LESSON 1: Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP
preparedness mobilize them for national
The Traditional Filipino Service
BAYANIHAN - This tradition among Filipinos shows
community participation, democracy and cooperation.
It may be for the benefit of an individual member of
the community or the community as a whole.
Spanish Colonial Administration
Polos y servicios – During the Spanish period, these
policy or practice were used to compel the Filipinos to
work in public works. The polistas constructed
churches, casas reales, roads, and built or repaired
ships. Able-bodied men 16-60 years of age were
obliged to render services as polistas.
The Constitutional Mandate
The prime duty of the Government is to serve and
protect the people. The Government may call upon
the people to defend the State and, in fulfillment
thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions
provided by law, to render personal military or civil
service. (1987 Constitution, Article 2, Section 4)
The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in
nation-building and shall promote and protect their
physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-
being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and
nationalism, and encourage their involvement in
public and civic affairs. (1987 Constitution, Article 2,
Section 13).
The National Service Training Program (NSTP), is a
civic education and defense preparedness program
students instituted by the Government of the
Philippines on 5 January 2000 by virtue of Republic
Act9163, otherwise known as the "National Service
Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001."
 Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) - This
program component is designed to provide
students with activities contributory to the
general welfare and betterment of life of the
members of the community especially those
developed to improve social welfare services.
 Literacy Training Service (LTS) - This program
component is designed to train students in
teaching literacy and numeracy skills to
schoolchildren and out-of-school youths. The
hope is to continue learning on a peer - to -
peer interaction.
 Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) - This
program component is designed to provide
military education and training for students to
to mobilize them for national defense
defense preparedness. This is also a glimpse
for young people to see how military life is
and encourage them into service.
There have been several legal precedents to the
National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of
2001. These include:
Commonwealth Act No. 1 -otherwise known as the
"National Defense Act of 1935", was enacted by the
National Assembly of the Philippineson 21 December
1935. It provided for obligatorymilitary servicefor all
male citizens of ages between 18 and 30.
Presidential Decree No. 1706 - otherwise known as
the "National Service Law", was signed into law on 8
August 1980. It made national service obligatory for all
Filipino citizens and specified three categories of
national service: civic welfare service, law
enforcement service and military service.
Republic Act 7077 - otherwise known as the "Citizen
Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act", was
enacted by the 8thCongress of the Philippineson 27
June 1991. The Reservist Act provided for
organization, training and utilization of reservists,
referred to in the Act as "Citizen Soldiers". The
primary pool of manpower for the reservist
organization are graduates of the Reserve Officers'
Training Corpsbasic and advance courses.
LESSON 2: - Philippine Constitution, Preamble and
Bill of Rights
Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid
of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society and establish a Government that shall embody
our ideals and aspirations, promote the common
good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and
secure ourselves and posterity the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law
and regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality,
and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
constitution”.
Bill of Rights (from Article III of 1987 Phil.
Constitution)
 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law, nor shall
any person be denied the equal protection of
the laws.
 The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of
whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant
of arrest shall issue upon probable cause to be
determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of the
complaint and the witnesses he may produce,
and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be
seized.
 The privacy of communication and
correspondence shall ne inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when public
safety or order requires otherwise as
prescribed by law.
 No law shall be passed abridging the freedom
of speech, of expression, or of the press, or
the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the Government for redress of
grievances.
 No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof.
 The liberty of abode and of changing the same
within the limits prescribed by law shall not
be impaired except upon lawful order of the
court.
 The right of the people to information on
matters of public concern shall be recognized.
 The right of the people, including those
employed in the public and private sectors, to
form unions, association, or societies for
purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.
 Private property shall not be taken for public
use without just compensation. 10. No law
impairing the obligation of contracts shall be
passed.
 Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial
and adequate legal assistance shall not be
denied to any person by reason of poverty.
 Any person under investigation for the
commission of an offense shall have the right
to be informed of his right to remain silent
and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice.
 The right to bail shall not be impaired even
when the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not
be required.
 No person shall be held to answer for a
criminal offense without due process of law.
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or rebellion when the public safety
requires it.
 All persons shall have the right to a speedy
disposition of their cases before all judicial,
quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
 No person shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself.
 No person shall be detained solely by reason
of his political beliefs and aspirations.
 Excessive fine shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted.
Neither shall death penalty be imposed,
unless for compelling reasons involving
heinous crime, the Congress hereafter provide
for it.
 No person shall be imprisoned for debt or
non-payment of a poll tax.
 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of
punishment for the same offense.
 No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall
be enacted.
Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino citizens
 To be loyal to the Republic. This means faith
and confidence in the Republic and love and
devotion to the country. The citizen must be
proud of his country, its custom, traditions,
language, and institution. He must share in its
glories and feel sad in its misfortunes.
 To defend the state. Since the citizens of the
Republic receive benefits and protection from
the State of which they are apart, in return, it
is their primary and honorable duty to defend
it against any peril, whether from within or
from without.
 To contribute to the development and
welfare of the State. This should be the
concern of every citizen for he will be the first
to enjoy the benefits thereof. He can
contribute to the development and welfare of
the state by paying taxes willingly and
promptly, by cooperating in its activities and
projects such as the preservation of peace and
order, conservation of the natural resources
and the promotion of social justice by
patronizing local products and trades and by
engaging in the productive work.
  To uphold the constitution and obey laws.
Since the constitution is the expression of the
sovereign will of our people.
 To cooperate with duly constituted
authorities.
 To exercise rights responsible and with due
regard for the rights of others.
 To engage in gainful work. Every citizen must
consider his own responsibility and should
strive to become a useful and productive
member of society to assure not only himself
but, more importantly, his family a lot worthy
of human dignity. Every citizen should bear in
mind that only hard and sustained work can
mend a nations live and survive.
 To register and vote. It is through suffrage
that the will of the people is expressed. The
quality of public officials and the policies of
government, the success or failure of
government depend, directly and indirectly,
upon the voters. Voters must be
discriminating in evaluating the credentials of
candidates and not be satisfied with only their
physical attributes and data.
Duties and Rights of the Filipino People
Duties of the People - The people of the Philippine
Republic must understand that they have certain
duties or obligations to perform. These duties are the
price of freedom and of the rights which people enjoy
a. to vote honestly and wisely
b. to obey the laws of the land
c. to respect public authority
d. to be loyal to the Republic
e. to defend the Motherland
f. to pay taxes to the government
g. to take active interest in local, national and
international affairs.
Rights of the People
a. Natural rights – rights conferred upon human
beings by God which cannot be taken away
Example: right to life, right to love, right to marry
b. Civil rights – rights granted by the State for the
promotion of common welfare of individual citizens
Example: right to own property, right to seek justice in
the courts
c. Political rights – rights conferred by the state to the
people so that they may participate in government
Example: right to citizenship, right to suffrage,
freedom of speech
d. Constitutional rights – rights recognized and
protected by the constitution and part of the
fundamental law of the land
Example: freedom from slavery, freedom to choose
one’s residence
e. Statutory rights – rights conferred by statutes or
law promulgated by a lawmaking body and can be
abolished by the same body
Example: right to inherit property, right to minimum
wage, right to go to strike for higher wages
LESSON 3: United Nations Principles on Human
Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights is defined as a
common standard of achievement for all peoples and
all nations, to the end that every individual and every
organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in
mind, shall strive by teaching and education to
promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by
progressive measures, national and international, to
secure their universal and effective recognition and
observance, both among the peoples of Member
States themselves and among the peoples of
territories under their jurisdiction.
Issues of Human Rights in the Philippines
 Philippine War – Drug Campaign - human
rights groups and activists are accusing the
Duterte government of extra-judicial killings.
 Death Penalty – many representatives filed
bills seeking to reinstate the Death Penalty
which were strongly opposed by the Catholic
Church.
 Lowering the Age of Criminal Liability – the
constitution provides that children are 18
years below. Lowering the criminal liability is a
violation of children’s rights.
 Freedom of Expression – the closure of ABS-
CBN and veteran journalist Maria Ressa were
categorized by their supporters as violation of
human rights.
 Rights of the members of the LGBTI
Community – the controversial SOGIE Bill
divided the opinions of Filipinos about human
rights.
Additional Information of the Human Rights in the
Philippines
 Human rights can be classified as individual,
collective, civil, political, economic, social and
cultural.
 Article III of the 1987 Constitution also called
as the Bill of Rights provides Filipino citizen’s
rights, protection and privileges.
  In 2014, nearly 75,000 people filed for
recognition as victims of human rights
violations during the implementation of the
Martial Law.
LESSON 4: Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines
Salient Feature of RA No. 8491 of 2002 (Flag and
Heraldic Code of the Philippines)
Philippine Flag
 symbol of our country.
 shows our unity as a people.
 stands for our high ideals and noble heritage.
 primary symbol of the nation’s camaraderie,
sovereignty, solidarity and unity.
 the symbol of nationalism and patriotism in
our country.
Flag History
 horizontal bicolor with equal bands of blue
(STANDS FOR; PEACE, FREEDOM, JUSTICE)
and red (REPRESENT ABOUT PATRIOTISM
AND VALOR), and white (REPRESENT LIBERTY,
EQUALITY, FRATERNITY) equilateral triangle
based at the hoist side, at the center of the
triangle is a golden yellow sun with eight
primary rays (which signifies eight provinces;
MANILA, BULACAN, PAMPANGA, NUEVA
ECIJA, TARLAC, LAGUNA, BATANGAS, CAVITE)
each containing three individual rays; and at
each corner of the triangle is a five-pointed
golden yellow stat. The star represents three
major islands (LUZON, VISAYAS, MINDANAO).
 The flag was conceptualized by Emilio
Aguinaldo.
 first flag was sewn in Hongkong by Marcela
Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza, and Dona
DelfinaHerbosa de Natividad, niece of Jose
Rizal.
Flag Construction
The flag’s length is twice its width, which translate
into an aspect ratio of 1:2. The length of all sides of
the white triangle is equal to the width of the flag.
Each star is oriented in such manner that one of its
tips points towards the vertex at which it is located.
Flag Protocol
The flag should be displayed in all government
buildings, official residence, public plazas, and schools
every day throughout the year. The days of the 28th of
may (national Flag day) and 12th 1. Malacaňang
Palace, of June 9Independence day) are designated as
flag days, during which all offices, agencies and
instrumentalities of government, business
establishments, institutions of learning and private
homes are enjoined to display the flag. In Section 9 of
RA 8491, the Philippine flag must be permanently
hoisted and illuminated at night at the following
locations:
1. Malacaňang Palace,
2. The Congress of the Philippine buildings (Senate
and House of Representatives)
3. Supreme Court of the Philippine Building
4. The Rizal Monument
5. Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite
6. Barasain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan
7. Tomb of theUnknown Soldiers in La Union, Libingan
ng mgaBayani in Makati)
8. Mauseleo de losVeteranos de la Revolucion
9. All international ports of entry.
10. All other places as may be designated by the
National Historical Commission of the Philippines
(NHCP).
Folding the Flag
 Hold the flag at each of its four corners and
pull it taut.
 Fold the flag in half, lengthwise, with red field
covering the blue field.
 Fold it in half again, the closed side over the
open side, again maintaining the flattening
tension and parallel, flush edges on the open
side
 Take the closed side’s blue field corner and
fold it over the open side such that what was
the bottom edge is now parallel and flush with
open side forming a right triangle (with 900
 At the right angle, fold the flag again such that
a new right triangle is formed, still keeping the
open edges parallel.
 Fold the right –angled corner of the new
triangle over such that it forms a new right
triangle with what had been the bottom edge
now flush with the side of the flag below it.
 Continue this sequence of folds creating right
triangle until the flag is completely folded into
right triangle bundle.
Prohibited Acts
In Section 34 of RA 8491, the flag cannot be used in
the following rationales:
1. Defacing or ridiculing the flag by dipping the flag as
a salute, or adding additional marks on the flag;
2. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth, a covering, or as
part of a costume or a uniform;
3. As a trademark or for commercial or agricultural
labels or designs;
4. As part of merchandise or in any advertisement or
infomercial; and
5. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of
motor vehicles.
LESSON 5: Good Citizenship Values
Developing Good Citizenship - every right has a
corresponding responsibility. Next to the right to live is
the right for citizenship. It provides man the necessary
protection of the state, identity, education, job
opportunities, securities and all other rights provided
by existing laws.
Citizenship - is a term denoting membership of a
citizen in a political society, which membership
implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part
member and duty of protection on the part of the
State.
Citizen - is a person having the title of citizenship. He
is a member of a democratic community who enjoys a
full civil and political rights and its accorded protection
inside and outside the territory of the State.
Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution
identifies the following as citizens of the Philippines:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the
time of the adoption of said Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines; those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship
upon reaching the age of majority; and
3. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Greatest ideal in the life of every citizen - must be
patriotism or love of country. This achieved through
the exercise the positive nationalism and the defense
of our sovereignty when it is threatened by outside
and inside forces.
Acquiring Citizenship
1.There are two principles of citizenship in the world,
“jus solis” (by blood) and “jus sanguinis” (by birth).
2. A baby who was born within the air space or within
12 nautical miles from the boarder of the United
States will automatically have US citizenship regardless
of the parent’s nationality.
3. Commonwealth Act No. 473 provides the
qualifications and processes for acquiring Filipino
citizenship.
LESSON 6: Voter Citizenship Education
Election - is the means by which the people choose
their officials for definite and fixed periods.
Different types of electoral exercise
 regular elections (national, local, barangay,
ARMM, SK)
 special elections (plebiscite, referendum,
initiative, recall)
Suffrage is the human right to vote to which, in the
Philippines, is embodied in three documents:
a) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
b) The International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights; and
c) The 1987 Philippine Constitution.
Who are qualified to vote in Philippine elections
 Citizens of the Philippines;
 Those who are 18 years old and above on the
day of elections;
 A resident of the Philippines for one year and
in the city or municipality wherein he/she
proposes to vote for at least six months before
the elections.
Qualified to vote under the Overseas Absentee
Voting Law
a) Filipino citizen abroad
b) Those who are 18 years old and above on the
day of elections
c) Immigrants with affidavit to resume residence
in the Philippines
d) Permanent residents with affidavit of intent to
resume residence in the Philippines.
Disqualified by law to vote in Philippine elections
a) Persons sentenced to be imprisoned for not less
than one year
b) Persons who committed rebellion, sedition,
violation of the anti-subversion and firearms law, or
any crime against national security or disloyalty to the
government
c) Insane or incompetent persons
Election Held
 Every 2nd Monday of May every third year
starting 1992 for national and local election.
  Every last Monday of October, every 3 years
for barangay and SK officials, starting from
2007.
 Every 3 years from March 1993 – ARRM
elections. Elections for the positions in the
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (BARMM), starting from 2011, are
to be held every three years during the
second Monday of May.
What are the actions points for citizen-voters in
exercising the right of suffrage
a) Before elections
 Register during the period allowed for voter
registration.
 Be informed of the issues, platforms, and
personalities of the political candidates.
 Set specific guidelines in choosing
government leaders in terms of the
candidate’s social affiliations and interests,
competence, lifestyle, and performance
records.
 Conduct/participate in public debates that
would inform citizens and gain the
commitment of the candidates to integrate,
foremost, the interests and welfare of the
citizen in their program of government.
b) During elections Exercise vigilance and the right to
vote
 Vote according to your conscience
 Protect the integrity of your own vote from
any other undue influence.
 Volunteer in organizations that work for clean
and peaceful elections.
 Watch out for instance of cheating in the
elections and inform authorities and the rest
of the electorate of such activities.
After elections
 Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of
votes.
 Attend consultations and public hearings, and
participate in local special bodies.
 Legislate advocacy – s process where citizens
talk with lawmakers and other implementers
in the government to ensure that the
concerns and welfare of the general public are
included in the discussion and making of laws.
The Election process
 Registration day
 Revision day
 List of votes
 Casting of votes
 Counting of votes
 Preparation of election returns and other
reports
 Distribution of election returns
• Board of Canvassers (for President
and Vice President
• Board of Canvassers (for Senators)
• Board of Canvassers (for
Provincial/City/District/Municipal
 Proclamation of winning candidates
Citizen-voter participation in Political affairs
 Initiation and Referendum - through the
system of initiative and referendum, the
people can directly propose, exact, and reject
laws at the local level.
 Plebiscite - the people approve or reject the
call for a Constitution, approve or reject
proposed changes in the Constitution and, at
the local level, express their will on certain
local issues.
 Sectoral Representation - the party-list system
of representation gives sectors the chance to
be represented in Congress together with
Congressmen/women or Representative.
 Local special Bodies Ordinary citizens are
called to sit in local special bodies such as the
local health boards, school boards, peace and
order councils, and development councils for
consultation.
 Republic Act 9189 or the Absentee Voting
Law - provides for a system which allows
qualified Filipinos abroad to vote in national
elections in the Philippines.
LESSON 7: Drug Education
Legal Bases for Drug Education
Republic Act (R.A.) 9165 is an act instituting the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002,
repealing RA No. 6425 known as the Dangerous
Drug Act of 1972. This Act serves as guide in the
implementation of dangerous drug prevention
and control in the country. It guides in the right
approach towards issues geared against drug
activities. RA 9165, Article IV mandates the
following:
1. Provide continuing in service training for
teachers on the effective utilization and support
to instructional materials and on teaching
strategies on drug education
2. Continuously monitor and evaluate the
effectiveness and overall impact of drug
education
3. Secure funds from local and foreign donors for
the implementation of drug education programs.
Drug Education - the number of drugs used today
is vast and is steadily increasing as new drugs are
developed and new uses are found for old drugs,
several drugs still used by the doctor such as the
active principle in aspirin, have been used
clinically for many hundreds of years.
Drug - It is a substance that affects the function of
living cells, used in medicine to diagnose, cure,
prevent the occurrence of diseases and disorders
and prolong the life of patients with incurable
conditions.
Drug abuse - is the overuse of a drug without due
regard to accepted medical practice resulting in
the individual’s physical, mental, emotional or
behavioral impairment.
Drug dependence - is a compulsive behavior
brought about by drug abuse.
Drug user - is another term for “drug addict”
which refers to an individual who is dependent on
a certain drug or drugs.
Common signs of drug abuse
1. Change in attendance at work or school
2. Change from normal capabilities (work habits,
efficiency, etc.)
3. Poor physical appearance, including in
attention to dress and personal hygiene
4. Constant wearing of sunglasses at
inappropriate times (for instance, indoors or at
night not only to hide dilute or constricted pupils
but also to compensate the eyes’ inability to
adjust to sunlight). Marijuana causes bloodshot
eyes
5. Unusual effort made to cover arms in order to
hide needle marks
6. Association with known drug abusers
7. Stealing items that can be readily sold for cash
(to support a drug habit)
8. Change in mood, depending on the drug taken
Classifications of drugs and their Effects
1. Alcohol liquor, which is extracted from
chemical compound as ethyl and
hydrocarbon, is a dangerous chemical
substance that triggers the central nervous
system and may damage vital human organs.
2. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa), is annual plant
that grows wild in many temperate parts of
the world.
3. Stimulants are drugs used to increase mental
activity, relieve fatigue, increase alertness and
offset drowsiness.
4. Cough syrups are also called over the counter
colds/cough preparations.
5. Depressants are usually known as “downers”.
These drugs act on the nervous system,
promoting relaxation and sleep.
6. Barbiturates are used to reduce the
frequency of convulsions in epileptics. An
overdose of barbiturate produces the
following reactions.
7. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) are drugs that
can produce changes in mood and behavior.
They can produce delusions and
hallucinations.
8. Tranquilizer is a drug used to treat nervous
disorders, calm psychotic patients.
9. Narcotics, in medicine, refer to opium,
morphine, codeine, heroin and
hydromorphone.
10. Inhalants are volatile substances derived
from ether or chloroform. It is an inhalator
through the nose to experience intoxication.
The most common reason why drugs are abused are
as follows:
 For relief from problems – personal, family, school
or work
 To experience its effect on the mind and body
 To ease depression, boredom, pain or misery
 Giving in to pressures from “peers” or other drug
users
 For curiosity, due to misinformation from
acquaintances
 For security feelings – with drugs, they have self-
confidence.
As responsible youth of today, be strong and always
remember:
S - steadfast personality
T – trustworthy in words and actions
R – respectable in relating with others
O – open-minded in facing situation
N – noble character
G – gusty actions and ideals
Ten (10) ways to say NO to Drugs
1. be vocal, just say NO to drugs and mean it.
2. Project an image of a clean living for yourself.
3. Get into sports.
4. Choose your friend and influence them positively.
5. Get involved into community-based activities.
6. Join organizations or youth club or form your
interest group (church, school or social)
7. Learn how to manage stress.
8. Join seminars on anti-drug abuse prevention.
9. Talk to your family, listen to the problems of your
siblings.
10. Enhance your talents and skills by taking part on
workshops, trainings or seminars.
LESSON 8: Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System
Salient Provisions of Republic Act 10121 or the
PDRRM Law
Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010 is entitled as,
“An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management System, providing for the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Framework and Institutionalizing the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating
funds therefor and for other purposes”.
This was signed into law on May 27, 2010 and the
Implementing Rules and Regulation (IRR) was
approved three months later on September 27, 2010.
This revolutionary law defines the disaster
management system in the Philippines.
LESSON 9: Geographic Profile of the Philippines
 The Philippines, located in Southeast Asia
(SEA)
 One of the largest island groups in the world
with 7,107 islands and islets lying about 500
miles (800 kms) off the coast of Vietnam.
 Outstanding physical features of the
Philippines include the irregular configuration
of the archipelago, the coastline of some
22,550 miles (36,290 km), the great extent of
mountainous country.
 The islands are composed primarily of
volcanic rock and coral, but all principal rock
formations are present.
 It is further divided into three (3) major
groups of islands namely, Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.
 Luzon is the biggest island group while Visayas
is a melting pot of Spanish, Chinese, and Indo-
Malayan cultures; and Mindanao where
Chinese and Muslims are predominant.
 There are 17 administrative regions, namely:
National Capital Region (NCR); Ilocos Region
(Region I); Cordillera Administrative Region
(CAR); Cagayan Valley (Region II); Central
Luzon (Region III); CALABARZON (Region IV-A);
MIMAROPA (Region IV-B); Bicol Region
(Region V); Western Visayas (Region VI);
Central Visayas (Region VII); Eastern Visayas
(VIII); Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX);
Northern Mindanao (Region X); Davao Region
(Region XI); SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII);
Caraga Region (Region XIII); and, Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).
 Manila is the capital city
 Quezon City is the largest and mostpopulous
city. The country has a total population of
100,981,437 based on the 2015 Census of
Population (POPCEN 2015).
 Filipino is basically of Malay stock with a
sprinkling of Chinese, American, Spanish and
Arab blood, and other ethnic minorities.
 The system of Government is Democratic.
 The climate of the Philippines is tropical and
maritime. It is characterized by relatively high
temperature, high humidity and abundant
rainfall.
Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate
of the country can be divided into two major
seasons:
(1) the rainy season, from June to November; and
(2) the dry season, from December to May.
The dry season may be subdivided further into
(a) the cool dry season, from December to February;
and
(b) the hot dry season, from March to May.
LESSON 10: Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines
Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country
  The Philippines is prone to almost all types of
natural hazards because of its geographical
location and geotectonic setting.
 Philippines is situated along the highly-seismic
Pacific Ring of Fire.
 Philippines can also be called “Exporter of
Typhoons”.
 Philippines also has to contend with the
irreversible impacts of climate change that is
characterized by the increasing global
temperatures.
Recent Major Disasters:
1. Naga Landslides (September 2018)
2. Typhoon Mangkhut (September 2018)
3. Volcanic Activity (January 2018)
4. Typhoon Hagupit (December 2014)
5. Super Typhoon Yolanda (November 2013)
6. Earthquake in Central Visayas (October 2013)
7. Taal Volcno Eruption (January 2020)
LESSON 11: Four Thematic Areas of Philippine
Disaster Management System
Four Thematic Areas PDRRM
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
 Early warning systems
 Flood forecasting and monitoring
 Hazard and risk mappings
 Structural and non-structural interventions
Disaster Preparedness
 Contingency planning
 Prepositioning and stock-piling
 Capacitating and organizing responders
 Training, drills and exercises
 Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment
Disaster Response
 Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis
(RDANA)
 Issuance of advisories and situation reports
 Activation of Response Clusters and Incident
Command System (ICS)
 Mobilization of responders
 Humanitarian assistance (e.g. relief distribution)
 Provision of financial assistance
 Management of evacuation centers
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
 Enhancement of policies and plans
 Reconstruction using “build back better” approach
 Resettlement
 Provision of new sources of livelihood
LESSON 12: Role of Youth in Disaster Preparedness
and Management (DPR)
 spread awareness
 developing early warning measures
 Keep other students or youth informed
The basic role of the student is AWARENESS of what
to do before, during and after disasters. This would
lessen panicking, paranoid and uncontrollable people
running around. Knowing what to do when disaster
strikes will also lessen the death toll.
LESSON 13: Basic First Aid and Basic Life Support
Basic Life Support (BLS) is an emergency procedure
consists of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or
both and the proper application of cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) to maintain life until a victim
recovers or advanced life support is available. BLS
sustains a non-breathing victim with rescue breathing
or the breathing and circulation of a cardiac arrest
victim with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Cardio refers to heart and pulmonary refers to the
lungs. Proper and prompt CPR serves as a holding
action until more advanced life support (defibrillation,
oxygen, medication) can be provided. Cardiac arrest
victims have a good chance of surviving if CPR is
started within four (4) minutes of the arrest and
advanced cardiac life support is received within eight
(8) minutes of the heart stoppage.
Chain of Survival
1. The First Link (Early Access) - It is the event
initiated after the patient’s collapse until the arrival of
emergency medical services (EMS) personnel
prepared to provide care.
2. The Second Link (Early CPR) – It is started
immediately after the victim collapse. The probability
of survival approximately doubles when it is initiated
before the arrival of EMS personnel.
3. The Third Link (Early Defibrillator) – It is most likely
to improve survival. It is the key intervention to
increase the chances of survival of patient with out-of-
hospital cardiac arrest.
4. The Fourth Link (Advance Care) – It is provided by
highly trained personnel like paramedics providing the
advance care outside the hospital.
Adult Choking – choking occurs when the upper
airway becomes blocked and the victim cannot
breathe.
How to recognize choking:
Partial airway obstruction:
• Good – indicated by coughing forcefully by
conscious victim.
• Poor – indicated by weak, ineffective cough; high
pitched noise; blue, gray, or ashen skin, lips and under
fingernails
Complete airway obstruction:
• Unable to speak, breathe, or cough
• Clutches neck with one (1) or both hands (known as
the “universal distress signal fr choking)
• Unconsciousness
First Aid - this is the immediate care given to an
injured or suddenly ill person. First aid does not take
place of proper medical treatment. It consists only of
furnishing temporary assistance until competent
medical care, if needed is obtained, or until the
chance for recovery without medical care is assured.
Most injuries and illnesses require only first aid care.
The initial assessment finds and corrects life-
threatening conditions
 Airway
 Breathing
 Circulation
Physical examination – check the victim from head to
toe.
 Head and neck
 Eyes
 Chest
 Abdomen
 Extremity assessment
 Back
Sample History - Important information about the
victim’s condition can be collected from the victim,
and possibly family members, by following a simple
questioning technique known as SAMPLE history.
S – symptoms
A – allegies
M – medications
P – past medical history
L – last oral intake
E – event leading up to the illness or injury
LESSON 14: - Environmental Education, Protection and
Management
Environmental Education - It a process of teaching and
learning, helping to acquire understanding, skills and
values that makes them active and informed citizens
in the development and maintenance of an ecological,
sustainable and socially just society.
Environmental education - is to have environmentally
literate and responsible citizenry who will ensure the
protection and the improvement of the environment
and bring about sustainability, social equity and
economic efficiency in the use of the country’s natural
resources.
Environmental education must be
 action-oriented – it should involve finding
solutions to real environmental problems and
issues.
 Experiential – it should use variety of
approaches and environments
 future-oriented – it must be concerned with
the present and future generations
 globally-oriented – it must consider the whole
earth as one ecosystem
 holistic – it must deal with the natural and
man-made aspect of the environment
 interdisciplinary – it must relate to all
disciplines
 issue-oriented – it must deal with local,
regional, national and global perspective.
Pollution - is defined as the alteration of our
surroundings, wholly or largely as a product of man’s
actions, through direct or indirect effects of changes in
every patter of chemical and physical constituents of
organisms.
Air pollution - is defined as physical and chemical
alteration of the properties of air, which is harmful to
human health, vegetation and animals.
Major Types of Air Pollution
1. Outdoor Pollution - is a type of pollution
derived from the mixture or collection of
 additional loads of chemical produced by
natural events and human activities which
react with the natural components of the
atmosphere thereby producing harmful
effects to living system
2. Indoor Air pollution – a type of pollution
derived from the accumulation or build up of
chemical, SPM, VOC’s inside the office,
buildings, houses, school, commercial store
that are harmful top health.
3. Water pollution - is defined as the physical or
chemical changes in the surface and ground
water caused by pollutants that can adversely
affect living organisms.
Major Sources of Water Pollution
1. Point Source – a source of pollution that
discharges pollutants or any affluent, such
as waste water, through pipes, ditches and
sewers into bodies of water to specific
location.
2. Non-point Source – sources of pollution
that are widely scattered and discharges
pollutants over a large area.
Solid Wastes/Land Pollution - type of pollution is
referring to the presence in land of any solid waste in
such quality, of such nature and duration, and under
such conditions that would injurious to human health
or welfare, animal or plantlike or property.
Citizens should divide their waste and garbage into
four categories:
1) combustibles
2) non-combustibles
3) recyclable
4) hazardous wastes
Solid Waste and its Disposal
There are only three places for wastes to end up:
 in the ground
 in the air
 some of our waste end up in each place
Landfills – sanitary landfills are designed to reduce the
amount of waste that leaks out into the environment.
Water dissolves pollutants out of the garbage forming
a solution known as leachate.
Incineration – reducing solid waste by burning it first
and this causes fly ash, gases and particulate matter to
the air.
Ocean dumping - Disease-causing organisms and
heavy metals have destroyed numerous fisheries.
The 4R’s of Ecology:
 Reduce means to reasonably limit or conserve
the use of materials for more important
projects.
 Reuse is to “use again” the materials that are
non-degradable, reusable and recyclable
 Recycle is to reuse after the materials had
been reprocessed either to new products or
similar functional products.
 Repair is to reconstruct/restructure and
reinstall equipment/appliances/gadgets that
are still repairable to its functional state.
LESSON 15: Seven Environmental Principles and Laws
The 7 Eps
 Balance of Nature - Nature Knows Best (Ang
Kalikasan ang Mas Nakakaalam). This principle
is the most basic and in fact encompasses all
the others.
 Biodiversity - All forms of Life Are Important
(Ang Lahat ng May Buhay ay Mahalaga). Each
organism performs a fundamental role in
nature.
 Interconnectedness - Everything is Connected
to Everything Else (Ang Lahat ng Bagay ay
Magkakaugnay).
 Change - Everything Changes (Lahat ay
Nagbabago). Nature is constantly changing
but the changes are like a coordinated
symphony.
 Materials Cycles - Everything Must Go
Somewhere (Ang Lahat Ay May
Patutunguhan).
 Finiteness - Ours Is a Finite Earth (Ang Lahat
Ay May Hangganan). Non- renewable
resources are finite in amount.
 Stewardship - Nature Is Beautiful and We are
All Stewards of God’s Creation (Ang Kalikasan
ay Maganda at Tayo ang Tagapangalaga ng
Nilikha ng Diyos). Sometimes there is no other
practical reason why we should protect a
piece of nature except that it is beautiful.
Environmental Laws
 R.A. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000 In partnership
with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a
systematic, comprehensive and ecological
solid waste management program that
shall ensure the protection of public
health and environment. The law ensures
proper segregation, collection, storage,
 treatment and disposal of solid waste
through the formulation and adaptation
of best eco-waste products.
 R.A. 9275 – Philippine Clean Water Act of
2004 The law aims to protect the
country's water bodies from pollution
from land-based sources (industries and
commercial establishments, agriculture
and community/household activities). It
provides for comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and
minimize pollution through a multi-
sectoral and participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders.
 R.A. 6969 – Toxic Substances, Hazardous
and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
The law aims to protect the country's
water bodies from pollution from land-
based sources (industries and commercial
establishments, agriculture and
community/household activities). It
provides for comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and
minimize pollution through a multi-
sectoral and participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders.
 R.A. 8435 – Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act of 1997 It establishes
that the Department of Agriculture,
together with other appropriate agencies,
should take into account climate change,
weather disturbances and annual
productivity cycles in forecasting and
formulating appropriate agricultural and
fisheries programs.
 R.A. 8749 – Clean Air Act of 1999 This
moves for an effective air quality
management program that will mitigate
the worsening problem of air pollution in
the country.
 R.A. 9512 – National Environmental
Awareness and Education Act of 2008
This promotes national awareness on the
role of natural resources in economic
growth and the importance of
environmental conservation and
ecological balance towards sustained
national development.
 R.A. 9513 – Renewable Energy Act of
2008 It promotes the development,
utilization and commercialization of
renewable energy resources.
LESSON 16: Forestry Protection, Conservation and
Development
Urban Forestry
 is a specialized ‘branch’ of forestry that deals
with the cultivation and management of trees
and other plants forms for their present and
potential contribution to the physiological,
ecological, aesthetic and economic well- being
of urban society.
 derived from two – urban which carries the
characteristics of a city; and forestry which
carries the characteristics of a forest.
 The concept is influenced largely by the
purposes wherein its various segments are
intended to serve such as for shade and
aesthetic.
 The trees provide shade, beauty, and a long
list of other benefits.
History of Urban Forestry in the Philippines
 1988 – President Corazon C. Aquino
issued Memorandum Oder No. 198
establishing the Metro Greening Program
and known as the “Luntiang Kamaynilaan”
Program.
 1989 – The “Hardin ng Bayan” was
conceptualized. It was primarily created to
transform Metro Manila into a four (4)
persons per tree for the more 8 million
Metro Manilans. Subsequently, the first
“Hardin ng Bayan” was inaugurated in the
Freedom Park, Makati.
 1992 – President Fidel V. Ramos launched
the Clean and Green Program thru
Memorandum Circular No.5
 1993 – President Fidel V. Ramos also
launched the Ecological Revolution
(EcoRev 93- 98). Executive Order No. 199
was also issued directing all government
offices and agencies to adopt a
street/park nationwide in all urban
centers and assume the responsibility of
greening them.
 1993 – The Department of Education,
Culture and Sports (DECS) launched their
nationwide tree planting drive mobilized
millions of grade and high school students
from more than 33,000 public and private
schools throughout the country.
 1988 – Secretary Antonio H. Cerilles
launched the Let’s Go Green Program with
 the component projects such as OPLAN
SAGIP PUNO and the Green Scout
Movement.
 Issuances related to Environmental
Protection- P.D 953 which require planting
of trees and other plants in certain places
and penalizing and unauthorized cutting,
destruction, damaging and injuring of
trees, plants and vegetation.
Climatic Amelioration - Trees, shrubs and grass
ameliorates air temperature by controlling solar
radiation. Leaves of trees intercept, reflect, absorb
and transmit solar radiation.
Architectural Uses - Trees and shrubs can be used to
perform the following functions: space articulation,
screening, privacy control and anticipation
enhancement.
Engineering Uses - Trees and plants are also used in
solving environmental engineering problems involving
not only landscaping but also for soil erosion, air
pollution, noise abatement, traffic control and glare
and reflection reduction.
Target Areas for Urban Forest Development
1. Parks
2. Street Right of Way
3. Public Building and Grounds
4. Extraterritorial Lands
5. Riparian Areas
6. Private Lands
Some Species Suitable for Urban Planting
1. Trees with bright colors
 Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolata)
 Banaba (Largerstroemi speciosa)
 Dapdap (Erythrina orientalis)
 Fire tree (Delonix Regia)
 African Tulip (Spathodea
campanulata)
 Golden shower (Cassia fistula)
 Anchoan dilao (Cassia spectabili)
 Thailand shower (Cassia siamea)
2. Trees with beautiful foliage or needles
 Norfolk pine (Araucaria excelsa)
 Japanese cypress (Cryptomeria
japonica)
 Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia)
 Silky oak (Grevillea robusta)
 Buri Palm (Corypha elata)
 Bunga or Betelnut palm (Areca
cathecu)
 Pugahas (Caryota cumingii)
 Royal palm (Roystonia regina)
3. Shrubs with bright flowers or colorful foliage
 Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
 Gumamela (Hibiscus spp.)
 Yellow bell (Solandra hartwegii)
Other species observed to be performing well in the
urban environment are:
1. Rain tree (Samanea saman)
2. Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)
3. Manila palm ( Vietchai merrillii)
4. Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)
5. Rubber tree (Hevea brasilliensis)
6. Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito)
7. Talisai (Terminalia catappa)
8. Japanese acacia (Acacia auriculiformis)
9. Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)
10. Yemane (elina arborea)
11. Adelfa (Neriu oleander)
12. Nangka (Artocarpus heterophylla)
13. Neem (Azadirachta indica)
14. Mango (Mangifera spp.)
15. Duhat (Syzgium cuminii)
16. Macopa (Syzgium samaragense)
17. Camachile (Pithecollbium dulce)
18. Datiles (Muntingia calabura)
19. Tambis (Syzgium equeum)
20. Indian tree
LESSON 17: Water Resource Management, Sanitation
and Conservation
Issues in Water Resources Management
1. Water
2. Groundwater extraction rising
3. Watershed management
4. Coastal and marine resources
5. Coral reefs in poor conditions
6. Water demand growing rapidly
7. Agricultures use dominates
8. Access to water supply varies
Sources of Water Pollution
Water pollutants generally come from the five
sources. Can be either be point or on-point
sources.These are:
1. domestic sewage,
2. industrial wastewater,
3. agricultural run-off,
4. storm–water run-off and
5. naturally- occurring sources.

Surface Water Quality Issues and Concerns
1. Untreated domestic sewage: a leading
contributor to water pollution.
2. Industrial wastewater pollution. Pollution
from industrial wastewater is another major
contributor to surface water pollution.
3. Threats from non-point pollution sources.
Non-point sources are those contribute
extraneous materials into watercourses from
an extensively wide area thus making it much
harder to control.
4. Inefficient solid waste management. A
serious concern from inefficient solid waste
management is its contribution to water
quality deterioration.
Causes and mechanism of water sources
degradation
Degradation of water sources refers to
degradation of quantity of water as well as quality
of water. The sources could be atmospheric (rain)
water, surface water or groundwater. The
following are some causes and mechanism of
water sources degradation.
• logging of forest
• kaingin (slash and burn) farming
• mining activities
• transportation routes
• accidental leaks or spills of chemicals
• cattle grazing, piggery and poultry farming
• pesticide and fertilizers from agricultural lands
• human settlements and sewage disposal
systems
• garbage open dumpsite and sanitary landfills
• underground storage tanks
• salinity intrusion into coastal aquifers
• recreation instream and lakes areas
• river quarrying of gravel and sand
LESSON 18: National Security Concerns
Internal Threats
1. The main internal threat arises from the Moro
Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), Abu Sayaf Group
(ASG) which, in open rebellion against the
government.
2. The Communist Part of the Philippines/New
People Army/ National Democratic Front
(CCP/NPA/NDF) continue to pose a serious threat
to national security.
3. Organized crime is a national security concern.
The challenge of illegal drugs.
4. Poverty incidence affects about one-third of
Filipino families nationwide.
5. Economic sabotage undermines the market
economy, the financial system, and the nation’s
resources.
6. Graft and corruption has become another
threat to our national security by virtue of the
huge scale by which it saps public resources.
7. Severe calamities cause serious food shortages
and hoarding and profiteering resulting in hunger,
disease and deprivation.
8. Persistent environment degradation poses a
long-term security threat.
External Threats
1. The multilateral dispute over Spratly Islands and
other islands in the West Philippine Seais a source
of intermittent tensions, owing to the building of
structures, believed to be military-oriented by
some claimant countries in the area.
2. The smuggling of firearms and contraband,
illegal migration, and the occasional movement of
foreign terrorists through the porous borders of
our southwestern frontier have elicited
transnational concern.
3. The serious economic disparity between rich
and the poor nations keeps the world in a state of
instability and virtually on the brink of war in
many places.
4. Ethnics, religious and cultural conflicts pervade
many regions and nations, including in the
country.
5. The proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction (WMD) is a threat to global security.
Nuclear materials and technologies are more
accessible now than before.
6. Transnational organized crime has proliferated
in the era of globalization.
7. Natural disaster and environment issues will
continue to pervade the global security agenda.
8. Cybernetic crime is a growing global threat, as
experienced with computer viruses such as
Melissa and Chernobyl, which have attacked
isolated or networked information systems
through the internet or through software carriers
and devices.
Types of Security Threats
1. Rebellion
2. Terrorism
3. Crime
4. Murder
5. Hijacking
6. Kidnapping