University Institute of Engineering

Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

Experiment No.5 COMBINED LOADING

AIM:

To determine the principal stress and principal planes of a hollow circular shaft due to combined
loading.

THEORY:

The most common combined load system encountered in structural design is probably due to
bending and torsion. In an Aircraft wing the lift acting at the center of pressure produces a torque about the
elastic axis and varying bending moment along the wing span. To understand their combined effect a
simpler specimen, namely a hallow cylinder is subjected to a bending and torsion.

For an elastic structure,

MY
σ the=
I

MI 2
Bending stress ( σ )= → N /m
Y

M = Bending moment (N-m)

y = Distance of the layer from the neutral axis (m)
I = Moment of Inertia (m4)

4 4
π (d o −d i )
I=
64

4 4
π (0.050 −0.048 )
I= =4.621× 10−8 →m4
64
The shear stress due to torsion
=Txr/J
 = Shear stress (N/m2)
T = Torque applied (N-m)
d
r = radius of the shaft = 0 =0.025 m
2

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

J = Polar moment of inertia (m4)

4 4
π (d o −di )
J=
32

4 4
π (0.050 −0.048 )
J= =9.24 ×10−8 → m 4
32

σ 1.2=
σ x+ σ y
2
±
√( 2 )
σ x −σ y 2 2
+ ( τ xy ) = principal stress

σ
σ 1.2= ±
2 √( ) σ 2
2
+ ( τ )2

Because, σ y =0

16 d o
σ 1.2= [ M ± √ M 2 +T 2 ]
π ( d o −d i
4 4
)

2 τ xy 2 τ max
tan2 ∅= =
σ x −σ y σ max

principal angle2 ∅=tan

−1
( )
2 τ max
σ max
=direction of angle

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Hollow circular shaft fixed as a cantilever, weight hanger with slotted weights, strain gauges, connecting
wires, strain indicator.
Loads: 500gms-5Nos

PROCEDURE:
At position A two strain gauges are fixed on the tube fixed as a cantilever, one on the top fiber and
the other at the bottom to measure the bending stress, (). Another strain gauge is fixed at the location
Part B on the neutral axis at 45 to measure the shear stress (). Similarly two more strain gauges are at C
Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

fixed (top & bottom) for verify the result at various locations of the tube. The strain gauges on the top and
bottom of the tube are connected to half bridge circuit in the strain indicator to increase the circuit
sensitivity, since the tension and compression get added up. The strain gauge at 45 is connected to the
half bridge of the strain indicator to measure the shear stress. The outside diameter of the tube is
measured.
Weights are added to the hook attached to the lever in steps and the strain gauge readings are noted
from the strain indicator for each load. From the strains the bending stress () shear stress () are
calculated and hence principal stresses xy and principal angle () are calculated. These values are
compared with theoretical values.

BM
Bending stress σ= → Where BM =Load × Length
Z

Z=section modolus for cylinder

π ( d 14−d 24 )
¿
32 d 1

T
Shear stress=
Z−P

Tabular column

Weight
Sl No.   C
w in kg

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

TABLE:

Young’s Modulus of the tube = 220 GPa

Thickness of the tube = 2mm
Length of the tube L = 500mm
Outside diameter of the tube = (do) = 50mm
Inside dia of tube = (di) = 48mm
Distance of the strain gauges near to tip = (LA) = 130mm
Distance of the strain gauges at the middle from tip = (LB) = 250mm
Distance of the Strain gauges near to tip from loading end (LC ) = 370mm
Distance from the center of the tube to the center of the hook (L0) = 155mm
All switches should be in top position (off)

RESULT

Bending stress at the root (A) ( σ exp )=¿

Shear stress (τ¿ ¿ max)=¿ ¿
Principal stresses at the root A (σ ¿¿ x t h eo )=¿ ¿
Principal angle at the root ( ∅ ¿¿ t h e)=¿ ¿
Principal stresses at the root (theoretical) ( σ x t h e )=¿
Principal angle at the root (theoretical) ( ∅ ¿¿ t h e)=¿ ¿
Repeat the calculations for the mid-section at B
Repeat the calculations at c

GUIDANCE CALCULATION
Observations

S No. Weight, W in kg εA in 10^-6 εB in 10^-6 εC in 10^-6

1 0.5 3 4 7
2 1 5 8 14
3 1.5 8 11 22
4 2 11 15 29
5 2.5 13 19 37

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

Results
Moment in N-m Experimental
Bending Bending Bending
Lengt Length Length
I J T MA MB MC σA(Exp) in σB(Exp) in σC(Exp) in
hA B C
Mpa Mpa Mpa
4.62E- 9.24E- 1.22
0.76 0.13 0.25 0.37 0.638 1.815 0.33 0.4 0.8
08 08 6
4.62E- 9.24E- 2.45
1.52 0.13 0.25 0.37 1.275 3.630 0.55 0.9 1.5
08 08 3
4.62E- 9.24E- 3.67
2.28 0.13 0.25 0.37 1.913 5.445 0.88 1.2 2.4
08 08 9
4.62E- 9.24E- 4.90
3.04 0.13 0.25 0.37 2.551 7.259 1.21 1.7 3.2
08 08 5
4.62E- 9.24E- 6.13
3.80 0.13 0.25 0.37 3.188 9.074 1.43 2.1 4.1
08 08 1

Max. and Min Principal Stresses

τ max σAx σBx σCx σAmax σAmin σBmax σBmin σCmax σCmin
in (Exp) in (Exp) in (Exp) in (Theo) (Theo) (Theo) (Theo) (Theo) (Theo)
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
0.21 0.35 0.66 0.98 0.39 -0.04 0.71 -0.04 1.02 -0.04
0.41 0.69 1.33 1.96 0.86 -0.17 1.50 -0.17 2.13 -0.17
0.62 1.04 1.99 2.95 1.42 -0.38 2.37 -0.38 3.33 -0.38
0.82 1.38 2.65 3.93 2.06 -0.68 3.33 -0.68 4.61 -0.68
1.03 1.73 3.32 4.91 2.78 -1.06 4.38 -1.06 5.97 -1.06

Tan 2θ
2θ θ Tan 2θ B 2θ θ Tan 2θ C 2θ θ
A
1.06 60.81 30.41 0.58 31.38 15.69 0.40 20.3 10.15
0.96 59.68 29.84 0.55 31.38 15.69 0.39 20.3 10.15
0.87 58.47 29.24 0.52 30.96 15.48 0.37 19.79 9.90
0.80 57.51 28.76 0.49 30.54 15.27 0.36 19.79 9.90
0.74 56.31 28.16 0.47 30.11 15.06 0.34 19.79 9.90

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

Guidance calculation

M A =( W ×9.81 × L A )
¿ ( 2.5 ×9.81 × 0.13 )
= 3.188 N-m

M B =( W ×9.81 × L B )
¿ ( 2.5 ×9.81 × 0.25 )
= 6.131 N-m

M C =( W × 9.81 × LC )
¿ ( 2.5 ×9.81 × 0.37 )
= 9.074 N-m

Torque T =(W ×9.81 × Lo )

T =( 2.5 × 9.81× 0.155 )=3.80 N −m

M A d0
σ AX=
2I

3.188 × 0.050 −6
¿ ×10
2× 4.621E-08
2
σ AX=1.73 N /mm

M B d0
σ BX =
2I

6.131 × 0.050 −6
¿ ×10
2× 4.621E-08
2
σ BX =3.32 N /mm

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

MC d 0
σ CX =
2I

9.074 × 0.050 −6
¿ ×10
2× 4.621E-08
2
σ CX =4.91 N /m m

T d0
τ max=
2J

3.80 ×0.05 −6
¿ −8
×10
2× 9.24 ×10
2
¿ 1.03 N /m m

Principal stresses at A

σ A (the )=
σ AX
2
±
√( σ AX 2
2 )
+(τ )
2

σ A max (theo)=
1.73
2
+
√( 1.73 2
2 )
+ (1.03 )2

2
σ A max (theo)=2.78 N /mm

σ A min(theo)=
1.73
2
−
√( 1.73 2
2 )
+ ( 1.03 )2

σ A min(theo)=−1.06 N /mm 2

Principal stresses at B

σ B (the )=
σ BX
2
±
√( 2 )
σ BX 2
+( τ )
2

σ B max (theo)=4.38 N /mm2

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

σ B min(theo)=−1.06 N /mm 2

Principal stresses at C
σ
σ C(the)= CX ±
2 √(
σ CX 2
2 )
+( τ )
2

σ C max (theo)=5.97 N /mm2

2
σ C min=−1.06 N /mm

Principal angle at the root (A)

2 τ xy 2 τ max
tan2 θ= =
σ x −σ y σ max

2× 1.03
¿
2.78

tan2 θ=0.74

Principal angle 2 θ=tan−1 (0.74)

2 θ=56.31

0
θthe =28.16 at A

Principal angle at the root (B)

2 τ xy 2 τ max
tan2 θ= =
σ x −σ y σ max

2× 1.03
¿
4.38
tan2 θ=0.47

Principal angle 2 θ=tan−1 (0.47)

2 θ=30.11
0
θthe =15.06 at B

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

Principal angle at the root (C)

2 τ xy 2 τ max
tan2 θ= =
σ x −σ y σ max

2× 1.03
¿
5.97

tan2 θ=0.34

Principal angle 2 θ=tan−1 (0.34)

2 θ=19.79

θthe =9.90 at C

Bending stress at A (Experimental)

E ×∈
σA = Mpa
exp
2
3 −6
220 ×10 × 13× 10
σA = Mpa
exp
2

σ A =1.43 Mpa
exp

Draw the graph

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

1.60
1.40
1.20
Bending stress

1.00
0.80 εA in 10^-
0.60 6
Linear (εA
0.40 in 10^-6)
0.20
0.00
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
εA

2.5

2.0
Bending stress

1.5
εA in 10^-6
1.0 Linear (εA in
10^-6)
0.5

0.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
εA

Combined loading
 University Institute of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Structures-II Lab Manual

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Bending stress

2.5
2.0
Series2
1.5 Linear (Series2)
1.0
0.5
0.0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
εC

Prepared By Reviewed By Approved By

Uma Shanker Sanjeev Kumar Dhama HOD- Aerospace

Engineering

Combined loading