Digital Image Processing

Image Processing Tasks

Mohiuddin Ahmad

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 What is image processing?

❖ Generally speaking, image processing is manipulating an image in

order to enhance it or extract information from it. There are two
methods of image processing:

➢ Analog image processing is used for processing physical

photographs, printouts, and other hard copies of images

➢ Digital image processing is used for manipulating digital images

with the help of computer algorithms

❖ In both cases, the input is an image. For analog image processing,

the output is always an image. For digital image processing,
however, the output may be an image or information associated
with that image, such as data on features, characteristics,
bounding boxes, or masks.
EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET
 Example of Analog and Digital Images

❖ Analog images:
❖ Examples of analog images are television images, photographs,
paintings, and medical images etc.

❖ Digital Images:
❖ Examples of digital images are color processing, image
recognition, video processing, all images that are used in digital
computers, etc.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 What is image processing? - Purpose

❖ Today, image processing is widely used in medical visualization,

biometrics, self-driving vehicles, gaming, surveillance, law
enforcement, and other spheres. Here are some of the main purposes
of image processing:
❖ Visualization — Represent processed data in an understandable way,
giving visual form to objects that aren’t visible, for instance
❖ Image sharpening and restoration — Improve the quality of processed
images
❖ Image retrieval — Help with image search
❖ Object measurement — Measure objects in an image
❖ Pattern recognition — Distinguish and classify objects in an image,
identify their positions, and understand the scene

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 What is image processing? - Purpose

❖ Visualization

❖ Image restoration and sharpening

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 What is image processing? - Purpose

❖ Image retrieval

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 What is image processing? - Purpose

❖ Object measurement in an image

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 What is image processing? - Purpose

❖ Pattern recognition operations

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Why we need to process images?

❖ Image improvement for human perception

➢ Goal – to improve subjective image quality
❖ 2. Image improvement for machine perception
➢ Goal – to simply the subsequent image analysis and recognition
❖ 3. Image transformation for technical purposes
➢ E.g. Change of image resolution and aspect ratio for display on
mobile device
❖ 4. Pure entertainment (visual effects)
➢ Goal – to get artistic impression from cool visual effect

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Key phases of Digital Image Processing

❖ Digital image processing includes eight key phases

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Key phases - description

❖ 1. Image acquisition is the process of capturing an image with a

sensor (such as a camera) and converting it into a manageable
entity (for example, a digital image file). One popular image
acquisition method is scraping.
❖ 2. Image enhancement improves the quality of an image in order to
extract hidden information from it for further processing.
❖ 3. Image restoration also improves the quality of an image, mostly
by removing possible corruptions in order to get a cleaner version.
This process is based mostly on probabilistic and mathematical
models and can be used to get rid of blur, noise, missing pixels,
camera misfocus, watermarks, and other corruptions that may
negatively affect the training of a neural network.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Key phases - description

❖ 4. Color image processing includes the processing of colored

images and different color spaces. Depending on the image
type, we can talk about pseudocolor processing (when colors
are assigned gray scale values) or RGB processing (for images
acquired with a full-color sensor).
❖ 5. Image compression and decompression allow for changing
the size and resolution of an image. Compression is responsible
for reducing the size and resolution, while decompression is
used for restoring an image to its original size and resolution.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Key phases - description

❖ 6. Morphological processing describes the shapes and

structures of the objects in an image. Morphological processing
techniques can be used when creating datasets for training AI
models. In particular, morphological analysis and processing
can be applied at the annotation stage, when you describe what
you want your AI model to detect or recognize.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Key phases - description

❖ 7. Image recognition is the process of identifying specific features

of particular objects in an image. Image recognition with AI often
uses such techniques as object detection, object recognition, and
segmentation.
❖ 8. Representation and description is the process of visualizing and
describing processed data. AI systems are designed to work as
efficiently as possible. The raw output of an AI system looks like an
array of numbers and values that represent the information the AI
model was trained to produce. Using special visualization tools, we
can turn these arrays of numbers into readable images suitable for
further analysis.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Image Processing Works

❖ Some Image Processing Works

❖ Image Arithmetic - point-wise combination of two images
❖ Point Operations - functions applied to individual pixels
❖ Geometric Operations - image rotation, translation and scaling
❖ Image Analysis - labeling image pixels
❖ Morphology - pixel shape based analysis
❖ Digital Filters - noise reduction and other enhancement filters
❖ Feature Detectors - edges and others features
❖ Image Transforms - Fourier, Hough and other transforms
❖ Image Synthesis - noise image data

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Image Processing Works - detailed

❖ Image processing involves a range of tasks aimed at manipulating and analyzing

images to extract meaningful information or enhance their visual quality. Here's a
brief overview of the main tasks in image processing:
1. Image Enhancement:
➢ Enhance the visual quality of an image by improving contrast, brightness, and
sharpness.
➢ Reduce noise and artifacts that can degrade image quality.
➢ Highlight specific features by adjusting the intensity levels or applying filtering
techniques.
2. Image Restoration:
➢ Repair images that have been degraded due to factors like blur, noise, or compression.
➢ Restore lost details and recover the original appearance of the image.
3. Image Segmentation:
➢ Divide an image into meaningful regions or segments based on features such as color,
texture, or intensity.
➢ Segmenting images helps in object recognition, tracking, and further analysis.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Image Processing Works - detailed

4. Object Detection and Recognition:

➢ Identify and locate specific objects or patterns within an image.
➢ Use features like edges, corners, and texture to detect and recognize objects of
interest.
5. Image Compression:
➢ Reduce the size of an image while aiming to preserve important information.
➢ Compression techniques reduce storage space and enable efficient transmission of
images.
6. Image Registration:
➢ Align multiple images of the same scene to account for differences in perspective or
scale.
➢ Useful for creating panoramic images, medical imaging, and remote sensing.
7. Image Morphing:
➢ Gradually transform one image into another by interpolating pixels.
➢ Often used for creating visual effects, animations, and artistic transformations.
8. Image Denoising:
➢ Remove noise from images while preserving important details.
➢ Techniques include spatial filtering, wavelet-based methods, and deep learning
approaches.
EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET
 Image Processing Works - detailed

9. Image Fusion:
➢ Combine multiple images of the same scene captured by different sensors or under
different conditions.
➢ Fusion enhances the quality and information content of the resulting image.
10. Color Image Processing:
➢ Manipulate color channels to achieve color correction, colorization, or artistic effects.
➢ Extract color information for analysis or segmentation.
11. Geometric Transformation:
➢ Modify the spatial orientation, size, and shape of images.
➢ Tasks include scaling, rotation, translation, and affine transformations.
12. Feature Extraction:
➢ Identify and extract relevant features from images, such as edges, corners, or texture
patterns.
➢ Features are used for object recognition, tracking, and analysis.
13. Texture Analysis:
➢ Characterize the patterns and textures present in an image.
➢ Texture analysis helps in material classification, medical imaging, and quality control.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Image Processing Works - detailed

14. Image Filtering and Convolution:

➢ Apply filters to images to enhance or modify specific features.
➢ Convolution involves sliding a filter kernel over the image to perform operations like
blurring or sharpening.
15. Image Histogram Analysis:
➢ Analyze the distribution of pixel intensities in an image using histograms.
➢ Histogram analysis aids in understanding image contrast and adjusting levels.
16. Image Morphology:
Perform operations like dilation, erosion, opening, and closing on binary and grayscale images to
manipulate shapes and structures.

17. Image Edge Detection:

➢ Detect edges and boundaries of objects within an image.
➢ Common edge detection techniques include Sobel, Canny, and Prewitt operators.
18. Image Segmentation Evaluation:
➢ Quantitatively assess the accuracy and quality of image segmentation results using
metrics like Jaccard Index (IoU) or Dice Coefficient.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Image Processing Works - detailed

19. Texture Synthesis:

➢ Generate new textures similar to those in an input image.
➢ Useful for creating realistic textures in computer graphics and design.
20. Content-Based Image Retrieval:
➢ Retrieve images from a database based on their visual content, such as color, texture,
or shape.
21. Image Authentication and Watermarking:
➢ Embed digital watermarks or signatures into images to verify their authenticity and
protect against unauthorized use.
22. Super-Resolution Imaging:
➢ Enhance the resolution of images, often using advanced algorithms and deep learning
techniques.
23. Medical Image Analysis:
➢ Analyze medical images to aid in diagnosis, treatment planning, and research.
➢ Tasks include tumor detection, organ segmentation, and disease classification.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Image Processing Works - detailed

24. Remote Sensing Image Processing:

➢ Process satellite or aerial images for applications like land cover classification, urban planning, and
environmental monitoring.
25. Biometric Image Processing:
➢ Extract and analyze biometric features from images for tasks such as fingerprint recognition, iris
scanning, and facial recognition.
26. Image-Based Modeling and 3D Reconstruction:
➢ Create 3D models of objects or scenes using images from different viewpoints.
➢ Used in computer graphics, virtual reality, and archaeology.
27. Hyperspectral Image Analysis:
➢ Process hyperspectral images, which capture information across a wide range of spectral bands, for
tasks like material identification and vegetation analysis.
28. Multispectral Image Fusion:
➢ Combine images captured in different spectral ranges to create composite images with enhanced
information content.
29. Image Colorization:
➢ Convert grayscale images to color by adding plausible color information based on contextual cues and
reference images.
30. Image Understanding and Scene Analysis:
➢ Develop algorithms to analyze images and understand the content of scenes, including identifying
objects, activities, and context.

EE 4235, Digital Image Processing, Dept. of EEE, KUET