1

INTRODUCTION
1. Overview of the topic
Australia, which is known as Commonwealth of Australia, is founded on January
1st , 1901 based on the federation of six colonies of Great Britain Emperior. The major
communities at that moment is the Aborigines and the English-born immigrants
migrant to Australia from the period of 1788-1901. Considered as the “Terra Australis
Incognita”, with only about 400,000 people, the Aborigines community has orginated
from Homo Sapiens Sapiens linked to Southern Mongoloid race at Southeastern Asia
(Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, …). They moved by the pitpans and were separated
from the islands at approxiamately 30,000 to 60,000 years ago.While the Torres Strait
Islanders has been originated from South Pacific islands, be a part of Australoid race,
and inhabit nearby the Torres Strait lasts to Tasmania nowaday. Australia has been a
multicultural land made up with more 200 groups of Indigenous ethnics, linguishes,
cultures, etc. It also be more diverse since the discoverical journey of Holand, Portugal,
Spainishes, French and English. During centuries since the claim New South Wales to
be the George III King‟s colony, until the moment Australia is followed to be a
member of the Commonwealth of Great Britain (along with India, South Africa,
Canada, Brunei, etc), there is an increase in the population of English in Australia –
where used to be considered as a remote area of the world. Although there are many
conflicts, wars between the Aborigines and the English; those which just rose up
following the foundation of White Australia Policy (1890-1972) – when the Europe-
born community overwhelmed the Aborigine community with the firgure of
population in the whole society at this huge continent. From the minority of society,
the foreign invaders, the Europe-born community has become the major community in
Australian continent, the main force makes decisions on the development of all the
continent. While the Aborigines has changed the position from the author of the oldest
culture around the world to the minority community (on most of factors, such as:
economy, culture, populate, linguishtic, religions, beliefs, etc). Thus, the appearance of
American multiculturalism in the 1960s, 1970s has been welcomed as luck would have
it. It boosted their deepening understanding, and launched a new historical paper for
not only the Aborigines but also the non-Britain immigrants in Australia. It is
considered as a progressive turning point for the aplication of Multiculturalism Policy
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under the Whitlam government (1973-1975), since this is a longterm strategic

awareness to launch the foreign policy of Australia toward the aim to become a middle
power country in Asia – Pacific.
Multiculturalism is founded in North America since 1960s, 1970s, then spread
out around the capitalism countries, and the multi-ethnics countries around the world.
It is thought that an optimal policy of the superior capitalism system enable to
successfully tackle all of the problems between stable economic growth and social
development basing on equality to the immigrants and the indigenous people.
However, there are some risks to the awareness of immigrants, to the multiculturalism
in multicultural countries around the world; some of which eminated from the rise of
nationalism in the international stage (including Brexit phenomenon, the foundation of
Macedonia state, South Sudan, the triumph of MAGA “Make America Great Again”
movement made by Donald Trump in his election into the White House, etc), and the
peril of Islamic movements (including Islamic Extremist movements, Islamic
extremism, Islamic terrorism in Southeast Asia) as well.
This is the reason why the deepening research in Multiculturalism, its basical
background led to the foundation of it, its theory and the process of applicating
Multiculturalism in Australia is much important during the course of Australian social
culture.
2. Historical situation on the topic studied
About Australia, in Vietnam, a number of studies have presented about Australia,
especially those for Department of Australian studies such as "Road to Australia"
(many authors, Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House. Ho Chi Minh, 1999), "Australia
old and present" (Garry Disher, Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, 1999), the work
"Australia's international relations with Southeast Asia after the Second World War
"(Do Thi Hanh, Education Publishing House, 1999), and the work "International
Relations of Australia in the 1990s" (Garry Evans, Education Publishing House, 1999).
In it, the "old and present" Australia has devoted the 12th and 13th chapters to
issues such as the development of optimism, the anti-Communist period in Australia
under the Prime Minister Menzies, term relations with Asia in the 1960s - 1972 period,
as well as Australia's anti-war years and exciting social struggles during the years 1966
- 1972. The work "Australia's international relations with the Southeast Asia after the
 3

Second World War" described and analyzed developments in Australia - Southeast

Asia relations under the influence of the world in general and the transformation of the
situation in Southeast Asia. separately through three periods: 1945 - 1972, 1972 - 1989,
and 1990 - 1999, the content and impacts of termites that relationship to the
adjustment of Australia's foreign policy over each period.
3. Review of sources
Printed books support information gathering, orthodox legal documents related to
the publication, deployment and realization of policies and multiculturalism in
Australia.
Statements, official, public legal documents of institutes, research centers and
government governments such as New South Wales and Victoria.
Paper articles, scientific journals, research papers from scientific journals:
Religious Studies, European Studies, Science and technology development, ...
Essay, thesis, dissertation specialized in History and Ethnic Studies University of
Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City National University.
Electronic articles, e-journals help authors reach common public opinions as well
as unique perspectives in a number of small areas related to Multiculturalism and main
practice Multicultural books in Australia today.
4. Purpose of the research
Analysis of the origins, the background of Multiculturalism‟s foundation, its
major content and its application in Australia from the foundation of Australian
Multiculturalism to nowadays.
5. Methodology
In order to prove the thesis statement, the author uses researching documents as
the major method. Researching documents is a method that researches some of
documents such as the statics data, the newspapers, etc, which is relevant to the subject
of this essay. Through researching documents, the author improves the understanding
about historical situation on the topic studied, and step up inherit the achievements of
the fore-authors. Therefore, the author gets not only time saving, but also energy
saving on researching different factors to serve the topic studied.
6. Structure of the research
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In addition to the introduction, conclusion, referrences, and appendix, the content

of essay is classified into 2 chapters and 8 articles.
Chapter 1. Overview of the Multiculturalism
It helps the readers understand the origins of Multiculturalism, the core values
and the backgrounds, and the influences of Multiculturalism as well.
Chapter 2. The practical application of Australian Multiculturalism
This chapter gives some information and analysis of the main cultural
streamlines in the sight of the federation of Commonwealth of Australia. Moreover, it
also gives the content of multiculturalism shown through the Constitution, the laws
system of states, in the education and in the preservation of Australian Aboriginal
cultures as well. Then, the chapter offers the motivations of Australian
Multiculturalism, including the process of founding the national identity of Australia
from 1890 to 1962, the social democracy movements in Australia from 1962 to 1992,
the advantages and disadvantages of the practical applicating Multiculturalism in
Australia.
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CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF MULTICULTURALISM

1. 1. The origins of multiculturalism
The term of “multiculturalism” has been originated from North America in the
1960s, before recognised as the rise of the fighting movements of the minorities in
society. The rise in demand of correcting the benefits to reduce unequality, respect the
identity of the different ethnics to boost the development of multiculturalism in multi-
ethnics countries such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Korea, etc
1.2. The core values of multiculturalism
Firstly, in the term of anthrology, multiculturalism is shown under the programs,
initiatives serves the survive of different communities in the society, the administration
of the states, and the preservation of multicultural identity generally.
Secondly, in the term of politics, philosophy, multiculturalism is considered as a
beneficial way to reduce the conflicts between each communities and the general
society, to maintain the cultural identity and treatment to each ethnics, especially in
education.
Thirdly, in the term of history, multiculturalism is spread out along with the
independent movement of North America Aboriginals. Multiculturalism, therefore,
ties with the political democracy to protest the multicultural society in general, said
Charles Taylor.
To sum up, the core values of multiculturalism is considered as the recognise of
the typical, unique identity of each ethnics based on the equality, respectation, and
mutual living in peace with together. Therefore, multiculturalism can be known as an
indispensable response to a multicultural society, and to the demand of protesting core
cultural values of ethnics.
1.3. The background of multiculturalism
1.3.1. Theoretical bases of multiculturalism
The first base of multiculturalism is the first role of liberalism: individual
liberality. According to this base, each cultures has been recognised, has rights to
maintain their own unique values, as long as they are not contrast to the mutual values
of society, and they are also not too controversal to the neighboring communities to
cause a war. It requires self-discipline, self-consciousness, so that create a hole to
 6

encourage the more often conflicts between different cultures, religions around the
world.
The second base of multiculturalism is the spirit of tolerance – another vital role
of liberalism. Following this base, a multi-religions society is willing to
accept/recognise every religious communities, while having equal rights and
responsibilites to every communities, every mutual values of nation.
In conclusion, there are two main role of liberalism: human rights and the
democracy, especially concentrate on the basic content is “each individual should have
give up their own rights to gather the great power, so that leads to the foundation of a
democratic politics, and civil liberties of every individual without prejudice or
disadvantage to the civil liberties of anyone else. Otherwise, multiculturalism pays
attention to the individual identity, before they get gather into a empowered group,
which made up an ideal democratical politics. Therefore, multiculturalism not only
inherit the ideas of liberalism but also develop them and support to maintain the
unique living style of each communities, as long as they are obedient to the mutual
values of society.
The features of culture different from the universality of civilisation. Associated
with each ethnic group is a specific ethnic culture base, therefore, there is no
progressive culture, backward culture with only civilized development and backward
civilization. Cultural identity, therefore, is always open, extending the cultural values
of other resident communities in the process of interaction, exchange, trade and
integration to suit the lifestyle of my people Therefore, ethnic cultural identity always
contains the cultural quintessence of ethnic groups due to exchange and acculturation.
Based on these foundations of multiculturalism, the ideal multicultural society is
considered a nurturing society, encouraging not only multiculturalism but also inter-
cultural dialogue. In particular, by respecting the rights to enforce the language - each
person's religious beliefs, do not criticize, condemn, criticize any other moral values,
the ethical normative system of dealing with you, and each other living peacefully,
equally respecting each other and joining hands to contribute to building and
developing the Commonwealth of Australia.
One of the most important role of multiculturalism is “united in diversify”.
According to this role, the system of state policies always has to find out the way
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carrying out the initiatives, agendas in order to meet the demand of unition of sense of
nation, commucial values and respectation between multicultural communities in a
society, which gets along with the strategically national interests, and the cultural
identity of each ethnics. Thus, multiculturalism is also considered as “anarcho
multiculturalism”, and the ideal society is considered as a negative society by
skepticalism. In that ideal society, there are a meeting point between the demand of
popularity and the policies of government.
Another role of multiculturalism is “equality between ethnics”, and “vertos
between ethnics”. According to this role, each independent people has been a subject
and an author of his/her culture. So that, every people cannot separate from the society.
However, each person has been grown up in different environments, has different
identity, has their own identity, their own nature. Therefore, there is a tie-knot in their
identities and the mutual values of their communities. Moreover, the equality not only
creates the equal opportunity between communities but also make conditions for the
minorities to expense the special rights as same as the White community in the society.
In conclusion, originated from a non-founder theory in North America since
1960s, multiculturalism has still the strong bases at multicultural Western countries,
including: the base of individual independence, politically institutional independence,
the spirit of tolerance, the concert of nation, the base of equality and vertos of ethnics,
and the base of protesting and develop cultural identity as well.
1.3.2. The practical bases of multiculturalism
Firstly, the base of the sunset of monism along with the rise of quantity and
quality of the minorities on the anthropology, linguishtic, and economy as well. The
cultural monism do not focus on postponing completely a culture of minority, yet
concentrate on building a popularious culture, meet the synonym to civilisation
(including a mutual language, a mutual religion, etc). They call for an compulsority to
the equal treatment, rights, and responsibilities for every communities in society.
While there is a rise in awareness of the minorities for fighting under the movements
to protest and maintain their own cultural identity, not to gain the economic profits,
benefits, etc. The increase in number of movements for practicing their mother tongue,
their mother beliefs, etc are the important base for encouraging the foundation of
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multiculturalism. That‟s the reason leds to the appearance of other theories in

supporting the rights of develop the minorities‟cultural identities.
Secondly, there is an increase in the demand of proving the suprerior of
capitalism after the basical ending of socialism around the world. Particularly, the
ability in solving the economic interests of the Western countries and the social
interests of the immigrants, the refugees in an harmony way. This is the reason for the
rise in multiculturalism in West countries as a utilitarian, efficient policy to pursuit the
strategically economic interest of nation. Meanwhile, it‟s truly this utilitarian policy
leads to the movements to gain the rights in protesting and developing their cultural
identity, their mother tongues, their own beliefs, etc which puts the development of
multiculturalism in West countries in the edge of reconstruction, etc.
1.4. The influences of multiculturalism on society
Instead of uniting the nation and strengthening social stability by assimilating to
reach the consensus of all communities on socio-political economic issues,
multiculturalism provides collective values, taking care of the interests of each ethnic
group, recognizing and respecting the diversity in the socio-economic development
level of different groups of people in society, as well as other special groups of people
do not compromise the collective values that multiculturalism tries to promote to
enhance social cohesion, reconcile strategic interests in multiethnic society .
Besides, multiculturalism also contributes to narrowing the gap of social
differentiation when increasing equal treatment among groups of people in society,
thereby promoting the spirit of great unity of the nation, promote the promotion of
nationalism and patriotism before every war against foreign invaders, as well as other
provocative reactionary phenomena of hostile forces at home and abroad.
In the context of strong globalization, the developing world is increasingly
closely linked as a "flat world", Multiculturalism is an important catalyst for the
consolidation - integration process. ethnic groups, is the strengthening of national
harmony on the basis of respect and equal treatment with all cultural specific
differences of different ethnic groups living in a multi-ethnic society, which is an
inevitable advantage is to connect the national spirit into a strong, unified, inseparable
wave, thereby creating a multi-ethnic society with all the traditional core values of the
different cultures, different ethnic groups in society.
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Thus, it can be said that multiculturalism is a glue that binds the mass national
unity that must be in the hearts of multi-ethnic societies, especially in the context of
current socio-economic reality. Nowadays, the contradictions and existing social
phenomena seriously threaten to the ethnic consciousness of self-awareness as well as
ethnic cultural identity of ethnic groups (minority in terms of linguishtic language,
ethnicity, economy, and anthropology).
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CHAPTER 2. MULTICULTURAL PRACTICE IN AUSTRALIA

2.1. The mainstream cultural flows look from the history of the Australian
federal state
2.1.1. Indigenous cultural flow
Indigenous Australians are not a community of cultural backgrounds, there are
hundreds of communities of different origins and cultural similarities in Australia.
More than 500 different groups of people or clans across the continent, many groups
have special cultures, beliefs and languages. It is often said that Australian Aboriginal
people originally came from Asia through Southeast Asia and were in Australia for at
least 45,000 - 50,000 years. However, based on the study of archaeological sites in
Nauwalabila and Madjedbebe in the Northern Territory, scientists have confirmed that
they can arrive earlier, at least between 65,000 and 80000 years before. About 35,000
years ago, all continents were occupied, including the southwest and southeast corners
as well as the highlands of New Guinea. Tasmania became an island when the sea
level rose between 13,500 and 8,000 years ago, thus preventing Aboriginal people
from the mainland. Archaeological evidence suggests that Australia's domestic
occupation by Aboriginal people in the harsh climatic conditions of the last Ice Age
(from 30,000 to 18,000 years ago) was dynamic, all landscapes. arid has been invaded
forever only about 10,000 years ago. Over the past 1,500-3,000 years, other important
changes occurred at the continental level in general: the spreading of new habitats,
increasing population, an increase in the exchange of valuable items above widespread.
The nomadic lifestyle of Aboriginal people is a direct result of a major constraint
of a hunter-gatherer economy: the certainty of reducing food volume and spending
more and more effort to become a group of people. survived somewhere. Evidence
shows that Aboriginal communities have carefully managed their habitants to ensure a
stable supplier of food, put yams into gardens where they watered, or build artificial
dykes to expand the range of eels. Aboriginal tribes live in land and desert, live by
hunting and gathering, promote development that encourages the development of
popular plants by the game they hunt. They are expertise in looking for water.
Nowaday, more than half of the Aboriginal people live in towns, often in the suburbs
in bad conditions. Many others work as laborers on cattle farms that have occupied
 11

their land. Many people, especially in the northern half of the continent, sought to
cling to their land and still hunt and gather natural food.
In a kinship relationship, a caste group usually consists of the majority of people
who are related to the father-line (patriarch), who are accessing contacted by source
through father-line. Although there are countless other conditions of naturalization
(such as the birthplace or place of the clan, a close relative is buried there, or a clear
communication line. with key founders associated with property/class) often exist and
allow others to wish/aspire to become members of the gens. The clans of the gens are
the main protectors of sacred areas, their goals, and are organized in a suitable way to
be able to recreate and sustain the land. The principles of permanent residence often
require women to move into the husband's groups and territories after marriage, so the
role of women in relation to the clan where they were born became fuzzy, even if the
tight ties remained.
Aboriginal people have to get acquainted with the entire countryside within their
range and have a detailed knowledge of the location, distribution and characteristics of
water holes, flora and fauna as well as climate conditions. Their ability to read the
ground as a map greatly improved, effectively as hunters. Knowledge of topography
and resources of large areas of the country is also obtained through religion, closely
related to their economic life. Valuable as secular legend, it is a lower form of
Aboriginal worldview than religious knowledge. Aboriginal people believe that
Dreaming's heritage gives them responsibility as well as control over the fertility and
reproduction of plants and animals and therefore only through the use of rituals, new
resources are compensated. and social life can continue. This heavy duty requires all
adults to share the preservation of their land and resources through ritual participation
and law compliance.
Nowaday, Indigenous people made up 2.4% of the total Australian population
(about 460,000 of the 22 million people). Australian Aborigines, one of Australia's two
distinct Indigenous groups, the rest are Torres Strait Islander peoples. It has long been
argued that Australia is the only continent where all Indigenous people maintain a
single type of adaptation - hunting and gathering - in modern times. However, there
are evidence of early practice of both aboriginal agriculture and aquaculture much
earlier. Although there is strong evidence that only modern Homo Sapiens Sapiens
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once occupied Australia, the skulls found in the southeast suggest the existence of two
different types of people. However, most acknowledge that there are a variety of
variations in pre-European populations. It is also argued about a group on the Murray
River, which has made a form of skull deformed aesthetics leading to their distinctive
appearance.
Therefore, the diversity of the population in the two aboriginal parts of the land
and aborigines on the Island (Torres Strait) has created a diversity of ethnic "identity"
consciousness and nature activities, lifestyles, customs and ultimately diversity in
culture even without the presence of white people from Europe. But most of them still
have similarities in cultural origins, from islands around Southeast Asia and Asia -
Pacific, on the basis of ethnic economy, gathering and hunting, about The natural
lawsuit is dry, barren and so there is a similarity in ethnic culture even when there is a
cultural diversity as mentioned above. It is the first practical basis that inevitably sets a
multicultural policy for any state that was born on the Australian continent.
2.1.2. Western cultural flow (European-American culture)
When European sailors began to go into the waters of „Australis in the early
1600s, they called it Terra Australis Incognita (unknown land of the South). From
1606 to 1770, more than 50 European ships landed on Australian territory, where only
indigenous people lived. During the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India
Company was dealing with the islands currently in Indonesia. The first ship and crew
were commanded by Willem Janszoon, a Dutchman in 1606, charting to map out part
of the Australian coast (the west coast of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland) and
meet people Duyfken Aboriginal people. In 1629, the Dutch ship Batavia made history
when it crashed into coral reefs on the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, 40 km from the
West coast of Australia. A failed bloodthirsty rebellion, staged by several crew
members of the ship, resulted in two of the youngest convicted rebels stranded and
isolated on the Australian continent, making them become The first European residents
of Australia. Other adventurers of the same time include Dirk Hartog and Frederick de
Houtman (Dutch), Louis Antoine de Bougainville (French) and William Dampier
(British). In 1642, Dutch Abel Tasman discovered Van Dieman's Land, now named
Tasmania, before returning on another voyage in 1644, when he crossed the Australian
coast named Nova Hollandia. In 1770, Captain Cook discovered the coast of southeast
 13

Australia, landing at Botany Bay. On August 22, 1770, he declared Australia's entire
east coast on Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia New South Wales.
In the early 1800s, Baudin in Le Geographe and Freycinet in Le Casuarina
discovered Kangaroo Island and the South Australian coast. A trip to Terra Australis
by the English expedition under Matthew Flinder included an investigation of the
'anonymous south coast', published in 1814. By 1819, George Sutherland had spent
several months on the island. Kangaroo to collect goods from seal skin and kangaroo
skin and a positive report back to England that reminds South Australian union to
choose Kingscote for the first warehouse in the new province in 1836. Charles Sturt's
expedition (1829-1830) from New South Wales originated from the Murrumbidgee
River to the Murray River junction, and then followed the flow down the Murray
downstream to Encounter Bay in February 1830. By 1833, the South Australian
Association was established. founded in England by Robert Gouger, to find a colony
according to the principles of the "colonization system" of Edward Gibbon Wakefield.
In the following year, the establishment of South Australia was made when the
South Australian Colonization Act (England) received royal approval. Located at the
mouth of the Swan River, it is the maritime gateway to Western Australia. Aboriginal
people call this place 'Manjaree', which means 'gathering place', where locals and
visitors participate in trade exchanges and cultural exchanges before Europeans arrive.
The Swan River was first described in a seaside landscape during the Dutch
expeditions of Willem de Vlamingh in 1696-1697 on the west coast. Charles
Fremantle raised the British flag at Arthur Head in 1829 to win the Swan River colony,
later Western Australia, for England, the first migrants in 1829-30 mainly retired
soldiers with urgent pay half, experts with their families, artisans and servants from the
UK The population was further enhanced between 1850 and 1868 when people were
The sentence was sent to the colonies, contract workers from many parts of Asia were
also important in increasing the population far northwest of the colony, with the need
to feed the growing population. A series of migration programs have been created to
bring market gardeners and farmers to the Young State.
Thus, in just 200 years (from 1629 to 1833), the number of Europeans has
increased significantly, expanding territory rapidly across the continent of Australia,
leading to an alternating settlement of the population. The entire territory is now
 14

Australia. The process of intercropping has created cultural exchanges between the
British and European peoples different from the Indigenous people, thereby making
the picture of ethnic culture in Australia more colorful and rich. The internal culture of
British culture and culture of European peoples such as France, Italy, Netherlands and
Spain has also diversified in both population composition, economic base and cultural
characteristics. Therefore, even within the culture line of the European community,
there has been diversity, richness and variety. Besides, with the most numerous
position in the number of European peoples in Australia, it is the force that holds the
main ruling apparatus in Australia's political life in the early, British culture and also
plays the key role, influence in Australian cultural life, the flow of English culture,
therefore, also is the mainstream, the main source of development of Australian culture
in the near-modern era.
2.1.3. Cultural flow of Asian-African immigrant community
By 1400, merchants, Buddhist and Hindus priests had arrived in the South
Pacific islands, adjacent to present-day Northwest Australia. They believe that the
southern island of Java has a lot of gold, and gold has brought them deeper than the
territory of Northern Australia. Meanwhile, Chinese people in Sumatra have also
started trading in silk, ceramics and other items in exchange for flavor, spices and
precious stones. Between 1405 and 1433, Trinh Hoa has actually 7 expeditions in
Timor Leste, about 450 km north of Australia, but there were no specific record,
obviously whether he set foot in North Australia or not. Malaysians from Timor
Islands, Celebes also came to the North Australian coast, possibly in contact with
native Australians, to search for turtles sold to Chinese people. But they are all
unaddicted by the harsh nature, the arid land of North Australia, so they did not stop to
settle permanently.
From 1827 - 1852, in the context of the Chinese economy becoming increasingly
stagnant, Chinese farmers were increasingly exploited heavily due to the consequences
of drug war compensation (1839 - 1841), Chinese people began migrating to the
promised land to build a new life more beautiful, and there were 2666 Chinese people
sent to Australia to work for squatters at low prices, to meet the labor needs of
Australia is growing. However, they are scattered in estates, settlements of squatters
 15

across the Australian continent, and an Asian-based community has not yet been
formed during this period.
Nationalism is the sense of maturity of a community of race, culture, economy,
the engine of the foundation to overcome the risky challenges of history, preserve the
source of folklore. Australian nationalism was formed from four main factors: Anglo
Saxon race, Australianized Australian culture due to the environment, the economy of
capitalist economy appeared, formed and developed through Australian economic
periods, social, linguistic, religious, and competitive economic interests lead to a wave
of opposition to people of color (Asian, African, and Pacific Islanders). Since then, the
formation and development of dissertation suggested that the white community is
higher and more civilized and deserves more benefits. This content has gradually
become a prominent expression of Australian nationalism that is discriminatory and
racist ideology.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Australia's entry into the war as an alliance of US allies
in Vietnam made Australia's increasing demand for national labor and defense cause a
wave of anti-war and major opposition. racist white Australia, supporting Asian
countries' struggle for national independence in the "white" Australian community.
After a difficult period, interrupted from 1901-1972 by the policy of White Australia,
the process of formation and development of Asian community in Australia resumed
in the context of 1975 - 1985, goods The series of political turmoil in Indochina as
well as North Korea took place after the overthrow of the pro-American government in
these countries, winning the national independence and developmental transformation
of Vietnam, Cambodia and South Korea. to the migration of 79,000 Vietnamese, 7200
Laotians, 13900 Cambodians, 9,000 Korean people to Australia. Since then, it has
contributed to the diversification of the ethnic picture of the Asian community in
Australia.
As a modest resident community in the modern Australian social structure, it
only accounts for about 3% of the population, but the Asian community is very active,
most of them come to Australia for economic reasons, though still carrying self-
deprecating and sensitive thoughts because they are discriminated against more or less
in the society of "White" people is the majority, but they are not only forced to be rigid
in the Chinese town (China town), the Vietnam town, the Japanese Quarter, etc. to
 16

preserve the Asian cultural "identity", preserve the native language, the traditional
cultural heritage of the ethnic but also spread everywhere, live, settle and do business,
production and sociopolitical social activities to both the indigenous communities such
as Cabramatta, etc. to affirm and spread "the village" whose cultural identity of our
people, promoting it as a strength to contribute to promoting not only Australia's
multicultural policy, but also the policies of Participating in Asia, Asian Orientation,
Becoming a Real Asia - Pacific country, etc. of Australia. In short, Australian culture
is the crystallization of the material and spiritual values of the three main resident
communities in Australia: Indigenous communities, European-American residents, and
Asian-African resident communities. In particular, although the English cultural flow
is still the mainstream cultural flow, source, and host throughout throughout Australian
culture, but with the recognition of multiculturalism in multiethnic Australian society,
the specific cultural values created by Aboriginal Indigenous communities has
gradually been revived, while the individual cultural values of the Asian-African
resident community have gradually affirmed their position in the multi-ethnic society.
Multicultural, thereby expressing the development in the right direction, in line with
the trend of the era shown in the Resolution on the Decade of the World Cultural
Development of the United Nations "Every nation must be respected in the principle of
equality, without the low culture of this ethnic group or more advanced culture of the
other ethnic group, the culture of this ethnic group is no more than the culture of the
other ethnic group. The culture of mankind is equal and everyone is able to create
culture”[7; 44]
2.2. The basic contents of Australia's multicultural policy
In the 1970s, the movement for civil rights, democracy, freedom, peace, anti-
racism and national independence rose worldwide, including intellectuals and needy
class. Australia, the successive defeat after two handshakes with Britain and the United
States to prevent the wave of "yellow epidemic" threat has forced the Canberra
government to redefine its position on International schools, including having to
accept the flow of migrants from Asia to ensure the demand for high-quality human
resources for Australian economic development - defense - security and ensure efforts
to become a medium power, actively contributing to the Asia-Pacific environment.
 17

Therefore, multiculturalism was born and flourished as an inevitable part of Australia's

modern policy of internal and external relations (1973 - now).
Australia is seen as one of the typical cases of multiculturalism in the European-
American model, the first model that initiated multiculturalism since the 1960s and is
in the region with policies Multiculturalism deeply and strongly influences the process
of consolidation and harmony of ethnic groups in society.
As a "country of immigrants" with an extremely diverse ethnic composition,
under 200 different ethnic representatives, Australia has made full use of the cultural-
linguistic-economic diversity - society of resident communities to create and maintain
special strength is the country's economic potential. That strong understanding of
Australia's multiculturalism is evident from the official federal constitution to the
framework of the legalislate system, the agendas of government.
2.2.1. Multicultural policy expressed in the constitution
In Australia, all initiatives, programs and policy adjustments are aimed at
ensuring equal rights and obligations of all Australian citizens. All citizens have the
right to express their opinions, express religious acts, to exercise individual beliefs to
develop talents and skills in society. They also have equal obligations with the
Fatherland, must respect and implement democratic values and civil liberties of other
individuals in expressing religious and belief acts.
Under the Federal Constitution, the Commonwealth of Australia does not have a
national religion. Article 116 Australian Commonwealth Establishment Law of 1900
affirms: "The Australian Commonwealth does not set any law based on any religion,
nor impose any religious rituals, does not prohibit self Because of religious practice,
there is no requirement for religious examination as a mandatory criterion for any
community organization in the Commonwealth of Australia ”.
In 1967, it was stipulated in chapter 127 of the Ministry of Justice regarding the
requirement for Aboriginal exclusion when calculating the official population was
officially canceled.
In the 1970s, in Australian society, there was an increasing trend of accepting
multi-lingual activities as part of the nation's characteristics. Supplement for English in
other languages. Thanks to the bilingual policy, through bilingual education programs,
some Aboriginal languages in remote areas have been restored. Dozens of Aboriginal
 18

languages are taught and learned in elementary-level bilingual schools along with
English.
Under the Fraser Prime Minister (1975 - 1983), The Galbably immigration
service program was drafted and became a major turning point in multiculturalism in
Australia by providing 57 clear chapters with more funding. USD 50 million within 3
years including: settlement assistance program (USD 12 million), program to support
the development of English language schools for adult migrants and children (USD 10
million), support program support the development of translation and information
services (USD 4 million), the program to support the establishment of a multicultural
research institute (USD 1.8 million), a radio program in ethnic languages (3.2 million
USD), and the program established a national language television station (7 million
USD). The program consists of 4 basic elements:
“Create equal opportunities for the program to serve all Australian citizens;
Every Australian citizen has the right to maintain his own culture;
Special services for immigrants are required to ensure equal rights have been set;
These programs need to be drafted and implemented with full consultation from
immigrants ”[5; 49]
The 1989 letter on Australian multicultural culture ensured equality between
English speakers, Kito and other speakers of other languages as well as religious
equality based on basic principles. version like:
“All Australian citizens are entitled to equality, regardless of race, ethnicity,
culture, religion, gender, place of birth.
Every Australian citizen has the right to develop and use his own ethnic cultural
heritage treasure, including his mother tongue, native ethnic culture and within
clearly defined limits.
All Australian citizens have the right to develop their potential, strength, and
professional abilities regardless of their original backgrounds.
All Australian citizens enjoy protection from racism - ethnicity - religion -
culture
All Australian citizens are entitled to equal access to resources under the
administration of the community representative.
 19

Every Australian citizen has the right to participate in social work and decisions
regarding them
Every Australian citizen can study and use English and other languages and
develop intercultural exchanges.
All agencies and institutions must acknowledge, reflect and be responsible for
the multicultural nature of the Australian resident community ”[13; 108-109]
In 1996, the Australian House of Representatives passed the Federal Parliament
Statement on Racial Discrimination. Thereby, speaking of the principles of equal
rights irrespective of race, color, origin, religious beliefs, and commitment to
reconciliation process with Australian indigenous communities associated with
settlement Their deep socio-economic losses.
In December 1999, the federal government continued to offer a multicultural
country agenda, emphasizing the Australian government's commitment to support,
consolidate, focus on promoting and delivering. integrating socio-economic benefits
and needs for all Australian communities, enhancing greater responsibilities and
obligations for the dissemination of multicultural values and managing the
multicultural nature of Multi-ethnic society, with many different cultural
characteristics.
On May 13, 2003, the Australian Government introduced the policy of
Multicultural Australia: United in Diversity (Multicultural: Unified in Diverse) to
build an effective Australian contribution from different cultural communities,
building an Australia with a common, unified future from multinational citizens who
devote their best to the framework of the Federal legal system. Multicultural Policy:
Unity in Diversity also reflects the above objectives based on the four basic principles
of the New Agenda, giving strategic development guidelines for the 2003 period -
2006, that is:
Firstly, all citizens have the right to support Australian social structures and
principles to ensure equal freedom, equality, charity, and cultural development
opportunities.
Secondly, all Australian citizens have the right to respect, maintain and express
the particular cultural and religious beliefs of the nation.
 20

Thirdly, all Australian citizens have the right to equal treatment, access to equal
development opportunities, equal contribution to Australian economy - politics -
society.
2.2.2. Multicultural policies embodied in the state legal system
In Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia have a specific
multicultural policy in place. Western Australia enacted the Act of Multicultural and
Ethnic Affairs Committee in 1983, which was abolished in 2006. The New
Multicultural Recognition Bill was introduced to the Queensland Parliament on the
27th. 10 years 2015.
New South Wales's 2000 Act of Commitment to Community Relations and
Multicultural Principles establishes six principles of multiculturalism such as state
policy:
Every New South Wales citizen of language, religion, ethnicity and ethnicity,
either individually or in the community with other members of their group, is free to
confess, practice and maintain their language, religion, race and national heritage;
All individuals in New South Wales, regardless of their linguistic, religious,
racial and ethnic background, need to demonstrate a shared commitment to Australia,
Australia's interests and future, and should recognize the importance of common
values governed by law in the framework of democracy;
All individuals in New South Wales should have the greatest opportunity to
contribute and participate in all aspects of social life where they can legally participate;
All individuals and organizations need to respect and present the cultural,
linguistic and religious regulations of other individuals and organizations within an
Australian legal and institutional framework;
All individuals in New South Wales should have the greatest opportunity to use
and participate in relevant activities and programs, provided or administered by the
New South Wales Government;
And all New South Wales organizations should recognize the linguistic and
cultural assets of the New South Wales population as a valuable resource, and promote
it to maximize the state's development.
The Act also created a Public Relations Committee for a multicultural New
South Wales that has accomplished a wide range of functions and roles, including
 21

supporting multicultural communities, advising government on multi-issue issues.

annual culture and reporting of relations between multicultural communities, as well as
the effectiveness of government agencies in adhering to the principles of
multiculturalism. To support the work of the committee, the Act also provides for the
establishment of a regional advisory council covering all areas of the state. The
principles of multiculturalism set up in New South Wales' 2000 Act of Commitment to
Community Relations and Multicultural Principles were also implemented through the
Multi-Services Programs and Policies New South Wales culture, a program that
requires government agencies According to the state's annual reporting law, agencies
are also required to publicly report on their multicultural activities through newspapers.
Their annual report. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Cabinet will synthesize
annual reports on agency activities.
While New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia are the only Australian
states to have specific multicultural laws in place, other Australian states have anti-
discrimination laws and human rights including multi-considerations. cultural. All
states and territories have now issued anti-discrimination laws that make racial
discrimination illegal. In addition, both the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria
have now enacted the Human Rights Act supporting their wider multicultural
framework.
Every state and territory of Australia has its own policy and related agency on
multiculturalism.
The 2004 Multicultural Victoria Act (The Multicultural Victoria Act) recognizes
the core principles of multiculturalism - the outstanding success of one of the best
multicultural societies in the world, A "solidarity community shares the same laws,
values, aspirations, and responsibilities" with more than 200 ethnic representatives,
using more than 200 ethnic languages, according to more than 120 different religious
beliefs. These principles include:
First, promote equality of service use across the state irrespective of origin,
culture, language, religious beliefs
Second, recognize the value of specific cultural heritage, preserve and promote
the multiculturalism of all citizens and communities within the framework of law,
values, aspirations and common responsibilities. .
 22

Third, all Victorian citizens must cooperate, harmonize each other to build a
united community, sticking to common law, values, aspirations and responsibilities,
within that framework, without distraction. All origins have the right and opportunity
to preserve, express, honor and share their cultural heritage with the entire community.
Fourth, all Victorian citizens are responsible for compliance with state law and
respect for democratic processes.
2.2.3. Multicultural policy manifests in the field of education
Bilingualism is set by the state in the states. For example, in the Northern
Territory (Northern Territory) there are 17 public bilingual schools, 4 private bilingual
schools, 3 bilingual Christian schools. Here, students learn the literary and social
culture of the original ethnic group in their mother tongue, the remaining subjects are
studied in English.
From 1987 to 1990, the Federal government granted AUD 12.5 million for ethnic
language research programs, including researching activities on teaching and learning
of ethnic languages. In Victoria and South Australia, each state can teach 17 languages
of the resident communities that live in the state regularly. The teachers of high
schools who teach English bilingual programs and one of the languages of immigrant
communities have also been adopted, more interested in Victoria and New South
Wales. While state educators focus on studying the methods of teaching the mother
tongue of migrant children alternating with the second language, English, those who
do not attend the school can still study language. mother-in-language foreign language
centers are established quite popular among immigrant communities.
On the basis of the federal multi-lingual policy, the states and territorial zones
identify their main teaching and learning languages. Often, the languages taught and
prioritized by the states are dialects of indigenous, German, Korean, Greek, Arabic,
Russian, French, Japanese, Thai, Chinese, Spanish, Italian, Indonesian and Vietnamese
communities. These are the preferred languages throughout Australia's national
education system at all levels from primary to high school.
2.2.4. Multicultural policy manifests itself in the area of indigenous cultural
preservation
In 1968, the Federal Arbitration Board increased the basic salary for all
indigenous workers at the request of the Australian Labor Confederation. In addition,
 23

the Australian federal government has officially acknowledged the traditional land
acquisition of indigenous communities through the return of 10 square miles of land
around Wattiel Creek to the Gurindji tribe in 1973 or 10. % of Northern Territory area
(Northern Territory) for Pitjantijajara tribe in 1981.
Under Prime Minister Whitlam (1972 - 1975), for the first time in Australian
history, the federal government signed an agreement to restore the national autonomy
of Indigenous communities. In addition, the Office of Aboriginal Affairs and the
Aboriginal Welfare Branch (The branch of Aboriginal Welfare) have been agreed to
be The Department of Aboriginal Affairs.
Under the Fraser government (1975 - 1983), the Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islanders Committee (ATSIS) was established to maintain the provision of adequate
services to indigenous communities (Aboriginal and island residents), thereby
becoming a coalition organization allows indigenous communities to make their own
decisions about economic-political-social policies that affect their lives.
2.3. Factors promoting multiculturalism in Australia
The birth of the Australian federal state, the development of social democratic
movements from 1962 to 1992 during the disintegration of the Cold War, the trend of
globalization and regionalization, and the wave of migration, Migration and large-
scale freelance business are significant changes that strongly influence the exchange
and cultural exchange process among Australian communities.
2.3.1. Great migrations to Australia from 1890 - 1992
Mass migrations of the community of manual workers, gold diggers, people who
seek to be happy with the desire to change Asian life (mainly from China, India,
Malaysia, etc.) after hours wine of gold fever in New South Wales; the great
migrations of the poor, middle-class and free-working communities, the Jews (mostly
from Central and Southern Europe) before the oppressive atmosphere of fascism ); and
the wave of great emigration and refugees after profound political crises in world
countries Tuesday, the socialist Eastern European countries before the wave of
national liberation movement and the wave of color revolution contributing to the
worldwide collapse of the Western socialist system in the 1970s and 1980s; has in turn
created cultural diversity that has become increasingly apparent in contemporary
Australian society. Thanks to these great migrations, Australia has received and
 24

supplemented a rich human resource, becoming a driving force for the development of
Australia's capitalist economy - a country with a large population of people, Advanced
resources and technology are not lacking, just human resources for economic
development and defense security for Australia's defense policy. At the same time,
they also gradually arise conflicts, conflicts within the country, conflicts of values that
are considered ethical standards of this group but are not recognized by one or more
other groups, affecting more or less traditional links in indigenous communities, and
An's native Australian community. That is the prerequisite condition for Australia to
choose appropriate cultural solutions to affirm the Australian cultural "identity", create
a unified block, a mass of unity throughout the nation "just respect the prices.
Traditional rule of minority communities but still not far away from widely pursued
social values ”[8; 12]
2.3.2. The process of forming Australian national nation from 1890 - 1962
Nationalism is the conscious maturity of a community that shares racial, cultural,
and economic characteristics, unlike Nazi radical nationalism, extremist Islamists. It is
the engine foundation that overcomes the treacherous challenges of history, preserving
the source of folklore. Nationalism is formed from four main factors: Anglo Saxon
race, Australianized Australian culture by the environment, capitalist economy
appeared, formed and developed through the period of capitalist economy.
Australianism, society, language, religion, and economic interest competition lead to a
wave of opposition to people of color (Asian, African, and Pacific Islanders). Since
then, the formation and development of dissertation suggested that the white
community is higher and more civilized and deserves more benefits. This content has
gradually become a prominent expression of Australian nationalism, which is stigma,
racism and not a patriotism against foreign invaders as a characteristic of Vietnamese
nationalism.
In 1851, gold was discovered in Ballarat and Bendigo (New South Wales). By
April 1851, his two associates John Dunlop, James, also unexpectedly discovered a
large gold mine in Ophir, and only a few months later, tens of thousands of people
rushed to dig for gold in this land. As the sheep breeding industry is associated with
MacArthur's name, the gold fever is associated with the name Edward Hammond
Hargraves. He emigrated from England to Australia, doing business in livestock, and
 25

almost lost faith after many failed attempts, and was swept into the gold rush. Gold
diggers come from every corner of the world, originally mainly British, Irish,
American, German, followed by Chinese people. In 1852, there were about 300 ships
carrying 100,000 passengers to Victoria, an average of 2000 people per week. In 1853,
900 ships had docked, sometimes reaching 7 ships/day. In 1861, there were 204,000
Europeans, 24,000 Chinese were present in Victoria's gold mines, Victoria's
population reached half a million. While gold diggers encroached on land, seized a lot
of labor, the squatters rallied strongly that the government had to limit the gold
digger's activities by charging them. The situation of gold diggers from the end of
1853 onwards is not as good as before. The gold mine in the surface soil has been
basically dug out, the gold mine in the deeper soil layer cannot use human power and
rudimentary tools to dig, so the income of the gold diggers decreases significantly. .
But the government still charged charges as before, adding to the psychological
resistance, just a spark that ignited war would ignite. The problems that caused gold
mining people to riot on a relatively large scale were: first, the colonial
administration's license to control gold mining and cost 30 siling per month to increase
the budget, secondly, being unable to undertake farm work due to large and convenient
areas has been hired by encroachers/small farm owners/squatters, the government uses
the registered amount. their practice is too much for managers of gold digging areas in
excessively physical conditions. In 1861, after 6 months of debate, the New South
Wales parliament passed the Act to Restrain the Immigration of Chinese People, in
which the 10-pound immigration tax regulation limits the number of Chinese people.
Immigration as well as prohibiting Chinese citizenship of Australians. On October 6th ,
1854, the Ballarat gold mine had a gold digger beaten to death. Gold miners believe
that the owner of the Eureka hotel is a perpetrator, but because they are friends with
the judge of the local court, they are innocent. The resentment of the crushed gold
diggers came out, on December 3rd , 1854, they set fire to the hotel and started a war.
The development of industrial industries has demanded more and more workers that
the colony's local workforce was no longer sufficient to provide landlords, encroachers,
and class. great bourgeois. Therefore, on the one hand, white bosses are forced to
recruit more colored workers from Pacific islands, Asian immigrant communities
(China, Japan, India, multi-island Malaysia). , ...) to maintain the economic interests of
 26

individuals, on the other hand, they must provide regulations to control the appropriate
migrant workforce to preserve the interests of the class and the skin department. White,
the British in general in Australia, helps to avoid the devastating employment of
Chinese, Indians and Indigenous Australians with other British and European countries
in Australia. It is the economic benefits and class benefits that have aroused a strong
sense of racism with stronger, healthier, industrious, hard-working, living and
spending immigrants. more economical, higher working intensity, better working
productivity in harsh conditions. One of the first recorded manifestations was the 1850
demonstration protesting the presence of Chinese people in the New South Wales gold
mines. Or the clash between 14,000 white workers with 17,000 Chinese workers in the
Palmer Gold Park (Queensland) in 1877. That's because most of the residents of the
six colonial districts of Australia until the end of the nineteenth century were
descendants. the British, all of whom were thought to be Australians loyal to the
independent Australian colony of the Queen of England and argued that the strength,
independence, culture and essence of the essence and essence were best suited to
Australia. can only be maintained, guaranteed by a pure White Australia. After the
gold fever, Chinese people also infiltrated many other industries such as vegetable
growing, producing household items, and many also came to live in cities. In the
1880s, Australia had 50,000 Chinese and 2.5 million Europeans. The anti-Chinese
agitation continues, at which time European workers are afraid that Chinese people
will compete with them in industries. The main source of the problem is the conflict of
economic and cultural interests.
The federations against Chinese immigrants, conflicts with the Chinese
community from the period of gold fever in 1850 - 1890, the Chinese community is
not as crowded as white people (3% - 93%) but conflicts with Chinese people. there
are many influences, most influential to most aspects of life, so the influence of
conflicts with the Chinese spread over a very large range. So, this is an important issue,
especially in Australia. Along with that, the issue of labor conflict with the South
Pacific Aboriginal people in factories, factories, sugar industry. For those who are
threatening to resist such a situation, a characteristic of the Commonwealth of
Australia is a profound racism.
 27

2.4. Advantages and challenges posed to the practice of multiculturalism in

Australia
2.4.1. The advantages posed to the practice of adopting multiculturalism in
Australia
In fact, some argue that there are some advantages of having Australia's
multicultural principles set up in each policy instead of creating separate laws. They
say that Australian multiculturalism is not an ideology but simply a system of
government policies and agendas aimed at effective integration of migrants and
refugees. to achieve an equal, strong economy and political integrity. Policies and
practices may vary depending on the strategic direction of the different times.
2.4.2. Challenges posed to the practice of adopting multiculturalism in
Australia
In order to successfully implement the application of multiculturalism, issues
related to minority communities often exist in many aspects and require a small
amount of funding.
To implement, apply effective multiculturalism, the political system, political
institutions and state apparatus must be reformed in the direction of recognizing and
respecting, preserving and promoting democratic values, equality and social justice not
only for the majority of the ethnic minority community but also for the different
minority communities that exist in the same multicultural and multi-ethnic society.
In addition, to effectively apply multiculturalism to social life for the
development of the country, initiatives and agendas related to the multicultural policy
framework must also be ensured. Stability, management of migration, refugee and
refugee wave are increasingly affecting the stable economy, without a recession over
Australia's 25 years.
The simultaneous existence of many socio-economic issues, complex conflicts
among groups of multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multicultural societies, as well as
the rise and increase of the the unemployment rate, the quality of health and conflict
services, violence and war between the resident communities have a significant impact
of the support forces outside the world, requiring the state to intervene. more clearly
and clearly identify specific strategic objectives corresponding to each stage of
development of the country to change, increase the feasibility, promote the advantages
 28

and limit the disadvantages of Multiculturalism, thereby applying long-term and

effective multiculturalism in each period of movement and distribution history social
development of Australia.
The process of globalization has a strong impact on every aspect of social life,
making the nations of the world closer together, migration, immigration or even illegal
immigration by Tourist roads also become easier. Therefore, it poses not only a
question of cultural "insoluble" inclusion when the new ethical values of the modern
industrial era are spreading and becoming popularious all over the world, obscure,
gradually fade the values of traditional ethical standards, peculiarities of ethnic groups,
but also raise the issue of affirming the "identity" of ethnic groups, taking cultural
"identity" and acknowledge the multiculturalism that underpins national development
so as to minimize cross-border and cross-border conflicts, when individuals and ethnic
groups are not only interlinked within one vi traditional ethnic territory but also
internationally, via international and global communication channels such as
Internet, …
 29

CONCLUSION
It is a doctrine without its own founder, but since its introduction in the 1960s in
North America, multiculturalism still has fundamental value foundations that have
profound effects on Western multi-ethnicity such as: the basis of personal freedom,
political institutions freedom, basis of spirit of tolerance, national harmony, basis on
the principle of "equality" and "self-determination of people ethnicity ”, as well as the
basis for preserving, affirming and promoting the" identity "of ethnic culture. In
addition, multiculturalism also contributes to narrowing the gap of social
differentiation when increasing equal treatment among groups of people in society,
thereby promoting the spirit of great unity of the nation, promote the promotion of
nationalism and patriotism before every war against foreign invaders, as well as other
provocative reactionary phenomena of hostile forces at home and abroad. As a
"paradise of immigrants" with an extremely diverse ethnic composition, under 200
different ethnic representatives, Australia has made full use of the cultural-linguistic-
economic diversity - social resident communities to create and maintain special
strength is the country's economic potential. This strong understanding of Australia's
multiculturalism is evident from the formal federal constitution to the framework of
the legal system and the state agenda. In all aspects of social life, making the nations
of the world closer together, migration, immigration or even illegal immigration by
road travel is also easier. Therefore, it poses not only a question of cultural "insoluble"
inclusion when the new ethical values of the modern industrial era are spreading and
becoming popular all over the world, obscure, gradually fade the values of traditional
ethical standards, peculiarities of ethnic groups, but also raise the issue of affirming
the "identity" of ethnic groups, taking cultural "identity" and acknowledge the
multiculturalism that underpins national development so as to minimize cross-border
and cross-border conflicts, when individuals and ethnic groups are not only interlinked
within one vi traditional ethnic territory but also internationally, via international and
global communication channels such as Internet, ...
 30

APPENDIX
31
32
 33

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 34

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