Professional Documents
Culture Documents
https://testbankfan.com/download/introduction-to-criminal-justice-14th-edition-siegel-s
olutions-manual/
CHAPTER TWO
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF CRIME
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
career criminals (p. 74) – persistent repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around
criminality.
consensus view of crime (p. 41) – the view that the great majority of citizens agree that certain
behaviors must be outlawed or controlled, and that criminal law is designed to protect citizens
from social harm.
conflict view of crime (p. 41) – the view that criminal law is created and enforced by those who
hold political and economic power and is a tool used by the ruling class to control dissatisfied
have-not members of society.
crime (p. 42) – a violation of social rules of conduct, interpreted and expressed by a written
criminal code, created by people holding social and political power; its content may be
influenced by prevailing public sentiments, historically developed moral beliefs, and the need to
protect public safety.
chronic offenders (p. 74) – as defined by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin:
delinquents arrested five or more times before the age of eighteen, who commit a
disproportionate amount of all criminal offenses.
cleared (p. 49) – an offense is cleared by arrest or solved when at least one person is arrested or
charged with the commission of the offense and is turned over to the court for prosecution.
15
corporate crime (p. 47) – crime committed by a corporation, or by individuals who control the
corporation or other business entity, for such purposes as illegally increasing market share,
avoiding taxes, or thwarting competition.
early onset (p. 75) – the principle or fact that kids who have been exposed to a variety of
personal and social problems at an early age are the most at risk to repeat offending.
expressive violence (p. 44) – violent behavior motivated by rage, anger, or frustration.
hate crimes (bias crimes) (p. 45) – criminal acts directed toward a particular person or members
of a group because they share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic.
instrumental violence (p. 44) – violent behavior that results from criminal activity designed to
improve the financial status of the culprit, such as shooting someone during a bank robbery.
interactionist view of crime (p. 41) – the view that criminal law reflects the perspectives and
opinions of people who hold social power in the society and use their influence to impose their
own values and moral code on the rest of the population.
liberal feminist theory (p. 72) – an ideology holding that women suffer oppression,
discrimination, and disadvantage as a result of their sex and calling for gender equality in pay,
opportunity, child care, and education.
mass murderer (p. 44) – type of multiple killer who kills many victims in a single violent
outburst.
moral entrepreneur (p. 41) – people who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as
immoral or wrong.
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) (p. 52) – the ongoing victimization study
conducted by the Justice Department and the U.S. Census Bureau that surveys victims about their
experiences with law violation.
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) (p. 52) – a form of crime data collection
created by the FBI requiring local police agencies to provide at least a brief account of each
incident and arrest within twenty-two crime patterns, including the incident, victim, and offender
information.
Part I crimes (p. 49) – those crimes used by the FBI to gauge fluctuations in the overall volume
and rate of crime. The offenses included were the violent crimes of murder and non-negligent
manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and the property crimes of burglary,
larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
16
Chapter 2: The Nature and Extent of Crime
Part II crimes (p. 49) – all other crimes reported to the FBI; these are less serious crimes and
misdemeanors, excluding traffic violations.
public order crimes (p. 45) – behaviors that are illegal because they run counter to existing
moral standards. Obscenity and prostitution are considered public order crimes.
racial threat hypothesis (p. 73) – the view that young minority males are subject to greater
police control – for example, formal arrest – when their numbers increase within the population.
self-report survey (p. 55) – a research approach that questions large groups of subjects, such as
high school students, about their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts.
serial killer (p. 44) – type of multiple killer who kills over a long period of time but typically
assumes a “normal” identity between murders.
spree killer (p. 44) – type of multiple killer who spreads their murderous outburst over a few
days or weeks.
three-strikes laws (p. 76) – sentencing codes that require that an offender receive a life sentence
after conviction for a third felony. Some states allow parole after a lengthy prison stay—for
example, twenty-five years.
truth-in-sentencing laws (p. 76) – laws requiring convicted felons to spend a significant portion
of their sentence behind bars.
Uniform Crime Report (UCR) (p. 48) – the official crime data collected by the FBI from local
police departments.
white collar crime (p. 47) – involve the violation of rules that control business enterprise. They
include employee pilferage, bribery, commodities law violations, mail fraud, computer fraud,
environmental law violations, embezzlement, Internet scams, extortion, forgery, insurance fraud,
price fixing, and environmental pollution.
Chapter Outline
I. How is crime defined? [LO 1]
There are three views of how and why some behaviors are illegal and others
remain noncriminal.
A. Consensus view
1) Behaviours that become crimes are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens
living in society
17
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
upon. Geo. W. Johnson was chosen Governor. Legislative Council
were: Willis B. Machen, John W. Crockett, James P. Bates, Jas. S.
Chrisman, Phil. B. Thompson, J. P. Burnside, H. W. Bruce, J. W.
Moore, E. M. Bruce, Geo. B. Hodge.
MARYLAND.
Nov. 27th, 1860. Gov. Hicks declined to call a special session of the
Legislature, in response to a request for such convening from
Thomas G. Pratt, Sprigg Harwood, J. S. Franklin, N. H. Green,
Llewellyn Boyle, and J. Pinkney.
December 19th. Gov. Hicks replied to A. H. Handy, Commissioner
from Mississippi, declining to accept the programme of Secession.
20th. Wm. H. Collins, Esq., of Baltimore, issued an address to the
people, in favor of the Union, and in March a second address.
31st. The “Clipper” denied the existence of an organization in
Maryland to prevent the inauguration of President Lincoln.
A. H. Handy of Mississippi addressed citizens of Baltimore in favor
of disunion.
January 3d, 1861. Henry Winter Davis issued an address in favor
of the Union.
3d. Numerous Union meetings in various part of the State. Gov.
Hicks issued an address to the people against secession.
11th. John C. Legrand in a letter to Hon. Reverdy Johnson replied
to the Union speech of the latter.
14th. James Carroll, former Democratic candidate for Governor,
announced his desire to go with the seceding States.
16th. Wm. A. Spencer, in a letter to Walter S. Cox, Esq., declared
against the right of Secession but for a Convention.
16. Marshal Kane, in a letter to Mayor Berrett, denied that any
organization exists to prevent the inauguration of President Lincoln,
and said that the President elect would need no armed escort in
passing through or sojourning within the limits of Baltimore and
Maryland.
24th. Coleman Yellott declared for a Convention.
30th. Messrs. John B. Brooke, President of the Senate, and E. G.
Kilbourn, Speaker of the House of Delegates, asked the Governor to
convene the Legislature in response to public meetings. Senator
Kennedy published his opinion that Maryland must go with Virginia.
February 18th. State Conference Convention held, and insisted
upon a meeting of the Legislature. At a meeting in Howard Co.,
which Speaker E. G. Kilbourn addressed, a resolution was adopted
that “immediate steps ought to be taken for the establishment of a
Southern Confederacy, by consultation and co-operation with such
other Southern and Slave States as may be ready therefor.”
April 21st. Gov. Hicks wrote to Gen. Butler, advising that he do not
land his troops at Annapolis. Butler replied that he intended to land
there and march thence to Washington. Gov. Hicks protested against
this and also against his having taken forcible possession of the
Annapolis and Elkridge railroad.
24th. A special election of ten delegates to the Legislature took
place at Baltimore. The total vote cast in all the wards was 9,249. The
total vote cast at the Presidential election in November, 1860, was
30,148.
26th. Legislature reassembled at Frederick, Annapolis being
occupied by Union troops.
29th. Gov. Hicks sent a message to the Legislature communicating
to them the correspondence between himself and Gen. Butler and
the Secretary of War relative to the landing of troops at Annapolis.
The House of Delegates voted against Secession, 53 to 13. Senate
unanimously.
May 2d. The Committee on Federal Relations, “in view of the
seizure of the railroads by the General Government and the erection
of fortifications,” presented resolutions appointing Commissioners to
the President to ascertain whether any becoming arrangements with
the General Government are practicable, for the maintenance of the
peace and honor of the State and the security of its inhabitants. The
report was adopted, and Otho Scott, Robt. M. McLane, and Wm. J.
Ross were appointed such Commissioners.
Mr. Yellott in the Senate introduced a bill to appoint a Board of
Public Safety. The powers given to the Board included the
expenditure of the two millions of dollars proposed by Mr. Brune for
the defence of the State, and the entire control of the military,
including the removal and appointment of commissioned officers. It
was ordered to a second reading by a vote of 14 to 8. The Board was
to consist of Ezekiel F. Chambers, Enoch Louis Lowe, John V. L.
MacMahon, Thomas G. Pratt, Walter Mitchell, and Thomas Winans.
Gov. Hicks was made ex-officio a member of the Board. This
measure was strongly pressed by the Disunionists for a long time,
but they were finally compelled to give way, and the bill never
passed.
6th. The Commissioners reported the result of their interview with
the President, and expressed the opinion that some modification of
the course of the General Government towards Maryland ought to be
expected.
10th. The House of Delegates passed a series of resolutions
reported by the Committee on Federal Relations by a vote of 43 to 12.
The resolutions declare that Maryland protests against the war, and
does earnestly beseech and implore the President of the United
States to make peace with the “Confederate” States; also, that “the
State of Maryland desires the peaceful and immediate recognition of
the independence of the Confederate States.” Those who voted in the
negative are Messrs. Medders, Lawson, Keene, Routzahn, Naill,
Wilson of Harford, Bayless, McCoy, Fiery, Stake, McCleary, and
Gorsuch.
13th. Both Houses adopted a resolution providing for a committee
of eight members, (four from each House) to visit the President of
the United States and the President of the Southern Confederacy.
The committee to visit President Davis were instructed to convey the
assurance that Maryland sympathizes with the Confederate States,
and that the people of Maryland are enlisted with their whole hearts
on the side of reconciliation and peace.
June 11th. Messrs. McKaig, Yellott and Harding, Commissioners to
visit President Davis, presented their report; accompanying which is
a letter from Jefferson Davis, expressing his gratification to hear that
the State of Maryland was in sympathy with themselves, was enlisted
on the side of peace and reconciliation, and avowing his perfect
willingness for a cessation of hostilities, and a readiness to receive
any proposition for peace from the United States Government.
20th. The House of Delegates, and June 22d, the Senate adopted
resolutions unqualifiedly protesting against the arrest of Ross
Winans and sundry other citizens of Maryland, as an “oppressive and
tyrannical assertion and exercise of military jurisdiction within the
limits of Maryland, over the persons and property of her citizens, by
the Government of the United States.”
MISSOURI.
South Carolina.
To Alabama, A. P. Calhoun.
To Georgia, James L. Orr, Ex-M. C.
To Florida, L. W. Spratt.
To Mississippi, M. L. Bonham, Ex-M. C.
To Louisiana, J. L. Manning.
To Arkansas, A. C. Spain.
To Texas, J. B. Kershaw.
To Virginia, John S. Preston.
Alabama.
Georgia.
Mississippi.
South Carolina.
Alabama.
W. P. Chilton.
Stephen F. Hale.
David P. Lewis.
Thomas Fearn.
Richard W. Walker.
Robert H. Smith.
Colin J. McRae.
John Gill Shorter.
J. L. M. Curry, Ex-M. C.
Florida.
Mississippi.
W. S. Wilson.
Wiley P. Harris, Ex-M. C.
James T. Harrison.
Walter Brooke, Ex-U. S. Senator.
William S. Barry, Ex-M. C.
A. M. Clayton.
Georgia.
Louisiana.
Duncan F. Kenner.
Charles M. Conrad, Ex-U. S. Senator.
Henry Marshall.
John Perkins, jr.
G. E. Sparrow.
E. De Clouet.
Texas.