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021-2012-Anh..pdf ······································································································································ 1
Abstract ············································································································································· 1
Introduction ········································································································································ 1
Materials and Methods ······················································································································ 2
Results and Discussion ····················································································································· 2
Conclusions ······································································································································· 6
Acknowledgements ··························································································································· 7
References ········································································································································ 7
022-2012-Anh..pdf ······································································································································ 9
023-2012-Viet.pdf ····································································································································· 15
024-2012-Viet..pdf ···································································································································· 23
025-2012-Viet..pdf ···································································································································· 29
026-2012-Viet..pdf ···································································································································· 37
027-2012-Viet..pdf ···································································································································· 45
028-2013-Anh..pdf ···································································································································· 53
029-2013-Anh..pdf ···································································································································· 63
030-2013-Anh..pdf ···································································································································· 69
031-2013-Viet..pdf ···································································································································· 75
032-2013-Viet..pdf ···································································································································· 87
033-2013-Anh..pdf ···································································································································· 99
034-2014-Viet..pdf ·································································································································· 111
035-2014-Viet..pdf ·································································································································· 119
036-2014.-Anh.pdf ·································································································································· 129
037-2015-Anh..pdf ·································································································································· 135
038-2015-Anh.pdf ··································································································································· 143
039-2016-Viet..pdf ·································································································································· 151
039-2016-Viet.pdf ··································································································································· 161
040-2016-Viet.pdf ··································································································································· 167
South African Journal of Animal Science 2012, 42 (No. 3)
Copyright resides with the authors in terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 South African Licence.
See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/za
Condition of use: The user may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work, but must recognise the authors and the South African
Journal of Animal Science.
________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Troponin I is one of myofibrillar proteins required for the calcium regulation of skeletal muscle
contraction. The expression of both genes, TNNI1 and TNNI2, in troponin is muscle fibre specific and may
affect meat quality traits. In this study, the PCR-RFLP method was applied to genotype 120 Mongcai pigs at
three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely T5174C, C8350A for TNNI1 (EU743939) and
C1167T for TNNI2 (EU696779). The two SNPs, T5174C and C1167T, were significantly associated with
drip loss48 (measured after 48 h) and compression force, while the second TNNI1 SNP (C8350A) did not
show any association with meat quality traits. The results also revealed a relationship between the proportion
of IIx muscle fibre and TNNI2. Additional analysis showed a significant association of the TNNI2 SNP
(C1167T) with blood glucose. Animals carrying the CT genotype had the highest glucose concentration
(93.7 mg/dL). The results demonstrate that TNNI1 and TNNI2 are likely to play a relatively important role in
the development of pork quality in Mongcai pigs.
________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: TNNI1, TNNI2, drip loss, meat colour, pork, indigenous Vietnamese pigs
#
Corresponding author: ntngu@ctu.edu.vn
Introduction
Meat quality, a major contributor to the degree of satisfaction of consumers, is affected by several
external and internal factors such as stress and types of muscle fibres, which are often linked to the genetic
architecture of the animal. Increased demands of consumers have gradually shifted the emphasis of pig
breeding programmes and selection criteria to improved meat quality, rather than on focusing only on lean
carcasses and a high growth rate (Fiedler et al., 2003). Local pig breeds in Vietnam seem to be advantageous
as they have poorer growth rates, but better meat quality compared with modern pig populations (Warriss
et al., 1996). However, because meat quality can only be measured late in an animal’s life, alternative
selection criteria including the use of molecular markers have been explored and many candidate genes and
other genetic markers have already been identified (Brym & Kaminski, 2006).
The contractile protein, troponin, containing the three subunits, troponin I (TnI), troponin C (TnC) and
troponin T (TnT), plays a role in the concentration of Ca2+, and is responsible for striated muscle contraction
(Xu et al., 2010a). Each troponin has isoforms that are encoded by different genes. The troponin I genes,
TNNI1 and TNNI2, are expressed exclusively in muscles of slow- and fast-twitch fibres, respectively
(Mullen & Barton, 2000). Both genes have been investigated as candidate genes for meat quality traits in a
Large White x Meishan resource population (Yang et al., 2010). In that study the authors found associations
between the T5174C SNP (TNNI1 gene) and intramuscular fat content, meat colour and marbling score, and
between the T1167C SNP (TNNI2 gene) and pH and marbling score of the longissimus dorsi muscle.
Although some studies have focused on TNNI gene variants, few studies have been published on their
association with economically important traits such as meat quality in indigenous pigs. The objective of this
study was to analyse the effects of three SNPs in the TNNI1 and TNNI2 genes with meat characteristics in
Mongcai, one of the Vietnamese native pig breeds.
URL: http://www.sasas.co.za
ISSN 0375-1589 (print), ISSN 222-4062 (online)
Publisher: South African Society for Animal Science http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v42i3.11
Ngu et al., 2012. S. Afr. J. Anim Sci. vol. 42 289
CT TT CC TT M CC AC CC AA M
CT TT CC TT M
425 bp
320 bp 288 bp
190 bp 277 bp 137 bp
111 bp
79 bp 93 bp
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1 Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR-RFLP: (a) TNNI1_XbaI, (b) TNNI1_MspI and
(c) TNNI2_SmaI, M: 100 bp Fermentas Marker.
Digestion of the TNNI1 PCR product with XbaI produced three fragments (Figure 1a), two of which
were 111 and 79 bp, where the presence of the base C was recognised by the enzyme. The 190 bp product
showed that alleles with the alternative base T were not cut. The corresponding genotype frequencies were
0.15, 0.49 and 0.36 for CC, CT and TT, respectively (Table 1) and the animals were in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium (P >0.05) at the TNNI1_XbaI locus. Similarly, alleles of animals carrying the base C at the
second TNNI1 SNP (TNNI1_MspI) were cut by the enzyme, resulting in two bands of 277 and 93 bp length,
while alleles carrying A at the enzyme recognition site showed only one 320 bp fragment on agarose gel
(Figure 1b). The frequencies of AA, AC and CC genotypes were 0.52, 0.25 and 0.23, respectively.
Genotyping of individuals at the TNNI2 (TNNI2_SmaI) locus distinguished between three genotypes with
visualised fragment sizes of 425 bp (TT), 288 and 137 bp (CC) and 425, 288 and 137 bp (CT) (Figure 1c). In
addition, it was found that the animals chosen for this study were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at both
loci (P <0.001). The current findings corroborate the results of Xu et al. (2010b), who detected two SNPs in
the TNNI1 gene in indigenous Meishan pigs with higher frequencies of T (T5174C) and A (C8350A) alleles
(0.86 and 0.76, respectively) while studies using commercial pigs, revealed a higher percentage of animals
carrying the C allele (Xu et al., 2010b).
TNNI1_XbaI CC CT TT C T
T5174C 0.15 (18) 0.49 (59) 0.36 (43) 120 0.40 0.60 0.094 0.954
TNNI1_MspI AA AC CC A C
C8350A 0.52 (57) 0.25 (27) 0.23 (25) 109 0.65 0.35 22.850 0.000
TNNI2_SmaI CC CT TT C T
C1167T 0.57 (69) 0.27 (32) 0.16 (19) 120 0.71 0.29 15.091 0.000
1
Data presented as frequency followed by individual number (in parenthesis).
The TNNI1_XbaI genotypes showed an association (P <0.05) with drip loss48, compression force and
crude protein content whereas no significant association was found for TNNI1_MspI (Table 2). Animals
carrying the CC genotype at locus TNNI1_XbaI exhibited the highest drip loss percentage at 48 h post
mortem (3.36%) followed by TT and CT (2.83% and 2.43%, respectively). An association (P <0.05) was
also found for compression force; meat from TT animals appeared to be tender with a lower compression
force (4.70 kg). Also the CP values were higher in the MC loin muscle of pigs with TT genotypes compared
Ngu et al., 2012. S. Afr. J. Anim Sci. vol. 42 291
to CC animals. No statistical association could be shown for the second TNNI1 locus, TNNI1_MspI (Table
2).
Table 2 Association of TNNI1 SNPs with meat quality traits (LSM ± SE)
TNNI1_XbaI TNNI1_MspI
Trait
CC (n = 18) CT (n = 59) TT (n = 43) AA (n = 57) AC (n = 27) CC (n = 25)
pH45 min 6.57 ± 0.06 6.61 ± 0.04 6.68 ± 0.04 6.68 ± 0.04 6.60 ± 0.04 6.58 ± 0.06
pH24 6.16 ± 0.06 6.19 ± 0.04 6.23 ± 0.04 6.20 ± 0.04 6.21 ± 0.05 6.28 ± 0.06
Drip loss24 (%) 2.27 ± 0.25 1.81 ± 0.15 1.96 ± 0.17 1.85 ± 0.17 2.26 ± 0.22 1.88 ± 0.25
Drip loss48 (%) 3.36a ± 0.30 2.43b ± 0.18 2.83ab ± 0.20 2.66 ± 0.20 3.15 ± 0.26 2.74 ± 0.29
Cooking loss (%) 22.82 ± 1.34 22.56 ± 0.81 23.56 ± 0.88 22.47 ± 0.82 23.71 ± 1.10 22.22 ± 1.21
Compression force (kg) 5.23ab ± 0.48 5.74a ± 0.29 4.70b ± 0.32 5.35 ± 0.33 5.11 ± 0.43 5.70 ± 0.49
Meat colour
L* (lightness) 49.66 ± 0.48 49.32 ± 0.29 49.06 ± 0.32 49.03 ± 0.30 49.32 ± 0.40 49.12 ± 0.44
a* (redness) 5.34 ± 0.84 5.62 ± 0.51 5.85 ± 0.56 6.19 ± 0.52 5.39 ± 0.69 4.88 ± 0.77
b* (yellowness) 9.10 ± 0.42 9.04 ± 0.26 8.44 ± 0.28 8.67 ± 0.27 8.56 ± 0.36 9.43 ± 0.40
Nutritional value
Dry matter (%) 25.6 ± 0.41 25.6 ± 0.25 25.8 ± 0.27 25.9 ± 0.26 25.2 ± 0.34 25.4 ± 0.39
Crude protein (%) 21.4b ± 0.30 22.0ab ± 0.18 22.4a ± 0.20 21.9 ± 0.21 22.3 ± 0.27 22.0 ± 0.31
Ether extract (%) 2.57 ± 0.16 2.60 ± 0.10 2.50 ± 0.11 2.61 ± 0.11 2.46 ± 0.14 2.49 ± 0.16
Ash (%) 1.03 ± 0.11 1.00 ± 0.07 1.05 ± 0.07 1.11 ± 0.07 0.95 ± 0.09 1.00 ± 0.10
a, b
Row means with different superscripts differ significantly at P <0.05.
An association was additionally observed between the TNNI2 (TNNI2_SmaI) locus and drip loss48 (P
= 0.002). This locus also showed some effect (P = 0.057) on drip loss at 24 h (Table 3).
Many factors, such as genetics, carcass handling, temperature management post mortem, nutrition and
meat processing have been investigated as factors influencing drip loss, with the physiological mechanism
mainly centred on proteins (specially myofibrillar protein) and structures binding and entrapping water
(Huff-Lonergan & Lonergan, 2005; Jennen et al., 2007). In the present study, both TNNI1_XbaI and
TNNI2_SmaI loci were associated with drip loss48 but it seems not likely that the effect of the genes
originates from their impact on muscle fibre type composition, as suggested by Ryu & Kim (2005). These
authors suggested that increased IIb fibre content together with decreased type I and IIa fibre content were
linked to higher drip loss, and therefore leading to poorer meat quality (Ryu & Kim, 2005). In the present
study, variation of drip loss and type IIx fibre muscle of the TNNI2_SmaI polymorphism appeared to have a
negative relationship, especially in heterozygous animals (CT). This was partly in line with the outputs of
Chang et al. (2003), who presented both negative and positive correlations of the IIx fibre with drip loss in
traditional breeds of Berkshire and Tamworth, respectively. Different pig breeds have their own biochemical
and biophysical properties and because IIx is an intermediate fibre, its characteristics are more prone to IIa,
or IIb fibres are dependent on the metabolic condition of the breed (Chang et al., 2003). Additionally, Yang
et al. (2010) could not find any significant difference of the genotypes in relation to drip loss or water
holding capacity while our results, in the contrary, showed the effects of TNNI1 and TNNI2 on pH, meat
colour and intramuscular fat, of which heterozygous pigs had an inferior meat quality in terms of lower meat
pH and intramuscular fat content. The lack of consistency on the association may be that these SNPs are not
causative mutations and that the effects are breed-specific for the traits analysed.
292 Ngu et al., 2012. S. Afr. J. Anim Sci. vol. 42
Table 3 Association of TNNI2 SNP with meat quality traits (LSM ± SE)
TNNI2_SmaI
Trait P
CC (n = 69) CT (n = 32) TT (n = 19)
Table 4 Relationship between three SNPs and muscle fibre type composition (LSM ± SE)
Four out of eight isoforms known in mammals have been identified in porcine muscle according to
their specific expression of the myosin heavy chain (Chang & Fernandes, 1997). Based on their metabolic
and myosin adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) activity, these fibres are categorized as slow-oxidative and
fast-glycolytic or slow/I and IIb fibres, standing for extreme metabolic profiles. The IIa and IIx fibres are
defined as intermediates with the transition that IIa fibres are more similar to slow/I type and IIx fibres are
more in relation to IIb fibres (Pette & Staron, 2000; Chang et al., 2003). Expression and sequence of
troponin I appeared to be linked to different muscle fibre isoforms, since Furukawa & Peter (1971) stated
that troponin activity in skeletal muscle of guinea pigs is related to three histochemical fibres in such a way
that intermediate and red fibres have lower troponin activities compared to white fibres. To verify this
Ngu et al., 2012. S. Afr. J. Anim Sci. vol. 42 293
phenomenon, an additional analysis on the relationship between genotypes and muscle fibre composition
was done in 30 MC animals. However, no significant association could be shown between the TNNI1
genotypes and fibre type composition, whereas at the TNNI2_SmaI locus, heterozygous animals produced
more IIx fibres (41.0%) compared to the homozygous TT (39.5%) and CC (36.4%) animals (Table 4).
The texture of meat is usually evaluated by shear force and compression force; both traits display
sensory quality. In the current study, it was observed that the compression force necessary to cut the meat
was lowest in animals carrying the TT genotype at the TNNI1_XbaI locus. Generally, the texture of meat
depends on the intramuscular fat; a higher fat content is usually correlated with greater tenderness or lower
compression force (Florowski et al., 2006). The TNNI2 locus showed significant association with the
amount of IIx fibre but no effect on meat tenderness measured by compression force value could be shown.
The results from the association study for the two significant loci TNN1_XbaI and TNNI2_SmaI supported
previous findings of low or unclear phenotypic correlations between muscle fibres and compression force
(Wojtysiak & Migdal, 2007). Although muscle fibre type composition has been considered as a useful
parameter to partly explain the variation of meat quality traits, the direct effect remained unclear and it could
be the case in the present study that the association of genotypes of TNNI1 and TNNI2 genes with drip loss
and compression force may derive from other meat characteristics including sarcoplasmic protein, muscle
enzymes and connective tissue (Do et al., 2008) rather than the percentages of muscle fibre in LD muscle.
Nevertheless, these associations implied that MC pigs carrying the T allele at the TNNI1_XbaI locus are
likely to have a better meat quality.
In this study a significant effect on blood glucose could only be shown for the TNNI2_SmaI locus;
heterozygous MC pigs had the highest blood glucose concentrations (93.7 mg/dL) (Figure 2).
120
*
100
Glucose((mg/dL)
g )
80
60
40
20
0
CC
CC CT
CT TT
TT AA
A A AC
AC CC
CC CC
CC CT
CT TT
TT
TNNI1_XbaI
TNNI1_XbaI TNNI1_MspI
TNNI1_MspI TNNI2_SmaI
TNNI2_SmaI
A higher proportion of IIb fibre has been shown to be related to greater glycolytic activity and as a
consequence higher glucose concentrations can be expected (Karlsson et al., 1999). Choe et al. (2009) later
confirmed this by classifying white fibre (IIx and IIb) by histochemical analysis and reporting a correlation
between blood glucose levels and area percentages of these fibres. Also, in MC pigs (Table 4), heterozygous
animals at the TNNI2_SmaI locus had a higher percentage of IIx and IIb fibres (52.4%) and higher blood
glucose levels, suggesting that blood glucose could be a potential bio-marker for the prediction of muscle
fibre composition.
Conclusions
Among the three loci examined, TNNI1_XbaI and TNNI2_SmaI SNPs provide some evidence on the
potential use as markers for meat quality traits such as drip loss and compression force in Mongcai pigs.
However, as suggested by Xu et al. (2010b) and Yang et al. (2010) further studies are needed to investigate
the effect of these SNPs also in combination with surrounding genes, for instance, the IGF2 (Insulin-like
Growth Factor 2) mutation.
294 Ngu et al., 2012. S. Afr. J. Anim Sci. vol. 42
Acknowledgements
This project was supported financially by Vietnam's National Foundation for Science and Technology
Development (NAFOSTED), Grant No. 106.06.62.09.
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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(73), pp. 13782-13787, 11 September, 2012
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.2022
ISSN 1684–5315 © 2012 Academic Journals
Calpastain (CAST) activity plays a major role in muscle growth and proteolytic changes post-mortem
and the CAST gene has been considered as a candidate gene for carcass and pork quality
characteristics. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of two polymorphisms namely
CAST_HinfI (allele A and B) and CAST_MspI (allele C and D) with carcass and meat quality traits in
Mongcai, a Vietnamese indigenous pig breed. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to genotype the animals at these loci. Results indicate that the
CAST_HinfI single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) had a low frequency of allele A as compared to allele
B, while the C and D allele distribution was almost the same for the CAST_MspI SNP. In the association
analysis, significant effects on dressing percentage of carcass were detected. The CAST_HinfI locus
was associated with the pH24, while the CAST_MspI position was in association with pH45 min, drip loss48
and redness color. Additional analysis showed a variation in muscle fiber type composition with higher
proportion of IIx fiber in pigs with AB genotype (P < 0.05). Three constructed haplotypes namely AB/CD,
AB/DD and BB/CC also had significant effects on carcass, type IIa and IIb fiber percentages.
INTRODUCTION
Calpastatin (CAST) is a specific inhibitor of calpain, a several pig breeds. The results showed that pigs with
2+
Ca activated protease family and is considered to be different genotypes had various back fat and weight and
responsible for the initiation of myofibrillar protein that there was an association between eye muscle area
degradation in living muscle (Goll et al., 1992). Genes and the CAST genotype. This was further supported by
coding for calpastatin and calpain are therefore Krzęcio et al. (2005), who demonstrated the effect of
suggested as candidate genes for growth and meat CAST_MspI on drip loss and nutritional value of the
quality of skeletal muscle. In this perspective, Kurył et al. meat, that is, protein content. In the Jinhua x Pietrain F2
(2003) characterized the polymorphisms of CAST using population, the three genotypes at these loci were proven
three restriction enzymes (HinfI, MspI and RsaI) in to associate with loin area and pH45 min value as well as
the percentage of intramuscular connective tissue (Wu et
al., 2007). Moreover, the association of CAST_HinfI locus
with pork quality traits including pH, drip loss and meat
*Corresponding author. E-mail: ntngu@ctu.edu.vn. Tel: 84-710- color was reported in a cross of commercial Pietrain-
3831166. Fax: 84-710-3830814
based breed. Although, there has been extensive
Abbreviations: CAST, Calpastain; pH45 min, pH at 45 min post- research on the effect of this gene on carcass and meat
mortem; pH24, pH at 24 h post-mortem; Drip loss24, Drip loss 24 quality in different pig breeds, there is still limited
h post-mortem; Drip loss48, Drip loss 48 h post-mortem; SNP, information with regards to the Vietnamese native pigs,
single nucleotide polymorphism. especially the Mongcai (MC) breed. This study aimed to
Ngu et al. 13783
examine the distribution of genotypes from the CAST_ enzymes namely HinfI and MspI (MBI, Fermentas). In each PCR-
MspI and CAST_HinfI loci and investigated the RFLP reaction, a mixture containing 1 unit of enzyme, 1 µl of 10 x
restriction buffer and 1 µg of PCR product was incubated at 37°C
association of these polymorphisms with carcass and for 15 min to ensure complete digestion. The digested products
meat quality in MC pigs. were checked by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel at 80 V for 1
h. From the two detected SNPs, a construction of haplotype using
Merlin software (Abecasis et al., 2002) was performed and these
MATERIALS AND METHODS haplotypes together with two SNPs were analyzed in the
association study.
Animals and sampling
Statistical analysis
This study was carried out on castrated male MC pigs that were
reared at a state farm in Quangninh province, Vietnam. All animals
were fed under similar conditions and they were slaughtered at 197 Analysis of variance was performed by using a general linear model
± 17 days of age with the slaughter weight of 28.5 ± 6.0 kg. The in Minitab (version 13.20) to investigate the effect of genotypes on
carcasses were assessed following the standard commercial carcass and meat quality traits. Factors found to affect the traits
procedures. Hot carcass weight was recorded and dressing such as genotype, boar and mother were used in the model and
percentage was defined as the ratio of carcass weight to live body weight at slaughter was added as a covariate. A P-value less
weight. In addition, Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle samples (from than 0.05 was used as significant threshold using the Tukey’s
the seventh thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar) were collected and option in the least squares procedure. Data were presented as least
divided into three parts: a small sample was kept in RNAlater square means ± standard error.
(Qiagen) reagent for RNA isolation, a second sample was stored at
-20°C for DNA extraction and the remaining samples were vacuum-
packed. RESULTS
Figure 1. Agarose gel electrophoresis of CAST gene after HinfI digestion. AA genotype shows
five fragments (660, 376, 211, 174 and 163 bp), AB genotype shows six fragments (660, 497,
376, 211, 174 and 163 bp) and BB genotype shows five fragments (497, 376, 211, 174 and 163
bp). The separation of 174 and 163 bp bands cannot be seen on the gel. M: 100 bp DNA ladder,
Fermentas.
Figure 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of CAST gene after MspI digestion. CC genotype shows
four fragments (650, 496, 276 and 275 bp), CD genotype shows five fragments (650, 496, 374,
276 and 275 bp) and DD genotype shows four fragments (496, 374, 276 and 275 bp). The
separation of 276 and 275 bp bands cannot be seen on the gel. M: 100 bp DNA ladder,
Fermentas.
CC CD DD C D
CAST_MspI (n = 109)
0.25 0.57 0.18 0.53 0.47
Ngu et al. 13785
Table 2. Association of the CAST SNPs and haplotypes with carcass and meat quality traits.
Table 3. Association of the CAST SNPs and haplotypes with muscle fiber type composition.
DISCUSSION respectively) was found in the population and percentage of carcass. The results are in
hence this breed was considered to be agreement with the study of Koćwin-Podsiadła et
In MC pigs, there are three possible genotypes at conservative for the loci examined (Wang et al., al. (2004) that used these SNPs for pig selection
both loci, which are similar to other breeds, such 2007). and found the increased ham in those bearing BB
as Yorkshire and Large White (Ernst et al., 1998), In the present work, all tested animals were free or improved loin muscle weight in animals of CC
T
Stamboek and Złotnicka Spotted pigs (Kurył et al., of RYR1 allele. Therefore, it excluded the effect genotype for CAST_HinfI and CAST_MspI, res-
2003). In comparison with other indigenous pigs, of gene interaction on carcass and meat quality pectively. In our work, a higher value in CC
for example, the Meishan breed, only one traits analyzed. In the association analysis, both animals for dressing percentage and carcass, two
genotype (BB and DD for HinfI and MspI, loci were significantly associated with the dressing factors showing a positive correlation with ham
13786 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
weight, was detected. However, this relationship was not provided higher muscle area than those of AB/CD/EF
confirmed in data presented by Judyma (2010) and no individuals. This difference is probably from the
association was found between the CAST_HinfI locus discrepancy between the IIb fiber content of the two
with carcass traits. Also, in Stamboek pigs, the animal groups as mentioned by Wimmers et al. (2008). In
CAST_HinfI did not show a relationship with carcass the present study, pigs of AB/DD haplotype showed a
traits, whereas the CAST_MspI polymorphism had an higher proportion of IIb fiber than those from other two
effect on loin eye area (Kurył et al., 2003). haplotypes. Moreover, individuals being DD homozygous
Judyma (2010) pointed out the significant effect of at the CAST_MspI locus tended to have increase in the
CAST_HinfI on pH24 with higher value in AB pigs; percentage of IIb fiber; thus, it may be inferred that the D
however in this report, the homozygous animals (BB) had allele could be profitable in producing meat with
higher pH24. Previously, Kapelański et al. (2004) also increasing eye muscle area in MC pigs. This finding
demonstrated an effect of this locus on LD muscle at 45 confirmed the report of Kurył et al. (2003) that genotype
min post-mortem following a trend that pH45 min measured DD was the most advantagous for improved eye-muscle
in rare AA animal group was usually higher than that of area in Stamboek fatteners.
the others. Such an association was not confirmed in our In summary, two analyzed SNPs of the CAST gene are
study due to limited number of animals tested but it associated with some traits of interest such as dressing
appeared that this SNP, corresponding with that reported percentage, pH, drip loss and redness color. The effect of
by Đurkin et al. (2009), had no influence on pH45 min. haplotype on muscle fiber type composition is interesting
Of the investigated traits related to sensory meat but this should be analyzed in a larger number of animals
quality, the significant influence of CAST was found on or in another indigenous pig breed for confirmation. The
drip loss, of which allele D did show a trend of decreasing results provide further evidence on the use of this gene
drip loss48. In a research on Italian Duroc x (LxLW) pigs, for improving carcass and meat quality characteristics in
Gandolfi et al. (2011) also indicated the relationship of MC pigs.
this locus with drip loss with the greater drip loss reported
in CD and DD animals. The relationship between specific
genotype with drip loss could be explained by the activity ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
of calpain upon the effect of pH based on the hypothesis
that higher drip loss of meat might be a result of fast pH This project was financially supported by the Vietnam's
drop leading to early activation of calpain (Gandolfi et al., National Foundation for Science and Technology
2011). Consequently, heterozygous pigs at the Development (NAFOSTED), Grant No. 106.06.62.09.
CAST_MspI locus (CD) had the lowest pH45 min and
highest drip loss percentage, while the homozygous DD REFERENCES
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CSIRO PUBLISHING
Animal Production Science, 2013, 53, 1065–1074
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN12301
Abstract. A study of eight commercial cattle herds grazing leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata) pastures
was undertaken to determine (1) the efficacy of in vitro Synergistes jonesii inoculum (produced in an anaerobic fermenter) in
degrading the dihydroxypyridone (DHP) isomers produced during digestion of leucaena forage; and (2) the persistence of the
inoculum in the rumen of cattle following a period grazing non-leucaena pastures.
Cattle were introduced to the leucaena pastures for an initial period varying from 17 to 71 days. Fourteen to fifteen animals
were then sampled for (1) urine and blood plasma to determine toxicity status as indicated by concentration of DHP; (2) faeces
for estimation of diet composition; and (3) rumen fluid for detection of S. jonesii by nested polymerase PCR analysis. After a
further 42–56 days, animals were resampled as before to confirm toxicity status and inoculated with the in vitro S. jonesii
inoculum; the herds were then sampled a third time (42–60 days after inoculation) to test the effectiveness of the inoculum in
degrading DHP.
Five of the herds were then removed from leucaena pastures for periods ranging from 80 to 120 days and returned to
leucaena pastures for 21 days to check persistence of the inoculum as indicated by retention of capacity to degrade DHP.
The data indicated (1) a very slow build up of capacity to degrade DHP isomers on some properties before inoculation; (2)
frequent occurrence of high levels of 2,3-DHP in urine indicating partial toxin degradation, both before and after inoculation;
(3) a low incidence of detection of S. jonesii in rumen fluid after inoculation based on nested PCR analysis; (4) failure of
inoculation to degrade DHP on one of two properties tested; and (5) loss of capacity to degrade DHP on some properties after
<4 months on alternative non-leucaena pastures.
It was concluded that while most herds showed some capability to degrade DHP due to some residual capability from
previous exposure, they did not achieve the same rapid and complete DHP degradation reported in the 1980s. Nevertheless, it
was concluded that the in vitro inoculum was at least partially effective and should continue to be used by graziers until
improved sources of inoculum and/or inoculation methodologies are demonstrated.
Received 23 August 2012, accepted 17 December 2012, published online 17 April 2013
Table 1. Description of properties, pastures, cattle and sampling regime used to study the efficacy and persistence of an in vitro S. jonesii inoculum
Property ID Location Breed and class Starting Leucaena pasture Non-leucaena Days grazing Duration Previous
of animal liveweightA pasture leucaena at off leucaena inoculation
(kg ± s.e.) S1 S2, S3 (days) history
1 Millmerran Angus M/FB 251 ± 2.4 <3 years and vigorous Oats (Taipan) 45 111 No
weaners – minimal grass
87
129
2 Millmerran Angus/Wagyu 241 ± 4.9 <3 years and vigorous n.a. 53 n.a. No
· M/F – minimal grass
weaners
95
137
3 Millmerran Brahman and 333 ± 3.7 <3 years and vigorous n.a. 30 n.a. No
Santa · – minimal grass
heifers
72
114
4 Goondiwindi Brahman · 285 ± 7.4 <5 years, vigorous with Native grass 17 120 Yes (oral
steers established grass – (blue grass) drench)
buffel, blue grass
and bambatsi
73
121
5 Dalby Angus 450 ± 7.5 <5 years, vigorous with Oats (Reil) or 71 112 NoC
pregnant established buffel, couch and
heifers grass, Rhodes and Rhodes grass
purple pigeon
119
175
6 Wandoan Charbray and 370 ± 8.0 <5 years, vigorous with n.a. 54 n.a. Yes (oral
Brahman · established buffel drench)
steers grass
110
160
7 Wallumbilla Santa · and 406 ± 10.9 <5 years, vigorous with n.a. – n.a. Yes (‘carrier’
Charbray established buffel animals)
steers grass
77
122
8 Murgon Droughtmaster 340 ± 11.6 <5 years, vigorous with Oats (Culgoa II) 35 80 Yes (oral
and Braford established grass – green panic and drench)
steers green panic and Rhodes grass
Rhodes grass
83
143
A
Mean liveweight standard error at S1. Liveweights on property #7 were measured by the grazier on 6 January 2009.
B
M/F = male/female.
C
No attempt to introduce S. jonesii, although a bull was purchased (for breeding purposes) from a recently inoculated property.
using the modified method of Dalzell et al. (2012) adapted from 3000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature; supernatant was then
Tangendjaja and Wills (1980). extracted and diluted and hydrolysed with 4.5 M HCl in a water
Paired blood samples were taken from the animals via the tail bath at 90C for 60 min to release DHP conjugated with
bleed method, kept out of direct sunlight and stored on ice in glucuronides.
the field. Samples were spun down in an Eppendorf 5810R Faecal samples were collected using the rectal grab method,
refrigerated centrifuge (Eppendorf North America, Inc., kept cool and stored out of direct sunlight, and oven-dried at
Westbury, NY, USA) within 48 h of initial collection at 2910 65C. Dried samples were ground to particle size <0.1 mm and
rpm for 15 min before transferring separated plasma into were sent for delta carbon analysis at The Australian National
polypropylene tubes and freezing at 80C. Homogenised University, Canberra using a micromass IsoChrom connected to
thawed samples were transferred into Eppendorf tubes, diluted an EQ-1110 Elemental CHN-O Analyser. The method for the
with 0.25 mL of trichloroacetic acid (20%) and centrifuged at determination of the proportion of C3 (leucaena) and C4 (tropical
1068 Animal Production Science S. R. Graham et al.
grass) material was based on the work of Jones et al. (1979) and to test whether DHP was > or <100 mg/mL. Power and sample size
calibrated with faecal samples from cattle fed 100% buffel grass analysis (one sample t-test) tests set at the universal power (0.8)
and 100% leucaena diets. were used to determine the number of samples required to
accurately determine herd toxicity status. Descriptive statistics
Rumen fluid, collection and analysis for S. jonesii were used to summarise blood 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP toxin levels
using a nested PCR assay for each period. Delta carbon dietary composition data were
presented as a percentage of leucaena in diet with summary
A nested PCR approach was used to detect the presence of
statistics tabulated.
S. jonesii in rumen fluid and was based on a similar approach
that was developed to survey the presence of another Synergistes
Results
sp. in the rumen (Davis et al. 2012). Briefly, rumen fluid samples
were collected from restrained animals via an orogastric stomach Pasture and diet composition
tube and a subsample of rumen fluid was stored on ice before Leucaena on-offer varied among properties. At the time of the first
freezing at 80C. Rumen fluid samples were thawed, sampling (S1), average dietary leucaena levels on seven of the
subsamples (1.5 mL) transferred into a 96 deep well plate, properties (property 7 not measured) ranged from 30 to 69%
sealed with tape, centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 20 min at 4C (Table 2). At the time of inoculation (S2), dietary leucaena on six
(Centrifuge 5417; Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany), the properties ranged from 35 to 74% but had dropped to low levels of
supernatant decanted and the plate inverted then spun briefly 18 and 14% on properties 4 and 7, respectively. Six to eight
at 800 rpm. DNA was then isolated from the pellet in each well weeks following inoculation (S3), leucaena diet selection levels
using the ‘bead beating’ method of Denman et al. (2008). The generally remained sufficient (26–70% of diet) to test the efficacy
isolated DNA was diluted to 1 : 3; 1 : 10 and 1 : 30 before analysis of inoculation on all properties, with the exception of property 7,
using a nested PCR test that was specific for S. jonesii in rumen which continued to demonstrate low levels of leucaena in diet
fluid samples. The following primers were analysed using primer (14%). When the cattle in the five herds that were moved to non-
express and were compared with sequences available from NCBI leucaena pastures (Phase 2 trial to study persistence of S. jonesii)
to confirm specificity. The initial amplification was performed were returned to leucaena paddocks for 21 days, diets contained
using the 60F-CAT (GCAAGTCGAACGGGGATCAT)/1275R 29–64% leucaena.
(CCATTGTAGCACGTGTGTAGCC) primer pair. PCR was
also performed using the addition of 1.5 mM MgCl2 and Urinary DHP concentrations
Platinum Taq (Invitrogen, Carsbad, CA, USA) and the
Urinary concentrations of DHP were highly variable within
following conditions: one cycle at 94C for 3 min and 25
herds (Figs 1 and 2). Coefficients of variation ranged from 39
cycles of 94C for 20 s, 63C for 30 s and 70C for 45 s. The
to 351% for 3,4-DHP and from 52 to 283% for 2,3-DHP; standard
PCR product was purified using the pre-sequencing cleanup
deviations for total DHP increased linearly with mean DHP
protocol. For every 2 mL of PCR product, a volume of 1 mL
concentration (Fig. 2). Consequently, total DHP data were log-
was added. Specifically this volume contained 0.25 mL of Calf
transformed and one tail t-tests used to determine whether average
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (10 U/mL), 0.125 mL of 2 · Exol
herd urinary DHP excretion was significantly greater than the
(10 U/mL) and 0.625 mL of 5 · CS buffer (400 mM Tris-HCl pH
subclinical toxicity threshold level of 100 mg/mL. Untransformed
9.0, 10 mM MgCl2). The sample was incubated at 37C for 20 min
data are presented in Table 2.
and then at 80C for 20 min to destroy enzyme activity and
At the initial sampling, DHP excretions were significantly
facilitate its use as a template for the second PCR. The primer
greater than the threshold concentration on all properties
pair 193F (TAAAAGGAGCGATCCGGTAACA)/1039R (CCA
except 6. Property 7 was not sampled. Unexpectedly, at S2
TGCAGCACCTGTTCTAC) was incorporated for the second
(before inoculation), urine DHP concentrations had dropped
round of amplification. Similar PCR conditions described
below the threshold level on all properties except 2 and 3
previously were employed and applied with the increase of
where 3,4-DHP remained high although 2,3-DHP levels had
cycles to 35 at 94C for 20 s, 63C for 30 s and 70C for 45 s.
declined. This meant that only these two properties could be
All PCR products were analysed by running 2% agarose gels
used to test the efficacy of the inoculum at S3. After inoculation,
containing ethidium bromide and visualising for a single specific
DHP concentrations at S3 fell below 100 mg/mL on property 3
band product.
but not on property 2 (Fig. 1 and Table 2).
Among properties that showed high levels of DHP, the
Statistical analyses percentage of 2,3-DHP varied from 0 to 99%. There were no
Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and Minitab 15 trends with sampling time but some properties had consistently
(2007, Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA). The mean higher levels of 2,3-DHP than others e.g. property 5.
urinary concentrations of 3,4-DHP, 2,3-DHP and total DHP When the five cattle herds, all with low DHP levels at S2, were
were analysed in both a raw and log-transformed state. A removed from leucaena pastures for periods of 80–120 days, and
boxplot technique was used on transformed data to show then returned to leucaena pastures for 3 weeks (Table 1), two
median, 25 and 75% quartiles, with whiskers showing lowest herds (properties 1 and 8) showed high DHP levels above the
and highest values with asterisks indicating outliers. threshold level while three herds (properties 4 and 5), were below
One-way ANOVA tests, one and two sample t-tests on log- the threshold level (Fig. 1 and Table 2). This finding demonstrated
transformed total DHP data and descriptive statistics on raw data that herds can lose ‘protection’ against DHP toxicity even after
were used to compare sample periods. One tail t-tests were used 80–111 days off leucaena. The dominant isomer in both urine and
Efficacy and persistence of in vitro S. jonesii inoculum Animal Production Science 1069
Table 2. Summary statistics for concentrations (mg/mL) of 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP in the urine of animals grazing leucaena at four sample times
(S1 = preconditioning grazing; S2 = at inoculation with S. jonesii; and S3 = post-inoculation with S. jonesii; S5 = after 3 weeks grazing after
period off leucaena)
*, Mean herd total DHP concentration > threshold concentration of 100 mg/mL (P > 0.05); – no samples collected: n.d., not detectable; n.s., not significant
Property ID Sample Mean Mean 3,4-DHP Mean 2,3-DHP Total DHP Sig. >100 mg/mL
period % leucaena (mg/mL ± s.e.) (mg/mL ± s.e.) (mg/mL ± s.e.) (P value <0.05)
in diet (±s.e.)
1 S1 66 ± 1 775 ± 139 27 ± 4 802 ± 140 *
S2 35 ± 2 32 ± 7 1±1 34 ± 8 n.s.
S3 31 ± 2 45 ± 14 2±1 47 ± 16 n.s.
S5 64 ± 0.5 950 ± 132 183 ± 55 1134 ± 179 *
2 S1 30 ± 3 491 ± 78 224 ± 66 716 ± 113 *
S2 69 ± 1 521 ± 148 19 ± 6 540 ± 152 *
S3 69 ± 2 310 ± 56 44 ± 13 354 ± 60 *
3 S1 55 ± 1 664 ± 133 294 ± 75 958 ± 193 *
S2 55 ± 1 686 ± 68 41 ± 8 727 ± 73 *
S3 58 ± 1 56 ± 10 2±1 58 ± 10 n.s.
4 S1 41 ± 1 376 ± 69 272 ± 53 648 ± 111 *
S2 18 ± 1 78 ± 18 39 ± 7 116 ± 23 n.s.
S3 26 ± 1 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.s.
S5 29 ± 1 2±2 n.d. 2±2 n.s.
5 S1 63 ± 2 8±3 1036 ± 309 1045 ± 310 *
S2 70 ± 1 16 ± 3 146 ± 43 162 ± 44 n.s.
S3 70 ± 2 13 ± 2 55 ± 29 68 ± 29 n.s.
S5 33 ± 11 and 42 ± 2 n.d. and 10 ± 2 27 ± 14 and 65 ± 18 27 ± 14 and 75 ± 19 n.s.
6 S1 36 ± 2 27 ± 25 43 ± 15 70 ± 31 n.s.
S2 74 ± 1 10 ± 2 30 ± 12 40 ± 13 n.s.
S3 51 ± 2 9±1 122 ± 31 131 ± 31 n.s.
7 S1 – – – – –
S2 14 ± 1 47 ± 32 87 ± 22 134 ± 45 n.s.
S3 14 ± 1 11 ± 7 1±1 11 ± 7 n.s.
8 S1 69 ± 2 217 ± 45 n.d. 217 ± 45 *
S2 72 ± 2 37 ± 21 1±1 37 ± 21 n.s.
S3 41 ± 2 6±4 1±1 7±4 n.s.
S5 45 ± 3 118 ± 36 490 ± 126 609 ± 139 *
8
600
7
Ln total DHP (µg/mL)
6 500
5
Standard deviation
0 100
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
Collection property 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Mean DHP concentration (µg/mL)
Fig. 1. Log-transformed total DHP (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) urinary
concentrations plotted at each sample date within properties #1–8 Fig. 2. Average herd total DHP concentration in urine plotted against herd
(* describes outliers). standard deviation in urine concentration.
1070 Animal Production Science S. R. Graham et al.
blood samples from cattle on property 1 was 3,4-DHP, while on 1985b). A recent study of a closed breeding cattle herd at the
property 8 it was 2,3-DHP. CSIRO research property at Lansdown, inoculated >25 years
Urinary DHP concentrations were poorly related to dietary ago using rumen fluid as the inoculum, showed that cattle
leucaena content as determined by faecal analysis. have retained protection against leucaena toxicity (Jones et al.
2009).
Blood plasma DHP concentrations Our findings differed from this early work in several
significant ways, namely: (1) there was a slow, rather than
Concentrations of DHP in blood serum were low at S1, S2 and S3 rapid, ‘build up’ of DHP degradation capacity over
(data not presented) and showed no significant correlation to 8–12 weeks regardless of inoculation history; (2) urine
corresponding urine samples. Concentrations ranged from non- frequently had high levels of 2,3-DHP, an isomer observed to
detectable to 20.2 mg/mL for 3,4-DHP and from non-detectable to be transitory in the early work; (3) inoculation with the in vitro
16.2 mg/mL for 2,3-DHP. At the conclusion of the final 3-week inoculum did not result in a reduction in urinary DHP on one of
leucaena grazing period at S5, mean serum total DHP the two properties tested; and (4) two of five herds lost their
concentrations of 13 mg/mL were observed for all five herds. protected status after only 80–111 days off leucaena pastures.
Nested PCR analysis and effectiveness of the in vitro Percentage leucaena in diet and urine sampling protocol
S. jonesii inoculum
The percentages of leucaena in the diet were considered adequate
Phase 1 – nested PCR analysis performed on 360 rumen fluid (mean 26–74%) to facilitate the intake of sufficient quantities of
samples collected during testing the efficacy of inoculation trial mimosine to induce DHP toxicity in unprotected animals (Lowry
revealed that 22 (6.1%) tested at S1–S3 had detectable levels of et al. 1983; Jones 1994), except for properties 4 and 7 at S2.
S. jonesii. Only 2 of the 28 animals sampled after inoculation were Similar diet selection levels of 30–60% leucaena have been
positive to S. jonesii at S3. The remaining samples either did not reported in cattle herds grazing leucaena pastures in south-east
have S. jonesii or numbers were below the level of detection by the Queensland during the summer–autumn period (Jones et al. 1979;
nested PCR (<104–105 cells/mL). Jones and Jones 1984; Galgal 2002).
Phase 2 – after the five herds were removed from the leucaena This study employed a urine sampling technique, which
pastures in the persistence of S. jonesii trial, only 6 of the 376 requires animals to be grazing leucaena immediately before
rumen fluid samples collected during S4 (cattle grazing non- sampling and emphasises immediate sampling of cattle upon
leucaena pastures) and at S5 (cattle grazing leucaena pastures) had being yarded as urinary DHP concentrations are closely related
detectable levels of S. jonesii. All six samples were collected to recent leucaena intake (Ghosh et al. 2007). Joseph O’Reagain
during the first 21 days of leucaena-free grazing period. There was (unpubl. data) observed that mimosine and 3,4-DHP first
no continuity in the detection of S. jonesii in individual animals appeared in urine 9 h after animals first consumed leucaena,
among sampling times after first detection. Of the 15 animals and that 3,4-DHP concentrations declined rapidly within 24 h to
inoculated at S2 only three tested positive to S. jonesii and only 50 mg/mL after animals stopped consuming a 60% leucaena
one of these at more than one sampling time (property 5, oats ration. Nevertheless there was great variability in urinary DHP
herd). concentrations within herds at all samplings. This is most likely
influenced by a range of factors, namely: (1) the percentage of
Discussion leucaena in diet, (2) hydration state of the animal; (3) the time
between leucaena consumption and sampling; (4) the number and
The results obtained in this study were in strong contrast to the
efficiency of DHP degrading bacteria in the rumen; and (5) rate
findings of the original research on the efficacy of inoculation with
of metabolism. All these factors may vary greatly among animals
S. jonesii. In that seminal work in Indonesia and northern
within the same herd.
Australia >25 years ago, there was rapid and almost total
Interestingly, there was no relationship between % leucaena in
degradation of both DHP isomers following inoculation even
diet and urinary DHP levels. This contrasted with the findings
in animals consuming high leucaena diets, as indicated by very
of Ghosh et al. (2007) who reported data from controlled
low concentrations of DHP in urine (50 mg/mL) (Jones and
feeding trials where total urine volume was collected which
Lowry 1984; Jones and Megarrity 1986). These early studies
showed a close association between intake of leucaena (and
showed that DHP was almost completely degraded within a
therefore mimosine) and urinary concentrations of DHP. Jones
few days of inoculation (Jones and Lowry 1984; Jones et al.
and Hegarty (1984) also showed a linear relationship between
1985b). Jones (1994) reported that inoculation of goats in
mimosine intake and DHP excretion. However, in those studies,
Indonesia resulted in ‘DHP levels declining to virtually zero
there was no evidence that DHP degrading bacteria were present.
after 5 days’. Other work has shown that animals inoculated with
In the present study, the presence of DHP degrading bacteria,
DHP degrading bacteria are able to effectively degrade DHP
though inefficient in their capacity to completely degrade DHP,
isomers within 2–4 weeks of the animal first grazing leucaena
ensured variability in DHP concentrations in urine.
(Pratchett et al. 1991). Indeed, multiple urine sampling of a
cattle herd inoculated with the original rumen fluid inoculum
in 1986 indicate that the animals have retained complete Protection status of herds before inoculation and success
protection (P Larsen, pers. comm.). These early workers also of inoculation
demonstrated the longevity of S. jonesii in the rumen even Our data showed high urinary DHP excretion levels at the initial
with periods off leucaena of up to 9 months (Jones et al. sampling which indicated that six of the seven herds sampled
Efficacy and persistence of in vitro S. jonesii inoculum Animal Production Science 1071
were exhibiting subclinical toxicity (DHP >100 mg/mL) ruminal populations of S. jonesii at the low levels that appear to
(Dalzell et al. 2012). These herds had been grazing leucaena be present in rumen fluid.
for 17–71 days. Accordingly, at that time we concluded that
herds on all six properties were not protected by S. jonesii.
However, quite unexpectedly, only two of the properties Presence of 2,3-DHP in urine samples
continued to show high excretion of DHP at S2 just before The detection of the compound 2,3-DHP in the urine of all
inoculation indicating that degradation was occurring, but had herds before inoculation, including those herds previously
taken periods varying up to 72–119 days for DHP degrading inoculated, contrasts the findings of Jones et al. (2009) but
capacity to become effective. During this time, only two confirms other work (Dalzell et al. 2012; Phaikaew et al.
properties (1 and 7) showed signs of hair loss (switch of tail), 2012). Of the eight herds, four were excreting high levels of
but animals recovered rapidly with no further clinical symptoms 2,3-DHP at S1 (>100 mg/mL). The presence of this isomer,
of toxicity observed. Results may have been compromised on particularly on property 5, where cattle had been grazing
property 8 by the early removal (>12 h before urine sampling) of leucaena for 10 weeks before S1, indicated that it may not be a
animals from leucaena pasture the evening before sample transitory breakdown product of S. jonesii as previously reported
collection at S2. (Ford et al. 1984). At the first sampling on property 5, mean
The low urinary DHP concentrations detected on all 2,3-DHP concentrations were >1000 mg/mL, with concentrations
properties, except 2 and 3, at the second sampling meant that ranging from non-detectable to 4408 mg/mL. These results are in
the effectiveness of the in vitro S. jonesii inoculum (via reduced accord with those of Ghosh et al. (2007) who found that
excretion of DHP compounds) could only be tested on these uninoculated animals excreted toxin concentrations which
two properties. Following inoculation, animals on property 3 peaked at 45 2.1 mg/mL mimosine, 979 44.0 mg/mL
excreted DHP isomers at concentrations significantly below the 3,4-DHP and 2045 192 mg/mL 2,3-DHP. In the earlier
threshold at S3 demonstrating that S. jonesii was effective. leucaena toxicity study of Queensland cattle herds, Dalzell
Conversely, on property 2 high levels of 3,4-DHP continued et al. (2012) reported that 14 of the 44 herds tested excreted
to be excreted indicating that the inoculation was not effective. high levels of 2,3-DHP (>200 mg/mL). Although these were ‘one
This was a clear indication that inoculation carried out rigorously off’ tests, they were conducted on herds that had been grazing
using recommended practice might not result in effective leucaena for long periods and had not been recently inoculated
degradation of DHP. with S. jonesii. Recent studies of goat herds in Thailand on long-
term 100% leucaena diets also showed very high levels of
2,3-DHP in urine (>1000 mg/mL) (Phaikaew et al. 2012).
Detection of S. jonesii using PCR The factors contributing to the accumulation of 2,3-DHP
The nested PCR analysis was able to detect the presence of remain unclear. The efficiency and capability of DHP
S. jonesii in only 6% of the samples tested at S1, S2 and S3, degradation is highly variable even between phylogenetically
presumably due to the bacteria being present in populations identical S. jonesii strains and is likely to be influenced by
below the sensitivity of this method (<104–105 cells/mL). Due environmental conditions. For example, when in vitro
to the low sensitivity of the PCR analysis, and the likelihood that S. jonesii cultures were deprived of 2,3-DHP for periods of
the levels of S. jonesii detected in rumen fluid were on the 2 months there was a temporary or permanent loss in 2,3-
boundary of assay detection limits, the random detection of DHP degradation activity (Dominguez-Bello et al. 1997; Rincon
S. jonesii observed is unlikely to be related to treatment et al. 2000). In another study, one in four in vitro cultures of
effects. There appeared to be a low population of S. jonesii on rumen fluid containing S. jonesii could not degrade 2,3-DHP
four properties (#1, #4, #5 and #6) before inoculation, which after 6 days of transportation under anaerobic conditions (Jones
were effective in degrading the DHP isomers when tested et al. 1985a).
10–17 weeks later. Recent in vitro degradation studies indicate that capacity to
It is known that the rumen environment can affect PCR degrade the DHP isomers varies with S. jonesii strain
detection sensitivity e.g. levels of carbohydrates, tannins and (C. S. McSweeney, unpubl. data). Absence of strains that
phenolics can interfere with DNA amplification. This might specifically degrade 2,3-DHP might explain the build up of
explain why some animals tested positive for S. jonesii on this isomer. There are other known 2,3-DHP degrading
some occasions but tested negative on subsequent occasions. bacteria, other than S. jonesii, which colonise the rumen
There are no published data reporting abundance of S. jonesii (Hammond et al. 1989b; Allison et al. 1990; Dominguez-
measured in vivo in rumen fluid with which to compare the results Bello and Stewart 1991). However, the presence of these
observed in this trial. The data indicate that DHP was being bacteria in the rumen of Australian cattle has not been explored.
degraded by either low abundance populations of S. jonesii or Therefore, the accumulation of 2,3-DHP observed in this
other unidentified organisms. study may be due to (1) absence of S. jonesii strains that
When the five herds were returned to leucaena grazing, effectively degrade 2,3-DHP; (2) the environmental conditions
the 3 weeks on leucaena should have been sufficient for any of the rumen under which S. jonesii is growing limiting
residual populations of S. jonesii to increase in number in the the efficiency of 2,3-DHP degradation; or (3) the natural
rumen. However, S. jonesii was not detected despite three occurrence of both isomers of DHP when mimosine is
herds demonstrating DHP degrading capabilities. Molecular degraded by plant enzymes and non-specific rumen microbes.
techniques which are more sensitive than the nested PCR test There is currently little evidence for argument (2) and no
adopted in the trial (by 100–1000 times) are required to monitor evidence for argument (3).
1072 Animal Production Science S. R. Graham et al.
*
There appeared to be a residual population of DHP degraders in Acknowledgements
some herds that colonised the rumen slowly and required We express our deep appreciation to the graziers, their families and managers
many weeks to develop the capability to effectively degrade who generously donated their time and resources to this research: Craig
DHP. However, it is not known if these degraders were Antonio, Jonathon Schmidt, Michael Machin, Grant Shelton, Patrick Nason,
S. jonesii or some other species. Luke Hopkins, Andrew Richardson and Andrew Swan. We also thank Peter
*
High concentrations of 2,3-DHP, an isomer previously thought Isherwood, Graham Kerven, David Appleton, Stephen Appleton and Dr
to be a transitory product of 3,4-DHP degradation, were often Jennifer Waanders for assistance with laboratory analyses at the University
present even after long periods of leucaena grazing. Further of Queensland; Dr Olena Kravchuk (UQ) for statistical advice; and Hilary
Stuart-Williams (The Australian National University) for carbon isotopes
work is required to demonstrate the impact of high levels of 2,3-
faecal analysis. This work received financial support from Meat and Livestock
DHP on animal performance. Australia.
*
Even with rigorous inoculation procedures successful
inoculation may not be achieved with the current in vitro
inoculum. References
*
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www.publish.csiro.au/journals/an
Original Article
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of Myogenic Factor 5 gene (MYF5) on carcass and meat
quality of Mong Cai pigs. PCR-RFLP was applied to genotype 100 animals at three loci defined as MYF5/Hin1II,
MYF5/HaeIII and MYF5/MspI. Results showed that MC pigs had two genotypes at each locus namely CD and DD,
EF and EE, and GH and HH for the MYF5/Hin1II, MYF5/HaeIII and MYF5/MspI loci, respectively. The frequencies
of DD, EE and HH were predominant (0.78-0.94) in the population. In addition, association analysis of three loci
revealed that animals carrying CD genotype provided higher dressing percentage (70.30 vs. 67.32%) and loin weight
(841 vs. 787 g) than those of DD genotype; however, these DD pigs had lower compression force value (4.91 vs. 5.79
kg). The other two polymorphisms were completely linked and no significant association was found with carcass and
meat quality traits. Furthermore, the constructed haplotypes were identified to associate with hot carcass and
dressing weight, of which the highest values were in CDEEHH pigs. These results suggested that the MYF5/Hin1II
polymorphism was valuable for some carcass traits and compression force, but on the basis of this polymorphism, a
simultaneous selection for these traits in MC pig remained a difficult task.
บทคัดย่อ
ผลของยีน Myogenic Factor 5 (MYF5) ต่อคุณภาพซากและเนื้อของสุกรพันธุ์ Mong Cai
Figure 1 Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR-RFLP at MYF5/Hin1II, MYF5/HaeIII and MYF5/MspI loci. M: 100 bp DNA ladder,
Fermentas.
216 Nguyen TKK & Nguyen TN / Thai J Vet Med. 2013. 43(2): 213-218.
Genotype
Traits p-value
CD (n = 22) DD (n = 78)
Carcass
Dressing percentage (%) 70.30 ± 0.97 67.32 ± 0.53 0.009
Loin weight (g) 841.4 ± 22.23 786.9 ± 12.11 0.039
Meat quality
pH45 min 6.53 ± 0.05 6.65 ± 0.02 0.018
pH24 6.09 ± 0.04 6.12 ± 0.02 0.530
Drip loss24 (%) 1.98 ± 0.16 1.79 ± 0.09 0.499
Drip loss48 (%) 2.87 ± 0.20 2.58 ± 0.11 0.237
Cooking loss (%) 23.35 ± 0.89 22.21 ± 0.49 0.264
Compression force (kg) 5.79 ± 0.37 4.91 ± 0.19 0.034
Meat color
L* (Lightness) 48.94 ± 0.34 49.29 ± 0.19 0.353
a* (Redness) 4.97 ± 0.60 5.59 ± 0.32 0.369
b* (Yellowness) 8.79 ± 0.31 8.92 ± 0.17 0.997
Meat chemical composition (%)
Dry matter 25.45 ± 0.30 25.63 ± 0.16 0.946
Crude protein 21.99 ± 0.22 22.09 ± 0.12 0.612
Ether extract 2.42 ± 0.11 2.58 ± 0.06 0.148
Ash 0.94 ± 0.08 1.01 ± 0.04 0.238
Table 3 Association of MYF5 haplotypes and carcass and meat quality traits in MC pigs
Haplotype
Traits p-value
DDEEHH (n = 74) CDEEHH (n = 21) DDEFGH (n = 5)
Carcass
Dressing percentage (%) 67.44 ± 0.53b 70.64 ± 0.97a 68.01 ± 2.02ab 0.016
Loin weight (g) 792.0 ± 12.17 847.9 ± 22.39 753.4 ± 46.78 0.052
Meat quality
pH45 min 6.63 ± 0.03 6.55 ± 0.04 6.69 ± 0.10 0.261
pH24 6.09 ± 0.02 6.10 ± 0.04 6.15 ± 0.09 0.423
Drip loss24 (%) 1.83 ± 0.11 2.12 ± 0.21 1.73 ± 0.44 0.433
Drip loss48 (%) 2.57 ± 0.13 2.94 ± 0.23 2.55 ± 0.50 0.388
Cooking loss (%) 22.40 ± 0.51 22.41 ± 0.96 21.57 ± 1.99 0.920
Compression force (kg) 4.95 ± 0.20 5.17 ± 0.38 5.50 ± 0.79 0.715
Meat color
L* (Lightness) 49.37 ± 0.19 48.87 ± 0.34 48.62 ± 0.71 0.287
a* (Redness) 5.72 ± 0.33 4.89 ± 0.60 7.76 ± 1.26 0.110
b* (Yellowness) 8.94 ± 0.17 8.71 ± 0.32 8.80 ± 0.66 0.804
Meat chemical composition (%)
Dry matter 25.43 ± 0.17 25.49 ± 0.30 25.25 ± 0.63 0.937
Crude protein 21.94 ± 0.12 22.27 ± 0.22 21.92 ± 0.46 0.404
Ether extract 2.52 ± 0.06 2.37 ± 0.12 2.70 ± 0.24 0.367
Ash 1.04 ± 0.05 0.86 ± 0.08 1.01 ± 0.17 0.173
a, b Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05)
Our study confirms the findings in many pig In the current study, the MYF5/Hin1II
breeds that the presence of homozygous genotypes polymorphism provided two genotypes with the
CC, FF and GG was very rare and by investigating the majority being the DD animals. This partly supported
association of three SNPs on carcass and meat quality the report of Liu et al. (2007b) that in a commercial
traits, only the MYF5/Hin1II was observed to population of Yorkshire, Landrace and their cross,
influence dressing percentage, loin weight, meat pH this locus was polymorphic for the D allele whereas
Nguyen TKK & Nguyen TN / Thai J Vet Med. 2013. 43(2): 213-218. 217
three genotypes were detected in the Meishan, simultaneous selection for both better carcass and
Yorkshire and Meishan x Yorkshire cross. At the meat quality in MC pig based on this polymorphism
MYF5/MspI locus, the GG genotype could not be would be a difficult task to accomplish. As there were
found and the HH genotype was predominant in both only a few animals bearing the EF and GH genotype,
Large White and Landrace breeds (Verner et al., 2007). a wider study with larger numbers and in other
In the LW x Meishan F2 population, a small number native breeds would be of interest for analysis.
(5.1%) of GG animals was also described by Liu et al.
In conclusion, among the investigated MYF5
(2007a). This was later validated by Liu et al. (2008),
polymorphisms, the MYF5/Hin1II locus is of valuable
who found no GG genotype in the Large White and
SNP that has certain impacts on pH45 min, meat
Landrace, whereas in the Meishan breed the GG and
compression force in LD muscle, dressing percentage
GH frequencies were 0.18 and 0.38, respectively,
and loin weight. Further studies are needed to
which was higher than those of MC pigs (0 and 0.06,
confirm the association in other native populations
respectively). Thus, irrespective of breed, the G allele
before applying this gene as a genetic marker for pig
was in low frequency across populations.
breeding selection.
The first polymorphism in exon 1 of the
MYF5 gene resulted in amino acid substitution (Met
Æ Leu), which may be responsible for changing the Acknowledgements
functional properties of the protein and affecting
muscle maturity (Liu et al., 2008). In the present This project was financially supported by the
study, the analysis of MYF5/Hin1II polymorphism Vietnam's National Foundation for Science and
with carcass traits indicated that pigs with genotype Technology Development (NAFOSTED), Grant No.
DD had significantly lower dressing percentage and 106.06.62.09.
loin weight as compared to those with genotype CD.
In the Large White x Meishan F2 population, Liu et al. References
(2007b) observed significant associations between this
locus with fat deposition traits and carcass length, in Abecasis GR, Cherny SS, Cookson WO and Cardon
which the difference mainly between the CC and DD LR 2002. Merlin-rapid analysis of dense genetic
animals implied that allele “C” was closely related to maps using sparse gene flow trees. Nat Genet.
higher back fat and buttock fat thickness content. 30: 97-101.
Although CC animals were not available in this study, AOAC 1998. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed.
it could be that the impacts were breed-specific due to Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
different genetic backgrounds and selection pressure Washington D.C.
or it might originate from the difference in muscle Carmo FMS, Guimarães SEF, Lopes PS, Pires AV,
fiber type proportion, where higher percentages of IIx Guimarães MFM, Silva MVGB and Schierholt
and IIa were found in MC pigs compared to IIb fibers AS 2005. Association of MYF5 gene allelic
(data not shown). It also suggested that this mutation variants with production traits in pigs. Genet
could not be causal for the differences in carcass traits Mol Biol. 28: 363-369.
being investigated. The haplotype analysis, of which Cieślak D, Kurył J, Kapelański W, Pierzchała M,
the lowest carcass values in pigs bearing DDEEHH Grajewska S and Bocian M 2002. A relationship
variants, additionally confirmed the data. between genotypes at MYOG, MYF3 and
MYF5 loci and carcass meat and fat deposition
The MYF5 gene was reported to have a traits in pigs. Anim Sci Pap Rep. 20: 77-92.
relationship with the expression of fast-twitch Florowski T, Pisula A, Adamczak L, Buczyński JT and
oxidative fiber (Kłosowska et al., 2004) and thus it is Orzechowska B 2006. Technological
likely to have further impact on metabolic activity of parameters of meat in pigs of two Polish local
the muscle and meat quality. Regarding to this point, breeds – Zlotnicka Spotted and Pulawska.
for the MYF5/Hin1II SNP, Liu et al. (2008) Anim Sci Pap Rep. 24: 217-224.
demonstrated changes of intramuscular fat and meat Honikel KO 1998. Reference methods for the
moisture content with the substitution of amino acid assessment of physical characteristics of meat.
caused by this polymorphism. However, these Meat Sci. 49: 447-457.
outcomes were not confirmed in this study, showing Hughes SM and Schiaffino S 1999. Control of muscle
only significant effects on pH45 min and compression fibre size: A crucial factor in ageing. Acta
force of the meat. In the present work, although there Physiol Scand. 167: 307-312.
was a discrepancy of compression force values Kłosowska D, Kurył J, Elminowska-Wenda G,
between two genotype groups, the intramuscular fat Kapelański W, Walasik K, Pierzchała M,
reflected by EE value was similar. According to the Cieślak D and Bogucka J 2004. A relationship
observations of Florowski et al. (2006) on a Polish between the PCR-RFLP polymorphism in
indigenous pig breed, the relationship between porcine MYOG, MYOD1 and MYF5 genes and
compression force and intramuscular fat content was microstructural characteristics of m.
negative (-0.36), and thus higher fat deposition would longissimus lumborum in Pietrain x (Polish
be expected in homozygous DD pigs. The non- Large White x Polish Landrace) crosses. Czech
significant difference was probably because of the J Anim Sci. 49: 99-107.
limited animals examined, especially the imbalance Liu M, Peng J, Xu DQ, Zheng R, Li FE, Li JL, Zuo B,
among the genotypes. In combination with the results Lei MG, Xiong YZ, Deng CY and Jiang SW
of the association with carcass, it can be stated that a 2007a. Association analyses of polymorphisms
218 Nguyen TKK & Nguyen TN / Thai J Vet Med. 2013. 43(2): 213-218.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of genotype and analyze the effect of the
intronic polymorphism (g.C716G) of TNNC1 gene on meat quality traits of Mong Cai (MC) pig. In total, 118
animals were used for phenotype record and genotyping by PCR-RFLP method. Results showed that the presence of
allele “G” was more than twice as frequent as allele “C” at the polymorphic site (0.70vs. 0.30) and the frequency of
CC genotype was very low (0.07) compared to CG (0.47) and GG (0.46) genotypes. The pH value at 45 min post-
mortem was different (p<0.01) among three genotype groups with the lowest found in pigs bearing CC genotype
(6.43). Significantly higher compression force value (6.16 kg) found in CC pigs implied that loins from these
animals were less tender than those from CG animals. Other parameters of meat quality including drip loss and meat
color were not affected by this polymorphism. Moreover, in the analysis of thirty MC pigs, although the relationship
between genotypes and muscle fiber type composition was unclear, there was a trend of increasing IIa fiber and
decreasing IIb fiber percentage in pigs with GG genotype (p = 0.059 and p = 0.082, respectively). In conclusion, the
SNP examined in TNNC1 gene may be of interest in selection for meat tenderness in MC pigs; however as this is
not a causative polymorphism, further studies on the association of TNNC1 with meat quality traits regarding to the
interaction with other functional genes in surrounding regions are recommended.
Keywords: Association, meat quality, mong cai pigs, muscle fiber type
Corresponding Author: Nguyen Trong Ngu, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
156
Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 5(4): 156-159, 2013
Table 1: Relationship between TNNC1 genotypes with quality and chemical composition of pork loin
Genotype
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Traits CC (n = 8) CG (n = 57) GG (n = 53) P
Meat quality
b a
pH 45 min 6.43±0.08 6.65±0.03 6.69±0.03a 0.003
pH 24 6.17±0.07 6.17±0.03 6.18±0.03 0.956
Drip loss 24 (%) 2.00±0.32 1.77±0.11 1.99±0.12 0.389
Drip loss 48 (%) 2.96±0.40 2.53±0.14 2.91±0.15 0.148
Cooking loss 23.7±1.6 23.0±0.6 22.1±0.6 0.481
Compression force (kg) 6.16±0.60a 4.64±0.22b 5.12±0.24ab 0.042
Meat color
L* (lightness) 50.2±0.5 49.2±0.2 49.3±0.2 0.215
a* (redness) 4.2±1.0 6.3±0.4 5.4±0.4 0.068
b* (yellowness) 9.2±0.5 8.6±0.2 8.8±0.2 0.557
Meat chemical composition (%)
Dry matter 24.9±0.4 25.7±0.2 25.3±0.2 0.060
Crude protein 22.6±0.4 22.2±1.1 21.9±1.0 0.083
Ether extract 2.49±0.17 2.52±0.07 2.59±0.07 0.682
Ash 0.96±0.13 1.08±0.05 1.01±0.05 0.550
a,b
: Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05)
Table 2: Relationship between TNNC1 genotypes with muscle fiber are limited. Instead, most of researchers discussed
types of pork loin
about the role of this gene in clinical setting such as
Genotype
----------------------------------------------- heart failure (Adamcova et al., 2006). In the present
Muscle fiber (%) CC CG (n = 15) GG (n = 14) P study, the detected SNP of TNNC1 is located in the
Type I - 23.1±1.4 21.3±1.4 0.294 intronic region and the relationship of such SNP with
Type IIa - 25.0±1.6 28.8±1.6 0.059 observed traits may be explained by the influence of
Type IIx - 39.1±1.7 39.1±1.7 0.989
Type IIb - 12.8±1.0 10.8±0.9 0.082
intron on mRNA metabolism including initial
-: not available transcription, editing and polydenylation of the pre-
mRNA, translation and decay of the mRNA product
(Le Hir et al., 2003). Moreover, there are an increasing
number of reports for the role of introns in regulating
the expression level of a gene or tissue-specific
expression pattern (Greenwood and Kelsoe, 2003;
Pagani and Baralle, 2004).
With regards to the distribution of genotype in MC
pigs, our study confirmed the previous finding that the
number of pigs carrying CC genotype appeared at low
frequency (8%) in the population of F2 DUPI (Duroc x
Pietrain) while the presence of other two genotypes
were almost in similarity (Ngu, 2006). In the
Fig. 3: Genotype and allele frequencies of the C/G SNP in association analysis with meat quality traits, the current
MC population data additionally agree with those reported by Ngu
(2006) that meat color, shear force, drip loss and
force; meat from pigs bearing CC genotype was less cooking loss were not affected by the allele
tender than that from CG and GG genotypes (p<0.05). substitution; in that study, only conductivity was found
None of significant effects of genotype were found for to associate with the changing of genotype.
other meat quality parameters. In addition, meat color The TNNC1 gene was mapped on SSC 13 where
was almost the same among three genotype groups
QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) scan showed evidence of
except for redness (a*) value, where the significant
level was slightly larger (0.068) than the detected significance at 5% chromosome-wide level with pH 1
threshold. There was also a trend of difference by and pH 24 in LD muscle (Wimmers et al., 2006). It has
genotypes in crude protein content (p = 0.083). Finally, been suggested by Metzger (1996) that TnC isoforms
the substitution of C/G allele did not lead to a change in may have an effect in conferring pH sensitivity of Ca2+-
muscle fiber type composition though the percentages activated contraction in mammalian fast and slow
of IIa and IIb fiber tended to be higher in GG and CG muscle fibers. It could be hypothesized in this study
genotypes, respectively (p = 0.059) (Table 2). that the extent of acidic-pH-mediated reduction in Ca2+
binding to regulatory binding sites on TnC is dependent
DISCUSSION on the proportion of muscle fiber; however as these
data were not available due to low numbers of pigs
The documentations on the SNP as well as bearing CC genotype, a conclusive statement for this
association of TNNC1 with performance traits in pigs difference is open to debate. In addition, significantly
158
Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 5(4): 156-159, 2013
higher compression force value found in CC pigs Henckel, P., N. Oksbjerg, E. Erlandsen, P. Barton-Gade
implied that loins from these animals were less tender and C. Bejerholm, 1997. Histo-and biochemical
than those from CG animals. A lower pH 45 min value in characteristics of the Longissimus dorsi muscle in
combination with higher compression force made pigs pigs and their relationships to performance and
with CC genotype less favorable in breeding selection meat quality. Meat Sci., 47: 311-321.
for meat quality. Hooper, S.L. and J.B. Thuma, 2005. Invertebrate
Also in our research, thirty pigs were randomly muscles: Muscle specific genes and proteins.
selected for the examination of muscle fiber proportion Physiol. Rev., 85: 1001-1060.
but out of these there was only one pig with CC Kim, C.W., K.T. Chang, Y.H. Hong, E.J. Kwon, W.Y.
genotype, therefore the comparison was drawn only Jung, K.K. Cho, K.H. Chung, B.W. Kim, J.G. Lee,
between CG and GG carriers. The result indicated a J.S. Yeo, Y.S. Kang and Y.K. Joo, 2005. Screening
trend of increasing IIa fiber and decreasing IIb fiber of specific genes expressed in the swine tissues and
percentage in pigs with GG genotype. Henckel et al. development of a functional cDNA chip. Asian
(1997) reported the frequency of IIb fiber and Aust. J. Anim., 18: 933-941.
intramuscular fat content are positively correlated and Le Hir, H., A. Nott and M.J. Moore, 2003. How introns
thus flavor and tenderness seemed to have a negative influence and enhance eukaryotic gene expression.
relationship with IIa but positive correlation with IIb Trends Biochem. Sci., 28: 215-220.
fibers. Our results confirmed this statement and it is Metzger, J.M., 1996. Effects of troponin C isoforms on
likely that desirable meat in terms of pH 45 min and pH sensitivity of contraction in mammalian fast
tenderness in pigs carrying CG genotype could be and slow skeletal muscle fibers. J. Physiol-London,
expected in selection. However, as this is not a 492: 163-172.
causative polymorphism, further studies on the Mullen, A.J. and P.J.R. Barton, 2000. Structural
relationship of TNNC1 with meat quality traits with characterization of the human fast skeletal muscle
regards to the interaction with other functional genes, troponin I gene (TNNI2). Gene, 242: 313-320.
i.e., pituitary-specific transcription factor (PIT1) are Ngu, N.T., 2006. Transcript abundance of myosin
recommended. heavy chain isoforms and identification of
candidate genes for body composition and meat
quality in pigs. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bonn,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bonn, Germany.
Ngu, N.T., N. Thiet, L.T. Kien, C.T. Vu, N.T.H. Nhan,
This study was financially supported by the
P.N. Du, N.T.K. Khang and T.N. Dung, 2012.
Vietnam’s National Foundation for Science and
Effects of calpastain (CAST) polymorphisms on
Technology Development (NAFOSTED), Grant No. carcass and meat quality traits in Mong Cai pigs.
106.06.62.09. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11(73): 13782-13787.
Pagani, F. and F.E. Baralle, 2004. Genomic variants in
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NGUYỄN TRỌNG NGỮ - ðịnh lượng một số loài vi khuẩn phân giải xơ trong dạ cỏ …
ðỊNH LƯỢNG MỘT SỐ LOÀI VI KHUẨN PHÂN GIẢI XƠ TRONG DỊCH DẠ CỎ CỦA
BÒ CHO ĂN CÁC KHẨU PHẦN KHÁC NHAU BẰNG KỸ THUẬT REAL-TIME PCR
Nguyễn Trọng Ngữ và Nguyễn Thị Hồng Nhân
Khoa Nông Nghiệp & Sinh Học Ứng Dụng, Trường ðại học Cần Thơ
Tác giả liên hệ: Nguyễn Trọng Ngữ, Tel: 0989828295, E-mail: ntngu@ctu.edu.vn
ABSTRACT
Quantification of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen of cattle fed on different diets using real-time PCR
In this study, real-time PCR technique was used to quantify rumen cellulolytic bacteria species in sixteen Sindhi x
Yellow cattle allocated in a two by two factorial design (absence or presence of protozoa; 0.5% or 2% concentrate
supplement). Natural grass and rice straw were used as basal diet and a single dose of soybean oil was given to cattle
at 6 ml/kg live weight to eliminate rumen protozoa. Rumen samples were collected after 5, 30, 60 and 90 days of
defaunation and a similar sampling routine was done in cattle under undefaunated treatments. It was found that,
rumen protozoa reduced at day 5 and gradually recovered until day 90; in contrast, at day 5, an increased number of
total bacteria (2.89 x 1010 copies/ml) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (10.4 x 105copies/ml) was noted. The number of
other bacteria species such as Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus had a tendency to improve but no
significant difference was detected (P>0.05). In addition, the presence of bacteria in rumen of cattle fed low
concentrate supplementation was found to be higher than that in high concentrate supplementation, especially at day
60 and day 90 post defaunation. It can be concluded that real-time PCR can be applied to evaluate changes of rumen
cellulolytic bacteria and a combination of single oil dosing with 0.5% concentrate supplement is beneficial for cattle
consuming low quality diets in terms of increasing rumen cellulolytic bacteria.
ðẶT VẤN ðỀ
Theo Preston và Leng (1987), hệ vi sinh vật (VSV) dạ cỏ của gia súc nhai lại rất phức tạp bao
gồm ba nhóm chính là vi khuẩn, protozoa và nấm với hàng trăm loài khác nhau. Giữa các nhóm
này có mối quan hệ tương hỗ với nhau, trong ñó cấu trúc khẩu phần ăn có ảnh hưởng lớn ñến sự
tương tác của hệ VSV dạ cỏ. Thông thường, khẩu phần giàu dinh dưỡng sẽ không gây sự cạnh
tranh giữa các nhóm VSV, mặt cộng sinh có lợi có xu thế biểu hiện rõ; ngược lại, khẩu phần
nghèo dinh dưỡng sẽ gây ra sự cạnh tranh gay gắt giữa các nhóm, ức chế lẫn nhau, tạo khuynh
hướng bất lợi cho quá trình lên men thức ăn nói chung. Cho ñến nay ñã có nhiều công trình trong
nước sử dụng phương pháp ñếm truyền thống dưới kính hiển vi ñể ñánh giá tác ñộng của khẩu
phần và kỹ thuật loại bỏ protozoa ñến hệ vi khuẩn trong dạ cỏ của bò (Nhan và cs., 2003; Nhan
và cs., 2007; Nhan và cs., 2008; Trach và Thom., 2004). Tuy nhiên, các nghiên cứu trên ñều
dừng lại ở việc xác ñịnh số lượng VSV ở dạng tổng mà chưa quan tâm nhiều ñến sự thay ñổi về
số lượng của từng loài vi khuẩn, ñặc biệt là các loài phân giải xơ trong dạ cỏ. Chính vì vậy, việc
tìm kiếm một phương pháp khác hiện ñại hơn ñể ñịnh lượng VSV dạ cỏ là ñiều cần thiết, trong
ñó kỹ thuật real-time PCR ñã ñược chứng minh là phù hợp và ñã ñược sử dụng rộng rãi trên thế
giới (Kobayashi, 2006; McSweeney và Denman, 2007; Wanapat và Cherdthong, 2009) nhưng
cho ñến nay những báo cáo tương tự về việc ứng dụng kỹ thuật này trong nghiên cứu gia súc
nhai lại ở Việt Nam vẫn còn hạn chế. Trong nghiên cứu hiện tại, real-time PCR ñược sử dụng
ñể xác ñịnh số lượng của ba loài vi khuẩn phân giải xơ trong dạ cỏ của bò khi tiêu thụ các khẩu
phần khác nhau, kết quả thí nghiệm sẽ ñược tham khảo ñể ñiều chỉnh khẩu phần ăn cho bò
nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả chăn nuôi - ñặc biệt là trong giai ñoạn nuôi bò vỗ béo.
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Cặp mồi khuếch ñại vi khuẩn tổng số ñược dùng theo báo cáo của Denman và McSweeney
(2006); các cặp mồi ñặc hiệu cho những loài vi khuẩn phân giải xơ bao gồm Fibrobacter
succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus và Ruminococcus flavefaciens ñược sử dụng theo ñề nghị của
Koike và Kobayashi (2001).
Xây dựng ñường chuẩn: sử dụng các plasmid ADN ñược pha loãng ở các nồng ñộ từ 1010 ñến
101 bản sao/ml.
Thực hiện phản ứng real-time PCR: phản ứng khuếch ñại ñoạn gen ñặc hiệu ñược thực hiện trên
máy real-time PCR (Applied Biosystems). Hỗn hợp phản ứng bao gồm SYBR Green I Dye kit,
mồi xuôi, mồi ngược, nước cất tinh khiết và ADN. Chu trình nhiệt ñược ñiều chỉnh theo ñề nghị
trong nghiên cứu của Wanapat và Cherdthong (2009) và Skillman và cs. (2006).
Xử lý số liệu
Số liệu ñược xử lý theo mô hình tuyến tính tổng quát (General Linear Model) và ñược thực hiện
trên phần mềm Minitab 13.2. Sự khác biệt ý nghĩa của các giá trị trung bình trong và giữa các
nghiệm thức ñược xác ñịnh theo Tukey, với alpha < 0,05.
KẾT QUẢ VÀ THẢO LUẬN
pH dịch dạ cỏ
Bảng 1. Sự thay ñổi pH dịch dạ cỏ của bò thí nghiệm qua các thời ñiểm
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Sự thay ñổi pH dịch dạ cỏ ở thời ñiểm sau uống dầu ñược trình bày qua Bảng 1, các giá trị pH
của dịch dạ cỏ dao ñộng trong khoảng 6,07-7,33. Có sự khác biệt về pH ở khẩu phần bổ sung
TĂHH vào thời ñiểm 5 và 30 ngày sau khi uống dầu, trong ñó pH thấp hơn ở khẩu phần bổ sung
2% TĂHH (P<0,01).
Ở các khẩu phần có bổ sung mức cao TĂHH kết hợp với uống dầu hoặc không uống dầu ñều có
giá trị pH cao hơn khẩu phần bổ sung mức thấp TĂHH cũng như bò ñược uống dầu hay không
uống dầu qua các thời ñiểm thí nghiệm. Tuy nhiên, việc cho bò uống dầu ở mức 6 ml/kg khối
lượng không làm ảnh hưởng nhiều ñến giá trị pH so với bò không uống dầu. Giá trị pH thu ñược
trong thí nghiệm phù hợp với ñề nghị của Van Soest (1994) cho rằng pH dịch dạ cỏ trong khoảng
6,7 ± 0,5 là thích hợp ñể duy trì phân giải xơ và tổng hợp protein vi khuẩn. Theo Wanapat và
Khampa (2006), pH dịch dạ cỏ chỉ khác biệt giữa các khẩu phần và không bị ảnh hưởng khi bò
ñược cho uống dầu cọ. Khi nuôi gia súc nhai lại với khẩu phần cơ bản là cỏ khô thì pH dịch dạ cỏ
thường ñược duy trì ở mức ñộ tương ñối ổn ñịnh trong khoảng 6,7-7,2 (Preston và Leng, 1987).
Kết quả thí nghiệm của Âu Thị Ánh Nguyệt (2001) khi bò ăn cỏ tươi thì pH dịch dạ cỏ cũng dao
ñộng từ 6,8-7,0.
Protozoa dịch dạ cỏ
Có nhiều phương pháp ñể loại bỏ protozoa trong dịch dạ cỏ của bò như (i) tách con ra khỏi mẹ
sau khi sinh và không cho chúng tiếp xúc với ñộng vật nhai lại khác (Akkada và El-Shazly,
1964); (ii) làm rỗng dạ cỏ và xử lý chất chứa ñựng trong dạ cỏ trước khi chúng ñược thay thế
(Jouany và Senaud, 1979) và (iii) ñưa hóa chất vào dạ cỏ của ñộng vật trưởng thành bằng ống
thông thực quản hoặc bằng ống xuyên dạ cỏ, trong ñó những thí nghiệm cho thấy các loại dầu
nành (Van Nevel và Demeyer, 1995), dầu phộng (Nhan và cs., 2001), hạt dầu hướng dương (Ivan
và cs., 2001), dầu dừa (Machmuller et al., 2003) và dầu cọ (Wanapat và Khampa, 2006) có thể
xem như là tác nhân khử protozoa một cách hiệu quả.
Trong nghiên cứu hiện tại, dầu nành ñược dùng ñể loại bỏ protozoa và sự thay ñổi số lượng
protozoa trong dịch dạ cỏ bò ñược trình bày qua Bảng 2. Sau khi bò uống dầu 5 ngày, số lượng
protozoa giảm một cách ñáng kể (4,86 x 105/ml so với 0,88 x 105/ml) (P<0,01). Ở giai ñoạn tiếp
theo, protozoa hồi phục dần và không có sự khác biệt giữa 2 nghiệm thức dầu và không dầu vào
thời ñiểm 60 ngày. Bên cạnh ñó, bò ăn khẩu phần cao và thấp TĂHH không có sự khác biệt lớn
về sự hiện diện của protozoa trong dạ cỏ, và chỉ khác biệt có ý nghĩa ở giai ñoạn 5 ngày sau uống
dầu (P<0,05). Sự khác biệt tương tự cũng ñược tìm thấy trong phân tích tương tác của 2 nhân tố
dầu nành và TĂHH.
Có nhiều yếu tố ảnh hưởng ñến sự tập trung và thành phần của protozoa trong dạ cỏ của bò,
những yếu tố này bao gồm thành phần của thức ăn, pH dạ cỏ, tần suất và mức ñộ cho ăn. Một số
nghiên cứu trước ñây cho thấy khi khẩu phần chứa từ 40-60% TĂHH sẽ thúc ñẩy sự phát triển
mạnh về số lượng và tính ña dạng loài của protozoa (Dehority và Orpin, 1988). Kết quả này ủng
hộ các công bố trước ñây cho rằng sự tập trung của protozoa sẽ nhiều hơn khi gia tăng mức ñộ bổ
sung TĂHH trong khẩu phần (Varel và Dehority, 1989; De Smet và cs., 1992).
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Bảng 2. Số lượng protozoa (x 105/ml) qua các thời ñiểm thí nghiệm
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việc khử protozoa có thể ñược giải thích là do thay ñổi về phân bố loài vi khuẩn trong dạ cỏ và
những ảnh hưởng trực tiếp do sự vắng mặt của protozoa.
Bảng 3. Số lượng vi khuẩn tổng số (x 1010/ml) qua các thời ñiểm
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của 2 nhân tố thí nghiệm, theo ñó số lượng cao nhất ở khẩu phần có cho uống dầu và mức TĂHH
thấp (1,70 x 106/ml).
Vi khuẩn Ruminococcus flavefaciens:
ðối với loài vi khuẩn R. flavefaciens, ảnh hưởng của dầu nành thể hiện rõ rệt ở thời ñiểm 5 ngày
với số lượng cao hơn ở bò có uống dầu (10,37 x 105/ml so với 3,77 x 105/ml) (Bảng 6). Tại thời
ñiểm này, các tỷ lệ khác nhau của TĂHH cũng có vai trò làm thay ñổi sự hiện diện của loài vi
khuẩn R. flavefaciens (P<0,01). Ngoài ra, các yếu tố tương tác không mang lại sự khác biệt về số
lượng vi khuẩn R. flavefaciens tại tất cả các thời ñiểm khảo sát.
Bảng 4. Số lượng vi khuẩn F. succinogenes (x 107/ml) qua các thời ñiểm
Nhân tố Thời ñiểm lấy mẫu
Dầu nành TĂHH 5 ngày 30 ngày 60 ngày 90 ngày
Có - 13,02 3,67 7,61 1,83
Không - 8,72 2,23 4,73 2,83
SEM 3,05 0,95 2,57 0,66
P (Dầu nành) 0,348 0,315 0,451 0,319
- 0,5% 12,70 3,04 10,82 3,44
- 2,0% 9,03 2,86 1,52 1,22
SEM 3,05 0,95 2,57 0,66
P (TĂHH) 0,419 0,897 0,034 0,046
Có 0,5% 13,10 5,10 12,90 1,71ab
Có 2,0% 12,93 2,23 2,32 1,95ab
Không 0,5% 12,30 0,97 8,74 5,16a
Không 2,0% 5,14 3,49 0,72 0,49b
SEM 4,31 1,34 3,63 0,94
P (Dầu nành* TĂHH) 0,440 0,080 0,734 0,031
Bảng 5. Số lượng vi khuẩn R. albus (x 106/ml) qua các thời ñiểm
Nhân tố Thời ñiểm lấy mẫu
Dầu nành TĂHH 5 ngày 30 ngày 60 ngày 90 ngày
Có - 6,33 0,94 2,55 0,063
Không - 3,61 0,61 2,57 0,082
SEM 1,88 0,18 0,60 0,024
P (Dầu nành) 0,339 0,234 0,982 0,615
- 0,5% 3,79 11,60 1,72 0,063
- 2,0% 6,15 0,40 3,40 0,082
SEM 1,88 0,18 0,60 0,024
P (TĂHH) 0,402 0,018 0,083 0,605
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Tây tạng. ðây có thể là hướng nghiên cứu trong tương lai cùng với hướng nghiên cứu về các loài
vi khuẩn chức năng khác ñáp ứng với sự loại bỏ protozoa.
KẾT LUẬN VÀ ðỀ NGHỊ
Có thể xác ñịnh ñược sự thay ñổi của các nhóm VSV trong hệ VSV dạ cỏ của bò tiêu thụ các loại
khẩu phần khác nhau bằng kỹ thuật real-time PCR.
Bò uống dầu có sự gia tăng số lượng của hầu hết các loài vi khuẩn khảo sát, ñặc biệt là loài R.
flavefaciens ở thời ñiểm 5 ngày. Bên cạnh ñó, bò ăn khẩu phần 0,5% TĂHH có số lượng vi khuẩn
nhiều hơn nhóm bò trong nghiệm thức 2,0% TĂHH, ngoại trừ loài R. albus có xu hướng tăng
giảm không rõ ràng.
Xét về số lượng một số loài vi khuẩn phân giải xơ trong dạ cỏ, việc kết hợp cho bò uống dầu và
bổ sung 0,5% TĂHH trong khẩu phần mang lại hiệu quả cao nhất.
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72
ISSN: 2276-7770 Impact Factor 2012 (UJRI): 0.7904 ICV 2012: 6.15
Single Nucleotide
Polymorphisms in Gh,
Ghr, Ghsr and Insulin
Candidate Genes in
Chicken Breeds of
Vietnam
By
Do Vo Anh Khoa
Nguyen Thi Kim Khang
Nguyen Trong Ngu
Joseph Matey
Huynh Thi Phuong Loan
Nguyen Thi Dieu Thuy
Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
Research Article
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to evaluate genetic potential in chicken breeds raised in Vietnam. They include local chicken
breeds (Noi and Tau Vang giving good health and meat quality traits but they are not intensively studied yet) and a
commercial breed (Cobb 500 giving high growth performance and meat yield in industrial poultry production system in
the world, including Vietnam). Therefore, candidate genes GH, GHR, GHSR and insulin related to these traits were
investigated for identifying their single nucleotide polymorphisms by using PCR-RFLP method across different
populations of chicken. The results provide basic foundation to continuously study the effects of genetic
polymorphisms in the candidate genes on performance and meat quality traits of local Vietnamese chickens.
INTRODUCTION
Most economic traits in farm animals show continuous variation and the fundamental genetic nature is very complex
(Li et al., 2010). The application of genetic selection methods in the poultry industry has resulted in increased growth
rate and carcass quality (Zhou et al., 2005). However, as a consequence, there has been incidence of health related
problems such as obesity, sudden death syndrome, immunosuppression and leg problems (Kadlec et al., 2011).
Molecular markers related with one or more sets of traits may be helpful to concurrently improve production and
health (Zhou et al., 2005). The use of molecular marker-assisted selection has proven to be efficient and lead to the
improvement in production performance in animals (Li et al., 2008). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), a type
of DNA polymorphism which is bi-allelic but extensively distributed along the chicken genome has gained interest
recently and the reason for this has been indicated by Beuzen et al. (2000).
The genes of somatotropic axis play a crucial role in chicken growth and development (Nie et al., 2005). The
axis consists of essential components such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors (IGF –I and II), their
associated carrier proteins and receptors and other hormones such as insulin, leptin and thyroid hormones (Kadlec
et al., 2011; Nie et al., 2005). Studies have shown that variation exists among these genes and this could function as
candidates for the evaluation of their effects on chicken growth and development (Lei et al., 2007). Results from
previous researches have revealed that SNPs of the somatotropic axis genes affect growth traits considerably (Nie et
al., 2005; Qui et al., 2006; Lei et al., 2005).
The purpose of this study was to identify SNPs in insulin, GH, growth hormone receptor (GHR) and growth
hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) genes in local chicken breeds of Vietnam.
www.gjournals.org 716
Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
This study used the three populations of chicken: Tau Vang with two different strains (CTU-LA01, n=84 and CTU-
BT01, n=68), Noi (n=38) and Cobb 500 (n=32). The Tau Vang and Noi chicken represent Vietnamese local breeds
with the characteristics of slow growth rate, low reproduction performance, high immune response and good meat
quality traits, while the Cobb 500 with fast growth rate and improved feed conversion efficiency is a commercial
breed commonly raised at industrial chicken farms in Vietnam nowadays.
Genomic DNA samples were extracted from thigh/breast muscle tissues of all chickens from the three different
populations using Phenol-chloroform extraction technique (Wickramaratne et al., 2010) with minor modifications.
Briefly, muscle samples from chicken were chopped into smaller pieces to aid in the digestion process. Then, 700 µl
of digestion buffer, 70 µl of Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 10% and 18 µl of Proteinase K were pipetted into the 2ml
Eppendorf tubes. In addition, 60-100mg of chopped muscle sample was added to the solution in the tube and the
content was mixed on a vortex mixer and incubated overnight at 37oC. 700µl of phenol: chloroform (1:1v/v) was
added the next day, mixed and centrifuged at 10.000 X g for 10 minute. Supernatant was recovered into a new clean
tube. 700µl of Isopropanol and 70µl of Sodium Acetate (3M NaOAc) was added and centrifuged at 10.000 X g for 5
minutes. The supernatant was discarded after centrifugation and 1ml of 70% Ethanol was added to the tube to wash
the DNA pellet. It was then centrifuged at 10.000 X g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and DNA pellet
was air-dried, after which 500µl of TE 1x buffer (pH8.0) was added and mixed gently by hand to dissolve the DNA
and incubated at 37oC for 12 – 24 hours and to be measured for the DNA concentration. A dilution of the stock DNA
was done to the working concentration of 50ng/µl to be used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.
Polymerase chain reaction was performed in a total volume of 10 µL, containing 1 µL Buffer, 1µL MgCl2, 0.20 µL Taq
polymerase, 0.25µL dNTP, 0.25µL of allele specific primer and 2µL of DNA. The PCR conditions were 94oC for 3 min
to activate DNA polymerase, followed by 35 cycles of 94oC for 30s, annealing temperatures ranged between 58oC
and 62oC for 30s, 72oC for 30s and a final extension of 72oC for 5min, and 4oC preservation. The PCR products were
amplified by electrophoresis with 2% agarose gel at 110V, 400mA for 15min after which banding pattern was
observed under UV light. Then, the products were digested overnight in an incubator at 37oC with 10 µl of restriction
enzyme. The digestion products were electrophoresed at 80 Volt for 30 min on 3% agarose gel. The PCR-RFLP
(restricted fragment length polymorphism) fragment sizes were determined by visualizing the banding pattern under
ultraviolet light.
This study was subjected to screen SNPs at loci G662A (intron 1, MspI), T3094C (intron 4, MspI) and
C3199T (intron 4, MspI) in GH gene (Nie et al., 2005), G565A (Eco72I, intron 5) in GHR gene (Nie et al., 2005),
G656A (exon 1, MspI) and C3678T (Bsp119I, exon 2) in GHSR gene (Nie et al., 2005), and C1549T (intron 2, MspI),
T3737C (intron 2, MspI), and A3971G (3’ UTR, MspI) in insulin gene (Nie et al., 2005) in three different populations
of chicken.
www.gjournals.org 717
Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
Allelic and genotypic frequencies of the candidate genes in two local chicken breeds in Vietnam and a commercial
breed were analyzed. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was estimated using SNPStats (Solé et al., 2006)
(http://bioinfo.iconcologia.net/index.php).
RESULTS
Single nucleotide polymorphisms with various genotype and allele frequencies were identified at nucleotides
C1549T, T3737C, and A3971G in the insulin gene, at nucleotides G662A, T3094C, and C3199T in the GH gene, at
nucleotides G656A and C3678T in the GHSR gene as well as at nucleotide G565A in the GHR gene in the different
populations of chicken (Table 2).
www.gjournals.org 718
Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
M AA AA AA AG AG GG AG AA AA AA GG
240
GH gene:
226 G662A
125
115
M TT CT CT CT TT CT CT TT CT TT CT CC TT
CC TT TT TT TT CT CT TT CT TT TT TT CT
563bp GH gene:
357bp
311bp T3094C and
252bp C3199T
206bp
M AG AA AG AG AA AA AA AA AG GG GG GG
118bp
M AG GG AG GG GG GG GG GG GG GG GG AG
105bp
73bp
M CT CC CC CC CC CC CC CT CC
598bp
GHSR gene:
426bp
C3678T
172bp
M CT CT CT CT CT CC CT CT CC TT TT CT
81bp
www.gjournals.org 719
Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
M TT TT TT CC CT CC TT
AA AA AA AA AG GG AG AG AG AG
Insulin gene:
281bp A3971G (3’
233bp
UTR)
48bp
At GH1, three genotypes AA, AG and GG were detected. The AA genotype frequency of the Cobb 500 breed was
higher (0.56) compared to the other local breeds. However, the CTU-BT01 strain of the Tau breed had the highest
frequency for genotype AG (0.53). The highest frequency for GG was observed in the Noi breed (0.34).
At the loci GH2 and GH3, the genotypes CC, CT and TT were observed. The Noi breed did not show any
genotype frequency for the CC genotype but showed a highest genotype frequency for the TT genotype relative to
the breeds for the GH2 locus. However, all breeds showed more than 50% genotype frequency for the TT genotype.
At the GH3 locus, high genotype frequencies for the homologous genotype TT was observed for all breeds with Cobb
500 showing 100% frequency but no frequency for the CC and CT genotype. At the GHR locus, genotypes AA, AG
and GG were observed with genotype AA recording high genotype frequencies for all the breeds. The highest
frequency (100%) was observed for the Noi breed but there were no genotype frequencies for AG and GG. The
genotype frequencies for the AA genotype were higher in the local breeds than in the commercial breed.
At the GHSR locus, two groups GHSR1 and GHSR2 with genotypes AA, AG and GG; and CC, CT and TT
were found, respectively. At the GHSR1 locus, genotype AA showed approximately no genotype frequency and high
genotype frequency was observed for all the breeds in relation to GG genotype. The Cobb 500 breed recorded the
highest of 100%. No genotype frequency was observed for the TT genotype across the entire breed at GHSR2 locus.
The genotype frequency of CC genotype was higher in the local breeds than that in the commercial Cobb 500 breed.
The insulin gene recorded similar genotypes CC, CT and TT at insulin 1 and 2 loci but AA, AG and GG at
insulin 3 locus. At insulin 1 locus, the genotype CC recorded lower genotype frequencies in all breeds but there was
no significant difference between the genotype frequencies of CT and TT. In the Insulin 2, there were also low
frequencies for CC with the Cobb 500 breed recording no frequency for that genotype. A high frequency for TT was
observed in all breeds. The Cobb breed showed the highest frequency (0.64) for the AG genotype while Noi breed
showed the least frequency (0.33) at the insulin 3 locus. The genotype frequencies in the local breeds were higher
for the AA and AG genotypes compared to the Cobb 500 breed.
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Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
Table 2. Allele and genotype frequencies within GH, GHSR and insulin genes in two local chicken breeds in Vietnam
and a commercial breed.
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Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
Table: Continues
NS means there is no significant difference between the observed and expected genotype frequencies under the
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
DISCUSSION
Improving economic traits in chicken has increasingly become of interest and the identification and utilization of QTLs
provide the potential for genetic improvement in selection programmes without slaughtering. Recent advances in
molecular genetics have led to the discovery of genes, or markers associated with genes that affect meat quality
(Gao et al., 2007). Genetic diversity in local or domestic breeds of animals allows breeders and researchers to
develop new characteristics in response to changes in environment, diseases or market conditions and maintain
genetic diversity as well as improve productivity.
Recently DNA polymorphism in chickens and other types of animals in relation to different genes and their
effects has been studied.
The chicken GH gene has numerous SNPs, some of which have been linked to body weight and skeletal
growth in domestic fowls (Harvey, 2013), growth and carcass quality (Lei et al., 2007; Nie et al., 2005); egg
production (Feng et al., 1997) and disease resistance (Kuhnlein et al., 1997). DNA polymorphisms in the GH gene
have been studied in recent years in various animals and results have shown a close association with carcass
characteristics. Lei et al. (2007), observed a significant association with abdominal fat pad weight, abdominal fat pad
ratio and crude fiber content of the breast muscle in SNP substitution from G to A in the chicken growth hormone
(cGH) gene while Mehdi et al. (2012), observed a significant effect on body weight traits with SNP at G662A.
In the chicken GH gene, several SNPs in introns have been identified and reported to be associated with
growth, egg production and disease resistance (Feng et al., 1997, Qui et al., 2006, Nie et al., 2005a, Lei et al., 2007).
In this study, three SNPs (G662A, T3094C, and C3199T) were detected. Mehdi et al. (2012) observed that SNP at
G662A had a significant effect on body weight traits.
In a study conducted by Qui et al. (2006), four SNPs were detected (A428G, C1594T, A3971G and T3737C)
for the insulin gene. It was observed that both C1594T and A3971G were significantly associated with body weight
while T3737C genotypes were significantly associated with small intestine length. In this study, however, only three
SNPs (C1594T, A3971G and T3737C) were detected. Insulin plays an important role in cellular glucose uptake ,
www.gjournals.org 722
Greener Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 3 (10), pp. 716-724, October 2013.
regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism as well as promoting cell division and growth (Wilcox, 2005). In
view of this insulin, it has been considered as a candidate gene in genetic analysis of complex traits such as growth
rate, body composition and fat deposition (Qui et al., 2006). In a study conducted by Qui et al. (2006), SNPs C1594T
and A3971G were found to be significantly associated with body weight trait while T3737C genotypes were
significantly associated with small intestine length. Lei et al. (2007), also observed an association of the insulin gene
with muscle fibre density. In this study, however, three SNPs (C1594T, A3971G and T3737C) were detected.
The GHR gene was found in a research conducted by Lei et al. (2007) to be significantly associated with
crude fat content of the breast muscle, abnormal fat pad weight and ratio. It was also observed that the GHSR gene
was linked with fat traits and the INS gene was found to be linked with muscle fibre density. SNPs in the GHR gene
have been studied in relation to growth rate and fat deposition (Geng et al., 2008) and rate of growth in fast growing
broiler strains and slow growing layer fowl (Zhao et al., 2004); milk production and composition in Holsteins cattle
(Aggrey et al., 1999) and carcass weight and weight gain in beef cattle (Curi et al., 2006). Polymorphisms in the
chicken GHR gene have been found to be significantly associated with crude fat content of the breast muscle,
abnormal fat pad weight and ratio (Lei et al., 2007); egg production and body weight (Feng et al., 1997).
Fang et al. (2010) detected a polymorphism in the GHSR gene in chicken, the dominant homologous
genotype CC in the population was found to be associated with growth. In this result the CC genotype was dominant
at the GHSR 2 locus and hence it can be associated with growth traits. The GHSR is involved in several
physiological functions such as pituitary growth hormone secretion, food intake and energy expenditure (Shuto et al.,
2002). Polymorphisms in the GHSR gene have been found to be associated with growth traits in cattle (Zhang et al.,
2009); fat traits in chicken (Lei et al., 2007); body weight and leg muscle weight traits in chicken (Fang et al., 2010).
In conclusion, single nucleotide polymorphisms of the GH, GHR, GHSR and insulin genes existing in the
various chicken breeds are containing great genetic potential resources for improving growth rate and meat quality
traits because of their valuable characteristics on each breed group, in which Vietnamese local breeds such as Tau
Vang and Noi developing in the backyard chicken systems are one of the good chicken production models ensuring
animal welfare in Vietnam. These results indicated genetic contribution ability of the Vietnamese breeds to meat
quality traits in the future as well.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the grant of Can Tho University (project T2013-45) and GreenFeed Viet Nam Joint
Stock Company (www.greenfeed.com.vn).
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yÕu tè tíi ho¹t ®éng enzym
KHOA HC CÔNG NGH
1. T VN 1 môn kích thích hoSt $ng c2a burng tr[ng) tI gian
não (Contijoch et al., 1993) và do ó có vai trò thúc
Gà Nòi là gi(ng gà a phD"ng có nhiLu Du iFm
+y hoSt $ng sinh s&n và tugi trD8ng thành sinh dfc
nhD d nuôi, ít b-nh, ph+m ch\t tht th"m ngon, tht
(Kuenzel và Fraley, 1995). Gien NPY cng cho th\y
s'n chkc, da vàng, phù hEp v*i th hi u c2a ngDbi
có liên quan v*i n'ng su\t tr[ng 300 ngày (Li et al.,
tiêu dùng n$i a và có tiLm n'ng xu\t kh+u. Ngoài
2009) và tugi ¤ tr[ng u tiên (Dunn et al., 2004)
các Du iFm trên, gi(ng gà Nòi còn trn tSi các nhDEc
trên nhlng gi(ng gà khác nhau. Tuy nhiên, n thbi
iFm nhD con gi(ng b lai tSp nhiLu, t'ng trD8ng
iFm hi-n tSi hu nhD chDa có công b( nào vL &nh
ch5m và kh& n'ng sinh s&n th\p. Theo k t qu& iLu
hD8ng c2a các gien [ng viên, bao grm c& gien NPY,
tra cho th\y, a s( các nông h$ Lu nuôi gà Nòi theo
trên tính trSng sinh s&n c2a gà a phD"ng 8 Vi-t
phD"ng th[c cg truyLn, gà m ¤ tR \p và nuôi con,
Nam. Trong nghiên c[u này, a hình NPY/DraI
n'ng su\t tr[ng trung bình 48,4 tr[ng/mái/n'm và
DEc sV dfng F phân tích m(i liên k t v*i các ch9
t l- \p n8 kho&ng 81% (Nguyn V'n Quyên và Võ
tiêu sinh s&n c2a gà Nòi nhpm tìm ki m m$t ch9 th
V'n S"n, 2008a). Chính vì nhlng hSn ch này mà các
phân tV hi-u qu& phfc vf cho công tác gi(ng.
c" s8 ch'n nuôi qui mô cng nhD các nông h$ chDa
phát huy DEc h t tiLm n'ng c2a gi(ng. 2. V T LIU VÀ PHNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CU
theo qui trình 8 giai oSn trD*c và trong thbi gian thí K t qu& gi&i trình tR cho th\y, tSi v trí nucleotit
nghi-m. 494 n 499 trD*c v trí mã hóa u tiên c2a gien
2.2. Thu th5p
th5p s( li-u NPY (Genbank: M87298) trn tSi $t bi n thêm/m\t
4 nucleotit (ATAA). TD"ng tR, s&n ph+m PCR sau khi
Các ch9 tiêu theo dõi và cách thu th5p s( li-u
2 v*i enzym DraI và i-n di trên gel 3% cho th\y có 2
DEc thRc hi-n theo Bùi Hlu oàn (2011), cf thF
alen I và D, tD"ng [ng v*i 3 kiFu gien II (252 bp), ID
nhD sau:
(252 bp, 167 bp và 81 bp) và DD (167 bp, 81 bp)
- Tgng s( tr[ng ¤ ra: thu tr[ng hàng ngày và (Hình 2) v*i các tn s( kiFu gien ln lDEt là II = 0,22;
ghi nh5n s( li-u trong thbi gian thí nghi-m. ID = 0,42 và DD = 0,36.
- Kh(i lDEng tr[ng: DEc xác nh bpng cân i-n
tV (sai s( 0,1 g).
- Ch9 s( hình dSng: o Dbng kính l*n (chiLu dài
tr[ng) và Dbng kính nhi (chiLu r$ng tr[ng) bpng
thD*c kp có sai s( 0,1 mm, sau ó tính ch9 s( hình
dSng theo công th[c CSHD (%) = (Dbng kính
nhi/Dbng kính l*n)*100.
- T l- tr[ng có phôi (%): là t l- gila s( tr[ng có
phôi trên tgng s( tr[ng ¤ ra c2a m$t gà mái. Hình 1. V
V trí thêm/m\t 4 nucleotit (ATAA)
- T l- n8/tr[ng có phôi (%): là t l- gila s( gia trên gen NPY
cm n8 ra còn s(ng trên tgng s( tr[ng xác nh có
phôi c2a m$t gà mái.
2.3.
2.3. Xác nh
nh kiFu gien
- Tách ADN: muu lông gà DEc tách chi t và tinh
sSch theo qui trình DEc mô t& chi ti t b8i Nozawa et
al. (1999).
- Xác nh kiFu gien: sV dfng phD"ng pháp gi&i
trình tR và PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction —
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism — theo Hình 2. Các kiFu
kiFu gien c2a
c2a gà Nòi DEc
DEc xác nh trên
L ngh c2a Dunn et al. (2004). Trình tR mri xuôi và gel 3%
mri ngDEc ln lDEt là 5’- K t qu& phân tích trên phù hEp v*i nhlng công
TCTCAGAGCTCCAACGTATGA-3’ và 5’- b( trD*c ây, theo ó Ravikuma et al. (2008) khi
ATATTTCTGTGCCTGAACAACA-3’. ThRc hi-n ph&n nghiên c[u trên gà Rhode Island Red B và gà
[ng PCR v*i nhi-t $ bkt cXp c2a mri là 56oC. S&n Dahlam Red cng xác nh5n hai alen A và B v*i 2 kiFu
ph+m PCR DEc 2 v*i enzym gi*i hSn DraI 8 37oC gien AA và BB (tD"ng [ng v*i $t bi n DD và II), tuy
trong 16 gib, sau ó i-n di trên gel agaroza 3% 8 nhiên các tác gi& không phát hi-n kiFu gien AB. Báo
hi-u i-n th 80 V trong 30 phút. B'ng i-n di ADN cáo c2a Li et al. (2009) và Xu et al. (2011) trên m$t s(
DEc quan sát bpng máy chfp hình gel. gi(ng gà b&n a Trung Qu(c nhD Wengchang và
2.4. XV
XV lý s( li-u Ningdu Shanghuang cng cho rpng có hai alen I và
D tD"ng [ng v*i ba kiFu gien II, ID và DD trn tSi trên
S( li-u DEc phân tích theo mô hình tuy n tính
a hình này.
tgng quát (GLM) c2a phn mLm Minitab version
16.0: Yijk= µ + Ti + KGj + ξijk, (trong ó: Yijk - Tính trSng 3.2. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI n kh(i
NPY/DraI
quan sát; µ - Trung bình chung; Ti - nh hD8ng c2a lDEng
lDEng tr[ng
gà tr(ng; KGj - nh hD8ng c2a kiFu gien; ξijk - Sai s( Theo Bùi Hlu oàn et al. (2011) kh(i lDEng
nguu nhiên) tr[ng là m$t ch9 tiêu quan trng F ánh giá ch\t
3. KT QU VÀ THO LU N lDEng tr[ng và s&n lDEng tr[ng c2a gia cm. Kh(i
lDEng tr[ng phf thu$c vào nhiLu y u t(, trong ó 8
3.1. a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI trên gà Nòi
NPY/DraI
thí nghi-m hi-n tSi kiFu gien có &nh hD8ng n kh(i
lDEng tr[ng (B&ng 1). SR khác bi-t có ý nghxa th(ng Fatemi et al. (2012) khi nghiên c[u trên gi(ng gà
kê DEc tìm th\y trong giai oSn 28-47 tun tugi v*i Mazandaran, theo ó các tác gi& không tìm th\y m(i
kh(i lDEng tr[ng th\p nh\t là gà có kiFu gien II (42,1 liên k t có ý nghxa gila a hình này v*i kh(i lDEng
g) và cao nh\t là gà mang kiFu gien DD (44,4 g) và tr[ng.
ID (44,5 g). K t qu& này khác v*i nghiên c[u c2a
B&ng 1. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI n kh(i lD
NPY/DraI lDEng tr[ng (g)
KiFu gien
Tun tugi P
DD (n=47) ID (n=55) II (n=28)
28-31 41,9±0,6 a
40,8±0,6 ab
38,9±0,8b 0,01
32-35 42,5±0,6 42,8±0,6 41,3±0,9 0,34
36-39 44,6±0,6 45,2±0,6 43,1±0,9 0,13
40-43 46,1±0,6 46,0±0,6 45,5±0,9 0,87
44-47 47,1±0,7a 47,4±0,7a 44,0±0,9b 0,007
28-47 44,4±0,5a 44,5±0,5a 42,1±0,7b 0,008
a, b
Các giá trg trong cùng m9t hàng mang chh cái khác nhau thì khác bit có ý ngh@a thng kê (P<0,05)
3.3. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI n t l-
NPY/DraI l- bkt u ¤, t l- tr[ng không St cao (dao $ng tI
tr[ng
tr[ng không St 20,5 n 43,8%) và có sR khác bi-t gila các kiFu gien
(P<0,05). Trong các giai oSn ti p theo t l- này gi&m
Tr[ng không St bao grm các trDbng hEp nhD
dn, nhDng gà mang kiFu gien II có khuynh hD*ng
vi tr[ng mLm, tr[ng bi n dSng, có kích thD*c quá
¤ tr[ng không St cao h"n so v*i gà mang 2 kiFu
nhi hoXc quá l*n. T l- tr[ng không St c2a gà Nòi
gien còn lSi (P=0,06).
DEc trình bày qua b&ng 2. giai oSn u khi gà
B&ng 2. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI t
NPY/DraI t l- tr[ng không St (%)
KiFu gien
Tun tugi P
DD (n=47) ID (n=55) II (n=28)
28-31 20,5±5,7b 33,4±5,7ab 43,8±7,8a 0,05
32-35 16,7±4,4 18,5±4,3 20,1±6,2 0,90
36-39 6,2±3,4b 7,5±3,3ab 21,8±4,7a 0,02
40-43 1,6±2,6 8,1±2,6 4,8±3,7 0,21
44-47 1,9±1,4 1,5± 1,3 5,9± 1,8 0,14
28-47 11,1±3,4 14,4±3,3 24,0±4,3 0,06
a, b
Các giá trg trong cùng m9t hàng mang chh cái khác nhau thì khác bit có ý ngh@a thng kê (P<0,05)
Theo Nguyn Duy Hoan et al. (1999) trong m$t B&ng 3 cho th\y kiFu gien không có m(i liên
àn gà sR chênh l-ch gila qu& tr[ng to nh\t và qu& quan v*i t l- tr[ng có phôi 8 t\t c& các thbi iFm
tr[ng nhi nh\t vào kho&ng 15 g, nhlng qu& tr[ng khác nhau trong thí nghi-m (P>0,05). T l- tr[ng có
không St không có kh& n'ng \p n8, do ó m$t àn phôi trung bình St tI 76,6 n 78,7% trong giai
gà có s( lDEng tr[ng không St nhiLu s làm gi&m t oSn 28-47 tun tugi. K t qu& này cng phù hEp v*i
l- \p n8 rng thbi gi&m tgng s&n lDEng tr[ng. NhiLu Xc iFm sinh lý sinh s&n c2a gà, các ch9 tiêu ch\t
nghiên c[u ch9 ra rpng tr[ng không St phf thu$c lDEng tr[ng và s[c ¤ tr[ng thDbng liên quan ch2
vào y u t( di truyLn rng thbi phf thu$c vào m[c $ y u 8 gà mái và ít phf thu$c vào con tr(ng, ngDEc
hoàn thi-n c2a (ng dun tr[ng, do ó 8 giai oSn u lSi các ch9 tiêu liên quan n s[c sinh s&n phf thu$c
c2a quá trình ¤ tr[ng 8 gà, tr[ng không St chi m nhiLu vào vai trò c2a con tr(ng (Nguyn Th Mai et
t l- cao (Nguyn Duy Hoan et al., 1999). iLu này al., 2009).
phù hEp v*i t l- tr[ng không St 8 các giai oSn
khác nhau c2a gà Nòi thí nghi-m.
3.4. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI n t l-
NPY/DraI
tr[ng
tr[ng có phôi
B&ng 3. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI n t l- tr[ng có phôi
NPY/DraI
KiFu gien
Tun tugi P
DD (n=47) ID (n=55) II (n=28)
28-31 79,3±3,3 80,1±3,4 78,6±4,6 0,96
32-35 84,1±3,6 75,5±3,5 85,8±5,0 0,11
36-39 79,2±3,5 79,4±3,4 77,5±4,8 0,94
40-43 76,3±4,5 76,1±4,6 67,5±6,5 0,49
44-47 67,5±5,6 72,5±5,3 70,5±7,4 0,81
28-47 78,7±2,5 76,6±2,5 77,9±3,4 0,83
a, b
Các giá trg trong cùng m9t hàng mang chh cái khác nhau thì khác bit có ý ngh@a thng kê (P<0,05)
3.5. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI n t l-
NPY/DraI trong giai oSn u th\p, sau ó DEc c&i thi-n dn
n8/tr[ng có phôi và gn nh. iLu này phù hEp v*i nh5n nh c2a
Nguyn Th Mai và Tôn Th\t S"n (2006) cho rpng,
t\t c& các giai oSn thí nghi-m, kiFu gien
tugi gia cm không nhlng &nh hD8ng n t l- ¤
không &nh hD8ng n kh& n'ng n8 tr[ng c2a gà Nòi
tr[ng mà còn &nh hD8ng n t l- tr[ng ch t phôi; t
(B&ng 4). Trung bình, t l- n8 tr[ng c2a gà dao $ng
l- ch t phôi cao nh\t 8 nhlng tun u khi gà m*i
trong kho&ng 83,0 n 88,2%. Bên cSnh ó, m$t ghi
vào ¤ và th\p nh\t khi St 9nh cao t l- ¤ 3-4 tun
nh5n khác trong nghiên c[u cng cho th\y t l- n8
tùy theo gi(ng.
B&ng 4. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
DraI n t l- n8/tr[ng có phôi (%)
NPY/DraI
KiFu gien
Tun tugi P
DD (n=47) ID (n=55) II (n=28)
28-31 77,1±3,6 73,0±3,5 80,3±5,0 0,46
32-35 86,6±2,8 78,1±2,8 85,1±4,0 0,09
36-39 88,5±2,4 90,0±2,4 95,6±3,3 0,22
40-43 89,9±2,8 89,5±2,9 86,6±4,2 0,79
44-47 89,6±3,1 86,9±3,1 94,3±4,2 0,39
28-47 86,4±1,5 83,0±1,4 88,2±2,0 0,07
a, b
Các giá trg trong cùng m9t hàng mang chh cái khác nhau thì khác bit có ý ngh@a thng kê (P<0,05)
3.6. nh hD
hD8ng c2a a hình
hình NPY/Dra
NPY/DraI
DraI n n'ng
n'ng Trong thí nghi-m hi-n tSi, kiFu gien có tác $ng
su\t
su\t tr[ng và s( con sinh
sinh ra (P=0,04) n n'ng su\t tr[ng c2a gà Nòi trong giai
oSn 20 tun ¤ (tun tugi 28-47) (BiFu r 1). Cf thF,
gà mái mang kiFu gien DD và ID cho n'ng su\t cao
h"n gà mang kiFu gien II, tD"ng [ng v*i s( tgng s(
tr[ng DEc ¤ ra ln lDEt là 50,9, 48,7 và 38,9 qu&.
Tuy nhiên, khi xét n tgng s( gà con sinh ra, không
tìm th\y sR khác bi-t gila các kiFu gien mXc dù gà có
kiFu gien DD vun có khuynh hD*ng cho s( gà con
sinh ra cao nh\t.
N'ng su\t tr[ng là s( tr[ng DEc ¤ ra trong
m$t kho&ng thbi gian xác nh không kF n chu k
hay nhp ¤, n'ng su\t tr[ng tD"ng quan chXt ch v*i
s[c ¤ tr[ng trong m$t n'm. Bpng cách nuôi truyLn
BiFu
BiFu r 1. nh hD
hD8ng c2a kiFu gien n n'ng
n'ng su\t
su\t
th(ng, gà Nòi có n'ng su\t tr[ng kho&ng 48
tr[ng
tr[ng (qu&) và s( gà con sinh ra (con)
qu&/n'm (Nguyn V'n Quyên và Võ V'n S"n,
2008b). Cng theo nhóm tác gi& này, m$t trong
nhlng cách ti p c5n F nâng cao s[c s&n xu\t tr[ng xu\t hi-n c2a kiFu gien này nhpm c&i thi-n n'ng su\t
c2a gà Nòi là áp dfng m[c n'ng lDEng trao gi và sinh s&n c2a gà Nòi.
protein phù hEp (2750 kcalME/kg và CP16%), khi ó L#I CM N
s&n lDEng tr[ng gà Nòi có thF St n 96 Công trình :;<c hoàn thành vui s> tài tr< c0a B9
qu&/mái/n'm. Thí nghi-m hi-n tSi DEc ti p c5n
Giáo dmc và ào t.o, mã s :t tài B2013-16-27.
theo hD*ng di truyLn phân tV, tuy nhiên do thbi gian
TÀI LIU THAM KHO
kéo dài c2a 2 thí nghi-m khác nhau, nên chDa thF
Da ra m$t k t lu5n chính xác vL hi-u qu& c2a 2 1. Bùi Hlu oàn, Nguyn Th Mai, Nguyn
phD"ng pháp chn lc và nuôi dDjng này. Thanh S"n, Nguyn Hlu St (2011). Các ch9 tiêu
Trong m$t nghiên c[u khác trên gien NPY, Li et dùng trong nghiên c[u ch'n nuôi gia cm. Nhà xuft
b,n Nông nghip Hà N9i.
al. (2009) trình bày &nh hD8ng c2a a hình
NPY/DraI n tgng s( tr[ng 300 ngày (i v*i gà 2. Contijoch, A. M., S. Malamed, J. K.
Wengchang. Trong khi ó, theo báo cáo c2a Xu et al. McDonald, J. P. Advis (1993). Noeropeptide Y
(2011) trên gi(ng gà Ningdu Shanghuang, a hình regulation of LHRH release at the median eminence:
này không liên quan n tgng s( tr[ng 300 ngày. immunocytochemical and physical evidence in hens.
Theo Nguyn Duy Hoan et al. (1999) kh(i lDEng Neuroendocrinology 57: 135-147.
tr[ng tD"ng quan âm v*i s&n lDEng tr[ng, vì th r\t 3. Dunn, I. C., Y. W. Miao, A. Morris, M. N.
khó nâng cao rng thbi hai ch9 tiêu này. Tuy nhiên, Romanov, P. W. Wilson, D. Waddington (2004). A
nghiên c[u hi-n tSi ch9 ra rpng gà v*i kiFu gien DD study of association between genetic markers in
rng thbi có kh(i lDEng tr[ng và s&n lDEng tr[ng cao candidate genes and reproduction traits in one
h"n 8 gà mang kiFu gien ID và II, nên alen D trong generation of a commercial broiler breeder hen
trDbng hEp này có thF xem là ch9 th phân tV tiLm population. Heredity 92: 128-134.
n'ng trong chn gi(ng nhpm nâng cao s&n lDEng
4. Fatemi, S. A., H. Mehrabani-Yeganeh, A.
tr[ng 8 gà Nòi.
Nejati-Javaremi, S. H. Niknafs (2012). Asociation of
Các ch9 tiêu n'ng su\t sinh s&n tác $ng qua lSi neuropeptide Y and gonadotrophin-releasing
lun nhau &nh hD8ng n s( lDEng gia cm con sinh hormone receptor gene SNPs with breeding value
ra. Khi xem xét các y u t( tD"ng quan &nh hD8ng for growth and egg production traits in Mazandaran
n s( con sinh ra, có thF nh5n th\y kiFu gien DD 8 native chickens. Genet Mol. Res. 11(3): 2539-2547.
a hình NPY/ DraI vDEt tr$i 8 các ch9 tiêu t l- có
5. Nguyn Duy Hoan, Bùi [c Lng, Nguyn
phôi, t l- n8, tgng s( tr[ng rng thbi ch9 tiêu t l-
Thanh S"n, oàn Xuân Trúc (1999). Ch'n nuôi gia
tr[ng không St th\p h"n so v*i 2 kiFu gien còn lSi,
cm. Nhà xuft b,n Nông nghip Hà N9i.
nên s( lDEng gà con sinh ra có khuynh hD*ng cao
h"n so v*i các kiFu gien khác tSi cùng m$t locus. F 6. Kuenzel, W. J., G. S. Fraley (1995).
khai thác kh& n'ng sinh s&n c2a gà Nòi có hi-u qu&, Neuropeptide Y: its role in the neural regulation of
bên cSnh vi-c nâng cao tn s( kiFu gien DD trong reproductive function and food intake in avian and
qun thF gà Nòi, cn k t hEp t(t v*i công tác ch'm mammalian species. Poult Avian Biol. Rev. 6: 185—
sóc nuôi dDjng và công tác ph(i gi(ng F nâng cao 209.
t l- tr[ng có phôi. Bên cSnh ó, vì sinh s&n là tính 7. Li, H. F., W. Q. Zhu, K. W. Chen, X. Wu, Q.
trSng a gien nên vi-c tìm ki m thêm các gien [ng P. Tang, Y. S. Gao, W. T. Song, H. L. Xu (2009).
viên khác có liên quan n tính trSng này 8 gà Nòi là Polymorphism in NPY and IGF-I genes associate
cn thi t nhpm nâng cao hi-u qu& chn lc. with reproductive traits in Wenchang chicken. Afr. J.
4. KT LU N Biotechnol. 8(19): 4744-4748.
a hình NPY/DraI &nh hD8ng n kh(i lDEng 8. Nguyn Th Mai, Bùi Hlu oàn, Hoàng
tr[ng và n'ng su\t tr[ng c2a gà Nòi trong 20 tun ¤ Thanh (2009). Giáo trình ch'n nuôi gia cm. Nhà
tr[ng (tun tugi 28-47), trong ó gà mang kiFu gien xuft b,n Nông nghip Hà N9i.
DD có kh(i lDEng tr[ng và n'ng su\t tr[ng cao nh\t.
9. Nguyn Th Mai, Tôn Th\t S"n (2006).
Trong quá trình chn lc, cn chú ý nâng cao tn s(
Nghiên c[u m$t s( y u t( &nh hDjng n k t qu& \p
n8 c2a tr[ng gà nuôi theo phD"ng th[c công nghi-p. 13. Ravi Kumar, G. V. P. P. S., C. Amrita, G. S.
T.p chí Khoa h"c Nông nghip 6: 65-70. Brah, M. L. Chaudhary (2009). PCR-RFLP and
10. Nozawa, H., T. Yamamoto, R. Uchihi, T. nucleotide sequencing of neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Yoshimoto, K. Tamaki, S. Hayashi, T. Ozawa, Y. gene in egg type chickens. Indian J. Poultry Sci.
Katsumata (1999). Purification of nuclear DNA from 43(3): 263-266.
single hair shafts for DNA analysis in forensic 14. Xu, H. P., H. Zeng, D. X. Zhang, X. L. Jia, C.
sciences. Legal Med. 1: 61-67. L. Luo, M. X. Fang, Q. H. Nie, X. Q. Zhang (2011).
11. Nguyn V'n Quyên và Võ V'n S"n (2008a). Polymorphisms associated with egg number at 300
K t qu& nghiên c[u Xc iFm sinh s&n c2a gi(ng gà days of age in chickens. Genet Mol. Res. 10(4): 2279-
Nòi nuôi th& vDbn 8 các t9nh rng bpng sông CVu 2289.
Long. T.p chí Nông nghip và Phát tri1n Nông thôn 3: 15. Zhou, W., M. Murakami, S. Hasegawa, F.
46-48. Yoshizawa, K. Sugahara (2005). Neuropeptide Y
12. Nguyn V'n Quyên và Võ V'n S"n (2008b). content in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
K t qu& nghiên c[u &nh hD8ng c2a các m[c n'ng responds to fasting and refeeding in broiler chickens.
lDEng trao gi và protein thô lên t'ng trD8ng c2a gà nòi Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part A: Mol. Integr. Physiol.
nuôi tht th& vDbn 8 BSCL giai oSn 8-18 tun tugi. 141(2):146—152.
T.p chí Nông nghip và Phát tri1n Nông thôn 5: 58-61.
7. Hargis P.S., M.E. Van Elswyk and B.M. Hargis 14. Saleh A.A. (2013), “Effects of fish oil on the
(1991), “Dietary modification of yolk lipid with production performances, polyunsaturated fatty
menhaden oil”. Poult. Sci., 70: 874-883. acids and cholesterol levels of yolk in hens”.
8. Hendrix Genetics company (2011), Hisex Emir. J. Food Agric., 25(8): 605-612.
Product Performance. www.isapoultry.com. 15. Schreiner M., H.W. Hulan, E. Razzazi-Fazeli, J.
9. Murata L.S., J. Ariki, C.R. Machado, L. Silva Bohm, C. Iben (2004), “Feeding laying hens seal
and M.J.M. Rezende (2003), “Effect of oil blubber oil: Effects on egg yolk incorporation,
sources on blood lipid parameters of stereospecific distribution of omega-3 fatty acids,
commercial laying hens”. Brazilian Journal of and sensory aspects”. Poult Sci., 83: 462-473.
Poultry Science, 5: 203-206. 16. Sutton C.C., W.M. Muir and G.E. Mitchell
10. Pasin G., G.M. Smith and M. O’Mahony (1984), “Cholesterol metabolism in laying hen as
(1998), “Rapid determination of total cholesterol influenced by dietary cholesterol, caloric intake
in egg yolk using commercial diagnostic and genotype”. Poultry Science, 63: 972-980.
cholesterol reagent”. Chem., 61: 255-259. 17. Tu W.C., R.J. Cook-Johnson, M.J. James, B.S.
11. Perica M.M. and I. Delas (2011), “Essential fatty Műhlhäusler and R.A. Gibson (2010), “Omega-
acids and psychiatric disorders”. Nutr. Clin. 3 long-chain fatty acid synthesis is regulated
Pract., 26(4): 409-425. more by substrate levels than gene expression”.
Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 83:
12. Robertson J.B., P.J. Van Soest (1981), The 61-68.
detergent system of analysis and its application to
human food. In: James, W.P.T., Theander, O. 18. Wang P.H., Ko Y.H., Chin H.J., Hsu C., Ding
(Eds.) The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food. S.T., Chen C.Y. (2009), “The effect of feed
Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY. restriction on expression of hepatic lipogenic
genes in broiler chickens and the function of
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on the relationship of fish intake with prostate, Physiology, Part B, 153: 327-331.
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Ngày nhận bài báo: 21/09/2014 - Ngày nhận bài phản biện: 27/09/2014
Ngày bài báo được chấp nhận đăng: 29/09/2014
TÓM TẮT
Thí nghiệm thực hiện tại Trại Nghiên Cứu và Thực Nghiệm Nông Nghiệp Trường Đại Học Cần
Thơ, từ tháng 7 đến tháng 9 năm 2014, được bố trí theo thể thức hoàn toàn ngẫu nhiên với 4 nghiệm
thức khẩu phần (CN0, CN30, CN70, CN1000) tương ứng với 4 mức độ (0, 30, 70 và 100% vật chất khô)
Chùm ngây thay thế cỏ lông tây trong khẩu phần và được lặp lại 3 lần nhằm xác định mức sử dụng tối
ưu trong khẩu phần nuôi thỏ lai tăng trưởng. Mỗi đơn vị thí nghiệm là 4 thỏ có khối lượng 1,6±0,5
kg/con. Kết quả cho thấy sử dụng Chùm ngây nuôi thỏ có sự cải thiện về lượng thức ăn tiêu thụ, tỉ lệ
tiêu hóa dưỡng chất của khẩu phần và không có ảnh hưởng lên các chỉ tiêu sinh lý máu.
Từ khoá: Chùm ngây, tỉ lệ tiêu hóa, sinh lý máu, thỏ thịt lai
ABSTRACT
Fourty eight growing crossbred rabbits were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4
treatments as 4 diets in which Para grass was replaced by Moringa oleifera of 0, 30, 70 and 100% dry
matter basis (CN0, CN30, CN70, CN100) from July to September 2014 in Experimental Unit of Can Tho
University. A treatment have four rabbits (02 males, 02 females) with live weight average 1,6±0.5 kg and
were kept in one boxes in the eight weeks. The results found that there were significant improvements
in nutrient intake and digestibilities of growing rabbits (P<0.05) from CN70 and CN100 treatments.
There was no significant difference of hematological criteria among treatments.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, nutrient digestibility, hematological criteria,growing rabbit.
CN70: 70% Chùm ngây và 30% cỏ lông Thỏ được cách ly, theo dõi tình trạng
tây (tính trên VCK) sức khoẻ, được tiêm phòng những bệnh
CN100: 100% Chùm ngây (tính trên VCK) thường gặp ở thỏ như cầu trùng, ghẻ, tiêu
chảy... Chuồng được che chắn ánh nắng.
Chùm ngây được trồng tại trại nghiên
Lồng nuôi, máng ăn được phun xịt thuốc sát
cứu và thực nghiệm nông nghiệp của
khuẩn cẩn thận trước khi đưa vào thí
trường. Cỏ lông tây được cắt hằng ngày ở
nghiệm. Quy trình chăm sóc nuôi dưỡng
khu vực quanh trường. Tất cả thức ăn xanh
được thực hiện đồng đều trên các đơn vị thí
sẽ được cho ăn phần thân lá và ngọn. Thức
nghiệm. Quét dọn vệ sinh chuồng lồng và
ăn hỗn hợp viên Proconco C225 được bổ
nền chuồng sạch sẽ. Rửa máng đựng nước
sung 5-15g viên thức ăn/con/ngày tuỳ giai
và thay nước uống).
đoạn.
Bảng 1. Thành phần hóa học (%) thức ăn sử dụng trong thí nghiệm
Tính trên % DM
Chỉ tiêu DM
CP NDF ADF Ash
Chùm ngây 18,45 22,68 22,81 17,71 8,29
Cỏ lông tây 20,2 11,9 55,5 34,8 13,6
TA hỗn hợp 90,9 19,9 24,4 7,64 11,6
Ghi chú: DM vật chất khô, CP protein thô, CF xơ thô, NDF xơ trung tính, ADF xơ acid, Ash khoáng tổng số.
Bảng 2. Giá trị dinh dưỡng (%) của khẩu (2001) ADF, NDF theo qui trình Van Soest và
phần thí nghiệm Robertson (1991).
Khẩu phần thí nghiệm Mẫu phân của từng đơn vị thí nghiệm
Chỉ tiêu cũng được thu và cân khối lượng vào buổi
CN0 CN30 CN70 CN100
sáng và buổi chiều, được bảo quản bằng
CP 11,90 15,14 19,45 22,68
H2SO4 và được trữ lạnh ở nhiệt độ -20oC. Khi
NDF 55,5 45,69 32,62 22,81 phân tích mẫu được rã đông để xác định
hàm lượng CP tính trên phân tươi, các thành
2.3. Các chỉ tiêu theo dõi và phương pháp phần còn lại được sấy khô nghiền mịn phân
thu thập số liệu tích tương tự như mẫu thức ăn.
Xác định lượng thức ăn ăn vào: Thức ăn Chỉ tiêu sinh lý máu: Số lượng hồng cầu,
được cân vào buổi sáng và buổi chiều trước bạch cầu, tiểu cầu, công thức bạch cầu, hàm
khi cho thỏ ăn đảm bảo cho thỏ ăn dư so với lượng hemoglobin, tỷ lệ hồng cầu
nhu cầu rồi cân lại thức ăn thừa vào sáng (hematocrit)... Thỏ được bỏ đói 24 giờ, mỗi
hôm sau. Thức ăn ăn vào và thức ăn thừa nghiệm thức lấy máu 04 con (02 đực và 02
được xác định vật chất khô để tính tiêu tốn. cái). Các chỉ tiêu sinh lý máu được xác định
bằng máy phân tích máu tự động
Xác định tỷ lệ tiêu hoá toàn phần theo
CELLDYN-1700 của Đức. Máu thỏ được lấy
McDonald và ctv (2002): Để xác định tỷ lệ
tứ tĩnh mạch tai, lượng mẫu máu lấy là 1-2
tiêu hoá, cho ăn, thức ăn thừa, phân được
ml sau đó cho vào ống nghiệm có sẵn chất
lấy mẫu hằng ngày. Sau khi kết thúc thí
chống đông EDTA và phân tích tại trạm xá
nghiệm mẫu được phân tích xác định DM,
thú y của trường Đại học Cần Thơ.
OM, CP, khóang theo phương pháp AOAC
Bảng 3. Lượng dưỡng chất ăn vào (g/con/ngày) của thỏ trong thí nghiệm
Nghiệm thức
Khẩu phần SEM P
CN0 CN30 CN70 CN100
DM 98,13b 107,47a 112,89a 110,56a 1,62 0,001
CP 11,68d 16,27 c 21,95 b 25,08 a 0,29 0,001
NDF 54,46 a 49,11 b 36,82 c 25,29 d 0,64 0,001
Ghi chú: a, b các giá trị ở cùng hàng mang ít nhất một chữ ký hiệu chung không sai khác nhau ở P = 0,05.
Lượng ăn vào của vật chất khô, protein có ăn cỏ lông tây. Sự khác biệt này là do
thô, xơ trung tính của thỏ trong giai đoạn thí Chùm ngây có hàm lượng protein thô cao,
nghiệm tiêu hoá khác biệt rất có ý nghĩa do đó khi cho thỏ ăn khẩu phần 100% Chùm
thống kê ( P< 0,001). Lượng vật chất khô ăn ngây thì lượng đạm ăn vào cao. Kết quả này
vào cao nhất ở khẩu phần có Chùm ngây phù hợp với kết quả của Doan Thi Gang và
(107,47-112,89g/con/ngày). Kết quả này cao ctv (2006) là 20,1 - 25,4 g/con/ngày và kết quả
hơn kết quả Nguyen Thi Kim Dong và ctv của Pok Samkol và ctv, (2006) đưa ra khả
(2006) là RM (79,5g/con/ngày) và RMLT năng ăn vào của thỏ ở khẩu phần rau muống
(82,3g/con/ngày), tuy nhiên kết quả này được cho ăn với các mức độ khác nhau của
tương đương so với báo cáo của Doan Thi tấm là 19,9 - 22,9 g/con/ngày. Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa
Gang và ctv (2006). Theo Doan Thi Gang và của thỏ trưởng thành có mối liên hệ với
ctv (2006) thì mức ăn vào của thỏ rất cao 119- nguồn protein (Maertens và Groote, 1984).
139g/con/ngày khi cho thỏ ăn khẩu phần rau Theo cách này protein đến từ thức ăn hỗn
muống có hoặc không có kết hợp với cỏ hợp và hạt ngũ cốc thì tiêu hóa tốt (cao hơn
Guinea, rau Lang và phù hợp với kết quả 70%) trong khi đó protein ít nhiều có liên kết
của Nguyễn Thị Xuân Linh (2008) với khả với xơ thì có giá trị thấp hơn (55-70%) (Just
năng DM ăn vào 100-139g/con/ngày khi cho và ctv, 1985).
thỏ ăn khẩu phần rau Lang thay thế cỏ Lông Hàm lượng NDF ăn vào của nghiệm
tây ở các mức độ khác nhau. thức ăn cỏ lông tây cao hơn so với nghiệm
Lượng protein thô ăn vào ở khẩu phần thức giảm cỏ lông tây. Điều này do hàm
có Chùm ngây cao hơn so với nghiệm thức lượng xơ trung tính cỏ lông tây cao (55,5%)
dẫn đến lượng xơ trung tính tiêu thụ cao Thông thường, giữa tỷ lệ tiêu hóa và
hơn ở những khẩu phần có cỏ Lông tây. lượng ăn vào có một mối liên quan nhất
định, và thông thường thì loại thức ăn nào
3.2. Tỷ lệ tiêu hoá dưỡng chất của khẩu càng được tiêu hóa nhiều thì lượng ăn vào
phần thỏ thí nghiệm. của loại thức ăn đó bởi gia súc nhai lại sẽ
càng tăng.
Bảng 4. Tỷ lệ tiêu hoá dưỡng chất (%) của khẩu phần thỏ trong thí nghiệm
Nghiệm thức
Dưỡng chất SEM P
CN0 CN30 CN70 CN100
DMD 64,98b 65,27b 71,42a 70,53a 0,4 0,001
OMD 66,89b 67,15b 73,10 a 72,56a 0,52 0,001
CPD 64,69b 66,93b 69,85 a 71,11a 0,063 0,001
NDFD 38,92b 42,65 43,86a 45,44a 0,80 0,003
Ghi chú: a, b các giá trị ở cùng hàng mang ít nhất một chữ ký hiệu chung không sai khác nhau ở P = 0,05.
Tỷ lệ tiêu hoá DM (DMD) đạt giá trị cao có sự khác biệt nhau. Với thí nghiệm CN70
nhất ở nghiệm thức CN70 và CN100 có sự và CN100 có tỷ lệ tiêu hoá CP lần lượt là
khác biệt với nghiệm thức có tỉ lệ cỏ lông tây 69,85% và 71,11%. Kết quả này thấp hơn với
cao. Bởi vì Chùm ngây có hàm lượng xơ kết quả Nguyen Thi Kim Dong và ctv (2006)
trung tính thấp hơn khá nhiều so với cỏ ở nghiệm thức RM và RMCLT là 86,0% và
Lông tây. Kết quả này thấp hơn kết quả của 79,9% và của Pok Samkol và ctv (2006) cho tỷ
Pok Samkol và ctv, (2006) nuôi thỏ bằng rau lệ tiêu hoá CP từ 77,9 đến 80,1%.
Muống cho tỷ lệ tiêu hoá DM 73,5-78,3%. Kết Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa NDF thay đổi từ 38,92%
quả này phù hợp với Đào Hùng (2006) giá trị đến 45,44% và có sự khác biệt giữa các
DMD ở RM là 79,8% và RMCLT là 62,8% và nghiệm thức (P = 0,003), kết quả này thấp
kết quả của Nguyen Thi Kim Dong và ctv hơn Nguyen Thi Kim Dong và ctv (2006) ở
(2006) khi nuôi thỏ bằng lá rau Muống thay nghiệm thức RM và RMCLT là 62,9% và
thế cỏ Lông tây có tỷ lệ tiêu hóa dao động 37,8%. Kết quả nầy cũng thấp hơn nghiên
trong phạm vi 62,7-73%. cứu của Nguyễn Thị Xuân Linh (2008) với
Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa OM (OMD) trong thí khẩu phần bổ sung 40% và 60% rau muống
nghiệm từ 66,89 đến 73,10% có sự khác biệt rõ thay thế cỏ lông tây có tỷ lệ tiêu hoá NDF là
giữa nghiệm thức cho thỏ ăn Chùm ngây với 62,9% và 70,1%. Mức độ xơ cao trong khẩu
nghiệm thức có tỉ lệ cỏ lôn tây cao. Kết này phần dẫn đến giảm thời gian lưu lại của thức
cũng phù hợp với Nguyen Thi Kim Dong và ăn trong đường tiêu hóa và làm tăng việc
ctv (2006) ở nghiệm thức RM và RMCLT là sản xuất phân mềm bởi vì có sự gia tăng
80,6% và 63,3%. Theo Olabanji và ctv (2007) là họat động các vi khuẩn phân giải xơ vì vậy
68,8-81,4% khi cho ăn các mức độ Dã qùy làm giảm khả năng tiêu hóa của khẩu phần.
khác nhau trong khẩu phần của thỏ. Kết quả cho thấy tỷ lệ tiêu hóa dưỡng
Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa protein thô (CPD) khác chất (%) của thỏ trong các nghiệm thức luôn
biệt có ý nghĩa thống kê (P=0,001) tuy nhiên có khuynh hướng cao khi thỏ được bổ sung
giữa các nghiệm thức CN70 và CN100 không thêm lá Chùm ngây vào khẩu phần.
Bảng 5. Các chỉ tiêu sinh lý máu của thỏ thí nghiệm
Nghiệm thức
Chỉ tiêu SEM P
CN0 CN30 CN70 CN100
RBC (1012/l) 4,88 4,88 4,97 5,06 0,24 0,62
HGB (g/l) 99,17 97,34 99,67 100,50 3,90 0,58
HCT (l/l) 0,32 0,32 0,33 0,33 0,02 0,69
MCV (fl) 65,99 64,79 66,57 65,40 1,15 0,38
MCHC (g/l) 303,58 303,10 305,95 308,40 2,52 0,32
RDW, % 14,65 14,42 14,22 14,84 0,52 0,37
WBC (10 /l)
9 8,75 8,94 9,47 9,12 1,41 0,53
LYM (109/l) 4,38 4,90 5,30 5,20 1,57 0,73
Ghi chú: RBC hồng cầu, HGB hemoglobin, HCT hematocri, MCV thể tích trung bình hồng cầu, MCHC nồng độ
huyết sắt tố trung bình của hồng cầu, RDW hồng cầu lưới, WBC bạch cầu, LYM lâm ba cầu,
Số lượng hồng cầu trung bình của thỏ là cầu chiếm 48-62%, bạch cầu trung tính 29,5-
4,0-6,5 x 1012/l (Trịnh Hữu Hằng và ctv, 2007). 34,8%, nhóm bạch cầu MID (bao gồm đơn
Trong thí nghiệm của chúng tôi cho biết số cầu, bạch cầu ưa axit, bạch cầu bazơ và các
lượng hồng cầu thay đổi 4,88- 5,06 x 1012/l. bạch cầu nguyên bào khác) 15,4-18,8%. Số
Hàm lượng hemoglobin ở trên các loài động lượng tiểu cầu ước lượng được trên loài
vật hữu nhũ dao động 65-136g/l (Nguyễn động vật hữu nhũ thay đổi từ 100 x 109/l đến
Quang Mai và ctv, 2004). Trong thí nghiệm 600 x 109/l (Nguyễn Quang Mai và ctv, 2004).
này cho thấy hemoglobin của máu thỏ thay Thỏ trong thí nghiệm nàu đều có các chỉ
đổi 99,17-100,5 g/l. Chỉ số hematocrit hầu hết số sinh lý máu bình thường chứng tỏ việc
trên loài gia súc phải nhỏ hơn 50% vì nếu lớn cho thỏ ăn Chùm ngây không ảnh hưởng
hơn sẽ có hiện tượng thiếu máu. Trong đến sự phát triển và tăng trưởng bình
nghiên cứu của chúng tôi cho thấy thỏ có chỉ thường của thỏ.
số hematocrit dao động 32-33%.
Nguyễn Quang Mai và ctv (2004) cho 4. KẾT LUẬN
biết số lượng bạch cầu trung bình của thỏ là Ở mức độ 70% Chùm ngây trong khẩu
8 x 109/l và dao động trong phạm vi 6-12 x phần nâng cao khả năng tiêu thụ thức ăn,
109/l, lâm ba cầu chiếm 35-45%, bạch cầu tăng tỉ lệ tiêu hoá dưỡng chất. Sử dụng lá
trung tính 45-55% và nhóm đơn cầu, bạch Chùm ngây không có sự khác biệt đáng kể
cầu ưa axit và bạch cầu ưa bazơ 6-14%. Một về các chỉ tiêu sinh lý máu của thỏ thịt lai.
thí nghiệm của Ahamefule và ctv (2006)
được thực hiện tại Nigeria cho thấy tế bào Có thể sử dụng Chùm ngây làm thức
bạch cầu (WBC) của thỏ lai (Newzealand x ăn nuôi thỏ để thay thế các loại thức ăn
Chinchilla) thay đổi 5,8-7,3 x 109/l, trong đó khác ngày càng kham hiếm.
bạch cầu trung tính chiếm 37,5-43,3% và lâm
TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
ba cầu chiếm 56,5-60,8%.
1. Ahamefule F.O., G.O. Eduok, A. Usman, K.U.
Kết quả nghiên cứu của chúng tôi có giá
Amaefule, B.E. Obua and S.A. Oguike (2006),
trị WBC dao động 8,75- 9,47 x 109/l, lâm ba
“Blood biochemistry and haematology of bản cỏ lông tây (Brachiaria Mutica) trên năng suất
weaner rabbits fed sundried, ensiled and thịt và sinh sản của thỏ thịt lai tại Đồng Bằng Sông
fermented cassava peel based diets”, Pakistan Cửu Long, Luận văn thạc sĩ ngành chăn nuôi,
Journal of Nutrition, 5(3): 248-253 Khoa Nông Nghiệp và Sinh Học Ứng Dụng,
2. AOAC (2001), Official methods of analysis, Trường Đại học Cần Thơ.
Association of official Analytical chemists, 10. Maertens L. and Groote G.De (1984),
Washington D.C, Page: 255-275. Proceedings of the III World rabbit Science
3. Bharali R., J. Tabassum, M.R.H. Azad (2003). Association Congress. Budapest (3), Page: 42-52.
"Chemomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera, 11. Nguyễn Quang Mai, Trần Thị Loan và Mai
Lam, on hepatic carcinogen metabolizing Văn Hưng (2004), Sinh lý học động vật và người,
enzymes, antioxidant parameters and skin NXB Khoa học kỹ thuật, Hà Nội
papillomagenesis in mice". Asian Pac J Cancer 12. McDonald P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Greenhagh
Prev., 4(2): 131-139. and C.A. Morgan (2002), Animal Nutrition (6th
4. Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, Nguyen Van Thu, edition), Longman Scientific and Technical, N.
Brian Ogle and T.R. Preston (2006), “Effect of Y., USA.
suppplementation level of water spinach 13. Minitab (2000), Minitab Reference Manual, PC
(Ipomoea aquatica) leaves in diets based on Version, Release 13.2. Minitab Inc., State
para grass (Brachiaria mutica) on intake, College, PA.
nutrient utilization, growth rate and economic
of crossbred rabbits in the Mekong Delta of 14. Đặng Thùy Nhung (2008), “Thành phần dinh
Vietnam, Proceedings of SAREC/Sida, Workshop dưỡng của lá cây M.oleifera làm thức ăn gia
on Forages for pigs and Rabbits in PhnomPenh, súc”. Tạp chí khoa học và phát triển. VI(1): 38-41.
Campuchia, 22-24 August 2006, Page: 169-175. 15. Olabanji R.O., G.O. Farinu, J.A. Akinlade and
5. Doan Thi Gang, Khuc Thi Hue, Dinh Van Binh O.O. Ojebiyi (2007), “Growth performance,
and Nguyen Thi Mui (2006), Effect of Guinea organ characteristic and carcass quality of
grass on feed intake, digestibility and growth weaner rabbits fed different levels of wild
performance of rabbits fed a molasses block and either sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl A. Gray)
water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) or sweet potato leaf-blood meal mixture”. Int. J. Agric. Res., 2:
(Ipomoea batatus L) vines, Goat and rabbit 1014-1021.
research Center, Son Tay, Ha Tay provine, from 16. Pok Samkol, T.R. Preston and J. Ly (2006),
http://www.mekan.org/proprf/kimd3.htm Effect of increasing offer level of water spinach
6. Trịnh Hữu Hằng, Đỗ Công Huỳnh (2007), Sinh (Ipomoea aquatica) on intake, growth and
lý người và động vật, tập 2, NXB Đại Học Quốc digestibility coefficients of rabbits, livestock
Gia, Hà Nội. Trang: 65-93. research for Rural Development, volume 18,
Article #22. Retrieved, from
7. Đào Hùng (2006), Đặc điểm, tính năng sản xuất và http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd18/02/samk18022.h
ảnh hưởng các mức độ đạm thô trên tăng trưởng, tm.
khả năng ăn vào, tỷ lệ tiêu hóa và tích lũy đạm của
thỏ lai, Luận văn thạc sĩ ngành chăn nuôi, Khoa 17. Van Soest P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis
Nông Nghiệp và Sinh Học Ứng Dụng, Trường (1991), “Carbohydrate methodology,
Đại học Cần Thơ. metabolism and nutritional implications in
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8. Just A., H. Jorgensen and J.A. Femandenz nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal
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9. Nguyễn Thị Xuân Linh (2008), Ảnh hưởng của
rau muống (Ipomoea aquatica) trong khẩu phần cơ
1. Introduction
Many programs and policies have been made recently by local governments in the Mekong Delta to help farmers
alleviating their poverty; one of which was the practice of raising dairy cattle. When the dairy herd expanded, the demand
for feed resources increased and thus the introduction of grass as basal diet became essential. Recently, Hymenachne
acutigluma and Paspalum atratum have been proven to be appropriate under low fertility and acidic soils and specially
their ability to resist to waterlogged condition. In addition, they can be supplied as basal diet to dairy cattle but protein
addition source such as cottonseed cake is required for better performance of the animals. However, the use of cottonseed
cake is also limited because (i) a high level of gossypol contained in cottonseed cake may negatively influence milk
production (Rogers Glemn and Poore, 1995) and (ii) in many cases the use of cottonseed cake does not ensure net profits
to farmers due to its high cost. Hence, the search for alternative feeds for supplementation is still needed.
The multi-purpose tree Trichanthera gigantea, introduced into Vietnam from Colombia in 1991 has adapted readily
to a wide range of ecosystems throughout Vietnam (Ha and Phan, 1995; Nhan et al., 1996). The crude protein content of
the foliage (leaves and the thin stems consumed by the animals) varies from 18 to 20%. This kind of tree has been used to
partly replace the protein source for laying hens and duck ration with positive results obtained (Nhan et al., 1997). In
ruminant, the use of Trichanthera was also reported in lactating goats (Duyen et al., 1996), but so far data on the
supplementation of Trichanthera to dairy cattle diets has been insufficient. Therefore, the present research was done to (i)
examine the productivity, quality and persistence of Hymenachne acutigluma and Paspalum atratum on seasonally
waterlogged land, (ii) determine an optimal plant spacing (plant density) for Paspalum atratum production at
waterlogged condition and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of Trichanthera and cottonseed cake supplementation on milk
production of dairy cattle consuming Paspalum atratum as a basal diet.
Photo 1. Paspalum atratum (a) and Hymenachne acutigluma (b) grasses on seasonally waterlogged
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After each sampling cut, the remaining forage in the plots was cut 5 cm above ground level before applying
fertilizer. All biomass from each plot were weighed to determine the fresh yield. The fresh biomass was sampled and
pooled from the 3 replicates (1.5 kg fresh weight each), and was placed in a porous paper bag for dry matter (DM)
determination and chemical analyses. A similar sample was collected to analyze on a DM basis. The content of crude
protein (CP) in the samples was determined according to the procedure of AOAC (1990).
Trial 2 was carried out in the same location to trial 1 but in the wet land of approximately 20 cm in deep water. A
randomized complete block design was used in this experiment. The grass was assigned to four blocks and there were
four treatments in each block which were randomly assigned. Thus, a total of 16 plots were used in a size about 800 m 2
with four treatments corresponding to with four plant spacings (20 x 50 cm; 30 x 50 cm; 40 x 50 cm; 50 x 50 cm).
Trial 3 was conducted in dairy farms in Soctrang province, where Khmer farmers have become familiar with the
practice of raising dairy cattle. Fifteen F1 (Holstein x Sindhi) lactating cows were allocated in a completely randomized
block design. Cows were allocated to treatments on the basis of milk yield, parity and days of lactation. There were three
households involved in the study to provide 5 replicates per treatment. In each family, five cows were housed in
individual stall and were offered three different treatments as follows:
Control: Paspalum grass ad lib + 0.4 kg concentrate/kg milk.
PC: Paspalum grass ad lib + 4 kg/day cottonseed cake.
PCT: Paspalum grass ad lib + 1 kg/day cottonseed cake + 1 kg Trichanthera (DM basis).
Before the experiments started, cows were drenched against internal parasites. The animals were housed in
individual shed separated from their calves and received free water and home-made mineral lick blocks at all time. They
were milked twice daily at 07:00 and 15:30 by hand milking followed by suckling residual milk of the calves. All
ingredients fed to cows were divided into three portions per day, grass and Trichanthera were mixed together to prevent
selection; molasses was mixed with urea and cottonseed cake was given as its normal form. During the first 15 days all
cows were fed the control diet. In the next 7 days the cows on treatments PC and PCT were adapted to the new diet. Milk
yield was measured on all diets for a further 6 weeks. The study lasted 64 days.
Collection parameters were feed intake, milk production and milk composition. Feed intake of grass and
Trichanthera were estimated daily by the difference between DM of amounts offered and refused. Milk production was
recorded daily as the sum of sucked and milked raw milk. Milk intake of the calves was determined by the weight-
suckle-weight technique every week (Williams et al., 1979). Milk sample was collected twice weekly at consecutive 5
a.m. and 15 p.m. milking and analyzed for total protein, butterfat lactose and total solids by the Milkotester machine.
Economic analysis was made using partial budget analysis based on increased costs and increased returns of the treated
animals.
Statistical analysis: the effects of treatments on milk yield and feed intake were subjected to ANOVA using the
General Linear Model procedure of Minitab 13.2. Covariance analysis was applied using initial milk yield on standard
diet as the covariant. When the F-test was significant, the Tukey's test for paired comparisons was used to compare
means.
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appeared to be well suited for smallholder dairy farmers. From this point, the second experiment was done for evaluation
of plant spacing on Paspalum atratum production in waterlogged condition (Table 2).
There were influences of spacing on the first and second harvest but no changes in the third and fourth cutting
among treatments. In the first two harvests, biomass from spacing treatment of 20 x 50 cm was higher compared to
others, particularly that of treatment 50 x 50 cm. This could be explained by the difference in density or number of plants
per size as narrower spacing had more plants at the same plot in comparison with wider space. Nevertheless, this
tendency has changed in the third and fourth harvest, when high density of grass required more fertilization leading to
nitrogen deficiency and this phenomenon affected Paspalum production in the following years (Phaikaew et al., 2001). In
addition, Hare et al. (2004) showed that Jarra digit (Digitaria milanjiana cv.) swards planted in narrow rows produced
more DM twice as dense and had fewer weeds than swards planted in wide rows but at the second cut (6 months after
planting), row spacing had no influence on DM yield of Jarra digit.
Table 2. Biomass of Paspalum atratum grass at different spacings
Spacing (cm)
Harvest time SE P
20 x 50 30 x 50 40 x 50 50 x 50
Fresh biomass, tonnes /ha
1st 26.58a 21.13ab 16.64b 17.54b 1.85 0.01
nd a a ab
2 25.86 24.6 22.83 20.70b 0.77 0.003
3rd 26.11 25.66 24.91 22.07 1.33 0.19
4th 24.97 23.80 24.21 23.71 0.45 0.23
DM biomass, tonnes/ha
1st 6.29a 5.00ab 4.05ab 4.50b 0.44 0.02
nd ab a b
2 5.36 5.53 4.77 4.73b 0.17 0.01
3rd 5.18 5.64 5.20 4.61 0.27 0.12
4th 4.94 4.73 4.86 4.74 0.09 0.31
CP biomass, tonnes/ha
1st 0.574a 0.461ab 0.322b 0.364b 0.04 0.003
nd ab a b
2 0.584 0.650 0.531 0.538b 0.02 0.03
3rd 0.562 0.574 0.567 0.480 0.03 0.13
4th 0.454 0.459 0.458 0.438 0.09 0.30
In trial 3, DM intake was similar in all diets and tended to be higher in control treatment (Table 3). Similarly, there
were no influences on milk yield, milk composition and FCR among treatments (Table 3). However, PCT treatment had
higher profit compared to control and did not differ from that of PC. This difference was partly due to the replacement of
protein sources from Trichanthera foliage.
Table 3. Effects of different treatments on DM intake and milk parameters
Treatments
Parameters SE P
Control PC PCT
Dry matter intake, kg/d 11.10 10.95 10.55 0.18 0.11
*
Milk parameters
Milk yield, kg/d 10.88 10.85 10.19 0.21 0.06
Fat, % 4.30 4.31 4.06 0.09 0.13
Protein, % 3.68 3.42 3.34 0.13 0.21
Lactose, % 4.92 4.74 4.55 0.15 0.28
FCR, kg milk 1.03 1.01 1.04 0.02 0.62
Profit, VND/kg milk** 2900a 3300b 3400b 77.1 0.003
a,b
Means without common superscript along rows are significantly different at P<0.05
*
Covariance analysis were applied using initial milk yield on standard diet as the covariant
**
1USD is equivalent to 21,180 VND
PC: Paspalum grass ad lib + 4 kg/day cottonseed cake.
PCT: Paspalum grass ad lib + 1 kg/day cottonseed cake + 1 kg Trichanthera (DM basis).
Normally, plant protein is available in wide nature and transportation fee was free or only small amount of money
was needed. Thus, lower investment per kg milk as well as the increased benefit from buying their milk was attained. It
was also concluded by Topps (1997) that the most effective way to enhance energy intake and performance of animals
fed on crop residues was to provide them with good quality forages, including forage legumes.
4. Conclusions
Paspalum atratum and Hymenachne acutigluma were well-adapted in waterlogged condition and produced similar
production and plant spacing had no influence on Paspalum atratum production by cutting time.
Dairy cattle consuming Paspalum atratum solely supplemented with cottonseed cake or combined with
Trichanthera as a replacement of concentrate had similar milk production.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express sincere appreciation to the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida),
Department for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), through the MEKARN regional project for
funding this work and farmers of the Evergrowth dairy cooperative for their support.
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5. References
AOAC (1990). Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
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115
Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, December - 2015; Volume – 3(VI)
Nguyen Trong Ngu1,*, Nguyen Hong Xuan2, Chau Thanh Vu1, Nguyen Trong An3, Tran Nhan Dung4
and Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan1
1
College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Can Tho University of Technology, Can Tho, Vietnam
3
National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan R.O.C.
4
Biotechnology Research and Development Institute, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
Received – September 19, 2015; Revision – October 16, 2015; Accepted – November 18, 2015
Available Online – December 15, 2015
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2015.3(6).487.493
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Candidate gene
The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic potential of candidate genes involved in egg yield of
PCR-RFLP Noi chicken, a popular backyard chicken breed in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam with limited egg
production. A total of 130 hens were individually stalled for daily egg record in 20 weeks. Feather
Total egg number
samples were collected for DNA extraction and genotyping was carried out using PCR-RFLP method.
Five genes, namely DRD2 (Dopamine receptor 2), IGF-I (Insulin-like growth factor I), NPY
Noi chicken
(Neuropeptide Y), VIP (Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and VIPR-1 (Vasoactive intestinal peptide
receptor 1) were used in the present work. It was shown that allele frequencies of DRD2/BseGI,
VIP/VspI and VIPR-1/HhaI polymorphisms were of great discrepancy in Noi chicken population and
there were significant associations between genotypes and egg numbers (P<0.05). Furthermore,
chickens carrying DD (NPY/DraI), CC (VIPR-1/TaqI) and CC (VIPR-1/HhaI) genotypes had highest
egg production with 50.9, 49.8 and 50.4 eggs/hen/20 laying weeks, respectively. These results provide
an alternative for breeding selection of Noi chicken towards improving egg production.
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Effects of genetic polymorphisms on egg production in indigenous NOI chicken. 489
DRD2/BseGI IGF-I/PstI
NPY/DraI NPY/KpnI
VIP/HinfI VIP/VspI
VIPR-1/TaqI VIPR-1/HhaI
M : Standard DNA 100 bp scale (Fermentas); Ctrl: Non-incubated PCR products with restriction enzymes
3 Results and Discussion (VIP/VspI). The number of bands and PCR-RFLP band size,
genotype and allele frequencies of these polymorphism are
In the current study, 6 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms shown in Figure 1 and Table 2. For the DRD2/BSeGI locus,
(SNPs) and 2 INDELs (Insertion/Deletion) for five candidate the number of Noi chickens that had T allele accounted for a
genes were identified from Noi chicken breed. The above very low proportion of the population (0.12). Similar trend was
SNPs were in transition mutations (T>C or C>T), whereas 2 found in other loci such as C allele (0.21) (IGF-I/PstI) or T
INDEL variations were based on the addition or removal of 4 (0.22) (VIPR-1/HhaI) and the frequency of these mutations
AATA nucleotides (NPY/DraI) or 3 AGG nucleotides followed Hardy-Weinberg's law (P>0.05).
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490 Nguyen et al
In the 2 INDEL variants, genotypic frequencies of VIP/VspI (4 bp) mutation at 700 bp position before the start of NPY gene
mutation did not follow the Hardy-Weinberg law (P<0.05) and transcription, but no relationship with the total number of eggs
comparable results were also found in other chicken was found. Similar findings were also described by Fatemi et
populations. For example, on Ningdu Shanghuang breed, the al. (2012) on the Iranian Mazandaran local breed; Xu et al.
frequency of C allele was higher than T allele in DRD2/BSeGI (2011b) on Ningdu Shanghuang breed and Abdi et al. (2014)
mutation point (Xu et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2011a; Xu et al., on West-Azarbaijan native chickens. In contrast, the report of
2011b). In addition, Kim et al. (2004) showed that C allele Li et al. (2009) suggested that NPY/DraI polymorphism affect
frequency (0.31) was lower than T allele (0.69) at IGF-I/PstI the total egg count of 300 day-old Wengchang chickens, which
polymorphic position in Ogol chicken, but on the same is confirmed by the current study and this can be explained as
Madandaran chicken, the distribution of 2 alleles was relatively NPY gene variations have different effects to chicken
equal (0.51 and 0.49) (Abbasi & Kazemi, 2011). In addition, a ovulation in different breeds (Dunn et al., 2004).
comparison of allele frequency on VIPR-1/TaqI polymorphism
also pointed out that most of the experimental chickens in the VIP gene regulates GnRH secretion in both humans and
population had a higher proportion of C allele. poultry (Christian & Moenter, 2008; Li et al., 2009). The
effects of VIP on the body depend upon VIPR-1 and VIPR2
The effects of polymorphic positions on egg production receptors, in which VIPR-1 gene is considered selective
indicators are displayed in Table 3, in accordance to which the support indicator to reduce hatchability and improve egg
SNPs on NPY and VIPR-1 genes showed a significant quality (Zhou et al., 2008a). Results from VIPR-1/HhaI
association with the egg productivity of Noi chicken in 20 polymorphism research on Noi chickens showed that chicken
weeks of laying (P<0.05). The highest egg yield was reported with CC genotype had the highest egg production yield.
in chickens with 4 nucleotides lost (AATA INDEL) at Research by Xu et al. (2011b) also found the influence of this
NPY/DraI locus or chickens with CC genotype at VIPR- polymorphism on total egg production of Ningdu Sanhuang
1/TaqI or VIPR-1/HhaI position (49.8 to 50.9 eggs). It should laying chicken of 300 days, in which C allele benefited more in
be noted that the frequency of this genotype was also in the selection process. Besides, Zhou et al. (2008b) previously
relatively high proportion (0.36 to 0.64), which suggested that reported a similar result in many different chicken populations;
the process of natural selection had contributed to the and a number of other research results as well showed that
improvement of laying productivity, thereby increased the VIPR-1/TaqI polymorphism was closely associated with
proportion of beneficial alleles in populations. For the incubation time and the first laying age and individuals
remaining polymorphisms of the current study, the effect of carrying CC genotype had a longer incubation period and
genotype on egg production was not significant (P>0.05). earlier first laying age (Zhou et al., 2008a; Zhou et al., 2008b).
Recently, Xu et al. (2011b) reported that chickens with CC
An important neural regulator that affects reproductive genotype had lower total egg production after 300 days as
function in mammals and birds is neuropeptide Y (Hilal et al., compared with chickens carrying TT genotype. This also
1996). In chickens, experiments have shown that when injected implied that egg production had a negative correlation with
into the brain, NPY stimulated intake, increased insulin hatching time and therefore the two polymorphisms on VIPR-1
secretion process and altered levels of certain hormones in the gene could be potential molecular markers for the
blood such as prolactin, thyrotropin and GnRH (reproduction improvement of egg production in Noi chickens.
hormone) (Willoughby & Blessing, 1987; Kuenzel &
McMurtry, 1988). Although there are evidences that NPY may In animals, dopamine (DA) plays an important role in
play a role in the regulation of hormone secretion mechanism regulating the physiological effects of the reproductive system
mentioned above, the association between polymorphisms in such as creating excitement in mating. Besides, DA inhibits
this gene and egg production is less evident and depends prolactin secretion through DRD2 in the pituitary gland. DRD2
heavily on each different population. Earlier, in a population of gene functions to regulate and control the release of DA and
commercial laying hens, Dunn et al. (2004) discovered INDEL
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Effects of genetic polymorphisms on egg production in indigenous NOI chicken. 491
Table 3 Association between polymorphic positions and Noi chicken egg production (egg/hen/20 laying weeks).
thus mutations in the gene DRD2 may affect the reproductive of 90-300 days old when chicken with D allele (with three
performance of domestic chickens. The research by Xu et al. nucleotides AGG inserted) yielded higher productivity.
(2011b) revealed that DRD2/BseGI polymorphism affiliated However, the percentage of DD genotype present in the
with egg production of 300 days old, but this result was not surveyed population was very low (1.2%). Results of the
supported by the present report. present study are in agreement with the finding of Zhou et al.
(2010) that DD genotype proportion in Noi chickens was very
Similarly, IGF-I gene had no effect on egg production of low (1.7%) and egg production averaged at 58.5 eggs/20 laying
domestic chickens, despite its great contribution in stimulating weeks/hen (the highest in all the genotypes studied). However,
growth, protein synthesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, it was the average of only two individuals and would be just
egg development (McMurtry et al., 1997; Yun et al., 2005; Li only for reference and no specific conclusions about the effect
et al., 2006;) and IGF-I/PstI has been proven to have of this genotype in the population could yet be made.
correlation with egg production and days of continuous egg-
laying (Kim et al., 2004; Li et al., 2009). Conclusions
VIP gene is also believed to be related to egg production of In Noi chicken population, at each studied polymorphic locus
poultry due to its involvement in the synthesis and secretion of two alleles existed with three different genotypes, including
prolactin hormone by the pituitary gland. The mRNA DRD2/BseGI, VIP/VspI and VIPR-1/HhaI with significant
concentration of VIP varies with hens’ physiological status differences in allele distribution. Besides, genotypes at the
(Mauro et al., 1989; Chaiseha et al., 1998) and VIP enhances NPY/DraI, VIPR-1/TaqI and VIPR-1/HhaI mutation points
the stability of mRNA prolactin in vivo (Tong et al., 1998) as showed association with total egg production of laying Noi
well. The activities that affect the VIP concentration in the chickens of 20 laying weeks. These results provide an
body were suggested to influence the reproductive additional solution in the selection process towards improving
performance and hatching behavior (Caldwell et al., 1999). egg production of Noi chicken.
Zhou et al. (2010) found 69 polymorphisms when they studied
7 chicken breeds in China, among which AGG INDEL had
significant effects on the total egg production during the period
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492 Nguyen et al
Authors would hereby like to declare that there is no conflict of Hilal EM, Chen JH, Silverman AJ (1996) Join migration of
interests that could possibly arise. gonaldotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and neuropeptide Y
(NPY) neurons from olfactory placode to central nervous
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1
College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Viet Nam, 2 Soc Trang Vocational Training College,
Viet Nam, 3 Cau Ngang Satellite, Tra Vinh University, Viet Nam, 4 Can Tho University of Technology, Viet Nam
*
Corresponding author: ntngu@ctu.edu.vn
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate leptin (LEP) gene polymorphisms in crossbred Holstein Friesian (HF) x Lai Sind
cattle and their effects on milk yield and milk quality traits. Milk yield was recorded for lactation period of 305 days.
Milk fat and protein were estimated using the Milko Tester machine. DNA extracted from blood samples (n=206) was
amplified by PCR technique followed by sequencing for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification. Applied
genotyping for the two SNPs (g.C1180T and g.C2059T) was done by PCR-RFLP method with the presence of Kpn2I
and Sau3AI restriction enzymes, respectively. At the LEP/Kpn2I locus, cows of CT genotype accounted for the highest
proportion (78%) whereas at the second SNP, the frequency of CC dominated (63%). In the association analysis, the
LEP/Kpn2I polymorphism did not affect 305-day milk yield, but showed significant influence on milk quality traits, of
which cows with CT genotype had higher protein (3.67%) and fat (3.99%) content than ones with CC and TT. The other
locus (LEP/Sau3AI) was not associated with any traits analyzed. In conclusion, the g.C1180T SNP could be included in
marker assisted selection of crossbred HF cows for improving protein and fat percentages.
Key words: Cow, leptin gene polymorphism, milk quality trait.
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PCR products of 94 bp were sequenced for SNP detection version 13.20; factors affecting milk production such as
and incubated with Kpn2I restriction enzyme at 37oC for sampling site, animal breed, parity and genotype were
15 minutes for genotype determination. In addition, based included in the model.
on the sequence available in GenBank (U50365), another
primer pair was designed to amplify a 490 bp fragment RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
containing the second locus LEP/Sau3AI. The sequences
of forward and reverse primers were: 5’- Milk yield and milk quality of HF x Lai Sind cows:
AAGCTCAGACCTGCAACCAT-3’ and 5’- Milk yield, milk fat and protein content are shown in
TTGAAAGAGGGCACACACAG-3’, respectively. In Table 1. In general, F2 and F3 cows produced similar
PCR amplification, an initial denaturation at 94oC for 3 milk yield (3220 and 3216 kg/305-d lactation,
minutes followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94oC for respectively) and had a tendency to produce more milk
45 seconds, annealing at 62oC for 45 seconds and than the F1 cows (2923 kg/305-d lactation). Theoretically
extension at 72oC for 45 seconds, and an additional cow breeds with higher HF blood ratio would have higher
extension of 72oC for 5 minutes was set. Finally, yield, however as mentioned by Trach and Long (2008),
incubation of PCR products with Sau3AI restriction the higher HF blood ratio requires better nutrients and
enzyme at 37oC for 15 minutes was performed to environmental conditions to fully exploit the potential
determine the genotypes. milk production. Thus, it might be one of the factors
Data analysis: The data were subjected to analysis using limiting the milk production potential of F3 cows in the
General Linear Model of Minitab statistical program present study.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of traits analyzed in 305-d lactation (mean ± standard deviation)
Fat Protein
Cow group n Milk yield (kg)
% Yield (kg) % Yield (kg)
F1 (1/2 HF) 85 2923±841 4.00±0.51 115.8±33.0 3.66±0.19 107.1±31.8
F2 (3/4 HF) 82 3220±761 3.97±0.51 127.8±34.6 3.60±0.21 115.7±26.4
F3 (7/8 HF) 39 3216±641 3.86±0.55 124.6±33.5 3.55±0.27 114.1±23.6
All groups 206 3097±785 3.96±0.52 122.3±34.0 3.62±0.22 111.9±28.5
In addition, milk fat and protein content tended amplified 490 bp fragment and thus all PCR products
to decrease according to the higher ratio of HF blood. Fat were cut into two bands (257 and 233 bp) (Figure 2b). In
percentage reached 4% in F1 cows while that of F2 and animals carrying CC genotype, only two bands appeared
F3 cows was 3.97% and 3.86%, respectively. This result in the gel while for TT homozygous individuals, the 233
was in line with the report of Trach and Long (2008), bp band was cut into two fragments of 148 and 85 bp;
who pointed out that milk fat and protein ratios reduced finally, CT heterozygous cattle showed three fragments
when HF blood ratio increased, specifically fat ratio of 233, 148 and 85 bp but the 85 bp band was not seen on
decreased from 4.26% in F1 to 3.91% in F2 and 3.77% in 2% gel.
F3 cows. Previously, Trach (2003) also noted that HF
At the LEP/Kpn2I locus, Buchanan et al. (2002)
cows bred in Viet Nam had lower milk fat percentage,
described a mutation point in Bos taurus breeding cows
and F1 cows usually had higher milk quality as compared
namely Angus, Charolais, Hereford and Simmental.
with that of F2 and F3 cows.
Similar findings were proposed in various breeds such as
SNP identification and genotyping: By comparative Limousin x Friesian, Simmental x Friesian and Jersey
sequencing, two point mutations of g.C1180T and cows (Konfortov et al., 1999) or on Iranian Holstein bulls
g.C2059T were identified (Figure 1). These (Sadeghi et al., 2008). Besides, the LEP/Sau3AI
polymorphisms were subjected for genotyping by PCR- polymorphism was also revealed by Javanmard et al.
RFLP as illustrated in Figure 2. Genotyping by Kpn2I (2008) on the Iranian Sarabi cattle, but different primers
restriction enzyme has shown that uncut PCR products were used to amplify a 422 bp product. The present data
with length of 94 bp were TT; those with lengths of 75 were consistent with those shown by Kulig et al. (2009)
and 19 bp were CC and fragments of 94, 75 and 19 bp on Jersey breed and Javanmard et al. (2010) on Iranian
were of CT genotype (Figure 2a). At the g.C2059T locus, Holstein breed.
there were 2 cutting sites of Sau3AI enzyme in the
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Ngu et al., J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25(1):2015
Figure 1. SNP detection by sequencing, arrows show polymorphic sites: (a) g.C1180T and (b) g.C2059T
Figure 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR-RFLP: (a) LEP/Kpn2I, g.C1180T and (b) LEP/Sau3AI, g.C2059T;
M: 100-bp DNA ladder, Fermentas
Genotype and allele frequencies of LEP gene in 305-day lactation (3114 kg), followed by the TT
polymorphisms are shown in Table 2. At the LEP/Kpn2I genotype (2959 kg) and CC (2500 kg) (P<0.05).
locus, cows with CT heterozygous genotype accounted However, in F2 and F3 groups, no differences were found
for the highest proportion (78%). For the LEP/Sau3AI between cows carrying different genotypes (Table 3).
locus, the frequency of CC homozygous genotype In considering milk quality parameters, at the
dominated (63%), followed by CT and TT genotypes. LEP/Kpn2I locus, milk fat and protein percentages were
In the investigation of Nassiry et al. (2007) on of significant difference (P<0.05), in which milk protein
the LEP/Kpn2I polymorphism, it was shown that CC and was highest with CT genotype (3.67%) and lowest with
CT genotypes appeared on both Golpayegani and Taleshi the CC genotype (3.51%). In addition, CT and TT
breeds, while TT genotype was present only on Taleshi genotypes had similar milk fat content, which was higher
breed. Furthermore, Choudhary et al. (2005) than that in the remaining genotype. As a result, the
demonstrated that the percentage TT genotype in HF Kpn2I polymorphism significantly associated with milk
breed was very low, but relatively high in the Jersey fat and protein yield in the lactating period (P<0.05). In
breed. In this study, similar findings were observed, for details, fat yield was highest in cows of CT genotype
example in HF crossbred cows, individuals carrying TT (130.7 kg) and lowest with CC genotype (112.0 kg) and
genotype appeared in low frequency. protein yield was highest in cows with CT genotype
(119.8 kg), followed by TT (114.8 kg) and CC genotype
Influence of leptin genotypes on milk yield and milk
(105.8 kg).
quality traits: In terms of Kpn2I polymorphism, in F1
group, cows with CT genotype had the highest milk yield
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Ngu et al., J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25(1):2015
Table 3. Effects of LEP/Kpn2I genotypes on milk production and milk quality traits (least square mean ±
standard error)
At the LEP/Sau3AI locus, different genotypes authors proposed that the genotype of LEP, especially T
did not affect any milk traits examined (P>0.05) (Data allele, could have played an important role in regulating
not shown). milk yield and milk protein. These observations were
There have been studies explaining the partly validated by this study, where cows with T allele
association between the Kpn2I polymorphism and milk improved milk protein content but had little effect on
traits. For example, Liefers et al. (2002) proved that milk production. All together, it can be concluded that in
breast epithelial cell lines nurtured in an environment the HF x Lai Sind population, cows with T allele would
with the presence of leptin had less consolidation of [3H- be of interest for improving milk protein and fat yield.
thymidine], synonymous to DNA synthesis reduction. In
Acknowledgments: This project was supported by the
other words, leptin negatively affected the development
Vietnam’s Ministry of Education and Training, Grant No.
of mammary gland. Thorn et al. (2006) indicated that
B2009-16-120.
bovine breast epithelial cells had insignificant receptor
expression in leptin gene and did not respond to leptin in
in vitro studies. Leptin therefore cannot affect milking by REFERENCES
directly impacting on the epithelial cells. Hence, changes
in milk yield recorded in different dairy leptin genotypes Buchanan F.C., A.G. Van Kessel, C. Waldner, D.A.
might relate to the use of nutrients, in which CT cows Christensen, B. Laarveld and S.M. Schmutz
were prioritised to produce milk and milk compositions, (2003). Hot topic: An association between a
whereas CC cows favoured accumulation, leading to leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and milk
differences in serum leptin concentrations in later stages and protein yield. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 3164-3166.
of lactation (Liefers et al., 2003). Buchanan, F.C., C.J. Fitzsimmons, A.G. Van Kessel,
The current work was consistent with the report T.D. Thue, D.C. Winkelman-Sim and S.M.
of Madeja et al. (2004), who found no link between Schmutz (2002). Association of a missense
Kpn2I and Sau3AI polymorphisms and milk production mutation in the bovine leptin gene with carcass
traits. However, this was in contrast with the conclusion fat content and leptin mRNA levels. Genet. Sel.
of Liefers et al. (2002) that Sau3AI polymorphism can be Evol. 34: 105-116.
used as molecular markers for milk protein yield and Choudhary, V., P. Kumar, T.K. Bhattacharya, B.
milk yield. It was also noted that CT genotype gave Bhushan and A. Sharma (2005). DNA
higher milk yield of 1.32 kg/day and higher consumption polymorphism of leptin gene in Bos indicus and
of 0.37 kg/day as compared with CC genotype (Liefers et Bos taurus cattle. Genet. Mol. Biol. 28: 740-742.
al., 2003). Buchanan et al. (2003) confirmed the Frühbeck, G., J. Gomez-Ambrosi, F.J. Muruzabal and
remarkable effects of Kpn2I polymorphism (TT M.A. Burrell (2001). The adipocyte: a model for
genotype) on milk and protein yields in the early stages integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling
of lactation, homozygous CC cows had lower milk yield in energy metabolism regulation. Am. J.
than cows carrying CT and TT genotypes. Therefore, the Physiol-Endoc. M. 280: E827.
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Hu, X., S.C. Juneja, N.J. Maihle and M.P. Cleary (2002). for milk production traits. J. Dairy Sci. 87:
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breast cells and for normal mammary gland Moussavi A.H., M. Ahouei, M.R. Nassiry and A.
development. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94: 1704. Javadmanesh (2006). Association of leptin
Javanmard, A., K. Khaledi, N. Asadzadeh and A.R. polymorphism with production, reproduction
Solimanifarjam (2010). Detection of and plasma glucose level in Iranian Holstein
polymorphisms in the bovine leptin (LEP) gene: cows. Asian Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 19: 627-731.
association of a single nucleotide polymorphism Nassiry, M.R., A.H. Moussavi, A.R. Alashawkany and S.
with breeding value of milk traits in Iranian Ghovati (2007). Leptin gene polymorphism in
Holstein cattle. J. Mol. Genet. 2: 10-14. Iranian native Golpayegani and Taleshi cows.
Javanmard, A., M.R. Mohammadabadi, G.E. Zarrigabayi, Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10: 3738-3741.
A.A. Gharahedaghi, M.R. Nassiry, A. Pfister-Genskow, M., H. Hayes, A. Eggen and M. D.
Javadmansh and N. Asadzadeh (2008). Bishop (1996). Chromosomal localization of the
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1142-1145. Javaremi (2008). Effect of leptin gene
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polymorphisms with serum leptin concentration Sejrsen and Y.R. Boisclair (2006). Leptin does
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308
môc lôc
T¹p chÝ NGUYỄN THỊ THUỞ, PHAN THỊ HỒNG TRANG, VÕ CÔNG 5 - 12
THÀNH, LÊ VĂN HÒA. Lai tạo và tuyển chọn dòng nếp mới
NÔNG NGHIP (Oryza sativa subsp. indica) cứng cây chống ñổ ngã phục vụ cho
& PHÁT TRI N NÔNG THÔN sản xuất
ISSN 1859 - 4581 NGUYỄN TRƯỜNG SƠN, LÊ MINH TƯỜNG. Khảo sát khả 13 - 20
năng phềng trị của vi khuẩn Burkholderia cepacia TG17 ñối với
bệnh ñạo ôn hại lúa
PHAN QUỐC HUY, HỒ CÃNH THỊNH, NGUYỄN MINH 21 - 26
N¨m thø m−êi S¸U
TRUNG, NGUYỄN THỊ THU NGA. Phân lập thực khuẩn thể và
ñánh giá hiệu quả phòng trị bệnh thối hạt trên lúa do vi khuẩn
CHUYªN ĐỀ Burkholderia glumae
NÔNG NGHIỆP XANH NGUYỄN BÁ PHÚ, LÊ MINH TRIẾT, TRẦN NHÂN DŨNG, 27 - 32
THÁNG 11/2016 NGUYỄN BẢO VỆ. Đánh giá sự ña dạng di truyền của bảy dòng
cam sành không hột ñược phát hiện năm 2013 tại Đông Phước,
Châu Thành, Hậu Giang bằng dấu chỉ thị phân tử SSR
TRẦN HOÀNG BÍCH TRÂM, NGUYỄN BÁ PHÚ, LÊ 33 - 39
Tæng biªn tËp TRƯỜNG GIANG, NGUYỄN BẢO VỆ. Khảo sát sự phát triển
PHẠM HÀ THÁI
tiểu noãn của bảy cá thể cam sành không hột ñược phát hiện năm
2013 tại Đông Phước, Châu Thành, Hậu Giang
§T: 04.37711070
TRẦN THỊ BA, VÕ THỊ BÍCH THỦY, LÂM KIỀU NƯƠNG. 40 - 49
Nghiên cứu xây dựng quy trình sản xuất giá ñậu xanh (Vigna
radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) an toàn
NGUYỄN THỊ NGỌC LÀNH, LÊ THỊ THANH THỦY, TRẦN 50 - 56
Phã tæng biªn tËp
SỸ HIẾU, TRẦN VĂN HÂU. Sự biến ñổi ñặc tính hóa học, mật
DƯƠNG THANH HẢI số vi sinh vật và cảm quan của nhựa cuống buồng hoa dừa nước
§T: 04.38345457 (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) ở những thời ñiểm thu hoạch khác nhau
TRẦN VĂN HÙNG, LÊ PHƯỚC TOÀN, TRẦN VĂN DŨNG, 57 - 65
NGÔ NGỌC HƯNG. Hình thái và tính chất lý hóa học ñất phèn
vùng Tứ Giác Long Xuyên
Toµ so¹n - TrÞ sù
LÊ VĂN DANG, LÂM NGỌC PHƯƠNG, NGUYỄN BẢO VỆ, 66 - 72
Sè 10 NguyÔn C«ng Hoan
LÊ PHƯỚC TOÀN, NGÔ NGỌC HƯNG. Ảnh hưởng bón phân
QuËn Ba §×nh - Hµ Néi
N, P, K ñến năng suất và dưỡng chất khoáng hút thu của cây khoai
§T: 04.37711072
mì trồng trấn ñất phèn
Fax: 04.37711073
NGUYỄN THU TÂM, NGUYỄN ĐỨC HIỀN, LÝ THỊ LIÊN 73 - 77
E-mail: tapchinongnghiep@vnn.vn
Website:www.tapchikhoahocnongnghiep.vn KHAI. Phân lập và ñịnh danh vi khuẩn Clostridium spp. từ ñất
ruộng tại huyện Phú Tân và Châu Phú tỉnh An Giang
LÊ MINH TƯỜNG, ĐỔ VĂN SỬ. Đánh giá khả năng phòng trị 78 - 84
VĂN PHÒNG ĐẠI DIỆN TẠP CHÍ của xạ khuẩn ñối với bệnh thán thư trên cây sen ở ñồng bằng sông
TẠI PHÍA NAM Cửu Long
135 Pasteur LÂM THIỆN TOÀN, TRƯƠNG THỊ NGA, LÊ NHẬT QUANG. 85 - 92
QuËn 3 - TP. Hå ChÝ Minh Mối quan hệ giữa một số tính chất hóa học ñất và sự sinh trưởng
§T/Fax: 08.38274089 của cây Mai dương (Mimosa pigra L.) tại Vườn quốc gia Tràm
Chim
NGUYỄN THỊ THÚY NHUNG, TRƯƠNG THỊ NGA, LÊ 93 - 100
NHẬT QUANG. Đánh giá chất lượng nước của mô hình rừng tôm
GiÊy phÐp sè: kết hợp trong và ngoài ñê biển ở huyện Hòa Bình, tỉnh Bạc Liêu
290/GP - BTTTT TRẦN THỊ BÍCH VÂN, LÊ BẢO LONG VÀ NGUYỄN BẢO 101 - 108
Bé Th«ng tin - TruyÒn th«ng VỆ. Mối quan hệ giữa canxi với hiện tượng nứt và phẩm chất trái
cÊp ngµy 03 th¸ng 06 n¨m 2016. chôm chôm Rongrien (Nephelium lappaceum Linn)
HUỲNH HỮU ĐỨC, TRẦN VĂN HAI. Phân lập, ñịnh danh và 109 - 116
bước ñầu ñánh giá hiệu quả phòng trừ rệp sáp Planococcus
C«ng ty cæ phÇn Khoa häc vµ lilacinus của các chủng nấm Paecilomyces javanicus thu thập tại
c«ng nghÖ Hoµng Quèc ViÖt ñồng bằng sông Cửu Long
§Þa chØ: Sè 18 Hoµng Quèc ViÖt, VÕ THỊ BÍCH THỦY, TRẦN THỊ BA, LÊ THỊ BÍCH TRÂM. 117 - 125
NghÜa §«, CÇu GiÊy, Hµ Néi Khảo sát ñặc ñiểm hình thái, năng suất và khả năng chống chịu
bệnh héo xanh vi khuẩn (Ralstonia solacearum) trên 12 giống ớt
(Capsicum spp.)
T¹p chÝ TRƯƠNG THỊ NGA, TRẦN THỊ KIM SƠN, NGUYỄN 126 - 132
HOÀNG OANH. Hiện trạng canh tác ớt và một số tính chất hóa
NÔNG NGHIP học ñất trồng ớt tại vùng ñê bao triệt ñể của xã Kiến An, huyện
Chợ Mới, tỉnh An Giang
& PHÁT TRI N NÔNG THÔN
NGUYỄN THỊ KIM KHANG, NGUYỄN VIỆT FAL. Ảnh 133 - 138
ISSN 1859 - 4581 hưởng của việc bổ sung bột hồi (Pimpinella anisum) ñến khả
năng tăng trưởng của gà thịt Cobb500
MAI HUỲNH DƯ AN, HUỲNH CHÍ NGHĨA, BÙI KHÁNH 139 - 146
N¨m thø m−êi S¸U LÂM, PHAN HỮU BẰNG, LƯU HUỲNH ANH, NGUYỄN
THỊ THU NGA, NGUYỄN TRỌNG NGỮ. Thử nghiệm khả
năng phân giải vi khuẩn Escherchia coli của thực khuẩn thể
(Bacteriophage) phân lập tại các trại gà thương phẩm
CHUYªN ĐỀ
NGUYỄN THU TÂM, NGUYỄN ĐỨC HIỀN, TRẦN THỊ 147 - 150
NÔNG NGHIỆP XANH PHẬN. Phân lập và ñịnh danh vi khuẩn Clostridium botulinum từ
THÁNG 11/2016 vịt bị liệt mềm cổ tại huyện Phú Tân và Tri Tôn, tỉnh An Giang
NGUYỄN THỊ YẾN MAI, TRẦN NGỌC BÍCH, PHẠM THẾ 151 - 155
LÂM, NGUYỄN PHÚC KHÁNH. Bệnh do Parvovirus trên chó
tại Chi cục Thú y thành phố Cần Thơ
Tæng biªn tËp TRƯƠNG PHÚC VINH, TRẦN NGỌC BÍCH, NGUYỄN HỮU 156 - 160
PHẠM HÀ THÁI NGHĨA, NGUYỄN PHÚC KHÁNH. Khảo sát tỷ lệ chó có kháng
§T: 04.37711070 thể bảo hộ sau tiêm phòng vắc xin dại tại thành phố Cần Thơ
NGUYỄN ÁI THẠCH, LÊ THÁI ANH THƯ, NGUYỄN MINH 161 - 166
THỦY. Ảnh hưởng của quá trình chần, mật ñộ Lactobacillus
plantarum và nồng ñộ muối ñến các hoạt chất sinh học trong sản
Phã tæng biªn tËp phẩm tỏi lên men muối chua
DƯƠNG THANH HẢI 167 - 174
NGUYỄN DUY TÂN, NGUYỄN MINH THỦY. Tối ưu hóa
§T: 04.38345457 hàm lượng chất mang (maltodextrin, gum xanthan) trong quá
trình sấy phun dịch trích thuốc dòi sử dụng phương pháp bề mặt
ñáp ứng
LÊ PHẠM TẤN QUỐC, NGUYỄN VĂN MƯỜI. Nghiên cứu 175 - 181
Toµ so¹n - TrÞ sù
ảnh hưởng của màng bao alginat và dịch chiết polyphenol từ củ
Sè 10 NguyÔn C«ng Hoan
hà thủ ô ñỏ trong bảo quản ñu ñủ dạng fresh-cut
QuËn Ba §×nh - Hµ Néi
TRẦN THANH TRÚC, HUỲNH NGỌC TÂM VÀ NGUYỄN 182 - 189
§T: 04.37711072
Fax: 04.37711073 VĂN MƯỜI. Xây dựng quy trình chế biến và bảo quản dưa lê
E-mail: tapchinongnghiep@vnn.vn non (Cucumis Melo L.) muối chua
Website:www.tapchikhoahocnongnghiep.vn NHAN MINH TRÍ , TRẦN THỊ THÙY TRANG, PHẠM VĂN 190 -197
TÂM. Ảnh hưởng của việc bổ sung khoai lang ñến các biến ñổi
trong quá trình làm lạnh và chất lượng bánh phồng tôm
VĂN PHÒNG ĐẠI DIỆN TẠP CHÍ NHAN MINH TRÍ, ĐẶNG TRẦN ĐOAN TRANG, BÙI THỊ 198 - 205
TẠI PHÍA NAM THÙY NGA. Ảnh hưởng của thời gian thu hoạch & khối lượng
135 Pasteur củ khoai ñến thành phần dinh dưỡng của khoai lang tím Nhật
QuËn 3 - TP. Hå ChÝ Minh (Ipomoea batatas L.) ở Bình Tân, tỉnh Vĩnh Long
§T/Fax: 08.38274089 PHẠM QUANG TRUNG, NGUYỄN THỊ HẠNH, LÊ 206 - 212
NGUYỄN ĐOAN DUY, NGUYỄN CÔNG HÀ. Ảnh hưởng của
ñiều kiện ngâm và ủ yếm khí ñến hoạt tính glutamat
decacboxylaza và hàm lượng axit glutamic của nếp trằng và nếp
GiÊy phÐp sè: than
290/GP - BTTTT NGUYỄN DIỆU HIỀN, NGUYỄN HOÀNG KHANG, LÊ 213 - 218
Bé Th«ng tin - TruyÒn th«ng NGUYỄN ĐOAN DUY, NGUYỄN CÔNG HÀ. Ảnh hưởng của
cÊp ngµy 03 th¸ng 06 n¨m 2016. ñiều kiện ngâm, chế ñộ ủ sấy ở qui mô pilot ñến hàm lượng
GABA của giống lúa Một bụi ñỏ
TRƯƠNG THỊ MINH HẠNH, TRẦN THỊ NGỌC THƯ. Nghiên 219 - 224
C«ng ty cæ phÇn Khoa häc vµ cứu các ñiều kiện chiết isoflavone từ bã ñậu nành trong dung môi
c«ng nghÖ Hoµng Quèc ViÖt ethanol
§Þa chØ: Sè 18 Hoµng Quèc ViÖt, NGÔ THỊ SONG, TRƯƠNG THỊ MINH HẠNH. Nghiên cứu 225 - 230
NghÜa §«, CÇu GiÊy, Hµ Néi các ñiều kiện chiết và khảo sát khả năng kháng oxy hóa của hợp
chất polyphenol từ quả khế (Averrhoa carambola L.)
VÕ QUANG MINH. Nông nghiệp thông minh và tiềm năng phát 231 - 238
triển vào sản xuất
KHOA HC CÔNG NGH
1. &T VN 16 Phòng trW sinh hTc 1-i vLi b>nh do tác nhân là vi
Escherichia coli (E. coli) là m+t trong nhHng vi khu&n 1ã 16Cc ghi nhMn thành công và 1em l?i nhi9u
khu&n ph: bi!n trong 16]ng tiêu hóa c)a ng6]i và triBn vTng b3ng vi>c s4 dSng th*c khu&n thB
1+ng vMt máu nóng. Hau h!t các dòng E. coli tn t?i (Bacteriophage). Theo Balogh (2002), tW nhHng nm
m+t cách t* nhiên và không gây h?i trong 16]ng tiêu 1990 th*c khu&n thB 16Cc chGng minh có hi>u qu%
hóa. Khi cP thB vMt ch) có nhHng thay 1:i sinh lí nh6 kiBm soát m+t s- vi khu&n gây b>nh bao gm
stress, b>nh, lo?n khu&n,… thì vi khu&n E. coli si Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococus, Salmonella spp.,
phát triBn và gây b>nh cho vMt ch) (Lê Vn T?o, Shigella và Vibtio cholera. Nghiên cGu c)a Barrow et
2006). Hi>n nay, hau h!t các gi-ng gà n+i 1 a và gà al. (1998) 1ã Gng dSng thành công th*c khu&n thB
nhMp n+i Vi>t Nam 19u r8t mtn c%m vLi các ch)ng trong vi>c 1i9u tr b>nh viêm màng não do E. coli gây
E. coli có chGa 1+c t- gây b>nh. Bi>n pháp phòng tr ra trên gà và bò t?i Brazil. Gan 1ây, Huff et al. (2002)
b>nh ch) y!u là s4 dSng vyc xin và thu-c kháng sinh 1ã thành công trong vi>c s4 dSng th*c khu&n 1B 1i9u
trong chn nuôi. Tuy nhiên, vi>c l?m dSng thu-c tr viêm 16]ng hô h8p do E. coli gây ra trên gà th t t?i
kháng sinh 1ã làm xu8t hi>n ngày càng nhi9u các M. Tuy nhiên, n6Lc ta, vtn ch6a có nghiên cGu
ch)ng vi khu&n kháng thu-c, dtn 1!n nhi9u tr6]ng nào v9 th*c khu&n thB trong vi>c kiBm soát vi khu&n
hCp 1i9u tr b>nh kém hi>u qu% (Drulis-Kawa et al., E. coli gây b>nh trên gà, vì vMy nghiên cGu hi>n t?i
2012). Vì vMy, bi>n pháp sinh hTc có ý ngha 1[c bi>t 16Cc ti!n hành vLi mSc tiêu là phân lMp th*c khu&n
quan trTng trong chi!n l6Cc qu%n lý d ch b>nh, do nó thB và xác 1 nh kh% nng phân gi%i E. coli c)a th*c
có thB khyc phSc 16Cc tình tr?ng nh]n thu-c 1-i vLi khu&n thB trong 1i9u ki>n phòng thí nghi>m, tW 1ó
vi>c s4 dSng thu-c kháng sinh và còn nhi9u tính tìm ra dòng th*c khu&n thB có 1+c tính cao trong kí
nng 6u vi>t khác. sinh và tiêu di>t vi khu&n E.coli nh3m làm n9n t%ng
cho các nghiên cGu Gng dSng th*c khu&n thB sau
1 này.
Khoa Nông nghiệp và Sinh học ứng dụng, Trường Đại
học Cần Thơ.
2. V T LI U VÀ PHNG PHÁP NGHIÊN C,U vòng/phút trong 15 phút, sau 1ó chuyBn d ch trong
2.1. VM
VMt li>
li>u chGa ADN phía trên vào eppendorf vô trùng và trH -
T:ng c+ng có 32 mtu 18t và 32 mtu n6Lc th%i 20oC.
thu 16Cc tW 32 tr?i gà th6Png ph&m trên 1 a bàn t.nh Trình t* các c[p mi 16Cc s4 dSng 1B xác 1 nh
Trà Vinh, gm: huy>n Càng Long (12 mtu), huy>n gien 1+c l*c: (i) gien FimH (mi xuôi: 5’-TGC AGA
Cau Kè (10 mtu) và thành ph- Trà Vinh (10 mtu) và ACG GAT AAG CCG TGG-3’ và mi ng6Cc 5’-GCA
t.nh Vnh Long gm các huy>n Long H (6 mtu), GTC ACC TGC CCT CCG GTA-3’; Tm = 57oC, s%n
Mang Thít (10 mtu) và Trà Ôn (16 mtu). ph&m khu!ch 1?i 508 bp) (Zahraa et al., 2014), (ii)
2.2. Ph6Png pháp gien Stx1 (mi xuôi: 5’-ATA AAT CGC CAT TCG
2.2.1. Ph6Png pháp l8y mtu TTG ACT AC-3’ và mi ng6Cc 5’-AGA ACG CCC ACT
Mtu 18t: Dùng mu|ng nh*a vô trùng l8y 1 gram GAG ATC ATC-3’; Tm = 40oC, s%n ph&m khu!ch 1?i
18t ngtu nhiên 10 v trí khác nhau trong tr?i, cho 180 bp) và (iii) gien Stx2 (mi xuôi: 5’-GGC ACT
vào túi ni lông vô trùng (Tanji et al., 2004). GTC TGA AAC TGC TCC-3’ và mi ng6Cc 5’-TCG
Mtu n6Lc: Hút 1 ml tram tích n6Lc 10 v trí CCA GTT ATC TGA CAT TCT G; Tm = 60oC, s%n
khác nhau trong tr?i, cho vào -ng falcon (15 ml) vô ph&m khu!ch 1?i 255 bp) (Paton và Paton, 1998).
trùng 1My kín nyp (Huff et al., 2002). Thành phan hóa ch8t cho 1 ph%n Gng PCR bao
T8t c% các mtu 16Cc ghi ký hi>u (PD, ED — th*c gm 25 ng ADN, 0,25 M m|i mi, 0,25 M c)a m|i
khu&n thB phân lMp tW 18t và PN, EN — th*c khu&n dNTP, 1x 1>m PCR, và 1U c)a Taq DNA polymeraza
thB phân lMp tW n6Lc) và cho vào thùng 1á trH l?nh, (Fementas). Các ph%n Gng PCR 16Cc th*c hi>n trên
sau 1ó mang v9 phòng thí nghi>m trH 4oC. máy luân nhi>t (Veriti, Singabore 299025752) vLi chu
2.2.2. Nuôi c8y và phân lMp các ch)ng vi khu&n trình nhi>t nh6 sau: bi!n tính 94˚C trong 5 phút,
Escherichia coli ti!p theo vLi 35 chu k¨ (94˚C trong 60 giây, Tm˚C
Mtu n6Lc th%i 16Cc 1ng nh8t, pha loãng vào trong 60 giây và 72˚C trong 90 giây). Vi>c kéo dài
dung d ch pepton 1>m (Buffered Peptone Water - cu-i cùng 16Cc th*c hi>n 72˚C trong 7 phút. Ti!p
BPW) vLi t~ l> 1:9 1ng nh8t h|n hCp và 1em ) theo, 10 uL s%n ph&m PCR 16Cc kiBm tra trên gel
37oC qua 1êm. Mtu 18t 16Cc nghi9n m n, cho vào agaroza 2%.
bình tam giác, thêm 20 ml n6Lc c8t vô trùng, lyc 19u, 2.2.4. Phân lMp các dòng th*c khu&n thB phân
1B yên trong 5 phút, sau 1ó hút 10 ml huy9n phù gi%i vi khu&n E. coli
phía trên cho vào -ng falcon vô trùng và ti!n hành Mtu n6Lc th%i (9 ml) ho[c huy9n phù mtu 18t
phân tích gi-ng nh6 mtu n6Lc th%i. lyc trong 5 phút, ly tâm 6000 vòng/phút trong 15
Mtu (1 ml) 16Cc pha loãng 10 lan và ti9n tng phút 4oC. Hút 6 ml phan d ch trong phía trên cho
sinh trong BPW, dùng que c8y 1au tròn l8y m+t vòng vào -ng nghi>m có nyp, thêm clorofom 50 µl/ml, ly
canh khu&n c8y lên 1a petri chGa môi tr6]ng tng tâm lo?i bz c[n. Hút 5 ml d ch trong chGa th*c khu&n
sinh chTn lTc trên môi tr6]ng EMB (Eosin thB cho vào -ng nghi>m có nyp vLi 5 ml TSB và 0,1
Methylene Blue) (Quinn et al., 2009), sau 1ó l8y 3 ml (108 cfu/ml) vi khu&n E. coli (OD=0,3-0,5), ) 8m
khu&n l?c nuôi c8y phân lMp trên môi tr6]ng TBX 37oC trong 24 gi]. Sau khi ), hút 1,5 ml h|n hCp cho
(Tryptone Bile X-Glucuronide) (Gross và Rowe, vào eppendoff vô trùng, thêm vào 50 µl clorofom/ml
1985), c8y truy9n các khu&n l?c E. coli trên môi và ly tâm 6.000 vòng/phút trong 15 phút 4oC, thu
tr6]ng TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) 1B tng sinh phSc l8y 1 ml phan d ch trong phía trên và b%o qu%n trong
hi, sau 1ó thu ho?ch và giH gi-ng (Nguyn Ti!n t-i 4oC. KiBm tra th*c khu&n thB b3ng cách hút 0,1
Dng, 2009). T8t c% các b6Lc 19u 16Cc ) 37oC ml huy9n phù vi khu&n E. coli cho vào 1a petri vô
trong 24 gi]. trùng chGa 10 ml môi tr6]ng TSB (0,8% aga). Ti!p
2.2.3. Kh%o sát s* biBu hi>n c)a các gien 1+c l*c theo nhz 5 µl dung d ch th*c khu&n thB 16Cc ly trích
trên các ch)ng E. coli tWng mtu lên nhHng v trí khác nhau trên b9 m[t
Sau khi tng sinh các ch)ng vi khu&n E. coli trên 1a th?ch TSB chGa m|i ch)ng vi khu&n E. coli, 1ánh
môi tr6]ng TSA 37oC trong 24 gi], ti!n hành thu d8u các 1a petri và 1em ) 8m 37oC trong 24 gi],
sinh kh-i cho vào -ng eppendorf chGa 500 µl n6Lc quan sát s* hình thành các vòng vô khu&n (plaques).
kh4 ion, 1ng nh8t h|n hCp trên, gây s-c nhi>t Tách ròng và nhân mMt s- th*c khu&n: dùng tâm
100oC trong 10 phút. Ti!n hành ly tâm 13.000 bông vô trùng c8y truy9n các màng (plaques) theo
16]ng ziczac lên b9 m[t 1a petri chGa môi tr6]ng vào 1a petri vô trùng cùng vLi 10 ml môi tr6]ng TSB
TSB (0,8% aga) k!t hCp vLi 0,1 ml huy9n phù vi (0,8% aga) và 0,1 ml huy9n phù vi khu&n E. coli ký
khu&n E. coli ký ch). Sau 24 gi] th*c khu&n thB 16Cc ch) (108 cfu/ml) 16Cc chTn, lyc nhg 1a cho 1ng
thu ho?ch b3ng cách thêm vào 2-3 ml n6Lc c8t vô nh8t h|n hCp sau 1ó 1em ) 8m 37oC. Sau 24 gi]
trùng và lyc 19u, hút 2 ml huy9n phù cho vào ti!n hành quan sát và 1!m mMt s- plaques tWng 1a
eppendorf thêm vào 50 µl clorofom/ml mang ly tâm petri. m|i dòng th*c khu&n thB chTn ra m+t 1a
và thu phan d ch trong chGa th*c khu&n thB. Hút 0,1 petri có mMt s- kho%ng 103 cfu/ml 1B ti!n hành so
ml dung d ch th*c khu&n thB cho vào 1a petri vô sánh và ghi nhMn 16]ng kính các vòng vô khu&n vào
trùng chGa 10 ml môi tr6]ng TSB (0,8% aga) và 0,1 các th]i 1iBm 24, 36 và 72 gi] sau khi nuôi c8y b3ng
ml (108 cfu/ml) huy9n phù vi khu&n E. coli ký ch), cách dùng th6Lc panme 1o 16]ng kính 10 vòng vô
lyc nhg 1B 1ng nh8t h|n hCp, ) 8m 37oC. Sau 24 khu&n ngtu nhiên trên m|i 1a petri và l8y s- li>u
gi] tìm m+t vòng plaque 1Pn l, ti!p tSc th*c hi>n trung bình.
c8y truy9n nhân mMt s- và thu ho?ch dung d ch th*c 2.3. X4
X4 lý s-
s- li>
li>u
khu&n thB thuan 1ã 16Cc tách ròng, trH ngun trong S- li>u 16Cc phân tích thông kê theo mô hình
1i9u ki>n t-i nhi>t 1+ 4oC 1B th*c hi>n các thí One-way c)a phan m9m Minitab 16.2.
nghi>m ti!p theo. 3. KT QU VÀ THO LU N
2.2.5. Eánh giá ph: ký ch) c)a các dòng th*c 3.1. Phân lM
lMp các dòng th*
th*c khu
khu&
hu&n thB
thB
khu&n thB phân lMp K!t qu% phân lMp th*c khu&n thB ký sinh trên 32
Các vi khu&n E. coli thuan 16Cc c8y lên 1a petri ch)ng E. coli khác nhau trên 1 a bàn các huy>n Càng
chGa môi tr6]ng TSA cho nhân mMt s- trong 24 gi]. Long, Cau Kè và thành ph- Trà Vinh 16Cc trình bày
Th*c hi>n pha loãng và 1o 1+ 1Sc b3ng máy OD b%ng 1. K!t qu% tìm th8y 21 dòng th*c khu&n thB
quang ph: b6Lc sóng 600 nm 1B thu huy9n phù (chi!m t~ l> 65,6%) có kh% nng ký sinh phân gi%i vi
c)a tWng ch)ng E. coli vLi OD=0,3-0,5 t6Png 16Png khu&n E. coli t6Png Gng tWng ký ch) c)a chúng phân
mMt 1+ 108 cfu/ml (Bao et al., 2011). Hút 0,1 ml b- t?i ba huy>n huy>n Càng Long có 10 dòng
huy9n phù c)a tWng ch)ng vi khu&n này cho vào 1a (31,3%), huy>n Cau Kè có 9 dòng (28,1%) và th8p
petri vô trùng k!t hCp vLi 10 ml môi tr6]ng TSB nh8t thành ph- Trà Vinh có 2 dòng (6,2%).
(0,8% aga). Lyc nhg 1a petri cho 1ng nh8t h|n hCp, Trên 1 a bàn t.nh Vnh Long, trong t:ng s- 32
sau 1ó dùng tm bông vô trùng c8y dung d ch tWng ch)ng E. coli khác nhau, phân lMp 16Cc 5 dòng th*c
dòng th*c khu&n thB lên tWng v trí khác nhau trên khu&n thB có kh% nng phân gi%i E. coli t6Png Gng
b9 m[t 1a th?ch TSB chGa các ch)ng vi khu&n E. tWng ký ch) c)a chúng chi!m t~ l> 15,6%, trong 1ó
coli, sao cho trên 1a th?ch c)a m|i ch)ng E. coli 19u các tr?i Trà Ôn có 3 dòng (9,3%), Mang Thít có 2
có các dòng th*c khu&n thB. » 8m 37oC trong 24 dòng (6,3%), Long H không tìm th8y th*c khu&n thB
gi], sau 1ó quan sát s* hình thành các 16]ng trong (B%ng 1).
su-t trên b9 m[t môi tr6]ng. Ghi nhMn k!t qu% ph: K!t qu% trên cao hPn so vLi k!t qu% nghiên cGu
ký ch) c)a các dòng th*c khu&n thB trên các ch)ng c)a Tanji et al. (2004) v9 th*c khu&n thB ký sinh vi
vi khu&n E. coli ký ch) khác nhau. khu&n E. coli phân lMp tW phân và 18t t?i các tr?i nuôi
2.2.6. Eánh giá kh% nng phân gi%i vi khu&n E. gia súc Tokyo, NhMt B%n vLi t~ l> hi>n di>n là 12,3%
coli c)a th*c khu&n thB trong t:ng s- 211 mtu. K!t qu% nghiên cGu c)a
Hút 0,1 ml dung d ch tWng dòng th*c khu&n thB Chibani-Chennoufi et al. (2004) v9 th*c khu&n thB
cho vào eppendorf vô trùng, thêm vào 9 ml n6Lc c8t trên vi khu&n E. coli phân lMp tW phân c)a 140 tr em
vô trùng, 1ng nh8t h|n hCp và pha loãng 1!n nng t?i Bangladesh, s- l6Cng th*c khu&n thB ký sinh ch.
1+ 10-5. Hút 0,1 ml huy9n phù c)a tWng dòng th*c chi!m 19%.
khu&n thB tWng nng 1+ pha loãng khác nhau cho
B%ng 1.
1. T~
T~ l>
l> hi>
hi>n di>
di>n c)
c)a th*
th*c khu& thB ký sinh trên E. coli
khu&n thB
Mtu 18t Mtu n6Lc th%i T:ng c+ng
E a 1iBm S- S- T~ l> S- S- mtu T~ l> S- S- T~ l>
l6Cng mtu (+) (%) l6Cng (+) (%) l6Cng mtu (+) (%)
Trà Vinh
khu&n thB phân lMp 16Cc có thB t8n công phân gi%i ch)ng ED5 có thB b phân gi%i b i 8 dòng th*c
các ch)ng vi khu&n mang c% 2 gien 1+c l*c FimH và khu&n thB trong t:ng s- 21 dòng th*c thB phân lMp.
Stx2 có kh% nng gây b>nh cho vMt nuôi, 1[c bi>t là
B%ng 3. Ph:
Ph: ký ch)
ch) c)
c)a 21 dòng th*
th*c khu&
khu&n thB
thB trên 32 ch) khu&n E. coli
ch)ng vi khu& Trà Vinh
Các ch)ng Mã s- các dòng th*c khu&n thB ký sinh vi khu&n E. coli T:ng s-
vi khu&n D D N D N D N D N D N D D N D N D N TKT ký
E. coli D2 N2 D6 sinh VK
7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 16
ED1 - - + - + - - - + + - - - - - - -
4 - - - -
ED2 - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - -
2 - - - -
ED4 + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - - - -
ED5 + + + - + - + + - + - - - - - - 8- - - - +
ED6 - - + + - - - - - + + + - - + + -
7 - - - -
ED10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - + - -
ED11 - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
2 - + - -
ED12 - - + - - - - - - - + - + - + + 6- - - + -
ED14 - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - -
1 - - - -
ED15 - - - - - - - - + - + - - - - - -
4 + + - -
ED16 - - - - - - - - - - + - - + - - 5- + - + +
EN4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - + - -
EN5 + + - - - - + - - - - - - - - + -
4 - - - -
EN8 - + - - - + + + + + - - - - - - -
6 - - - -
EN9 - - + + + - + - + + + + - - + + -
12 + + - -
EN10 - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - -
1 - - - -
EN13 - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
1 - - - -
EN14 - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - 4+ - - + -
EN15 - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - + 6- + + + +
EN16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- - - - +
T:ng s- VK b
ký sinh bLi 3 3 6 3 3 1 4 2 5 8 7 3 1 1 3 5 1 4 6 4 4
TKT
B%ng 4 cho th8y, t:ng s- 32 ch)ng E. coli t.nh B%ng 4. Ph:
Ph: ký ch)
ch) c)
c)a 5 dòng th*
th*c khu&
khu&n thB
thB trên
Vnh Long có 12 ch)ng b ký sinh, trong 1ó các ch)ng E. coli Vnh Long
12 ch)
ch)ng E. coli b ký sinh nhi9u nh8t là 5 dòng và ít Th*c khu&n thB T:ng
nh8t là 2 dòng th*c khu&n thB. Các dòng th*c khu&n Ch)ng s- TKT
PD7, PD8 và PD9 19u ký ch) trên 9 ch)ng E. coli E. coli PD7 PD8 PD9 PD13 PN13 ký sinh
ED14, ED15, EN2, EN3, EN4, EN5, EN6, EN7 và VK
EN1 − − − + + 2
EN17 (chi!m 27,3%), 2 dòng th*c khu&n còn l?i PD13
EN2 + + + + + 5
và PN13 19u ký ch) trên 12 ch)ng E. coli (chi!m
EN3 + + + + + 5
36,36%). K!t qu% trên cho th8y, hai dòng th*c khu&n
EN4 + + + + + 5
thB PD13 và PN13 phân lMp 16Cc có thB t8n công EN5 + + + + + 5
phân gi%i các ch)ng vi khu&n mang c% 2 gien 1+c l*c EN6 + + + + + 5
FimH và Stx2 có kh% nng gây b>nh n[ng cho vMt EN7 + + + + + 5
nuôi nh6 ED12 và ED13. Do 1ó, vi>c s4 dSng các ED12 − − − + + 2
dòng th*c khu&n thB trên trong vi>c phòng tr b>nh ED13 − − − + + 2
do vi khu&n E. coli gây ra trên gà có thB góp phan ED14 + + + + + 5
làm gi%m vi>c s4 dSng kháng sinh trong chn nuôi. ED15 + + + + + 5
EN17 + + + + + 5
coli nh8t (8 ch)ng) trong s- 21 dòng th*c khu&n thB graduate school of the University of Florida in partial
phân lMp 16Cc. E[c bi>t, trong s- 8 ch)ng E. coli b fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
phân gi%i có 2 ch)ng ED5 và EN8 là có mang c% 2 Master of Science. University of Florida, 74 p.
gien 1+c l*c FimH và Stx2. E-i vLi t.nh Vnh Long, 3. Chibani-Chennoufi S., S. Josette, B. Anne,
các dòng th*c khu&n thB PD7, PD8 và PD9 có kh% D. Marie-Lise, K. Elizabeth, Q. Firdausi, A. S.
nng phân gi%i vi khu&n E. coli ED14 cao hPn so vLi Shafiqul, B. Harald, 2004. Isolation of Escherichia
hai dòng th*c khu&n thB còn l?i (PD13 và PN13). Các coli bacteriophages from the stool of pediatric
dòng này cùng vLi dòng PN10 có thB là các dòng diarrhea patients in Bangladesh. J. Bacteriol.
th*c khu&n thB ti9m nng can 16Cc 1ánh giá thêm v9 186(24): 8287-8294.
hi>u qu% phòng tr trong 1i9u ki>n in vivo. 4. Drulis-Kawa, Z., Majkowska-Skrobek, B.
4. KT LU N Maciejewska, Anne-Sophie Delattre, R. Lavigne,
Trong 32 ch)ng vi khu&n E. coli t?i các tr?i gà 2012. Learning from bacteriophages - advantages and
c)a t.nh Trà Vinh và Vnh Long, lan l6Ct phân lMp limitations of phage and phage-encoded protein
16Cc 21 và 5 dòng th*c khu&n thB có kh% nng ký applications. Curr. Protein. Pept. Sci. 13(8): 699—722.
sinh phân gi%i các ch)ng khác nhau trong 32 ch)ng 5. Huff W. E., G. R. Huff, N. C. Rath, J.M.
E. coli phân lMp. E-i vLi các ch)ng E. coli, có 100% Balog, A. M. Donoghue, 2002. Prevention of
mang gien FimH và không có ch)ng nào mang gien Escherichia coli respiratory infection in broiler
Stx1; bên c?nh 1ó, có 8 ch)ng mang gien Stx2 t.nh chickens with bacteriophage (SPR02). Poult. Sci.
Trà Vinh và 13 ch)ng t.nh Vnh Long 16Cc tìm 81:437-441.
th8y. 6. Lê Th Mai Khanh, 2004. Phát hi>n m+t s-
Trong các tr?i gà thu+c t.nh Trà Vinh, ch)ng E. gien 1+c l*c c)a Escherichia coli phân lMp 16Cc tW
coli EN9 và ED5 b ký sinh nhi9u nh8t b i các dòng phân và th t bò, heo b3ng k thuMt multiplex - PCR.
th*c khu&n thB, 1ng th]i ghi nhMn 16Cc 5 dòng th*c LuMn vn Th?c s Nông nghi>p, Tr6]ng E?i hTc
khu&n thB có ph: ký ch) r+ng là PD6, PN10, PD11, Nông Lâm, TP. H Chí Minh.
PD14 và PN15 trên các ch)ng vi khu&n E. coli. E-i 7. Lê Vn T?o, 2006. B>nh do vi khu&n
vLi các tr?i gà Vnh Long, các ch)ng E. coli ED14, Escherichia coli gây ra lCn. T?p chí Khoa hTc K
ED15 và EN17 b t8t c% 5 dòng th*c khu&n thB ký thuMt Thú y 3(3): 75-84.
sinh. Bên c?nh 1ó, hai dòng th*c khu&n thB PD13 và 8. Nguyn Ti!n Dng, 2009. Nghiên cGu phân
PN13 16Cc tìm th8y ký sinh trên t8t c% 12 ch)ng bi>t loài phS Salmonella gây b>nh vLi các loài phS
E.coli. khác trong th*c ph&m b3ng k thuMt sinh hTc phân
V9 kh% nng phân gi%i ch)ng vi khu&n E. coli t4. LuMn án ti!n s, chuyên ngành Vi sinh.
EN9 (Trà Vinh) và ED14 (Vnh Long), dòng th*c 9. Nguyn Th Trúc Giang, Eoàn Th Ki9u
khu&n thB PN10 có kh% nng phân gi%i ch)ng vi Tiên và Nguyn Th Thu Nga, 2014. Phân lMp th*c
khu&n E. coli EN9 cao hPn các dòng th*c khu&n thB khu&n thB và 1ánh giá hi>u qu% phòng tr b>nh cháy
còn l?i và các dòng th*c khu&n thB PD7, PD8 và PD9 bìa lá lúa do vi khu&n Xanthomonas oryzae pv.
có kh% nng phân gi%i vi khu&n E. coli ED14 cao hPn oryzae. T?p chí Khoa hTc- Tr6]ng E?i hTc Can ThP.
hai dòng PD13 và PN13. Các k!t qu% này 1ang 16Cc S- chuyên 19: Nông nghi>p (4): 194-203.
th4 nghi>m trên gà 1B 1ánh giá hi>u qu% phòng tr . 10. Paton, J. C., A. W. Paton, 1998. Detection
L2I CM N and characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia
Công trình 16Cc hoàn thành vLi s* tài trC c)a coli by using multiplex PCR assays for Stx1, Stx2,
Công ty TNHH Nông nghi>p Hoàng Long. EaeA, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfbO111 and
TÀI LI U THAM KHO rfbO157. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36(2): 598-602.
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the efficacy of bacteriophages for controlling 12. Quinn P. J., B. Markey, G. R. Carter, 1994.
bacterial spot of tomato. A thesis presented to the Clinical veterinary microbiology. Wolfe, London.
13. Gross, R. J., Rowe B. 1985. Escherichia coli 15. Wang, I. N., 2006. Lysis timing and
diarhoea. J. Hyg. 95(3): 513-550. bacteriophage fitness. Genetics 172 17—26.
16. Zahraa, A. A., A. H. Khalid, N. A. Zaid, 2014.
14. Tanji Y., T. Shimada, M. Yoichi, K.
Genotypic study of two virulence factors Fimh and
Miyanaga, K. Hori, H. Unno, 2004. Towards rational
kpsMTII in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates
control of Escherchia coli O157:H7 by a phage from children patients with urinary tract infections.
cocktail. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64: 270-274. Baghdad Sci J 11(4): 1475-1480.
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10. Onu P.N. (2010), Evaluation of two herbal spices as feed officinale) on laying performance and antioxidant status
additives for finisher broilers, Biotechnology in Animal of laying hens and on dietary oxidation stability, J.
Husbandry, 26: 383-392. Poult. Sci., 90: 1720-1727.
11. Shukla Y. and Singh M. (2007), Cancer Preventive 13. Zomrawi W.B., Abdel-Atti K.A., Dousa B.M.,
Properties of Ginger: A Brief Review, Food Chem. Mohammed K.E., Mahala A.G. and Elamin K.M.
Toxicol., 45: 683–690. (2014), The effect of dietary ginger root powder (Zingiber
12. Zhao X.Z.,Yang B., Yang W.R., Wang Y., Jiang S.Z., officinale) on yolk cholesterol and egg characteristic, Int.
Zhang G.G. (2011), Effects of ginger root (Zingiber J. Livestock Research, 4: 42-47.
2.5. Địa điểm và thời gian nghiên cứu 3. KẾT QUẢ VÀ THẢO LUẬN
2.5.1. Địa điểm nghiên cứu
3.1. Ảnh hưởng của bột Yucca schidigera lên
Thí nghiệm được tiến hành tại ấp Thuận
khả năng sinh sản của gà Nòi
Tiến B, Thuận An, Bình Minh, Vĩnh Long.
2.5.2. Thời gian nghiên cứu Kết quả ghi nhận về năng suất sinh sản
Thí nghiệm được thực hiện từ ngày của gà Nòi (Bảng 1) cho thấy bổ sung Yucca
09/09/2014 đến ngày 04/11/2014. trong khẩu phần gà Nòi đẻ không ảnh hưởng
đến khối lượng (KL) gà đầu và cuối kì TN
2.6. Xử lý số liệu
(P>0,05). Tuy nhiên, các NT có bổ sung Yucca
Số liệu thu thập được xử lý sơ bộ bằng
có tổng năng suất trứng (NST), tỷ lệ đẻ và tiêu
chương trình Excel và mô hình One-way factor
Minitab 16. Sự sai khác giữa các NT được phân tốn thức ăn (TTTA) của gà cao hơn có ý nghĩa
tích bằng phép thử Tukey ở mức ý nghĩa 5%. thống kê so với ĐC (P<0,05).
Bảng 1. Năng suất sinh sản của gà Nòi
Nghiệm Năng suất sinh sản của gà Nòi đẻ (M±SD)
thức KL đầu kì, g KL cuối kì, g Tổng NST, quả/mái TL đẻ TB, % TTTA, g/mái/ngày
ĐC 1.958±290 1.820±272 17,0±1,63b 30,36±2,92b 80,03±4,66b
50YC 1.973±363 1.990±541 21,5±0,58a 38,39±3,05a 93,19±5,58a
75YC 2.208±417 2.030±320 21,8±1,71a 38,84±2,46a 90,67±6,46ab
100YC 2.183±446 2.035±420 22,0±0,82a 39,29±2,92a 80,04±5,18b
Giá trị mang các chữ cái a, b trên cùng một cột thì khác biệt và có ý nghĩa thống kê ở mức P<0,05
Nhìn chung KL gà cuối kì (79 tuần tuổi) và Huỳnh Hồng Hải (2006) cho rằng năng
ở các NT đều giảm so với KL đầu kì (72 tuần suất trứng của gà Nòi (48 trứng/mái/năm),
tuổi), sự giảm này là do gà TN đang trong giai thấp hơn so với các giống gà khác. Năng suất
đoạn thay lông. Vì vậy, mọi dưỡng chất cũng trứng của gà Nòi giai đoạn 28-47 tuần tuổi là
như năng lượng gà hấp thu được trong giai 46 trứng/mái và tỷ lệ đẻ trung bình là 13,4%
đoạn này phần lớn đều tập trung cho quá trình (Nguyễn Văn Quyên và Võ Văn Sơn, 2008)
thay lông. Điều này cũng có thể là nguyên nhân thấp hơn tỷ lệ đẻ của gà TN.
ảnh hưởng đến năng suất trứng của gà Nòi Ayasan và ctv (2005) cho rằng bổ sung
trong thời gian TN, tổng NST của gà Nòi trong Yucca trên chim cút đẻ không ảnh hưởng đến
9 tuần đối với các NT có bổ sung Yucca là 21,5- tiêu tốn thức ăn (g/mái/ngày) giữa các NT, kết
22 trứng/mái với TL đẻ TB là 38,39-39,29% cao quả thí nghiệm cũng tương tự về TTTA của gà.
hơn so với ĐC (17 trứng/mái và 30,36%). Kết Nghiên cứu của Ayasan và Okan (2001) cho
quả này cho thấy các mức bổ sung Yucca trong thấy bổ sung 120mg Yucca vào khẩu phần của
khẩu phần cải thiện được năng suất trứng của cút đẻ cải thiện được HSCHTA nhưng không
gà Nòi. Nghiên cứu của Rowland và ctv (1976) ảnh hưởng đến lượng thức ăn tiêu tốn. Các
cho kết quả tương tự khi bổ sung Yucca 31 hoặc nghiên cứu khác của Kutlu và ctv (2001) và
155 mg/kg thức ăn cho gả đẻ đã cải thiện được Kaya và ctv (2003) kết luận rằng bổ sung 100 và
năng suất trứng và làm giảm mức NH3 trong 200mg Yucca/kg TA đều có năng suất trứng và
chuồng. Nghiên cứu của Kutlu và ctv (2000) về hiệu quả sử dụng thức ăn tương đương nhau.
bổ sung Yucca cho chim cút đã cải thiện được 3.2. Ảnh hưởng của bột Yucca schidigera lên
tỷ lệ đẻ của cút. Tuy nhiên, kết quả của nghiên chất lượng trứng của gà Nòi
cứu của Guclu (2003) và Kaya và ctv (2003) Bổ sung Yucca hoặc Yucca kết hợp với
cho rằng bổ sung Yucca không ảnh hưởng đến probiotic không ảnh hưởng đến KL trứng, tỷ
năng suất trứng của cút. lệ lòng trắng, tỷ lệ lòng đỏ, tỷ lệ vỏ và màu sắc
Kết quả điều tra của Nguyễn Minh Dũng lòng đỏ (P>0,05).
ABSTRACT
Effects of Prolactin Receptor gene polymorphisms on reproductive traits of Vietnamese
native pig breeds
Dang Hoang Bien, Nguyen Trong Ngu, Nguyen Van Trung,
Pham Cong Thieu and Pham Sy Tiep
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of PRLR-AluI and PRLR-HpaII genetic
polymorphisms on reproductive performance of 6 native pig breeds Ban, Hung, Lung, Lung
Pu, Meo and O Lam (40 sows/breed, over 7 parities). PCR-RFLP method was used to determine
the genotype of PRLR mutations using AluI and HpaII restriction enzymes. In all populations
studied, allele frequencies of the PRLR-AluI polymorphism ranged from 32.5-55.0% (allele A) and
45.0-67.5% (allele B) and there were three genotypes available at PRLR-HpaII locus with higher
frequencies of allele A (58.8-76.3%) than allele B (28,8-41,3%). In addition, the association analysis
showed significant linkage (P<0.05) between the PRLR-HpaII mutation with number of offspring,
born alive and weaned piglets over 7 parities in Hung, Lung and Meo pig breeds, of which sows
carrying A allele were more productive than those with B allele. For the other polymorphic site, the
effects of genotypes on reproductive traits were not found.
Keywords: Prolactive receptor, genetic polymorphism, reproductive traits, native pigs, PCR-RFLP
1. ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ1 nhanh, ít tiêu tốn thức ăn và phẩm chất thịt
tốt. Vì vậy, các nhà chọn giống đã không
Trong chăn nuôi lợn, vấn đề quan trọng là
ngừng nghiên cứu, chọn lọc và cải tạo giống
lợn phải mắn đẻ, sai con, tốc độ tăng trưởng
nhằm đem lại năng suất và hiệu quả cao nhất.
1 Viện Chăn nuôi Các tính trạng sinh sản luôn được chú ý trong
2
Trường Đại học Cần Thơ chăn nuôi, bởi chúng đóng vai trò chính trong
*Tác giả để liên hệ: TS. Đặng Hoàng Biên, Phó trưởng Phòng
Khoa học, Viện Chăn nuôi, Thuỵ Phương, Bắc Từ Liêm, Hà nâng cao hiệu quả chăn nuôi. Để cải thiện
Nội, Điện thoại: 098.266.4900. Email: biendang79@gmail.com năng suất sinh sản trên lợn nái, đặc biệt là
số con trên ổ, tỉ lệ sống sót của lợn con sau (forward: 5’ GTC TGG GCA GTG GCT TTG
khi sinh các nhà chọn giống ở các nước đã áp 3’, reverse : 5’ TAA AGC CTG CGG GAT CGA
dụng nhiều chương trình chọn giống mới kết GGT 3’: Tm =68) được sử dụng để khuếch
hợp với phương pháp chọn lọc truyền thống. đại các đoạn gen có kích thước tương ứng là
Giải pháp chọn lọc dựa vào tính đa hình trên 163 bp (Drogemuller và ctv, 2001) và 3,9 kb
những gen ứng cử tạo ra sự sai khác kiểu hình (Putnova và ctv, 2002).
về sinh lý-sinh hóa có thể thúc đẩy nhanh khả Thành phần hóa chất cho 1 phản ứng
năng nâng cao các tính trạng sinh sản của lợn. PCR bao gồm 25 ng DNA, 0,25 M mỗi mồi,
Một trong số các gen được đề cập đến nhiều 0,25 M của mỗi dNTP, 1 × đệm PCR, và 1U
trong thời gian qua là gen thụ thể Prolactin của Taq DNA polymerase (Fementas, Toronto,
(Prolactin Receptor-PRLR). Gen PRLR định vị Canada). Các phản ứng PCR được thực hiện
trên nhiễm sắc thể số 16 và có vai trò trong trên máy PCR (Veriti, Singabore 299025752)
việc chuẩn bị và duy trì môi trường thích hợp với chu trình nhiệt như sau: biến tính trong
cho quá trình mang thai của lợn. Các kết quả 4 phút ở 94°C, tiếp theo với 35 chu kỳ (94°C
nghiên cứu cho thấy, gen PRLR liên quan mật trong 30s, 55°C trong 60s và 72°C trong 30s).
thiết đến số lượng lợn con sinh ra còn sống Việc kéo dài cuối cùng được thực hiện tại 72°C
(Rothschild và Bidanel, 1998). Theo các nghiên trong 5 phút đối với đa hình PRLR-AluI và
cứu của Drogemuller và ctv (2001) nếu trên biến tính trong 2 phút ở 95°C, tiếp theo với 35
các cá thể lợn có sự xuất hiện của gen thụ thể chu kỳ (95°C trong 30s, 68°C trong 30s và 72°C
prolactin thì số con trên ổ đẻ nhiều, tỷ lệ sống trong 120s), kéo dài cuối cùng ở 72°C trong 7
sót của lợn con cao. Đặc biệt, khối lượng lợn phút đối với đa hình PRLR-HpaII. Tiếp theo,
con sinh ra vẫn duy trì ở mức bình thường 15 uL sản phẩm PCR được cắt với 10 U AluI và
không có chênh lệch đáng kể so với các ổ đẻ HpaII (Fementas), sản phẩm cuối cùng được
có số con ít. Chính vì những lý do trên việc kiểm tra trên gel agarose trong 1 × TAE buffer,
nghiên cứu đa hình gen PRLR được thực hiện kết quả được đọc thông qua ánh sáng UV của
nhằm hiểu rõ hơn về sự ảnh hưởng của gen máy chụp hình Gel Logic 212.
này đến khả năng sinh sản ở một số giống lợn
2.3. Phân tích thống kê
bản địa Việt Nam.
Các số liệu được xử lý sơ bộ bằng phần
2. VẬT LIỆU VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP mềm Microsoft Excel 2010 và tiếp theo được
2.1. Vật liệu và thời gian nghiên cứu phân tích phương sai theo mô hình General
Linear Model của phần mềm Minitab version
Nghiên cứu được thực hiện trên 6 giống
16.0.
lợn Bản, Hung, Lửng, Lũng Pù, Mẹo và lợn Ô
Lâm dựa vào đặc điểm ngoại hình đặc trưng 3. KẾT QUẢ VÀ THẢO LUẬN
của giống, chọn 40 lợn cái và 4 lợn đực hậu bị/ 3.1. Xác định kiểu gen của 2 đa hình
giống. Mỗi giống được bố trí 10 hộ nông dân
(4 con/hộ) với điều kiện chăn nuôi tương đồng Bằng phương pháp PCR sử dụng các cặp
nhau. Theo dõi khả năng sinh sản từ lứa 1 đến mồi đặc hiệu cho từng đoạn gen riêng biệt đã
lứa 7, từ tháng 10/2011 đến tháng 05/2015. nhân thành công các đoạn gen nghiên cứu
(PRLR-AluI và PRLR-HpaII) với các kích thước
2.2. Phương pháp xác định kiểu gen lần lượt là 163 bp và 3,9 kb. Về kiểu gen tại
Mẫu DNA được ly trích từ mô tai theo mỗi vị trí đột biến, đa hình PRLR-AluI có hai
quy trình phenol/chloroform (Wickramarante alen A và B tương ứng với 3 kiểu gen AA (85
và ctv, 2010). Trình tự primers PRLR-AluI bp, 59 bp và 19 bp); AB (104 bp; 85 bp; 59 bp;
(forward: 5’ CGT GGC TCC GTT TGA AGA 19 bp); BB (104 bp; 59 bp) và đa hình PRLR-
ACC 3’, reverse: 5’ CTG AAA GGA GTG HpaII cũng tồn tại hai alen A (2,4 kb) và B (2 kb
CAT AAA GCC 3’: Tm = 55) và PRLR-HpaII và 0,4 kb) (Hình 1).
Kết quả nghiên cứu hiện tại phù hợp đại được các đoạn gen với kích thước tương tự
với các nghiên cứu của Drogemuller và ctv là 163 bp và 3,9 kb. Bên cạnh đó, các alen được
(2001) và Putnova và ctv (2002) trên các giống xác định trong nghiên cứu hiện tại cũng phù
Landrace, Duroc và Large White, đã khuếch hợp với nghiên cứu của các tác giả trên.
(a) (b)
Hình 1. Sản phẩm PCR-RFLP quan sát trên gel 4%, (a) PRLR-AluI và (b) PRLR-HpaII
3.2. Tần số kiểu gen và tần số alen của các đa lợn Duroc tác giả tìm thấy tỷ lệ xuất hiện cao
hình gen PRLR của alen A (82,0%). Kết quả nghiên cứu của Đỗ
Đối với đa hình PRLR-AluI tần số alen Minh Trí (2006) trên Duroc cũng tìm thấy alen
A và B xuất hiện tương đối đồng đều ở các A xuất hiện với tỉ lệ 100% trong quần thể, ngược
quần thể lợn nghiên cứu. Ở quần thể lợn Bản lại ở hai giống lợn Landrace và Yorkshire thì
hai alen này chiếm tỷ lệ ngang nhau trong alen B xuất hiện cao hơn alen A.
quần thể (50%). Ở quần thể lợn Mẹo thì alen Bảng 1. Tần số kiểu gen và alen ở đa hình
A xuất hiện cao hơn alen B 10%. Ở các quần PRLR-AluI trên 6 giống lợn nội
thể lợn còn lại cho thấy alen B xuất hiện cao
Tần số alen
hơn alen A, trong đó quần thể lợn Lũng Pù Giống
Tần số kiểu gen (%) (%)
thể hiện rõ nhất với alen B chiếm 67,5% và AA AB BB A B
alen A chỉ chiếm 32,5%. Xét về tần số kiểu
Bản 32,5 35,0 32,5 50,0 50,0
gen ở các quần thể lợn nghiên cứu, kết quả ở
Hung 25,0 40,0 35,0 45,0 55,0
Bảng 1 cho thấy ở hầu hết các nhóm lợn kiểu
gen AB luôn chiếm tỷ lệ xuất hiện cao hơn hai Lửng 25,0 45,0 30,0 47,5 52,5
kiểu gen còn lại, tiếp theo là kiểu gen BB và Lũng Pù 7,5 50,0 42,5 32,5 67,5
thấp nhất là kiểu gen AA. Ngoại trừ ở nhóm Mẹo 40,0 30,0 30,0 55,0 45,0
lợn Mẹo, kiểu gen AA chiếm tỷ lệ cao hơn hai Ô Lâm 25,0 40,0 35,0 45,0 55,0
kiểu gen còn lại. Đối với đa hình PRLR-HpaII, kết quả thể
Omelka và ctv (2008) nghiên cứu trên hiện ở Bảng 2 cho thấy tần số alen A (dao
3 giống lợn Large White, White Meaty và động 58,7-76,3%) xuất hiện cao hơn alen B
Landrace cho biết hai alen A và B xuất hiện (dao động 23,7-41,3%). Tương ứng kiểu gen
với tỷ lệ chênh lệnh nhau không nhiều trong AA luôn xuất hiện cao ở các nhóm lợn nghiên
quần thể: alen A dao động 45,7-49,2% và alen B cứu ngoại trừ nhóm lợn Ô Lâm thì kiểu gen
là 50,8% đến 54,3%. Kết quả này tương tự với AB (47,5%) trội hơn kiểu gen AA (35,0%). Kết
kết quả nghiên cứu hiện tại trên các giống lợn quả này cũng tương tự với nghiên cứu của
bản địa Hung, Lửng và Ô Lâm. Nghiên cứu Putnova và ctv (2002), nhóm tác giả này khi
của Drogemuller và ctv (2001) trên giống lợn nghiên cứu trên các giống lợn ngoại Landrace
Landrace cũng tìm thấy alen A (40%) xuất hiện và Large White cũng tìm thấy alen A (59-80%)
thấp hơn alen B (60%), ngược lại trên giống xuất hiện với tần số cao hơn alen B (20-41%).
Bảng 2. Tần số kiểu gen và alen ở đa hình (6,94 con và 6,66 con) và khác biệt có ý nghĩa
PRLR-HpaII trên 6 giống lợn nội với kiểu gen BB (6,53 con và 6,31 con).
Tần số kiều gen(%) Tần số len(%)
Putnova và ctv (2002) nghiên cứu trên
Giống giống lợn Landrace và Large White, đa hình
AA AB BB A B
Bản 50,0 42,5 7,5 71,3 28,7 PRLR-HpaII có ảnh hưởng đến số con sơ sinh,
Hung 57,5 37,5 5,0 76,3 23,7 số con sơ sinh sống cũng như số con cai sữa
Lửng 42,5 40,0 17,5 62,5 37,5 trên hai giống lợn này. Cụ thể nhóm tác giả đã
Lũng Pù 42,5 42,5 15,0 63,7 36,3 tìm thấy alen A là alen ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến
Mẹo 47,5 42,5 10,0 68,7 31,3 số con sơ sinh còn sống và số con cai sữa ở lợn
Ô Lâm 35,0 47,5 17,5 58,7 41,3 Landrace và số con sơ sinh ở giống lợn Large
3.3. Ảnh hưởng của các đa hình đến năng White. Từ kết quả nghiên cứu của Putnova và
suất sinh sản của 6 giống lợn nội ctv (2002) cũng như kết quả nghiên cứu hiện
tại cho thấy alen A là alen tiềm năng cho công
Prolactin là một hormone peptide tuyến
tác chọn giống lợn với mục đích nâng cao
yên trước tham gia vào nhiều hoạt động nội
năng suất sinh sản.
tiết khác nhau và rất cần thiết cho khả năng
sinh sản. Các thụ thể prolactin đã được phát Bảng 3. Ảnh hưởng đa hình PRLR-HpaII đến
hiện trong các mô khác nhau bao gồm cả não, năng suất sinh sản của 6 giống lợn
buồng trứng, nhau thai và tử cung ở một số
Tính trạng
loài động vật có vú. Những đặc điểm này làm Giống Kiểu gen
SCSS-L1-7 SCSSS-L1-7 SCCS-L1-7
cho gen PRLR trở thành ứng cử viên cho tính
AA (n=137) 7,32±0,12 7,00±0,11 6,63±0,10
trạng sinh sản (Vincent và ctv, 1997). Kết quả AB (n=104) 7,37±0,14 7,16±0,13 6,76±0,19
phân tích ảnh hưởng của đa hình PRLR-HpaII Bản
BB (n=21) 7,52±0,31 7,14±0,29 6,71±0,26
đến tính trạng sinh sản của các giống lợn bản P 0,83 0,66 0,70
địa trong nghiên cứu được trình bày ở Bảng 3. AA (n=104) 7,24a±0,12 7,01a±0,12 6,58a± 0,12
3.3.1. Đa hình PRLR-HpaII AB (n=149) 6,91ab±0,10 6,76ab±0,10 6,39a±0,09
Hung
Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, lợn Ô Lâm BB (n=9) 6,00b±0,42 5,89b±0,42 5,33b±0,39
và Lũng Pù là hai giống lợn có số con sơ sinh, P 0,01 0,02 0,01
số con sơ sinh sống cũng như số con cai sữa AA (n=105) 7,01a±0,09 6,74a±0,09 6,28±0,09
AB (n=108) 6,94a±0,09 6,66ab±0,09 6,31±0,09
cao hơn các giống lợn còn lại, tuy nhiên đa Lửng
BB (n=49) 6,53b±0,14 6,31b±0,14 5,96±0,14
hình PRLR-HpaII không tác động đến hai
P 0,02 0,03 0,11
giống lợn này. Ở lợn Hung, những cá thể
AA (n=110) 7,54±0,12 7,36±0,12 6,96±0,11
mang kiểu gen AA có số con cai sữa cao nhất
Lũng AB (n=108) 7,48±0,13 7,29±0,12 6,93±0,11
(6,58 con), tiếp theo là kiểu gen AB (6,39 con) Pù BB (n=41) 7,76±0,20 7,49±0,19 7,19±0,18
và thấp nhất là kiểu gen BB (5,33 con) và sự P 0,51 0,70 0,41
khác biệt này là có ý nghĩa thống kê (P<0,05). AA (n=127) 7,41a±0,09 7,05±0,08 6,67a±0,07
Ở giống lợn Mẹo những cá thể mang kiểu gen AB (n=102) 7,08b±0,09 6,94±0,09 6,62a±0,08
AA (6,67 con) lại cho số con cai sữa cao nhất Mẹo
BB (n=28) 7,14ab±0,19 6,68±0,17 6,14b±0,15
và khác biệt có ý nghĩa (P<0,01) với kiểu gen P 0,04 0,16 0,01
BB (6,14 con). Cũng ở giống lợn này, ở chỉ tiêu AA (n=94) 9,89 ± 0,15 9,21±0,14 8,43±0,13
số con sơ sinh từ lứa 1 đến lứa 7 những cá thể Ô AB (n=127) 9,73 ± 0,13 9,00±0,12 8,28±0,11
mang kiểu gen AA (7,41 con) cũng chiếm ưu Lâm BB (n=49) 9,96 ± 0,21 9,41 ± 0,19 8,51±0,18
thế hơn và khác biệt có ý nghĩa so với kiểu P 0,58 0,19 0,49
gen AB (7,08 con). Tương tự ở giống lợn Lửng, Ghi chú: SCSS-L1-7: Số con sơ sinh/ổ lứa 1-7; SCSSS: Số
những cá thể mang kiểu gen AA cũng có số con sơ sinh sống/ổ ; SCCS: Số con cai sữa/ổ. Các giá trị
con sơ sinh và số con sơ sinh sống cao nhất lần trung bình trong cùng cột mang chữ cái khác nhau thì sự
lượt là 7,01 và 6,74 con, kế đến là kiểu gen AB sai khác có ý nghĩa thống kê (P<0,05).
3.3.2. Đa hình PRLR-AluI này không ảnh hưởng đến các tính trạnh sinh
Bảng 4. Ảnh hưởng của đa hình PRLR-AluI sản của hai giống lợn trên. Tương tự nghiên
đến năng suất sinh sản của 6 giống lợn nội cứu của Đỗ Minh Trí (2006) trên hai giống lợn
Landrace và Yorkshire cũng không tìm thấy
Tính trạng ảnh hưởng của đa hình này đến số con sinh ra
Giống Kiểu gen
SCSS-L1-7 SCSSS-L1-7 SCCS-L1-7 và số con sinh ra còn sống.
AA (n=84) 7,23±0,16 6,99±0,15 6,61±0,13
4. KẾT LUẬN
AB (n=94) 7,36±0,15 7,09±0,14 6,71±0,13
Bản
BB (n=84) 7,48±0,16 7,16±0,15 6,74±0,13 Tại mỗi vị trí đa hình đều tồn tại 2 alen với
P 0,53 0,73 0,76 3 kiểu gen khác nhau, trong đó đa hình PRLR-
AA (n=63) 7,11±0,16 6,91±0,16 6,46±0,15 AluI không ảnh hưởng đến khả năng sinh sản
AB (n=105) 7,11±0,13 6,85±0,13 6,46±0,12 của 6 giống lợn nội này. Riêng đa hình PRLR-
Hung HpaII, có mối liên kết giữa các kiểu gen với các
BB (n=94) 6,92±0,13 6,79±0,13 6,42±0,13
P 0,51 0,88 0,96 tính trạng sinh sản (số con sơ sinh, số con sơ sinh
AA (n=57) 6,83±0,13 6,58±0,13 6,25±0,13 sống, số con cai sữa) của lợn Hung, Lửng và
AB (n=121) 7,01±0,09 6,76±0,09 6,27±0,09
Mẹo với alen A là một alen tiềm năng trong công
Lửng
BB (n=84) 6,76±0,11 6,46±0,10 6,16±0,11
tác chọn giống lợn có năng suất sinh sản cao.
P 0,18 0,09 0,70 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
AA (n=21) 7,43±0,28 7,29±0,27 7,05±0,25 1. Drogemuller C., H. Hamann and O. Distl (2001),
Candidate gene markers for litter size in different
Lũng AB (n=131) 7,43±0,28 7,33±0,11 6,91±0,09
German pigs line, J. Anim. Sci., 79: 2565-70.
Pù BB (n=107) 7,58±0,13 7,40±0,12 7,06±0,11
2. Isler B.J., K.M. Irvin, M.F. Rothschild and G.J. Evans
P 0,89 0,87 0,58 (2000), Association between the prolactin receptor gene
AA and reproductive components in swine. In: Proc. 27th Int.
7,27±0,09 6,96±0,09 6,69±0,08 Conf. Anim. Genet., Minneapolis, MN p 67.
(n=104)
3. Omelka R., M. Martiniaková, D. Peškovičová and
Mẹo AB (n=76) 7,37±0,11 7,00±0,11 6,54±0,09
M. Bauerová (2008), Associations between Alu I
BB (n=77) 7,10±0,11 6,94±0,11 6,55±0,09 Polymorphism in the Prolactin Receptor Gene and
P 0,25 0,91 0,36 Reproductive Traits of Slovak Large White, White Meaty
and Landrace Pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 21(4): 484-488
AA (n=66) 9,79±0,18 9,06±0,17 8,39±0,15
4. Putnova L., A. Knoll, J. Dvorak and S. Cepica (2002),
Ô AB (n=108) 9,79±0,14 9,12±0,13 8,41±0,12 A new HpaII PCR-RFLP within the porcine prolactin
Lâm BB (n=96) 9,91±0,15 9,24±0,14 8,32±0,13 receptor (PRLR) gene and study of its effect on litter size
and number of teats. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 119: 57-63.
P 0,82 0,70 0,88
5. Rothschild M.F. and J.P. Bidanel (1998), Biology
Theo nghiên cứu của Drogemuller và ctv and Genetics of reproduction. The genetics of the
(2001) gen prolactin là một gen tiềm năng ảnh pig, Rothschild, M.F. and Ruvinsky, A. (eds), CAB
international, 313-345.
hưởng đến số con sinh ra còn sống, ở điểm 6. Đỗ Minh Trí (2006), Xác định các kiểu gen thụ thể prolactin
đa hình PRLR-AluI nhóm tác giả tìm thấy trên một số giống heo công nghiệp bằng kỹ thuật PCR –
alen B có ảnh hưởng mạnh đến số con sinh RFLP. Luận văn kỹ sư, chuyên ngành: công nghệ sinh học.
Trường Đại Học Nông Lâm TP. Hồ Chí Minh.
ra còn sống ở nhóm lợn Duroc. Kết quả này
7. Vincent A.L., L. Wang, C.K. Tuggle, A. Robic and M.F.
cũng được chứng minh trong nghiên cứu của Rothschild (1997), Prolactin Receptor maps to pig
nhóm tác giả Isler và ctv (2000) trên nhóm chromosome 16. Mamm. Genome, 8: 793-794.
lợn lai Yorshire x Large White. Tuy nhiên, 8. Vickramarante S.H.G, Vlmek B.R., Dixit S.P., Kumar
S. and Vyas M.K. (2010), Use of growth hormone gene
trong nghiên cứu hiện tại không tìm thấy ảnh Polymorphism in selecting Osmanabadi and Sangamneri
hưởng của đa hình này đến cả ba tính trạng Goats. Trop. Agr. Res., 24: 398-411.
khảo sát ở tất cả các nhóm lợn nghiên cứu 9. Ziółkowska A., M. Bogdzińska and J. Biegniewski
(Bảng 4). Trong nghiên cứu của Ziółkowska (2010), Polymorphism of prolactin receptor gene (PRLR)
in the Polish Landrace and Polish Large White swine
và ctv (2010) trên giống lợn Polish Landrace population and reproductive traits. J. Cent. Eur. Agr.,
và Polish Large White cũng cho thấy đa hình 11(4): 443-448.