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版权所有© 2018 华为技术有限公司

eNodeB LTE
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Antenna & Feeder System Fault it o
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Analysis and Troubleshootingert
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Trainees Manual ng &
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eNodeB LTE Antenna & Feeder System Fault Analysis
and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual
Contents
n
t io
Course Instruction............................................................................................................................
i c a v
t i f v
About this course ................................................................................................................................................................
e r
Course objectives ................................................................................................................................................................ v
C
Relevant Materials .............................................................................................................................................................. v
&
g
1 Antenna System Maintenance Overview ................................................................................. 1
i n
1.1 Maintenance Method .................................................................................................................................................... 1
a in
1.2 Application Scenarios ................................................................................................................................................... 2
T r
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2 Offline VSWR Test ....................................................................................................................... 3
e
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2.1 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
u a
2.1.1 Definition of VSWR .................................................................................................................................................. 3
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2.1.2 Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
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2.2 Precautions.................................................................................................................................................................... 4
i o
2.3 Operation Guidelines ....................................................................................................................................................
t
5
ic a
2.3.1 Selection of Default Test Frequency .......................................................................................................................... 5
i f
2.3.2 Single-Frequency VSWR Test ...................................................................................................................................
t
5
e r
2.3.3 Multi-Frequency VSWR Test .................................................................................................................................. 10
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2.4 Operation Result ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
&
2.4.1 Saving the Result ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
n g
2.4.2 Analyzing the Result ................................................................................................................................................ 16
i
n Antenna VSWR .............................................................................................. 19
3 DTF Test of the
a i
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3.1 Principle ...................................................................................................................................................................... 19
ei .................................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.2 Prerequisites................................................................................................................................................................ 19
w
3.3 Precautions
3.4aOperation Guidelines .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Hu3.4.1 Starting the Test on the LMT ................................................................................................................................... 20

3.4.2 Terminating the Test on the LMT ............................................................................................................................ 23
3.5 Analyzing the Result ................................................................................................................................................... 23
4 Crossed Pair Detection ............................................................................................................... 24

4.1 Principle ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Precautions.................................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3 Operation Guidelines .................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3.1 Detecting on the LMT ............................................................................................................................................. 25

4.3.2 Detecting on the U2000 ........................................................................................................................................... 27
5 2-Tone-based Intermodulation Detection .............................................................................. 32

5.1 Principle ...................................................................................................................................................................... 32
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5.1.1 Intermodulation Interference ................................................................................................................................... 32
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5.1.2 Basic Principles ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
5.1.3 RF Modules Supporting the Detection .................................................................................................................... 34
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f 34c
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5.1.4 Measurement Method ..............................................................................................................................................
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5.1.5 Intermodulation Detection Algorithm ......................................................................................................................e 36
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5.2 Prerequisites................................................................................................................................................................ 36
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5.3 Precautions.................................................................................................................................................................. 36
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5.4.1 Default Frequencies for the Detection ..................................................................................................................... 37
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5.4.2 2-Tone Measurement ............................................................................................................................................... 37
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5.4.3 Sweep Measurement ................................................................................................................................................ 46
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6 Service-based Intermodulation Detection
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6.1 Principle ...................................................................................................................................................................... 56
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6.1.1 Principles .................................................................................................................................................................
t
56
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6.2 Prerequisites................................................................................................................................................................ 57
C
&
6.3.1 Starting Detection on the U2000.............................................................................................................................. 58
nongthe LMT ................................................................................................................................ 62

6.3.2 Terminating Detection on the U2000 ....................................................................................................................... 61
i
in on the LMT ......................................................................................................................... 63
6.3.3 Starting Detection
a
rAnalyzing Detection Results .................................................................................................................... 64
6.3.4 Terminating Detection
T
ei Detection Results ......................................................................................................................................... 64
6.4 Saving and
6.4.2w
6.4.1 Saving
a
Hu7 DTP Test ....................................................................................................................................... 66
Analyzing Detection Results .................................................................................................................................... 64
7.1 Principle ...................................................................................................................................................................... 66

7.2 Precautions.................................................................................................................................................................. 66
7.3.1 Starting Detection on LMT ...................................................................................................................................... 67
7.3.2 Terminating Detection on LMT ............................................................................................................................... 68
7.4 Analyzing the Result ................................................................................................................................................... 68
8 Troubleshooting Methods ......................................................................................................... 70

8.1 VSWR Fault................................................................................................................................................................ 70
8.1.1 Preparations ............................................................................................................................................................. 70
8.1.2 Troubleshooting Procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 70
8.1.3 Key Points During Troubleshooting ........................................................................................................................ 71
8.2 Intermodulation .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
8.2.1 Preparations ............................................................................................................................................................. 71
8.2.2 Troubleshooting Procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 71
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8.2.3 Key Points During Troubleshooting ........................................................................................................................ 72
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8.3 Crossed Pair ................................................................................................................................................................ 72
f 72
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8.3.1 Troubleshooting Procedure ......................................................................................................................................
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8.4 Locating Faults Segment by Segment......................................................................................................................... 73
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Course Instruction
About this course

This course manual is applicable to: eRAN
n
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This course will help you master the O&M functions in U2000 and eRAN WebLMT to help
troubleshooting antenna & feeder system fault.
i c a
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Course objectives
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to grasp the operation of the following task:
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in

Offline VSWR test

DTF test of the antenna VSWR
i n

Crossed pair detection
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
Intermodulation detection
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
e
w
DTP test of the antenna PIM
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Relevant Materials
H
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OEB407010 eNodeB iLTE

Troubleshooting.pptx a
t Antenna & Feeder System Fault Analysis and
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and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 1 Antenna System Maintenance Overview
1 Antenna System Maintenance Overviewtion

fi c a
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This manual describes the functions related to the operations for antenna maintenance
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for eRAN11.1. The operations described herein is for eNodeB, but they can also
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eGBTS/NodeB/Co-MPT MBTS.
i ncan be applied to:

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The antenna system maintenance functions described in this manual
 Engineering quality test during base station deploymenta
r system on the U2000 or the
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 Troubleshooting and routine maintenance of the antenna
LMT
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1.1 Maintenance Method
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Figure 1-1 Antenna system maintenance
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First, remote maintenance engineers start the maintenance functions of the specified antenna
system on the U2000 and obtain the test result from the U2000. Then, they analyze the test
result and determine whether the antenna system is faulty. If the antenna system is faulty and
the fault is located, local maintenance engineers clear the fault. If the fault is not located, the
local maintenance engineers perform the commissioning to locate and clear the fault.
and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 1 Antenna System Maintenance Overview
Base Station Deployment

Step 1. Remote maintenance engineers use the PNP function of the U2000 to test the engineering
quality.
Step 2. Based on the faults in the deployment report, remote maintenance engineers contact local
maintenance engineers to locate and clear the faults.
Step 3. After clearing the faults, the local maintenance engineers inform the remote maintenance
engineers of the clearing results.
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Perform steps 1 to 3 repeatedly until the antenna system passes the engineering quality test.
Routine Maintenance
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Step 1. Remote maintenance engineers start the engineering quality test on a single NE or multiple
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NEs.
&cleared.
Step 2. Based on the test results, local maintenance engineers locate and clear the faults. Then, the local
maintenance engineers perform the test again to ensure that all the faults are
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If the local maintenance engineers clear the faults by adjusting the iantenna system, they must re-test the
NOTE
T ra of the antenna system to ensure

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voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), crossed pairs, and intermodulation
that no new faults are generated.
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1.2 Application Scenarios Hu
o n into the following three sections:
ti between the UE and the antenna of a base station
An RF transmission channel is divided

a
ic between the antenna and the RF module in a base station
Air interface channel: Channel

i f
Antenna channel: Channel
module e

Inner RF module
rt channel: Channel between the transmitter and the receiver in an RF
C
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The antenna maintenance and test function is used to detect faults on the antenna channels.
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and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 2 Offline VSWR Test
2 Offline VSWR Testtio

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2.1 Principle
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2.1.1 Definition of VSWR
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i base station devices are
aohms,
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The standard impedance for the antenna system is 50 ohms and
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designed based on this standard. If the load impedance is 50
station can be transmitted through the antenna system.i However,
power from the base
enot be 50 ohms due to any of the

actual application
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scenarios, the impedance of the antenna system may
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u
following reasons:

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Antenna system devices provided by different suppliers are different.
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 Connectors are loose, waterlogged, corroded, not designed as required, or have metal
scrap.
i o
t are scratched.

a
Inner and outer conductors
The bending radiusic

i f is too small.
rtthe antenna system is not 50 ohms, the power from the base station will
be reflected. Theereflected power and the transmitted power overlap on the feeder, forming a
If the impedance of
CThe ratio of the reflected power to the transmitted power is the voltage
standing&
standing wave.
g is calculated by testing the forward power and reverse (reflected) power.

wave ratio (VSWR).
i nVSWR
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The
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2.1.2 Theory a
T
ei The offline VSWR test is started manually. During the offline VSWR test, services carried on
a w the RF module to which the tested channel belongs are interrupted. The eNodeB sends
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monophonic signals with high and rated power through the specified frequency. Then, the
forward power and reverse (reflected) power of the sent signals are tested to calculate the
VSWR. If no frequency is specified during the test, the system will select a frequency by
default.
The offline VSWR test ensures high test precision due to the following reasons:
 During the offline VSWR test, services carried on the tested RF module are interrupted
and the RF module transmits rated power. This helps prevent test errors caused by rapid
power changes.
 The RF module transmits the highest power, which reduces the impact of external power
leakage on the VSWR test.
An antenna system has multiple connectors and each connector is a reflection point. Therefore,
there are multiple reflection points on the antenna system. The VSWR of each reflection point
varies with frequencies and the reflected signals from different reflection points overlap on
the antenna port of the base station. The phase of the overlapped signals also varies with
frequencies. Therefore, the VSWR varies with frequencies. Based on this theory, the VSWR
test must be performed on multiple frequencies to reflect the actual cable connections of the
antenna system.
NOTE
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Monophonic signals are sinusoidal signals carried on a single frequency.
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2.2 Precautions
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1. During the offline VSWR test, services carried on the RF module to which the tested
channel belongs are interrupted. The single frequency VSWR test takes 30s. The
multi-frequency VSWR test takes the time as follows:
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Time = Number of frequencies x Time that the test on each frequency takes
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i filter or narrowband filter,
2. Precision of the offline VSWR test is 1.4±0.2.
3. If the antenna system is configured with an unknown external
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the test result is unreliable.
i T VSWR, and therefore the
e The offline VSWR test also cannot
4. The offline VSWR test cannot be used with the real-time
a w
offline VSWR test must be preferentially performed.
be used with other offline tests.
5. Table 2-1 provides RF modules thatH
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support the offline VSWR test.
Table 2-1 LTE related RF modules n

ti o that support the offline VSWR test
Item
/LRFU ic
LRRU MRFU a MRRU AAS
t i f V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3 V3-S
r Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N
Sub-Item
e
single frequency C
Whether support Y
VSWR test &
n gsupport Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N
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Whether
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multi-frequency
T r VSWR test
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For MRRUs V2, LRFUs, DRFUs C02, RF modules of time division duplex (TDD), their
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offline VSWR tests are different from the offline VSWR test on monophonic signals in
section 2.1.2 "Theory." During these tests, frequencies in the entire frequency band are
scanned, the VSWR test is performed on each frequency, and the average VSWR of each
frequency is obtained.
NOTE
 The reported VSWR is the average VSWR of each frequency in the entire frequency band, instead of
the VSWR of a single frequency. In an antenna system configured with a narrowband filter or
narrowband TMA, the VSWR is relatively higher.
 VSWRs of all frequencies are the same in the entire frequency band. VSWRs of monophonic signals
vary with frequencies.
 This test takes much longer time than the test on monophonic signals.
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2.3 Operation Guidelines
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2.3.1 Selection of Default Test Frequency
2.3.1.1 Single-Frequency VSWR Test e r
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frequency is specified, the LTE system will select a test frequency that is&
During the single-frequency VSWR test, the specified test frequency is used. If no test
g the same as the
center frequency of the duplexer by default.
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2.3.1.2 Multi-Frequency VSWR Test
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During the multi-frequency VSWR test, the specifiedivalues T of start test frequency, end test
eband are used. If values of these
frequency, and test frequency interval of a frequency
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parameters are not specified, the system will select a test frequency by default as follows:
NOTE
discontinuous and independentn


A maximum of three frequency bands can be set and tested because some of operators can use three
i o frequency bands.
t band are start test frequency, end test frequency, and test
frequency interval. Ifa

The parameters in each frequency
f ic are set.
a frequency band is configured, the parameter check takes effect only when
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rtifandparameters
all these three parameters
e
Before the test, have not been set, the system uses the default test
C have been set, the system obtains the test frequency set using the
frequency band test frequency interval based on the capacity of the RF module. If
& formula:
the parameters
following
i ng(F0 +/– N x 2 MHz), N = (0,1,2,3,4…) all frequencies in the bandwidth
i n where
T ra For F0 is the frequency configured in a cell
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example, if the BW is 5 MHz, the test frequency set is {F0 – 2 MHz, F0, F0 + 2
w
MHz}.
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2.3.2 Single-Frequency VSWR Test
2.3.2.1 Starting the Test on the U2000
Step 1 On the U2000, choose Maintenance > RF Performance Test > VSWR Test.
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Step 2 On the VSWR Test tab page, click Single Frequencyi and choose a target NE in the left
navigation tree, and then click Threshold Settings.eIn the Threshold Settings dialog box, set
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the test result of the specified NE.
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NOTE
You can specify Threshold and Color to display the VSWR results in different colors.
Step 3 Click Test to start the test. In the Confirm dialog box, if you click OK, services are forcibly
interrupted and the test is started. If you click Cancel, the test is not stated. The operation
result is displayed on the Test Result tab page. For details about how to save the test result,
see section 2.4.1 "Saving the Result."
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----End
2.3.2.2 Terminating the Test on the U2000

Step 1 If you want to terminate the test, click Cancel in the Operation Progress dialog box. Then,
click Yes in the Confirm dialog box.
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----End
2.3.2.3 Starting the Test on the LMT Hu

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Step 1 On the eNodeB LMT, input STR VSWRTEST with Test Mode set to SINGLE_ARFCN
a t
and other parameter settings for the test based on the location information about the specified
ic
channel of the RF module to be tested.
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NOTE
 Test Mode: SINGLE_ARFCN
 Cabinet No.: Number of the cabinet housing the TRX board configured with the antenna port
Subrack No.: Number of the subrack housing the TRX board configured with the antenna port
Slot No.: Number of the slot for the TRX board configured with the antenna port
TX Channel No.: Number of the TX channel of the test frequency
If Cabinet No., Subrack No., Slot No., and TX Channel No. are not set, the test is performed
based on default Cabinet No., Subrack No., Slot No., and TX Channel No.
If TX Channel No. of the RF module in the slot of the subrack in a cabinet is set, the test can be
performed even if the TX channel is not configured.
 Txbranch Frequency: This is specified by users or selected by default. For details about the default
test frequency, see 2.3.1 "Selection of Default Test Frequency."
 Txbranch Power Relative Value: It is the relative value of the transmit power. If this parameter is
not set, the test is performed based on the maximum power used by all boards. This parameter is
set when the operator has specific requirements for the test power in actual application scenarios.
Lower test power reduces the test precision.
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Step 2 On the eNodeB LMT, click Exec. In the Confirm dialog box, if you click OK, services are
a
forcibly interrupted and the test is started. If you click Cancel, the test is not stated. The
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operation result is displayed on the Common Maintenance(Alt+C) tab page. For details
about how to save the test result, see section 2.4.1 "Saving the Result."
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----End
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a Terminating the Test on the LMT
H u2.3.2.4
Step 1 On the eNodeB LMT, input the command based on the command used to start the test and the
session ID to terminate the test.
If the test for the entire base station is started on the LMT, run the STP VSWRTEST
command with Session ID set to 65547.
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If Session ID is set to 4294967295 that is same as the hexadecimal number 0xFFFFFFFF, all tests will
be terminated.
ti
Step 2 On the eNodeB LMT, clickaExec. The operation result is displayed on the Common
i f icpage.
rt
Maintenance(Alt+C) tab
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Hu2.3.3 Multi-Frequency VSWR Test

2.3.3.1 Starting the Test on the U2000
Step 1 On the U2000 interface, choose Maintenance > RF Performance Test > VSWR Test.
Step 2 On the VSWR Test tab page, click Multiple Frequencies and choose a target NE in the left
navigation tree. On the Select Frequency pane, set the three frequency bands.
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Step 3 In the Threshold Settings dialog box, set the test result of the specified NE. For details about
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this operation, see 2.3.2.1 Step 2 in "Starting the Test on the U2000."
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Step 4 Click Test to start the test. The operation result is displayed on the Test Result tab page. For
a idetails about how to save the test result, see section 2.4.1 "Saving the Result."
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2.3.3.2 Terminating the Test on the U2000 &
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n the U2000" in section
i
For details about the operation, see the part "Terminating the Test on
2.3.2 "Single-Frequency VSWR Test."
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2.3.3.3 Starting the Test on the LMT T r
eiTest Mode set to MULTI_ARFCN and
Step 1 On the eNodeB LMT, input STR VSWRTEST with
a wlocation information about the specified
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other parameter settings for the test based on the
channel of the RF module to be tested.
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NOTE
 Test Mode: MULTI_ARFCN
 Cabinet No.: Number of the cabinet housing the TRX board configured with the antenna port
Subrack No.: Number of the subrack housing the TRX board configured with the antenna port
Slot No.: Number of the slot for the TRX board configured with the antenna port
TX Channel No.: Number of the TX channel of the test frequency
If Cabinet No., Subrack No., Slot No., and TX Channel No. are not set, the test is performed
based on default Cabinet No., Subrack No., Slot No., and TX Channel No.
If TX Channel No. of the RF module in the slot of the subrack in a cabinet is set, the test can be
o n
Start Test Frequency and End Test Frequency: They are specified by users or selected by default.ti
performed even if the TX channel is not configured.

i c a
f is is
For details about the default test frequency, see 2.3.1 "Selection of Default Test Frequency."

t i
rscenarios.
Txbranch Power Relative Value: It is the relative value of the transmit power. If this parameter
e
not set, the test is performed based on the maximum power used by all boards. This parameter
C
set when the operator has specific requirements for the test power in actual application
Lower test power reduces the test precision.
&OK, services are
Step 2 On the eNodeB LMT, click Exec. In the Confirm dialog box, if you click
g
intab page. For details
forcibly interrupted and the test is started. If you click Cancel, the test is not stated. The
about how to save the test result, see section 2.4.1 "Saving thei Result."
operation result is displayed on the Common Maintenance(Alt+C)
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ioLMT
2.3.3.4 Terminating the Test on the
t
ic a
f
Step 1 On the eNodeB LMT, input the command based on the command used to start the test and the
session ID.
t i
r base station is started on the LMT, run the STP VSWRTEST
If the test for theeentire
command with CSession ID set to 65549.
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NOTE
H
n
If Session ID is set to 4294967295 that is same as the hexadecimal number 0xFFFFFFFF, all tests will
be terminated.
i o
t The operation result is displayed on the Common
Step 2 On the eNodeB LMT, click Exec.
Maintenance(Alt+C) tabcpage.
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Hu2.4 Operation Result
2.4.1 Saving the Result
2.4.1.1 On the U2000
On the Test Result tab page, click Save. In the Save dialog box, specify the file name and
save path for the operation results, and then click Save.
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2.4.1.2 On the LMT aw
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On the Common Maintenance(Alt+C) tab page, select Save Result. In the Save dialog box,
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specify the file name and save path for the operation results, and then click Save.
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2.4.2 Analyzing the Result
The following are examples.
 Offline single-frequency VSWR test
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 Offline multi-frequency VSWR test
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2.4.2.3 Analyzinggthe Result
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a i unqualified. Most operators require the VSWR threshold to be 1.5, but some operators require
If the test result shows that the VSWR exceeds the required threshold, the VSWR is
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the VSWR threshold to be 1.4.
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 Offline single-frequency VSWR test
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The preceding operation results show that the tested VSWRs are 1.25 and 1.10,
respectively.
It is assumed that the operator requires the VSWR threshold to be 1.5. The preceding
VSWRs from the test results are lower than the required 1.5, and therefore the antenna
channel is correctly connected.
 Offline multi-frequency VSWR test
The preceding operation results of all frequencies show that the VSWR is 1.25 or 1.10.
It is assumed that the operator requires the VSWR threshold to be 1.5. The preceding
VSWRs from the test results are lower than the required 1.5, and therefore the antenna
channel is correctly connected. If one or more VSWRs exceed the required VSWR
threshold, the antenna channel is improperly connected.
NOTE
The value of the VSWR is null if any of the following conditions is true:
 The channel on which the VSWR test is performed is not available.
 There is no configuration for connections between the antenna and the channel on which the VSWR
test is performed.
 The VSWR of the B channel is tested in PBT power boost technology (PBT) mode. PBT applies to
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double-transceiver TRX boards.
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 During the test, data cannot be collected.
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and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 3 DTF Test of the Antenna VSWR
3 DTF Test of the Antenna VSWRtion

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3.1 Principle C e
&
g
The DTF test adopts the frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) technology. The basic
nsignals
i
principle is as follows: First, signals are transmitted on a TX channel of the RF module, and
n and distance
a i
the signals are reflected back to the transmitter. Then, the original and reflected signals
about the reflection points are obtained and displayed inTargraph.

are compared in frequency and time domains. Finally, the VSWR information
eican accurately determine whether the

w which eliminates the need for unnecessary
Based on the information displayed on the GUI, users
faulty connection is on or below the antenna tower,
u a
H
maintenance on the tower and therefore reduces the maintenance cost.
n
3.2 Prerequisites it o
ic a

t
The NEs must work
i f with the versions listed in Table 3-1.
e rmapping of products in SRAN 7.0

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Table 3-1 Version
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Product Name Version
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U2000 iManagerU2000V200R012C00 and later
a in BSC6900
r MBTS
BSC6900V900R014C00 and later
i T MBTSV100R007C00 and later

e
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3.3 Precautions
1. Table 3-2 lists RF modules that support the DTF test.
Table 3-2 RF modules that support the DTF test
Version Newly Added RF Module That Supports the DTF Test

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SRAN7.0 RRU3926 (GU) and cRFUd
SRAN7.1 RRU3926 (GUL)
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SRAN8.0 RRU3936, RRU3826, RRU3824, MRFU V2a, RRU3838, and RRU3832
C e
2. During the DTF test, services carried on the RF module to which the
belongs are interrupted. The DTF test on a channel takes 30s. g
& channel
tested
n in
ai
3. The test precision is as follows:
VSWR range in the test result: 1 to 100
−
T r
Maximum test distance: 200 m
−
i
e theofTMA
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The fault resolution (typical value): Spike distance
− less than 3.5 m when the
a
frequency band of the antenna system including and combiner is equal to or
HuSpike distance of less than 7.5 m when the

greater than 40 MHz
The fault resolution (typical value):
−
n value): Spike distance of less than 13 m when the

frequency band of the antenna system is equal to or greater than 20 MHz
o
i
t antenna system is equal to or greater than 10 MHz
The fault resolution (typical
−
a
icbe used with the offline VSWR test or other offline tests.
frequency band of the
i
4. The DTF test cannot
f
e rt
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3.4 Operation Guidelines&
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3.4.1 Startinginthe Test on the LMT
in
Stepa1 On the LMT, click Monitor. In Monitor Navigation Tree, click Common Monitoring and
T r double-click DTF Test.
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Step 2 In the DTF Test dialog box, set the parameters and select aa
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i for saving the file.
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NOTE
 Cabinet No., Subrack No., Slot No., TX Channel No.: Cabinet number of the RFU to be tested.
The cabinet number, subrack number, slot number, and TX channel number are used to uniquely
determine a physical position where an offline DTF test is performed.
 Cable Type: Cable type to be used. The following cable types are supported: 1/4 Cable, 3/8 Cable,
1/2 Cable, 5/8 Cable, 7/8 Cable, 7/8 Low-loss Cable, 11/4 Cable, 15/8 Cable, and Ideal Transmission
Line.
 Display Range of Feeder Test Results(m): Distance from the antenna port of a base station to the
reflection points. You are advised to use the default cable length in the offline DTF test. If the test
result shows that the fault occurs within 50 m, change the cable length to 50 m and then perform the
test again. If the cable length is 50 m, the fault resolution will be improved.
 Start Frequency(0.1 MHz) and Stop Frequency(0.1 MHz): If an external filter is configured, set
the two parameters to the start and stop frequencies of the external filter, respectively. If no external
filter is configured, the two parameters do not need to be set.
Step 3 After setting the parameters, click OK to start the DTF test. You can check the test result on
the Chart and List tab pages shown in the following figure.
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----End
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3.4.2 Terminating the Test on the LMT

This test cannot be terminated on the LMT.
3.5 Analyzing the Result

Figure 3-1 shows the test results for the eNodeB base station.
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Figure 3-1 Test results for the eNodeB base station
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Description of the test results in the preceding figure:
a t of different test points. The horizontal axis indicates the

ictest points toto the
The red line indicates the result
f
indicates the VSWRsicorresponding
distance from each of the antenna port of a base station. The vertical axis
rtthat there is a reflection point whose standing wave ratio is 1.89 near the
different test points.
e
Cthe base station. The spike in the red circle is the fault point.
This result indicates
&
antenna port of
ng times to ensure that all the faults are cleared.

You are advised to troubleshoot the fault point indicated by a spike, and then perform the test
n i
multiple
a i
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NOTE
ei
DTF analysis requires much experience. The following is only for reference.

w
If the offline VSWR test result shows that the VSWR does not meet the requirements but the VSWR
a
passes the DTF test, the VSWRs of reflection points below the antenna tower are qualified and the
u
VSWRs of reflection points over the antenna tower are faulty.
H  The distance between the lower jumper connector and the antenna affects the test results. Shorter
distance results in greater impact of the VSWR faults of reflection points over the antenna tower on
the VSWRs of reflection points below the antenna tower. For the 2T module, you can compare the
reflection point positions of the two channels to obtain information about the reflection point
distribution. For the 1T combined-module, you can compare the reflection point positions of the TX
channels of the two modules to obtain information about the reflection point distribution. In this way,
the fault can be located. In this way, the fault can be located.
and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 4 Crossed Pair Detection
4 Crossed Pair Detectiontio

i fi c a
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C e
4.1 Principle
The TX channels of one site are tested one by one. In each test, only g
&
inthe isolation.
one TX channel
n
transmits signals, and others receive signals through VSWR channels. The reflected power
ai than isolation between

can be calculated. The BBU uses the reflected power to determine Isolation
between antennas in the same sector should be over 10 dBrless
i T exist.
antennas in different sectors. Otherwise, crossed pairs may
e
Figure 4-1 Scheme for detecting crossed pairs w
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I5
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I4
I3
a
I2
I1
f ic
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ANT1
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&
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Couple 2 Couple 4 Couple 6
a
Couple 3 Couple 5
T r
ei RFU1 RFU2 RFU3
a w
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NOTE
I x indicates the path through which test signals are transmitted. Couple x indicates the coupled channel
on which the detection is performed.
4.2 Precautions
 This function applies only in the deployment scenario. The detection is offline and
services will be interrupted.
 Using this function on multimode RF modules interrupts services of the peer mode.
 Crossed pair cannot be detected in distributed cells or multi-RRU cells.
 Crossed pair cannot be detected when only one sector is configured on a frequency band.

n
Crossed pair cannot be detected if omnidirectional antennas are used.
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 If both antennas of two sectors are crossed, crossed pair can only be detected by
a
performing drive tests.
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 Crossed pair between different frequency bands or different modes cannot be detected.
r
Actually, the detection can be started but results are inaccurate.

e
If a filter is installed for the antenna, the start and end frequencies must be set for the
filter by using an MML command. If the bandwidth between the start and end C
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frequencies is less than 10 MHz, the test result is inaccurate. If crossed pair is detected,
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check whether an external filter or narrowband filter is installed for the antenna when
visiting the site.
n i

i
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If intra-band combiners are configured, the frequency band for crossed pair detection
must be farthest away from the combined frequency band. For example, if UL intra-band
i T
combiners are configured for 2100 MHz RF modules and the combined frequency band
e
is 2130 MHz to 2140 MHz, the recommended frequency band for crossed pair detection
aw
for the LTE mode is 2160 MHz to 2170 MHz.
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4.3 Operation Guidelines n
i o
4.3.1 Detecting on the LMTat
i f ic by running the STR CROSFEEDTST command on the base
station LMT.
e rt
Step 1 Start crossed pair detection
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NOTE
 If an external filter or narrowband filter is installed for the antenna, you need to set the Start Test
Frequency and End Test Frequency parameters. Otherwise, the detection is performed based on
the capacity of the RF module by default.
 The Sector List parameter is set to the sectors where the crossed pair detection is to be performed.
For example, if this parameter is set to 1&2&3, crossed pair is detected for sectors 1, 2, and 3.
Step 2 Click OK when a window prompting that this detection interrupts services is displayed.
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If you click Cancel, the detection is canceled.
After clicking OK, the detection is successfully started, and the following information is
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displayed.
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After the detection starts, the base station reports the detection progress as shown in the
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following figure.
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When the detection is completed, the base station reports the result as shown in the following
i
figure.
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----End
NOTE
In eRAN7.0 and earlier versions, crossed pair detection cannot be terminated by using MML commands.
In most cases, each round of detection takes 15 seconds. If any one round of detection takes more than
15 seconds, the whole detection automatically ends.
4.3.2 Detecting on the U2000

4.3.2.1 Starting Detection
Step 1 On the U2000, choose Maintenance > Antenna Management > Cross Feeder Test.
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Step 2 On the displayed Cross Feeder Test tab page, select NEs to be tested in the left pane under
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NE, and click Parameter Settings to set the related parameters.
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Step 3 In the displayed Parameter Settings dialog box, set the related parameters as required. For
example, Minimum Test Frequency and Maximum Test Frequency need to be specified in
scenarios where external filters are used or specific frequency bands are required for test.
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Step 4 On the Cross Feeder Test tab page, click Test to start the crossed pair detection for selected
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NEs.
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t Yes
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Step 5 In the displayed dialog box, click to start the test or click No to cancel the test. Test
c 4.4.1 "Saving theTestResult."
f
results are displayed on the Cross Feeder Result tab page. For details about how to save
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the test results, see section
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e Terminating Detection
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4.3.2.2
a
H u Click Stop.
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n to terminate the
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in
The Confirm dialog box is displayed, alerting users to confirm whether
a
detection.
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By clicking Yes, theif
NOTE
r tStop,
U2000 no longer receives the information returned by the tested NEs. If you click
C e
Test after clicking the detection cannot be started.
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4.4 Operation
i ngResult
4.4.1 Saving a in the Result
T r
eiOn the U2000
4.4.1.1
a w
H u Click Save. In the Save dialog box, specify the file name and save path for the operation
results, and then click Save.
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4.4.1.2 On the LMT
ing
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To save the detection result, select Save Result before starting the detection. In the displayed
T
check box, choose a path for saving the result file and name it. Then you can start the
detection.
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4.4.2 Analyzing the Result
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 Unknown: Whether there is crossed pair is unknown.
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 Normal: There is no crossed pair.
 Cross Feeder: Crossed pair exists. Crossed pair occurs between at least two cells.
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Therefore, feeders of the two cells need to be interchanged.
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and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 5 2-Tone-based Intermodulation Detection
5 2-Tone-based Intermodulation Detectiontion

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5.1 Principle C e
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5.1.1 Intermodulation Interference g
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5.1.1.1 What Is Intermodulation Interference?
r ai
i T signals being transmitted generate
e suppression is used to indicate the
Due to the non-linearity of components in a receiver,
w
intermodulation products (IMPs). Intermodulation
non-linearity of an antenna system.
u a signals is the same as that of transmitted
Ha non-linear system, more signals are received than
For a linear system, the number of received
signals, and no IMP is generated. For
n
transmitted, and IMPs are generated. The process of generating IMPs is called
o
intermodulation.
i
t RX band and increase the uplink interference or received

a
ic (RTWP), intermodulation interference is generated.
If the IMPs fall within the
i
total wideband power
If two signals, F1 r
f
t F2 (indicated by green columns), are received in a non-linear channel,
e
and
IMPs, 3 x f1 C
two 3-order IMPs, 2 x f1 - f2 and 2 x f2 - f1 (indicated by green columns) and two 5-order
&
- 2 x f2 and 3 x f2 - 2 x f1 (indicated by red columns), are generated.
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Figure 5-1 IMP bandwidth broadening
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5.1.1.2 What Causes Intermodulation Interference? ei
a w in an antenna system
uantenna system
 Certain parts with poor intermodulation performance

H
Insecure connection between parts in an
n
 Conductive objects near the antenna, such as magnetic objects
5.1.2 Basic Principles ti o

a
ic the detection is performed is specified by the cabinet No., subrack
i f
No., and slot No. oftits corresponding RF module as well as the port No. of the antenna.
The antenna port on which
e r
C must be in TX/RX mode, and the RF module transmits two signals with
The antenna channel
&
20 W. The frequencies of the two signals are test frequency f1 and test frequency f2.
n g can be determined in the following ways:

ni Ifandf1lowest
f1 and f2
a i  and f2 are set by customers, it is recommended that f1 and f2 be set as the highest
T r frequencies of the transmit frequency band allocated by the operator.
e i  If they are not set by customers, the system will choose two frequencies for them
w
according to the capacity of the RF module.
u a Either way enables the generated 3-order, 5-order, 7-order and higher order IMPs within the
H RX band allocated by the operator. The detection is started based on f1, f2, and the thresholds
for the IMPs. The thresholds can be set according to the requirements for intermodulation.
NOTE
If the frequencies of two input signals are f1 and f2, their (m+n)-order IMP frequencies are m x f1 - n x
f2 and m x f2 - n x f1.
For example:
 3-order intermodulation: f3pim = 2 x f1 - f2 and 2 x f2 - f1
n
 5-order intermodulation: f5pim = 3 x f1 - 2 x f2 and 3 x f2 - 2 x f1
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Principles about IMPs are as follows:

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
i
Worse intermodulation suppression indicates greater intermodulation interference.

i n
When the intermodulation suppression remains constant, larger input power indicates
ra
greater intermodulation interference.

i T
Higher order of IMPs indicates smaller intermodulation interference. For example, IM3 >
IM5 > IM7 > IM9.
e
5.1.3 RF Modules Supporting the Detection a w
u
RF modules developed on the MARP V3H and later platforms can transmit two monophonic
n
signals of 20 W for intermodulation detection.
o
5.1.4 Measurement Methodat i
i f ic can be used for intermodulation detection. Both methods cause
rt
Two measurement methods
 C e
service interruptions.
2-Tone Measurement
& signals with the power of 20 W are transmitted from the channel of a specified
ng antenna
−Two
i
on frequencies f1 and f2. Check whether the level of IMPs within the RX
in Precision: 130+/-4 dB, 140+/-5 dB, 145+/-6 dB, 150+/-8 dB

band meets the requirement of intermodulation suppression.
r a −
i T −Duration: Detection on each antenna port takes 95 seconds.

e
w
 Sweep Measurement
u a −The principle of this method is the same as that of the preceding one, but multiple
H
pairs of frequencies are used. Assume that the start test frequency (f1) is the lowest
and the end test frequency (f2) is highest of the test bandwidth. Frequencies are
selected as follows:
1. If f1 is fixed, the frequencies are: f1, f1+Δf; f1, f1+2Δf; f1, f1+3Δf…f1+nΔf, as
shown in Figure 5-2.
2. If f2 is fixed, the frequencies are: f2-Δf, f2; f2-2Δf, f2; f2-3Δf, f2 …f2-nΔf, as shown
in Figure 5-2.
− Precision: 130+/-4 dB, 140+/-5 dB, 145+/-6 dB, 150+/-8 dB
− Duration: It depends on the detection bandwidth and Δf. For example, if the
maximum instantaneous bandwidth (IBW) is 35 MHz and Δf is 0.5 MHz, the
duration is about 20 minutes.
NOTE
If sweep measurement is used, f1and f2 must comply with the bandwidth of the operator. Otherwise,
interference may be caused to other operators.
Figure 5-2 Frequency sweep
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f1 is fixed.
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f2 is fixed.
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f1 f2-Δf f2
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5.1.5 Intermodulation Detection Algorithm

Figure 5-3 Intermodulation detection algorithm
Start
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Check intermodulation products PIMa,
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PIMb, PIMc, and PIMd.
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Is PIMa
No greater than the threshold for a-order
modulation product?
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Yes
Is PIMb greater
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No than the threshold for b-order
i
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modulation product?
i TYes
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Is PIMc greater
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No than the threshold for c-order
modulation product?
Yes
n
tio Is PIMd greater
No
ic a than the threshold for d-order
f
modulation product?
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Yes
Intermodulation Intermodulation
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performance is qualified. performance is qualified.
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5.2 Prerequisites
a w
H u  The VSWR significantly affects the result of PIM test. Therefore, before performing the
PIM test, start an offline VSWR test. If VSWR does not meet the requirements of
consumer, does not recommend starting PIM test.
5.3 Precautions
 Intermodulation detection results may be inaccurate and further detection is required in
the following situations:
− The antenna system has an external filter or narrow bandwidth filter whose
bandwidth is unknown.
− Major alarms about carriers are generated.
 The detection requires that each channel can transmit 2x20 W signals (that is, 40 W). If
the power lock of an RF module is enabled and only signals less than 40 W can be
transmitted, the RF module will transmit 2x20 W signals without being reset once the
detection is started. After the detection, the power lock is automatically enabled. When
the power of a signal is greater than 40 W, it may interfere with other signals, and
therefore power lock is required.
n
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 Before starting the detection, ensure that the following conditions are met:
− f1 and f2 fall within the frequency band supported by the RF module.
i c a
tif
− The bandwidth between f1 and f2 does not exceed the IBW and 35 MHz. Otherwise,
r
invalid parameters will be returned in a message, and the detection cannot be started.

Ce
The intermodulation points of RF modules may be affected by the limitation of detection
bandwidths. The explanations are as follows:
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The lowest-order intermodulation products falling into the receive frequency band
cannot be detected by the passive intermodulation detection because the maximum
n i
bandwidth between f1 and f2 is 35 MHz for RF modules working at 2100 MHz or 2600
i
ra
MHz.
T
For example, if the IBW of an RF module working at 2100 MHz mode is 60 MHz, the
i
e
seventh-order intermodulation products can be detected. However, if the IBW is 35 MHz,
w
only the ninth-order intermodulation products can be detected.
u a analyzer,
Therefore, when comparing the intermodulation counters by using the intermodulation
H preceding example, the counters of the ninth order

detection function and passive intermodulation you must compare the counters
of the same order. For example, in the
need to be compared.
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5.4.1 Default Frequencies C for the Detection
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ngIf eNodeB leave the Start Test Frequency and End Test Frequency parameters
5.4.1.1 2-Tone Measurement
i
a in unspecified, system will set the lowest frequency of the RX band is f1 by default, and
T r
i
f1+IBW is f2. (IBW: instantaneous bandwidth).
e Sweep Measurement
w
5.4.1.2
a
H u  If eNodeB leaves the Start Test Frequency and End Test Frequency parameters
unspecified, system will start test by default frequency.
5.4.2 2-Tone Measurement

5.4.2.1 Starting Detection on the U2000
The detection can be started on the U2000 in the following ways:
 Immediate start: The detection is started right after you set it.
 Scheduled start: The detection is started at the scheduled time.
5.4.2.1.1 Immediate-Start Detection

Step 1 On the U2000, choose Maintenance > RF Performance Test > Interference Measurement.
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Step 2 On the Interference Measurement tab page, click 2-Tone Intermodulation
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Counter Detection. In the NE navigation tree, choose the NE to be detected, and then click
a
Parameter Settings to set related parameters.
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NOTE
 f1 and f2 are determined according to the following principles:
 The frequency of the 3-order IMP generated by signals on f1 and f2 should fall within the RX band.
 If that cannot be achieved, the frequency of the 5-order IMP generated by f1 and f2 should
fall within the RX band.
 If that cannot be achieved either, the frequency of the seventh or high order IMP generated by f1 and
f2 should fall within the RX band. For details, see section 5.4.1 "Default Frequencies for
the Detection."
n
 Threshold for IMPs can be modified based on requirements. When 2x20 W signals are transmitted,
tio
the recommended thresholds for 3-, 5-, and 7- and higher order IMPs are as follows: 132 dB, 142 dB,
and 145 dB.
Step 3 Click Test. When a dialog box is displayed, prompting that services will be interrupted, click
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Yes to continue.
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Detection results are displayed in different tab pages according to the NE type. For example,
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the eRAN tab page in the following figure shows detailed information about the detection
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results for the eNodeB and the information during the detection.
n
ni
i ----End
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5.4.2.1.2 Scheduled-Start Detection
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H u Step 1 On the U2000, choose Maintenance > Task Management.
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Step 2 On the Task Management tab page, click Interference Measurement on the left and click
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New to create a scheduled task.
Step 3 Name the task in the Task Name box and click Next to continue.
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Step 4 Specify the start time for the detection in the Start Time box, and click Next to continue.
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NOTE
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If you click Run immediately, the detection is started immediately.
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Step 5 Choose 2-Tone Intermodulation Counter Detection from the shortcut menu, and click
Parameter Settings to set the parameters and click OK.
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Step 6 In the NE navigation tree, choose the NE to be detected according to NE Type set in the
Parameter Settings dialog box, and click Finish.
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Step 7 Click Yes if a dialog box is displayed, prompting that services
i T
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t i f area.
The detection is automatically
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displayed in the Result
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5.4.2.2 Terminating Detection on the U2000

Step 1 On the Interference Measurement tab page of the U2000, click Stop. When a dialog box
confirming whether you want to stop the detection is displayed, click Yes.
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----End
ing
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Step 1 On the Task Management tab page of the U2000, right-click the task to be terminated, and
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click Cancel. When a dialog box confirming whether you want to cancel the detection is
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displayed, click Yes.
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5.4.2.3 Starting Detection on the LMT

Step 1 Run the STR RFTEST command on the base station LMT with related parameters set.
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NOTE
 Set Test Type to PIMON2TONE.
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
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Specify the antenna port on which the detection is performed by setting the following parameters:
i.
g
n port belongs
Cabinet No.: cabinet number of the RF module to which the antenna port belongs
i
inport belongs
ii. Subrack No.: subrack number of the RF module to which the antenna
TX Channel No. channel that transmits test signals ra

iii. Slot No.: slot number of the RF module to which the antenna
T
iv.
. When a dialog box is displayed, promptingi that services will be interrupted, click
Step 2 Click
e
OK.
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The result is displayed in command output area.
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----End
5.4.2.4 Terminating Detection on the LMT

Step 1 Run the STP RFTEST command on the base station LMT. The value of TaskId is the same
as the Session ID in the command output of the STR RFTEST command.
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NOTE
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If TaskId is set to 4294967295, that is 0xFFFFFFFF in hexadecimal number, all detection tasks will be
a
stopped.
Step 2 Click
i f ic
rt in the command output.
.
e
The result is displayed
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&
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Hu Step 3 Run the DSP RFTEST command to check whether the detection is stopped.
The result is displayed in the command output.

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----End Ce
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5.4.3 Sweep Measurement ing
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5.4.3.1 Starting Detection on the U2000
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5.4.3.1.1 Immediate-Start Detection e i
a w
Step 2 On the Interference Measurement page,
u
Step 1 On the U2000, choose Maintenance > RF Performance Test > Interference Measurement.
Hclick Sweep Intermodulation Counter Detection.

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In the NE navigation tree, choose the NE to be detected, and then click Parameter Settings
o
i
to set related parameters.
a t
ic
Step 3 Click OK.
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NOTE
For how to set Low Frequency(0.1 MHz), High Frequency(0.1 MHz), and Frequency Step (0.1
MHz), see section 5.4.1 "Default Frequencies for the Detection."
Step 4 Click Test. When a dialog box is displayed, prompting that services will be interrupted, click
Yes.
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Detection results are displayed in different tab pages according to the NE type. For example,
&
the BTS3900 tab page in the following figure shows detailed information about the detection
results for the MBTS and the information during the detection.
ing
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io
----End
a t
i f ic
t provides
NOTE
r
eof test frequencies are saved on the base station side. Then you can use offline browse tool
The eRAN tab page only the largest and smallest values of the 3-order IMP, 5-order IMP,
C
7-order IMP, 9-order IMP, 11-order IMP, 13-order IMP, and 15-order IMP. Detailed detection results of
multiple pairs
&
to check the results. For details, see section 5.5.1 "Saving the Result."
ng Detection
5.4.3.1.2 Scheduled-Start
i
Step 1inOn the U2000, choose Maintenance > Task Management.
T ra2 On the Task Management tab page, click Interference Measurement on the left and click
ei
Step
New to create a scheduled task.
a w Step 3 Name the task in the Task Name box and click Next to continue. This operation is similar to
H u that in 2-tone measurement.
Step 4 Specify the start time for the detection in the Start Time box or select Run Immediately to
start the task immediately, and click Next to continue. This operation is similar to that in
2-tone measurement.
Step 5 Choose Sweep Intermodulation Counter Detection from the shortcut menu, and click
Parameter Settings to set the parameters and click OK.
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Step 6 In the NE navigation tree, choose the NE to be detected according to NE Type set in the
T
Parameter Settings dialog box, and click Finish.
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Step 7 nClick Yes if a dialog box is displayed, prompting that services will be interrupted.
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The detection is automatically started on the specified time, and the detection execution is
displayed in the Result area. For details about how to save the test results, see section 4.4.1
"Saving the Result."
----End
5.4.3.2 Terminating Detection on the U2000

See Terminating Detection on the U2000 in 5.4.2 "2-Tone Measurement."
5.4.3.3 Starting Detection on the LMT

Step 1 In the Monitor Navigation Tree on the Monitor tab page of the base station LMT, choose
Monitor > Common Monitoring > Frequency Scanning Intermodulation
Interference Detection, and set the related parameters in the dialog box.
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The scanning result is displayed in the following figure.
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----End
5.4.3.4 Terminating Detection on the LMT

close the detection task window to stop the detection.
5.5 Operation Result

You can check the result displayed on the U2000 or LMT. To perform further analysis, you
n
can check the saved result files.
5.5.1 Saving the Result

atio
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5.5.1.1 For Operations on the U2000
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The operations for 2-tone measurement and sweep measurement are the same. Test results
Ce
&
about specified antenna channels are saved on the U2000. The following uses 2-tone
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measurement as an example.
NOTE
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i
ra
For detailed data about tested frequencies for sweep measurement, see section 5.5.1.3
T
"Obtaining Detailed Detection Results of Sweep Measurement."

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Step 1 After the detection, click Save. Name the result file and save it in the specified directory.
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----End
NOTE
The result file is a .csv file.

Step 1 Right-click the task bar, and choose Download Result in the shortcut menu.
Step 2 Click Download.

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Step 3 Name the file in the Save dialog box. You can also use the default file name.
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----End
NOTE
The result file is a .csv file.
5.5.1.2 For Operations on the LMT

5.5.1.2.1 2-Tone Measurement
Step 1 On the Common Maintenance(Alt+C) tab page, select Save Result.
Step 2 Name the file and choose a path for it, and click Save.
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5.5.1.2.2 Sweep Measurement ing
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Select Save File, name the file, and choose a path for it.
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5.5.1.3 Obtaining Detailed Detection Results of Sweep Measurement
e
w
Result files are saved in the .mmf format on the eNodeB.
H ua Step 1 Upload the detection result file by using either of the following methods.
Upload the detection result file by running the ULD FILE command on the LMT.
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----End
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5.5.2 Analyzing the Result &
5.5.2.1 2-Tone Measurement ing
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H
n passes the detection, no intermodulation interference
The detection result can be one of the following:

i o
occurs on the two testedtfrequencies.
If the intermodulation performance
ic aperformance does not pass the detection, intermodulation


i f on the tested frequencies. In this case, troubleshoot the faults at the
If the intermodulation
t
local end. r
interference occurs
 Ciseinaccurate if RF module-related alarms are generated or any exceptions

The result
&during the detection.
occur
i ng onresult
The detection displays only the 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-order IMPs that have the strongest
a inthan the corresponding threshold, intermodulation interference occurs.

interference transmitted signals. For each order, if the intermodulation suppression is lower
T r
e i Intermodulation suppression = P0 - Pn, where P0 is the level of the transmit power, and Pn is
aw
the level of the IMP. The units of P0 and Pn are dBm and the unit of intermodulation
suppression is dBc or dB.
Hu In the current detection, the transmit power of each signal is 20 W, and its level is 43 dBm.
Thresholds for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-order IMPs vary according to the transmit power.
5.5.2.2 Sweep Measurement

1. Results displayed on the U2000
 If the PIM in the Test Result column passes the PIM measurement, intermodulation
interference does not occur on the tested channel.
− If the PIM in the Test Result column does not pass the PIM measurement,
intermodulation interference occurs on the tested channel. In this case, you need to
check the detailed detection result by following the operations in section 5.5.1
"Saving the Result" and troubleshoot the faults at the local end.
− If the detection result is inaccurate, check the RF module and start detection again if
necessary.
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NOTE
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
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Detailed detection results of multiple pairs of test frequencies are saved on the base station side.
Then you can use offline browse tool to check the results. For details, see section 5.5.1 "Saving the
&
Result.
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 For descriptions about the detection results, see 2-Tone Measurement in section 5.5.2 "Analyzing the
i
Result."
2. Results displayed on the LMT
The detection result is displayed both din a figure and a
i n
r
Tindicated by colored lines.
in a list.
i
e IMP is 145 dB, if a part or all of the
In the following figure, IMPs of different orders are
light blue line is below 145 dB, the 5-orderw

For example, assume that the threshold of 5-order
the light blue line is all above 145 dB,u

a IMP interferes with the transmitted signal. If
H
the 5-order IMP does not interfere with the
transmitted signal.
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it o
The following list provides detailed detection results. You can export the detection result
for further analysis.
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and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 6 Service-based Intermodulation Detection
6 Service-based Intermodulation Detectiontion

fi c a
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6.1 Principle C e
&
6.1.1 Principles g
n inpassive intermodulation
exists, some intermodulation products will be generated onra
When multiple carriers use the same antenna port and the antenna i
T signals.
the receive frequency band. In
i
general, antenna passive intermodulation products are broadband
e affect services. The detection compares
w
a full transmit
The service-based intermodulation detection does not
u
the uplink level in cell service status and that in power status. The difference threshold for
processing, and therefore the accuracy ofH

the receive level is configurable. There is downlink power during normal service
decision results is related to the service proportion
n
in the test period. The proportion is a threshold for decision results and is configurable. The
less the amount of services, the o
it more accurate the detection results.
Detection Mechanism a
i f icof six periods for a service-based intermodulation detection. The
rt the six periods, which alternate between transmitting simulated load
You need to take samples
C e
following figure shows
status and non-transmitting simulated load status.
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ng
Wait 3 seconds until the transmit power of RF modules decreases to a stable value.
i
All Cell All Cell All Cell All Cell All Cell All Cell
in
The transmission The transmission The transmission The transmission The transmission The transmission
3s 3s 3s
of simulated loads suspension of simulated of simulated loads suspension of simulated of simulated loads suspension of simulated
a
lasts 40 seconds. loads lasts 10 seconds. lasts 40 seconds. loads lasts 10 seconds. lasts 40 seconds. loads lasts 10 seconds.
r
The First Test Group The Second Test Group The Third Test Group
T
ei
w
Passive Intermodulation Decision Algorithm
u a The passive intermodulation decision process is performed based on the difference threshold
H for the RTWPs at full power and no power and the proportion threshold for the downlink
transmit power triggered by the simulated load in a test period.
1. If the service proportion threshold is exceeded in at least one group of test results out of
the three groups, the test results for the frequency are invalid and the frequency is
invalid.
2. Among the valid frequencies:
− If one group of the test results meets the conditions of the passive intermodulation
decision, the passive intermodulation may exist.
− If all of the test results do not meet the conditions of the passive intermodulation
decision, the passive intermodulation does not exist.
3. In each test group, if the minimum RTWP difference (between the RTWP when the
system transmits power and that when the system does not transmit power) exceeds the
difference threshold, the passive intermodulation exists.
4. For inter-RFU (two RF modules are combined together) scenario, the test results for
intermodulation are decided based on the data from the main and diversity receive
channels.
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Start
Decide the validity of the test
i c a
tif
frequencies according to the
service proportion threshold.
e r
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N Y
Is the number of valid frequencies greater than or
&
equal to one?
i ng
Calculate the signal level
i n
differences among the three
groups of test data.
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Y
e i
Minimum RTWP difference > the difference
threshold
aw
N
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Y
Are there valid frequencies that are not decided?
on
N
i
at
Passive
Passive
Detection results are intermodulation
intermodulation
inaccurate. interference does not
ic
interference exists.
exist.
i f
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NOTE
&
In eRAN6.0, LTE support the service-based intermodulation detection in offline and online modes.
However, the offline mode applies only to the deployment scenario. The detection principles for the
g provides online service-based intermodulation detection for site deployment by integrating
neRAN7.0
offline and online modes are the same.
i
n offline and online detection of eRAN6.0.
ai
i Tr
e
6.2wPrerequisites
u a
H
 Before starting this detection, ensure the following:
− The detection is started in the early morning when the traffic is low. During the
detection, call drops do not occur and new UEs can access the network.
− Major alarms do not exist on the RF module corresponding to the antenna port.
− The status of Cells is normal, including logic cells, and local cells.

6.3.1 Starting Detection on the U2000
The U2000 supports immediate-start intermodulation detection and scheduled-start
intermodulation detection.
6.3.1.1 Immediate-Start Detection

Perform immediate-start detection as follows:
o n
Step 1 Start service-based intermodulation detection on the U2000 (the same as that of 2-Tone-basedti
i c a
f
intermodulation detection).
Step 2 On the Interference Measurement tab page, click Online Service-Based t i
rSettings to
C
Intermodulation Detection and select the NE to be tested. Then click Parameter
set related parameters, as shown in the following figures.
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&
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NOTE
 Delta Threshold (0.1 dB): Threshold of the RTWP difference between scenarios with full transmit
power and scenarios without transmit power. Intermodulation interference exists if the actual value
exceeds this threshold. Users can specify this parameter based on site requirements.
 Service Rate Threshold (%): Threshold of the proportion of services. When the actual value
exceeds this threshold, the detection result is inaccurate and unreliable. Users can specify this
parameter based on site requirements.
Step 3 Click Test in the following window.
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T
The detection results are displayed on the tab page of the corresponding mode. The BTS3900
procedure.
e i
tab page in the following figure shows the detection result and information about the detection
a w
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6.3.1.2 Scheduled-Start Detection
i T
e Perform scheduled-start detection as follows:
a w Step 1 On the U2000, choose Maintenance > Task Management (the same as that of 2-Tone
H u measurement in 2-Tone-based intermodulation detection).

Step 2 On the Task Management tab page, click Interference Measurement. Then click New to
create a scheduled intermodulation detection task and set related parameters (the same as that
of 2-Tone measurement in 2-Tone-based intermodulation detection).
Step 3 In the drop-down list, select Online Service-Based Intermodulation Detection and click
Parameter Settings to adjust parameter settings. After parameter adjustment, click OK.
Select the NE to be tested in the navigation tree according to the NE Type specified in the
Parameter Settings dialog box. Then click Finish, as shown in the following figure.
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Step 4 The scheduled-start detection task is automatically started on the specified time and the
execution result is displayed in the Result area.
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6.3.2 Terminating Detection on the U2000 &
ing
6.3.2.1 Immediate-Start Detection
i n
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Step 1 When you click Stop on the Interference Measurement tab page of the U2000, the Confirm
e i
dialog box is displayed for you to confirm whether to stop the ongoing detection. If you want
aw
to stop the ongoing detection, click Yes. If you want to continue with the ongoing detection,
Hu
click No, as shown in the following figure.
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i ----End
a
i Tr
e Scheduled-Start Detection
w
6.3.2.2
u a Step 1 When you right-click the ongoing scheduled-start detection task and choose Cancel on the
H Task Management tab page of the U2000, the Confirm dialog box is displayed for you to
confirm whether to stop the ongoing detection. If you want to stop the ongoing detection,
click Yes. If you want to continue with the ongoing detection, click No, as shown in the
following figures.
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----End
n i
6.3.3 Starting Detection on the LMT i
Tra
i
This section describes how to start intermodulation detection on the LMT for different NEs.
e
aw
Perform the following steps to start detection on the LMT for the eNodeB.
Hu
Step 1 Start service-based intermodulation detection by running the STR RFTEST command on the
LMT of the corresponding base station, as shown in the following figure.
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NOTE
T r  Test Type: Set this parameter to PIMONTRAFFIC_ONLINE(PIMONTRAFFIC_ONLINE).
e i Online intermodulation detection is recommended. PIMONTRAFFIC_OFFLINE is offline

service-based intermodulation detection and has the same detection principle as that of online
aw
service-based intermodulation detection. The offline service-based intermodulation detection is still
Hu
used base station deployment in this version so that this test type can be compatible with earlier
versions. However, this test type will be replaced with online service-based intermodulation
detection in later versions.
 Specify the object to be tested.
Cabinet No.: Number of the cabinet that houses the tested RF module.
Subrack No.: Number of the subrack that houses the tested RF module.
 Slot No.: Number of the slot where the tested RF module is installed. Delta Threshold(0.1 dB):
Threshold of the RTWP difference between scenarios with full transmit power and scenarios without
transmit power. Intermodulation interference exists if the actual value exceeds this threshold. Users
can specify this parameter based on site requirements.
 DutyThreshold(%): Threshold of the proportion of services. When the actual value exceeds this
threshold, the detection result is inaccurate and unreliable. Users can specify this parameter based on
site requirements.
Step 2 Click Exec to start the detection. The execution result is displayed on the Common
Maintenance area, as shown in the following figure.
n
tio
NOTE
a
The 2-Tone-based intermodulation detection and service-based intermodulation detection are two test
types in the STR BTSRFTST command. Due to the restrictions of the MML command mechanism, the
i c
tif
prompted message is only intended for 2-Tone-based intermodulation detection. However, during the
r
command execution, this message will prompt for both of the two test types. When this massage
e
prompts during service-based intermodulation detection, click OK to continue with the detection.
C
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----End
6.3.4 Terminating Detection on the H

LMT
u
n
io
Step 1 Run the STP RFTEST command on the LMT of the corresponding base station to stop
a t
service-based intermodulation detection based on the task ID (specified by the TaskId
ic
parameter) specified in the STR RFTEST command, as shown in the following figure.
i f
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a
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NOTE
Hu
If TaskId is set to 4294967295, which corresponds to the hexadecimal value 0xFFFFFFFF), all
intermodulation detection tasks will be stopped.
The following figure shows the execution result.

n
tio
You can run the DSP RFTEST command to query detection tasks that are not being
performed. The following figure shows the execution result.
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6.4 Saving and &
Analyzing Detection Results
n g
i
6.4.1 Savingn Detection Results
r ai For operations on the U2000
i T 
e The save method of the detection result file is the same as that of 2-tone measurement in
a w 2-Tone-based intermodulation detection.
H u 
For operations on the LMT
The save method of the detection result file is the same as that of 2-tone measurement in
2-Tone-based intermodulation detection.
6.4.2 Analyzing Detection Results

The detection results are classified into the following:

 There is no intermodulation interference.
 There is intermodulation interference: Locate and troubleshoot the faults at the local end.
 The detection result is unreliable in any of the following scenarios:
− RF module-related alarms are reported.
− The traffic volume during the detection exceeds the configured value of the Service
Rate Threshold parameter.
− The detection result is invalid if the tested board is abnormal.
n
You can perform intermodulation detection again during off-peak hours to obtain reliable
atio
i c
detection results. If you need to detect strong intermodulation interference quickly, raise the
tif
service rate threshold. However, a higher service rate threshold may lead to smaller RTWP
r
difference. RTWP difference is used to evaluate the receive level. If the receive level is lower
e
C
than the receive level threshold, the system considers that there is no intermodulation
product, which leads to misjudgment.
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H u
and Troubleshooting Trainees Manual 7 DTP Test
7 DTP Testtion
fi c a
r ti
7.1 Principle C e
&
g
DTP adopts the FDR technology. The basic principles are as follows: First, 2-tone and sweep
ntheintermodulation
signals are transmitted on a TX channel of the RF module, and reverse
i
n received
i
asample pointstransform.
signals from the antenna port are received on an RX channel. Then,
r
intermodulation signals are analyzed based on the Fourier forward/inverse Finally,
Tto the top of the RF module case. in a
i
the receive level and location information of intermodulation are displayed
graph to measure the distance from the PIM fault point
e
Based on the information displayed in the GUI, w
a which eliminates the need for unnecessary
faulty connection is on or below the antennautower,
users can accurately determine whether the
maintenance on the tower and therefore H reduces the maintenance cost.
n
it o
7.2 Precautions
ic a
t i f only to MARP V6 RF modules.

r
This function applies
e
Cabnormal, the intermodulation detection results are unreliable. Therefore, the
 The antenna VSWR has impact on intermodulation detection results. If the antenna
& VSWR
VSWR is
offline detection must be performed prior to the intermodulation detection. If the
n gdetection be not enabled.

VSWR does not meet requirements, it is recommended that the intermodulation
i ni In RAN sharing scenarios, services of an operator will be impacted if DTP detection is

ra started

T by another operator. In scenarios where multiple modes share one RF module,
ei
services on the peer mode will be impacted if DTP detection is started by the local mode.
w
In scenarios where two operators share spectrum resources of the same frequency band,
u a services on the same frequency band of an operator will be impacted if DTP detection is
started by another operator who has not specified the start/stop frequency for the
H detection.
 If no frequency is specified for the detection, the RF module chooses frequencies on the
default frequency band to start the detection, which may cause interference to the RF
modules under the coverage of this RF module.
 If this function is enabled, services carried on the RF module using the tested channel are
forcibly interrupted. The test on a channel takes a maximum of 3 minutes. At the same
site, the DTP detection can be performed on only one FR module at a moment.
 To be supplemented, this function is exclusive to the 2-tone-based intermodulation
detection and other offline features.

7.3.1 Starting Detection on LMT
Step 1 On the LMT, click Monitor. In Monitor Navigation Tree, click Common Monitoring and
double-click DTP Test.
n
atio
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Step 2 In the DTP Test dialog box, set the parameters and select a path for saving the file.
a w
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After setting the parameters, click Submit to start the DTP test. &
----End
ing
i n
7.3.2 Terminating Detection on LMT Tra
e i
aw
This test cannot be terminated on the LMT.
H u
7.4 Analyzing the ResultFigure 3-1
o n
i
Figure 7-1 Test results used bytstandard parts of Intermodulation analyzer for the eNodeB.
ic a
t i f
e r
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ei
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Hu
Description of the test results in the preceding figure:

The red line indicates the result of different test points. The horizontal axis indicates the
distance from each of the test points to the antenna port of a base station. The vertical axis
indicates the receive level corresponding to different test points.
n
atio
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ing
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8 Troubleshooting Methodstion
fi c a
t i
r and
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This chapter describes how to troubleshoot VSWR faults, intermodulation interference,
&
crossed pairs onsite.
g
n in
8.1 VSWR Fault
r ai
i T
8.1.1 Preparations e
A SiteMaster and matching load are available.aw
u
8.1.2 Troubleshooting Procedure H
o n the VSWR of the antenna system to be tested. If the
Step 1 Perform an offline VSWR test to
i
t completed. If the VSWR is higher than the threshold, go to
obtain
VSWR is normal, the check is
ic a
f
Step 2.
i
Step 2 If the RF module totbe checked support the DTF test, perform the following operations:
r
C
1. Start the DTF e test to locate the VSWR fault.
& whether any connector is loose or waterlogged for all the connections near the
2. Ask maintenance engineers to check the antenna system locally.
i ng VSWR fault.
a Check
a in b After replacing or reconnecting the connector, test the VSWR again. If the VSWR
T r fault is cleared, check the next VSWR fault.
ei c If the VSWR fault may be in the feeder, check the feeder by segment according to the
a w offline VSWR test to locate faults. If the VSWR fault is in the feeder, replace the
u
feeder.
H 3. If the VSWR in the offline VSWR test results does not exceed the threshold, the
troubleshooting is completed.
Step 3 If the RF module does not support the DTF test, perform the following operations:
If all cells configured on the TX channel have been activated, disconnect the jumpers
from the TX ports on the RF modules. Then, connect the jumpers to the SiteMaster and
start the test.
2. Use the DTF function in the SiteMaster to locate the VSWR fault.
a Check whether any connector is loose or waterlogged for all the connections near the
VSWR fault.
b After replacing or reconnecting the connector, use the SiteMaster to test the VSWR
again. If the VSWR fault is cleared, check the next VSWR fault.
c If the VSWR fault may be is in the feeder, check the feeder by segment based on
the DTF function in the SiteMaster to locate faults. If the VSWR fault is in the feeder,
replace the feeder.
3. If the VSWR shown in the test results does not exceed the threshold, connect the jumpers
n
to the TX ports on the RF modules and activate the cells.
tio
4. Start the offline VSWR test.
a If the VSWR shown in the test results does not exceed the threshold, the
i c a
b If the VSWR exceeds the threshold, check connections between the jumperstiand the
troubleshooting is completed.
f
TX ports on the RF modules. After reconnecting the jumpers to the TX e r restart
C
ports,
the offline VSWR test and analyze the test results.
&
g
----End
n in
8.1.3 Key Points During Troubleshooting
rai
i T position may not be accurate.
e
When the DTF test is used to located faults, the fault
When the SiteMaster is used, the frequencyw

Therefore, connections near the fault need to be checked.

u athere will be a huge difference between this
band needs to be consistent with the band
Hresult.
configured on the RF module. Otherwise,
test result and the offline VSWR test

configured, the VSWR testo
n
You need to check whether the antenna system is configured with a filter. If the filter is
it result may be affected.
ic a
t i f
8.2 Intermodulation e r
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8.2.1 Preparations&
An ganalyzer and low PIM load are available.
i PIM
a in
T r
8.2.2 Troubleshooting Procedure
ei Step 1 Determine the frequency.
a w 1. List downlink frequencies of each cell configured on the same channel. Then, use the
H u rule of 2 x f1 – f2 or 2 x f2 – f1 to calculate each pair of frequencies and obtain 3-order

intermodulation product frequencies.
2. Analyze all 3-order intermodulation product frequencies and check whether any 3-order
intermodulation product frequencies exist on the uplink frequency bands of any cells.
3. If any 3-order intermodulation product frequencies exist on the uplink frequency band of
a cell, adjust the frequency plan.
Step 2 Check the RF module that supports the 2-tone-based intermodulation detection.
1. Perform the 2-tone-based intermodulation detection to obtain the 3-order
intermodulation. If the 3-order intermodulation exceeds the threshold, go to substep 2.

a Check whether any connector is loose, waterlogged, damaged, or distorted for all the
connections of the antenna system.
b After replacing or reconnecting the connector, perform the 2-tone-based
intermodulation detection to check whether the 3-order intermodulation does not
exceed the threshold. If yes, the troubleshooting is completed. If no, go to the
following step.
c If all connectors are secured and the fault may be in the feeder, check the feeder by
n
segment based on the 2-tone-based intermodulation detection to locate faults. If the
tio
fault is in the feeder, replace the feeder.
Step 3 Check the RF module that does not support the 2-tone-based intermodulation detection.
i c a
tif
e r
If you ensure that all cells configured on the TX channel have been activated, disconnect
C
the jumpers from the TX ports on the RF modules. Then, connect the jumpers to the PIM
analyzer and start the test.
&
ng
2. Use the PIM analyzer to start the test and obtain the 3-order intermodulation. If the
3-order intermodulation exceeds the threshold, go to substep 3.
n i
3.
a i
Check the feeder by segment using the PIM analyzer to obtain the intermodulation of
each feeder segment and locate faults.
T r
ei
4. After the check, connect the jumpers to the TX ports on the RF modules and activate all
wIf all the cells are not affected by the

the cells.
u a
5. Start the service-based intermodulation test.
H
intermodulation interference, the troubleshooting is completed.
n
----End
it o
8.2.3 Key Points During Troubleshooting
ic a
t i f into the test channel from another channel on the same antenna due
to the antennar isolation problem. This causes intermodulation interference.
 Some of signals leak
C
Therefore,
ewhen calculating intermodulation products on a frequency, you must analyze
&can adjust the TX channel of frequencies to prevent the intermodulation interference
the intermodulation product frequencies between the frequencies on the two channels.
ngbetween frequencies.
 You
i
a in During
r
 the 2-tone-based intermodulation detection, the strength of TX signals must be
i T 43 dBm.
e
 If an RF device, such as the combiner or hybrid coupler is worn-out, the intermodulation
a w suppression degree decreases.
u
 When multiple modes share one antenna, intermodulation interference is generated
H between these modes.
8.3 Crossed Pair

8.3.1 Troubleshooting Procedure
Step 1 Start the crossed pair detection to obtain a list of base stations that have crossed pairs.
Step 2 Ask maintenance engineers to check the antenna system locally.

 Check whether the feeders connected to the antennas match with each other.
 If there are any crossed pairs, adjust the connections between the feeders and antennas.
Step 3 After the adjustment, mark the feeders that are correctly connected.
----End
n
tio
8.4 Locating Faults Segment by Segment
i c a
tif
Locating faults segment by segment is a mature and widely used fault locating method. The
following figure shows how to locate faults segment by segment.
e r
Antenna C
&
ng
Upper 4
jumper
n i
i
3
Tra
i
Low-
e
intermodulaton
Feeder
aw
load
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2
Lower
1
n
io
jumper
a t
ic
RF
module
i f
rt
Ce
&
n g
ni
In the locating faults segment by segment method, cables between the RF module and the
i
antenna are divided into three segments and the four points on the three segments are
a
Tr
connected to a low-intermodulation load to function as a downlink simulated load. You can
determine which point introduces intermodulation interference by observing the RTWP. For
ei
example, disconnect segment 1 and connect this point to the low-intermodulation load. If the
w
RTWP remains unchanged, the RF module functions properly. Disconnect point 2 and connect
u a this point to the low-intermodulation load. If the RTWP increase noticeably, intermodulation
interference is introduced by the lower jumper.
H NOTE
 The upper jumper is the jumper connecting the feeder and the antenna and the lower jumper is the
jumper connecting the RF module and the feeder.
 A low-intermodulation load has high intermodulation performance and can be used to locate the
points that introduce intermodulation interference.
Recommendations
 Huawei Learning Website
 http://learning.huawei.com/en
 Huawei e-Learning
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000001_term1000025144&lang=en it o
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 Huawei Certification if
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http://support.huawei.com/learning/NavigationAction!createNavi?navId=_31
&

&lang=en g
n in
 Find Training
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http://support.huawei.com/learning/NavigationAction!createNavi?navId=_trai
a w
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More Information n
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Hu3.4.1 Starting the Test on the LMT ................................................................................................................................... 20

4 Crossed Pair Detection ............................................................................................................... 24

4.3.1 Detecting on the LMT ............................................................................................................................................. 25

5 2-Tone-based Intermodulation Detection .............................................................................. 32

nongthe LMT ................................................................................................................................ 62

7.1 Principle ...................................................................................................................................................................... 66

8 Troubleshooting Methods ......................................................................................................... 70

About this course

1 Antenna System Maintenance Overviewtion

i ncan be applied to:

Base Station Deployment

T ra of the antenna system to ensure

2 Offline VSWR Testtio

enot be 50 ohms due to any of the

g is calculated by testing the forward power and reverse (reflected) power.

Table 2-1 LTE related RF modules n

VSWR test &

discontinuous and independentn

i ng(F0 +/– N x 2 MHz), N = (0,1,2,3,4…) all frequencies in the bandwidth

2.3.2.2 Terminating the Test on the U2000

2.3.2.3 Starting the Test on the LMT Hu

Hu2.3.3 Multi-Frequency VSWR Test

3 DTF Test of the Antenna VSWRtion

about the reflection points are obtained and displayed inTargraph.

eican accurately determine whether the

e rmapping of products in SRAN 7.0

i T MBTSV100R007C00 and later

Table 3-2 RF modules that support the DTF test

Version Newly Added RF Module That Supports the DTF Test

HuSpike distance of less than 7.5 m when the

n value): Spike distance of less than 13 m when the

3.4.2 Terminating the Test on the LMT

3.5 Analyzing the Result

a t of different test points. The horizontal axis indicates the

ng times to ensure that all the faults are cleared.

4 Crossed Pair Detectiontio

ai than isolation between

4.3.2 Detecting on the U2000

4.4.2 Analyzing the Result

5 2-Tone-based Intermodulation Detectiontion

Figure 5-1 IMP bandwidth broadening

5.1.2 Basic Principles ti o

n g can be determined in the following ways:

T r frequencies of the transmit frequency band allocated by the operator.

Principles about IMPs are as follows:

in Precision: 130+/-4 dB, 140+/-5 dB, 145+/-6 dB, 150+/-8 dB

i T −Duration: Detection on each antenna port takes 95 seconds.

Figure 5-2 Frequency sweep

5.1.5 Intermodulation Detection Algorithm

ic a than the threshold for d-order

H preceding example, the counters of the ninth order

5.4.2 2-Tone Measurement

 Scheduled start: The detection is started at the scheduled time.

5.4.2.1.1 Immediate-Start Detection

5.4.2.2 Terminating Detection on the U2000

5.4.2.3 Starting Detection on the LMT

TX Channel No. channel that transmits test signals ra

5.4.2.4 Terminating Detection on the LMT

The result is displayed in the command output.

Hclick Sweep Intermodulation Counter Detection.