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1. How were Spanish, French, and Dutch colonial strategies similar? How did they differ?
In what ways were the similarities and differences reflected in the nations' settlements in
the New World?
2. Explain why there were no major witchcraft scares in the Chesapeake colonies and no
uprising like Bacon's Rebellion in New England. Consider the possible social,
economic, and religious causes of both phenomena.
3. What factors account for the success of the Puritans in establishing an ordered society in
New England?
4. What were the major social and environmental developments that made America a new
world for both Europeans and Indians?
5. What were the factors that spurred people to leave England for the American colonies in
the seventeenth century? Which factors influenced their decisions about where to settle
in the British North American colonies?
Page 1
- Spanish Colonial Strategies and Settlements: Spain's conquest of the Aztec and
Inca empires shaped its approach to settlement in the New World. Spanish colonizers
used the existing systems of tribute and labor discipline by granting encomiendas to the
leading conquistadors. These leaders co-opted the indigenous mita system to coerce
Indian laborers to serve Spain. Consequently, the gold and silver wealth of the Inca and
Aztec societies poured into Spanish coffers. Spanish monarchs and conquistadors also
transferred their institutions—municipal councils, legal codes, the Catholic Church—to
the New World in order to control the people and territory there. The arrival of Spanish
men and Africans created a new society in which racial mixture was common, and a
system of complex racial categories developed. Spanish priests suppressed indigenous
religious ceremonies and converted natives to Christianity.
- French Colonial Strategies and Settlements: The French focused on fur trading and
Catholic missionary activity among the native population. Although New France
became a center for fur trading and missionary work, it languished as a settlement until
1662, when King Louis XIV made it a royal colony and subsidized the migration of
indentured servants, who were required to labor for three years in exchange for a salary.
The population remained small, but New France's possessions were expansive. New
Orleans and settlements around the Great Lakes ultimately served as home to French
merchants, soldiers, and missionaries who traded with and sometimes intermarried with
Indians.
- Similarities: All acquired new territories for nation, monarch, personal fortune, and
Christianity. They justified takeovers in religious and economic terms. They traded with
the native populations of the Americas. For all groups, colonization was a process of
experimentation and adaptation that required political, social, and cultural innovations.
The processes of transformation led to external and internal crises in each region.
- Differences: The Spanish and Dutch emphasized conquest, though the Dutch
arrived as traders rather than mercenaries like the conquistadores. The French and
Spanish used missions and religion as tools for colonizing native populations and
acquiring resources. The Spanish and French utilized Indians as social agents of
colonization, while the Dutch were interested only in trade with Indians. The Dutch
created a small, commercially based colony compared to much larger territorial units
Page 2
controlled by Spain and France.
2. Answer would ideally include:
- Social Organization: The Puritans were a homogenous group, which reduced the
likelihood of serious tension and conflict. When dissent arose, they banished the
dissenters. They arrived in family and community groups, distributing land through
town charters. The Puritans brought a colonial charter with them that granted self-rule.
The system of land division was characterized by inheritance, which generally worked
against stratification in landholding and social power.
4. Answer would ideally include:
Page 3
Another random document with
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There are no courses in this repast. You light a cigarette with your
first mouthful and smoke straight through: it is that kind of a
breakfast.
Then you spread yourself over space, flat on your back, the smoke
curling out through the half-drawn curtains. Soon your gondolier
gathers up the fragments, half a melon and the rest,—there is
always enough for two,—moves aft, and you hear the clink of the
glass and the swish of the siphon. Later you note the closely-eaten
crescents floating by, and the empty leaf. Giorgio was hungry too.
But the garden!—there is time for that. You soon discover that it is
unlike any other you know. There are no flower-beds and gravel
walks, and no brick fountains with the scantily dressed cast-iron boy
struggling with the green-painted dolphin, the water spurting from its
open mouth. There is water, of course, but it is down a deep well
with a great coping of marble, encircled by exquisite carvings and
mellow with mould; and there are low trellises of grapes, and a
tangle of climbing roses half concealing a weather-stained Cupid
with a broken arm. And there is an old-fashioned sun-dial, and sweet
smelling box cut into fantastic shapes, and a nest of an arbor so
thickly matted with leaves and interlaced branches that you think of
your Dulcinea at once. And there are marble benches and stone
steps, and at the farther end an old rusty gate through which Giorgio
brought the luncheon.
It is all so new to you, and so cool and restful! For the first time you
begin to realize that you are breathing the air of a City of Silence. No
hum of busy loom, no tramp of horse or rumble of wheel, no jar or
shock; only the voices that come over the water, and the plash of the
ripples as you pass. But the day is waning; into the sunlight once
more.
Giorgio is fast asleep; his arm across his face, his great broad chest
bared to the sky.
“Si, Signore!”
He is up in an instant, rubbing the sleep from his eyes, catching his
oar as he springs.
You glide in and out again, under marble bridges thronged with
people; along quays lined with boats; by caffè, church, and palace,
and so on to the broad water of the Public Garden.
But you do not land; some other day for that. You want the row back
up the canal, with the glory of the setting sun in your face. Suddenly,
as you turn, the sun is shut out: it is the great warship Stromboli,
lying at anchor off the garden wall; huge, solid as a fort, fine-lined as
a yacht, with exquisite detail of rail, mast, yard-arms, and gun
mountings, the light flashing from her polished brasses.
In a moment you are under her stern, and beyond, skirting the old
shipyard with the curious arch,—the one Whistler etched,—sheering
to avoid the little steamers puffing with modern pride, their noses
high in air at the gondolas; past the long quay of the Riva, where the
torpedo-boats lie tethered in a row, like swift horses eager for a
dash; past the fruit-boats dropping their sails for a short cut to the
market next the Rialto; past the long, low, ugly bath-house anchored
off the Dogana; past the wonderful, the matchless, the never-to-be-
unloved or forgotten, the most blessed, the Santa Maria della Salute.