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Hernia
The World Journal of Hernia and
Abdominal Wall Surgery
ISSN 1265-4906
Hernia
DOI 10.1007/s10029-013-1206-4
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DOI 10.1007/s10029-013-1206-4
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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non-absorbable materials are also used [11, 12]. Theo- be due to pro-inflammatory molecules present in the
retically, the increased diameter of the pores and the host tissue, especially growth factors related to collagen
reduction in the density of meshes could minimize deposition that were not detected in the blood of
inflammation and, therefore, the complications related animals?
to this implant [8]. However, several studies have This study aimed to compare the early (7th postopera-
reported conflicting results, including reports of the tive day) and late (40th postoperative day) inflammatory
reduction of early complications and reports of a pos- tissue response (histological changes and immunohisto-
sible increase in recurrences [13–18]. Unexpected chemistry for inflammatory substances) and collagen
complications, such as the reduced sperm mobility in morphology in response to conventional PP, lightweight
response to lightweight mesh implanted in the inguinal PP ? PG, and lightweight PP ? TI meshes.
region [17] and mechanical failure with fracture of a
lightweight mesh in the surgical repair of a recurrent
median ventral hernia [18], have been reported. Methods
Klinge et al. [11] evaluated the indications for explant-
ing mesh implants in 1,000 cases. Infection was the main This research was an experimental study in which it was
reason for removing small pore PP meshes, which were employed an acute wound model, not a hernia model.
prevalent in the reviewed data. Hernia recurrence was the Thirty male adult Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g were
main reason for explanting large-pore meshes [11]. randomly allocated into groups I, II and III. Each group
Pascual et al. [19] observed that an intense inflammatory comprised 10 animals. An intraperitoneal injection of 10 %
reaction was related to the presence of absorbable material; ketamine hydrochloride and 2 % xylazine solution was
additional characteristics include low expression of growth applied for anesthesia.
factors, worse collagen deposition, and worse mesh inte- After a 4-cm longitudinal incision was made along the
gration in host tissue [19]. animal’s flank, a fragment of the anterior abdominal
Some authors have studied mesh modified with a coat- musculature measuring 2 cm2 (2.0 9 1.0 cm) was
ing film or the use of various substances, including those removed. The mesh was positioned to replace the defect
from hormonal sources, like aldosterone. Although these that had been produced and was fixed by six PP 3-0
authors shared the goals of reducing the formation of switches sutures. In group I, the mesh was made of
adhesions or modulating the inflammatory process, e.g., the heavyweight monofilament PP and had small pores (In-
action of mast cells, foreign body reactions, or fibrosis [12, tracorp, Venkuri, Brazil). In group II, the mesh contained
20–22], their results are varied. large pores and was made of lightweight PP and an
In a previous study, we assessed the serum, inflam- absorbable material, PG (VyproII, Ethicon, USA). In
matory response, and collagen deposition in rats on the group III, a large-pore lightweight mesh made of PP and a
40th postoperative day after mesh implantation, includ- nonabsorbable material, TI, was used (Timesh, GfE,
ing conventional PP, lightweight PP ? polyglactin Germany).
(PG ? PG), and lightweight PP ? titanium (PP ? TI). Group I, the group in which the animals were implanted
Serum cytokines were similar in all groups. The heavy- with the most commonly used type of mesh [11], was
weight PP mesh belatedly induced the least inflammation considered the control group.
and improved collagen deposition. The PP ? PG mesh On the 7th postoperative day, the rats were killed by
was correlated with the most intense tissue inflammatory means of a lethal dose of ketamine. A fragment was
response and low, irregular, and heterogeneous collagen removed from the central region of the prosthesis as far as
deposition. The PP ? TI mesh led to an intermediate possible from the mesh stitches. The tissue sample was sent
result [23]. for a histological inflammatory response analysis, includ-
The above results prompted further questions. The ing hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome, and picrosirius
results appear contradictory with respect to whether (under polarized light to assess collagen deposition), and
collagen deposition depends on an inflammatory reac- the immunohistochemical analysis of Vascular Endothelial
tion. PP mesh belatedly induces a subdued inflammatory Growth Factor (VEGF-Dbs rabbit polyclonal antibody,
reaction but leads to greater collagen deposition, which Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and Cyclooxygenase 2
is in direct contrast with the results observed for the (COX2-rabbit polyclonal antibody, Spring Cold Spring
PP ? PG mesh. Would it be possible to demonstrate a Harbor Laboratory, USA).
more intense early tissue inflammatory response with PP To objectively evaluate the tissue reaction and expres-
mesh? Could the kind of inflammatory reaction induced sion of VEGF and COX2, numeric scales were employed
by the PP ? PG mesh be the key factor for the belated [23–25], and the scoring scales are presented in Tables 1,
inhibition of collagen deposition? Could the differences 2.
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Table 1 Numeric scales to value tissue inflammatory response in For the statistical analyses of the histological and
groups I (PP), II (PP ? PG) and (PP ? TI) immunohistochemistry scores, the nonparametric Kruskal–
Points Legend Wallis test was used. For the morphometric analysis of the
collagen and the inflammatory score, a sum ANOVA was
A: Cell layers at the margins of the granulomas
used. To compare early and late postoperative results, the
1 1–4 layers Mann–Whitney (tissue response, VEGF, and COX2) and
2 5–9 layers student’s t (tissue response score sum and collagen) tests
3 10–30 layers were employed. Statistical calculations were performed
4 [30 layers using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
B: Inflammatory reaction in the host tissue (SPSS) 19.0 for Windows, R-Program 2.11.1.
1 Non-dense, mature fibrous tissue
2 Immature fibrous tissue with fibroblasts and little collagen
3 Dense granular tissue with fibroblasts and many Results
inflammatory cells
4 Mass of inflammatory cells with disorganized connective In this research, we studied some aspects of the host
tissue
response resulting from the implantation of three different
C: Inflammatory response on the mesh surface
meshes (PP, PP and PP ? PG ? TI) in the abdominal wall
1 Fibroblasts without macrophages or foreign body cells
on early (7th PO) and late postoperative period (40th PO).
2 Isolated foci of macrophages or foreign body cells
The obtained results are described below:
3 One layer of macrophages and foreign body cells
4 Multiple layers of macrophages and foreign body cells • Tissue inflammatory response: The early sum score of
D: Tissue maturation histologic inflammation was quantitatively similar in all
1 Dense, mature interstitial tissue, similar to normal connective groups (p = 0.509). But, compared with the 7th post-
or adipose tissue operative day, the scores on the 40th postoperative day
2 Interstitial tissue with blood vessels, fibroblasts, and a few were decreased in group I (PP) (p = 0.047) and
macrophages increased in group II (PP ? PG) (p = 0.003). In group
3 Interstitial tissue with giant inflammatory cells but with III (PP ? TI), the early and late inflammatory responses
permeating connective tissue
were the same (p = 0.341). The results of the analyses
4 Mass of inflammatory cells without permeating connective
and the inflammatory parameters are shown in Fig. 1.
tissue
• Immunohistochemical expression of pro-inflammatory
substances: Group I exhibited early elevated expression
Pixels corresponding to collagen were counted on a of VEGF (p \ 0.001) and COX2 (p \ 0.001), and group
microcomputer after image capture using Image Tool II exhibited the lowest levels. On the 40th postoperative
software, version 3.0, according to the following steps: day, VEGF decreased (p \ 0.001) in all groups, and
reductions in COX2 were observed only in group I
• gray scale conversion;
(p = 0.011). These data are presented in Figs. 2, 3 and 4.
• automatic threshold;
• Collagen deposition: On the 7th postoperative day,
• image inversion for better viewing;
group I exhibited the best collagen deposition
• automatic collagen pixels count by the computer
(p = 0.023), while group II exhibited the worst. When
program.
we compared the early and late samples, collagen
These data were compared with previously obtained deposition decreased over time in all groups, but the
data from our group using the same methodology on the reduction was more intense and organized in group I.
40th postoperative day [23]. Figures 5, 6 and 7 demonstrate this comparison.
Table 2 Numeric scales to value VEGF and COX2 imunohistochemistry expression in groups I (PP), II (PP ? PG) and (PP ? TI)
VEGF COX2
% cells Score Intensity Score % cells Score Intensity Score
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Fig. 4 Photomicrography (9100). Immunohistochemical analysis of COX2 (narrows) in groups I (PP), II (PP ? PG) and III (PP ? TI) on the
7th postoperative day. Observe mesh filaments (stars)
Fig. 6 Photomicrgraphy (940). Picrosirius demonstrates collagen deposition (narrows) on the 7th postoperative day in groups I (PP), II
(PP ? PG) and III (PP ? TI). Observe mesh filaments (stars)
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Therefore, we conclude the following: different mesh architecture and polymer composition. J Biomed
Res B Appl Biomater 91:497–507
• Although the early inflammatory response was the 9. Bellón JM, Rodrı́guez M, Garcı́a-Honduvilla N, Gómez-gil V,
same in all groups, the late inflammatory response was Pascual G, Buján J (2009) Comparing the behavior of different
polypropylene meshes (heavy and lightweight) in an experi-
elevated in the PP ? PG mesh group and decreased in
mental model of ventral hernia repair. J Biomed Mater Res B
the PP mesh group. Appl Biomater 89:448–455
• On the 7th postoperative day, the greatest COX2 10. Pascual G, Rodrı́guez M, Góez-Gil V, Garcı́a-Honduvilla N,
expression occurred in PP mesh. However, on the 40th Buján J, Bellón JM (2008) Early tissue incorporation and colla-
gen deposition in lightweight polypropylene meshes: bioassay in
postoperative day, it decreased in the PP mesh group
an experimental model of ventral hernia. Surgery 144:427–435
but not in the PP ? PG and PP ? TI mesh groups. 11. Klinge U, Klosterhalfen B (2012) Modified classification of
• The mesh that resulted in the highest early VEGF surgical meshes for hernia repair based on the analyses of 1,000
expression (PP) resulted in better collagen deposition, explanted meshes. Hernia 16:251–258
12. Regis S, Jassal M, Mukherjee N, Bayon Y, Scaborough N,
whereas the mesh that resulted in the lowest VEGF
Bhowmick S (2012) Altering surface characteristics of polypro-
expression (PP ? PG) resulted in the worse collagen pylene mesh via sodium hydroxide treatment. J Biomed Mater
deposition. Res A 100:1160–1167
• The mesh density, pore diameter, and material can 13. Gao M, Han J, Tian J, Yang K (2010) Vypro II mesh for inguinal
hernia repair: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
influence the host inflammatory response resulting from
Ann Surg 251:838–842
its implantation in the abdominal wall, with clinical 14. Ladurner R, Chlapponi C, Linhuber Q, Mussack T (2011) Long
implications for wall rigidity, foreign body reaction, term outcome and quality of life after open incisional hernia
abscesses, and infection. repair: light versus heavy weight meshes. BMC Surg 14:11–25
15. Smietański M, Smietańska IA, Modrzejewski A, Simons MP,
Aufenacker TJ (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis on
Acknowledgments This research was funded by Fundação de heavy and lightweight polypropylene mesh in Lichtenstein
Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and the Co- inguinal hernioplasty. Hernia 16:519–528
ordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nı́vel Superior 16. den Hartog D, Dur AH, Tuinebreijer WE, Kreis RW (2008) Open
(CAPES). surgical procedures for incisional hernias. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev 3:CD006438
Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. 17. Peeters E, Spissens C, Oyen R, De wever L, Vanderscheueren D,
Pennickx F, Miserez M (2010) Laparoscopic inguinal hernia
repair in men with lightweight meshes may significantly impair
sperm motility: a randomizes control trial. Ann Surg 252:
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