are not as common
today as they used to be, as the Shogun now has effective control of the entire country. In ancient times, the
clans (uji) of Nippon, were led by leaders who purported to have great supernatural powers; that they could
commune with the clan' s ancestors and even the gods themselves. Today this is not so apparent, though some
clan leaders (far away from the capital) still claim to have this power.

The clan structure of the various clans in Nippon is very similar to each other. As there are around two-hundred
daimyo in the lands of Nippon, which includes castle and land-owning warlords, it is only the structure of the
provincial daimyo that is included here (their administration is much larger than that of a castle-owning warlord).
Such daimyos can having any leadership structure you wish, which will inevitably be along military lines.

The daimyo is at the top of a clan' s organisational structure with his Cabinet of Superintendents (called the
bugyo) just below him. The superintendents include officials such as the Chief Minister, Chamberlain, Stewards
and other lordly titles with scholars and physicians given suitably high ranks too in many clans. Beneath the
Superintendents are the Under-Lords called the karo. They are very powerful lords (of whom may be related to
the ruling daimyo and his family) and most do not pay taxes to the daimyo, though they must still provide troops
to the governor, but only after this request has been cleared by the bakufu (government). Beneath the karo are the
cohorts of samurai and these are generally divided into their own departments of administrative duty and are paid
either through land, rice, men or money; or a combination of all four.

NINJA CLANS
At night, it is claimed, the ninja rule the towns and cities, carrying out the
tasks assigned to them by whomever wishes their services. Many classes
are known to have employed the ninja in the past and will continue to do
so in the future, even the yamabushi of the mountains have been known to
employ these black assassins probably against the rising supremacy of the
military class (buke). The censors of the bakufu (government) have used
the ninja in their espionage network to control the imperial court and the
powerful provincial lords. Roaming bands of ninja are said to have
engaged groups of warriors in local battles, either to suppress attempted sedition or to enlarge the ninja' s own
territorial control.

But the ninja are not only assassins, they are raiders, spies, arsonists, saboteurs and terrorists. They can infiltrate
castles, gather intelligence via espionage, and destroy enemy defences. They can also fight on the battlefield,
ranging from an open encounter to an ambush (whether against a defenceless victim or a heavily-protected lord).
In fact they carry out the tasks that the disreputable, honour-bound, bushi would never countenance. Large
organisations of ninja families, specialising in such tasks, are generally available to the highest bidder.

The ninja families are tightly-knit groups well integrated into larger groups (in accordance with the ancient clan
pattern). The leaders are known as jonin, and they formulate plans, negotiate alliances, stipulate contracts, and so
forth, which subleaders (chunin) and agents (genin) carry out faithfully. These groups form larger guilds with
individual territories and specialised duties - all jealously guarded. A man seldom joins a group in order to
become a ninja; he usually has to be born into the profession.

The arts, techniques, and weapons of each ninja family, of each group, are kept strictly secret, being transmitted
usually from father to son and even then with the utmost circumspection. Disclosure of ninjutsu secrets to
unauthorised persons means death at the hands of other ninja of the same group. Death usually also follows
capture, either at one's hand or that of another ninja, who would leave behind only a corpse for the captor to
question.

The ninja are masters of ninjutsu, which means something like "the art of stealth", and they have many weapons
at their disposal.
Scenario ideas: It is easier if you visualise the ninja families and clans as something like a mafia. Territory is
important to them, as is the carrying out of any missions assigned to them. More to the point the ninja in a clan,
more often than not, will be related somehow or will be bonded through sworn oath and if one such ninja hears
of something then the whole family will, eventually, learn of it. The ninja clans may impose protection rackets
on certain establishments, such as an inn or guilds. If they aren't paid then the ninja will come down heavily on
them. Enter the players who have to protect the establishment from the ruthless ninja, but can they survive an
onslaught from these almost supernatural-like killers? Or perhaps a player is the target of a ninja mission and this
might not even be through mistaken identity!

OTOKODATE
In response to the common brutality of many of the warriors of the buke, especially those of the hatamoto who
go out of their way to make life miserable for the merchants and artisans, the society of fighters known as
Otokodate (roughly meaning "plucky" or "manly fellow") has been formed. The warriors of the Otokodate are
bound together by an obligation to stand by one another in weal or woe, regardless of their own
lives and without enquiring into one another'
s antecedents.

The Otokodate have formed their own fighting units based on territorial units of block
communities, covertly financed by the guilds and other corporations. These fighting units in turn
have their own names. Each ward or block, under Otokodate influence, is supervised by a
headman called "father". In some districts and wards this headman wields even more power over
the people than the military authority nominally in charge of the area.

The Otokodate chiefly consists of the heimin although some may have been of the buke at one point in their
lives. Because they are denied the right to carry weapons, such as the sword for example, they are expert street
fighters and use such outlandish weapons as iron fans, the long smoking pipe, and iron shod staffs (they also
make great use of dirks). They have perfected their own techniques (which have since been included widespread
throughout bujutsu) because they have had to combat sword-wielding foes.

Not only do the Otokodate ensure the safety of citizens in the wards of some towns and cities they can also be
found patrolling the highways of Nippon, usually in a radius outside the towns and cities themselves. It is on
these highways that bandits and cutthroats wait to pounce upon any unsuspecting travellers, as well as any
obnoxious warriors, who are likely to take offence at any disrespectful attitude, use this insult as a pretext for
'testing'a new blade.

Scenario ideas: The Otokodate is just perfect for people such as adventurers as all classes are welcome, even
those formerly of the buke, though characters with warrior skills are the most favoured. Players can join the
Otokodate if they wish but they must convince the society that they are true and will be dedicated to protect
commoners from all kinds of oppression. The Otokodate can give the PCs plenty to do, such as protection of
property, patrolling the wards and highways, and the protection of individuals.

MERCHANT & ARTISAN GUILDS

In years gone by the merchant guilds became very powerful and even began to contest the military authority that
oversaw them. Today, the guilds, merchant or artisan, are kept under close scrutiny and observation by the
bakufu, and the local military authority, to ensure that there are no transgressions; guilds have been known in the
past to act as a front for something else entirely different, such as a Daemon-worshipping cult.

The Guilds are basically there to ensure that mercantile business runs smoothly from clan to clan. Artisan Guilds
keep track of artisans operating in the local area and impose upon them the standard fees. Guild members pay an
annual membership fee, which helps to maintain the Guild' s premises (and maybe other '
vices'
). A portion of
these fees goes direct to the local military authority and/or the bakufu.

The internal structure of Guilds varies across Nippon. Generally a Guild Council, comprising a dozen or so of
the Guild' s most senior members elects the Guild Master. Usually it is the case that one of the daimyo' s family,
or closest friends, are obliged to be voted for, thus ensuring that the daimyo has full control. In villages the Guild
Master is almost always the village or district elder, or at least they sit at the Guild Council, which often
comprises of the sons and other relatives of the elders.

Guilds have been known in the past to enflame the local communities into revolt, due to high taxes or
overbearing outside control from the military authorities. It isn't uncommon for rival Guilds to openly fight each
other. Guild members who operate without the backing of the Guild can expect all kinds of trouble - a verbal
warning is the first step, followed by threats of physical violence; typically in this case death will be caused.

THE PRACTICE OF SUICIDE IN NIPPON

The practice of suicide is an acceptable one in Nippon. Such an act would be inconceivable in the Old World but
in Nippon it is an acceptable and even honourable practice. There are many different ways an individual would
take his or her own life and some of the most notable ones are explained fully below.

In battle, the retainer fights under his direct superior's command and protects any attempted retreat; if his
superior decides to escape capture by committing ritual suicide, the retainer acts as his second, who has the duty
of shortening the agony of self-inflicted, mortal wounds by severing the dying man' s head with a single sword
cut. Usually the retainer would flee with his master'
s head to prevent enemies from making a war trophy of it, in
accordance with the martial customs of the age. Often, however, a retainer would enable his master to escape
capture by donning his lord' s armour and riding off, drawing the enemy away from his master; or a retainer
disguised as his master would allow his own head to be cut off and dragged away by another retainer whom the
enemy was certain to pursue, while their master made good his escape.

HARA-KIRI

Hara-kiri ("abdomen cutting") or seppuku is the privilege of the warrior class, the buke. This has grown into
something of a ceremony where the proper etiquette must be observed at all times which includes the presence of
an assistant and witnesses. A man committing hara-kiri uses a special blade to cut into the part of the body which
is considered to be the seat of a man' s life and the source of his power: his lower abdomen or hara. Using his
short sword (wakizashi), or knife, he would draw a horizontal cut from the left to the right side of his abdomen
and then, if his strength permits, follows this with another cut upward, either prolonging the first cut or starting a
new one from the middle of the first and driving it upward in the direction of his throat. Originally, the aim of
the first horizontal cut with a long blade was to sever the spinal nerve centres. The second cut implements the
first, being directed towards the aorta.

Since it is not always possible to insure a quick death by such complicated cutting, the assistance of another
party in this act has become something of a custom. Such a man is generally either a comrade in arms, a friend of
equal rank, or a retainer of a lower rank. His duty is to decapitate the would-be suicide once the latter has
completed the ritual cuts and offered his neck.

It is traditional that any woman committing suicide has to cut her own throat using a kaiken (a kind of knife); she
is not allowed to follow the custom as described above, which is the privilege of men. Before committing
suicide, she would also have to tie her ankles together to ensure that her body be found properly composed,
whatever her death agonies.

HITO-BASHIRA

This isn't so much an act of suicide but the ' outcome'of such a deed. Hito-bashira means ' Human pillars' . The
reason for this is that there is a custom whereby one or several consenting people kill themselves upon the
construction of a bridge, a castle, or similar building which requires the protection of the gods. The people who
sacrifice themselves in this way become the kami protectors of the construction and are known as Human pillars
or hito-bashira. It must be borne in mind that not all newly built constructions end with the sacrifices of people.
Only those requiring the protection of the gods have this honour.
JUNSHI

Junshi is almost a practice of mass suicide. Because the clansman is so bound to the clan and its leader, i.e. to the
extent he became identified by him, through oath and pledges written in blood, he is compelled to follow his
master into death. Even if the clan leader dies of natural causes, the clansman, and even his entire family, would
all commit suicide and follow him into death. In the past junshi came to be so widespread that many clans were
losing some of their most influential vassals and as a result this practice has died out somewhat by the command
of the shoguns. Indeed many a master, in order to safeguard his own family, had to explicitly forbid his retainers
to commit mass suicide if and when he should die. However, junshi has not completely died out.

There have been many cases of a mass suicide of sorts along these lines, at best, or mass murder, at worst. The
warriors of a besieged lord, for example, where death from the invading forces was certain, would slay their
women and children before taking their own lives. There have been many cases of this practice happening and is
quite acceptable.

KANSHI

Another reason for a warrior to commit suicide would come about through a protest against his master, through
outrage at his master'
s unfair treatment of him, or to make his master reconsider a certain decision. This form of
suicide is known as kanshi.

SOKOTSU-SHI

A retainer, either through his own inadequacies or from a feeling of guilt, would commit suicide known as
sokotsu-shi. This form of suicide might also be brought about as the result of reckless behaviour or from failing
to fulfil one'
s duty to a superior.