2021 International Conference on Neuromorphic Computing (ICNC), Wuhan, China, October 15-17, 2021
Memristor-based Brain-like Reconfigurable
Neuromorphic System
1st Le Yang∗
School of Electrical and Information Engineering
Wuhan Institute of Technology
Wuhan, 430000 China
leyangmail@163.com
3rd Hongfei Liu 4th Yanyang Xu
Wuhan Donghu University School of Electrical and Information
Wuhan, 430000 China Engineering
2021 International Conference on Neuromorphic Computing (ICNC) | 978-1-6654-1287-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICNC52316.2021.9608461
760100616@qq.com Wuhan Institute of Technology
Wuhan, 430000 China
15549402042@163.com
Abstract—It improves the data processing performance and
efficiency notably that the memristor-based neuromorphic system
is constructed by mimicking the features of brain. This paper
proposes a memristor-based circuit implementation for brain-
like reconfigurable neuromorphic system. This neuromorphic
system contains memristor-based back-propagation neural net-
work, memristor-based long short-term memory network, and
memristor-based associative memory network. The reconfig-
urable circuit components can constitute the circuit hardware
of the three memristor-based networks according to the task
requirements or release the circuit hardware of the three
memristor-based networks based on the forgetting mechanism
along with time of the biology. Hence, this neuromorphic system
has dynamic topology structure, which is similar as the feature
of biological neural networks. A case study of the memristor-
based brain-like reconfigurable neuromorphic system is present-
ed in the paper. In the case study, the memristor-based back-
propagation neural network and the memristor-based long short-
term memory network are applied for the image recognition and
speech recognition, respectively. The recognition results of the
two memristor-based networks are input to the memristor-based
associative memory network to recall the correlated information.
This neuromorphic system has the potential to apply for the
intelligent robot system.
Index Terms—memristor-based neuromorphic system,
memristor-based circuit, associative memory, forgetting process,
back-propagation neural network, long short-term memory
network
I. I NTRODUCTION
The human brain has tens of billions of neurons, and each
neuron connects with other neurons through thousands of
synapses. Depending on learning and forgetting mechanisms,
the human brain can change its topology structure dynamically.
Furthermore, the human brain can quickly and efficiently
The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grant 62176189, 62106181, the Hubei Province Key Laboratory of
Systems Science in Metallurgical Process (Wuhan University of Science and
Technology) under Grant Y202002, the Science Foundation of Wuhan Institute
of Technology K202017.
978-0-7381-2549-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE 292
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on January 23,2024 at 10:44:19 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2nd Zhixia Ding
School of Electrical and Information Engineering
Wuhan Institute of Technology
Wuhan, 430000 China
zxding89@163.com
5th Ting Su
School of Electrical and Information
Engineering
Wuhan Institute of Technology
Wuhan, 430000 China
st2496363237@163.com
complete various fine and complex tasks, and the overall power
consumption is less than 20 watts. Therefore, constructing
the circuit hardware to mimic the human brain has good
development and application prospects [1]–[3]. Associative
memory and forgetting along time are important biological
mechanisms, which have been verified in the biological exper-
iments like Pavlov’s associative memory, aplysia gill reflex, as
well as human brain, etc [4].
The memristor is nonvolatile when there is no voltage on
the memrsitor. On the other hand, the voltage on the memristor
can change the memristance. Moreover, the memristor can be
manufactured to nanoscale. Hence, the memristor is a proper
choice to realize in-memory computing and large-scale parallel
computing [5], [6]. Memristor-based neuromorphic system de-
pending on Ohm’s law and Kirchhoffs’ law can accomplish the
corresponding computations immediately, which improves the
computation speed remarkably. By mimicking the biological
features, the memristor-based brain-like neuromorphic system
is a promising candidate to deal with the tasks like brain [7],
[8].
back-propagation (BP) algorithm is one of the most basic
and commonly used algorithms for the training of multi-
layer neural networks. It is the basis of many artificial neural
network algorithms and deep learning algorithms. The circuit
design of the memristor-based BP neural network lays the
foundation for the construction of the memristor-based deep
neural network. Based on the structure of BP neural network
and the excellent properties of the memristor, some memristor-
based BP neural networks have designed to fulfill the iris
classification, handwritten character recognition, etc [9]–[13].
Long short-term memory (LSTM) network is a commonly
used recurrent neural network. It is widely used in natural lan-
guage processing, machine translation, speech recognition, etc.
Based on the memristor-based cross array, the multiplications
of the matrices in the forward propagation of LSTM network
 are accomplished on the memristor-based circuit hardware,
Memristor-based brain-like reconfigurable neuromorphic system
which greatly improves the data processing speed. [14]–[16].
In [17], the memristor-based associative memory network Memristor-based BP neural network Memristor-based LSTM network
is designed for the first time to simulate Pavlovian associative
memory. In the following researches, the simulated functions Circuit design of forward
propagation process
Circuit design of back
propagation process
Circuit design of
forward propagation
Circuit design of back-
propagation through

of memristor-based associative memory networks are further process time process

expanded, and physical memristors or SPICE simulations are

applied to verify the effectiveness of the corresponding circuit

po se
ts
m ea
Re po
designs. The expanded biological functions include: the food

ne
co

co Rel
Reconfigurable circuit

lea ne
m

se ts
Re net
componets

or re
co wo

tw igu
and bell forgetting processes, the forgetting process along with

nf rk

k
ne onf
ig
Network topology

ur

c
Memristor-based

Re
e
reconfiguration
time, the learning speed becomes faster with the increase circuit
cross array

of learning times, the forgetting speed becomes slower after Forgetting

mechanism

multiple learning, etc [18]–[21].

Reconfigure

componets
network

Release
As far as we know, there is no study to presented the
memristor-based circuit implementation for brain-like recon- Memristor-based associative
figurable neuromorphic system. Based on the associative mem- memory network

ory and the forgetting process, combining the BP neural Associative memory
mechanism

network and LSTM network, the memristor-based brain-like

reconfigurable neuromorphic system is proposed in this pa-
per. The biological neural network also dynamically changes
the network topology according to the learning and forget-
ting. Similarly, this neuromorphic system can dynamically
reconfigure the topology structure. Furthermore, due to the
dynamic feature, this neuromorphic system can constitute the
memristor-based network according to the task requirement
or release the circuit hardware. Hence, this neuromorphic sys-
tem can handle different tasks by reconfiguring the topology
structure. In a case study of the memristor-based brain-like
reconfigurable neuromorphic system, the system is utilized to
recall the corresponding correlated information of image and
voice. Accordingly, this neuromorphic system can be applied
to the intelligent robot system.
The rest of paper is organized as follow. Section II presents
the architecture of the memristor-based brain-like reconfig-
urable neuromorphic system. Section III introduces a case
study of the memristor-based brain-like reconfigurable neu-
romorphic system. Conclusions are drawn in Section IV.
II. T HE A RCHITECTURE OF THE M EMRISTOR -BASED
B RAIN -L IKE R ECONFIGURABLE N EUROMORPHIC S YSTEM
By mimicking the features of biological neural networks,
this paper proposes the memristor-based brain-like recon-
figurable neuromorphic system. This neuromorphic system
can dynamically reconfigure the topology structure, which is
similar as biological neural networks. Furthermore, the system
can reconfigure the corresponding memristor-based network to
accomplish different tasks. Hence, this neuromorphic system is
not constructed for single task but can fulfill various tasks. The
architecture of the memristor-based brain-like reconfigurable
neuromorphic system is shown in Fig. 1.
As shown in Fig. 1, there are memristor-based BP neural
network, memristor-based LSTM network, and memristor-
based associative memory network in the memristor-based
brain-like reconfigurable neuromorphic system. In order to
implement the memristor-based BP neural network, we need
to analyze the computations in the BP neural network first.
Fig. 1. The architecture of the memristor-based brain-like reconfigurable
neuromorphic system.
One iteration of the BP neural network contains the forward
propagation process and the back propagation process. The
forward propagation process can be represented as
Z m+1 = f (W m+1 Z m + b) (1)
where Z m+1 represents the output vector of the m + 1 layer,
W m+1 denotes the synaptic weight matrix of the m + 1 layer,
b represents the bias vector. Z m represents the output vector
of the m layer, which is also the input vector of the m + 1
layer. The computations in the back propagation process are
given by
W m+1 (k + 1) = W m+1 (k) − αsm+1 (Z m+1 )T (2)
r m+1
(k + 1) = r m+1
(k) − βs m+1
(3)
sM = β(d − Z M ) (4)
sm = Ḟ m W m+1 (k)T sm+1 (5)
where sM is the sensitivity vector of the last layer, Z M is
the output vector of the BP neural network, sm+1 is the
sensitivity vector of m + 1 layer, Ḟ m is the derivative of
the activation function of m layer. As analyzed above, we
can see both the forward propagation process and the back
propagation process contain the multiplications related to the
synaptic weight matrix.
The memristor-based crossbar array is a proper choice to
accomplish the multiplications related to the synaptic weight
matrix on the memristive circuit hardware. The schematic
diagram of the memristor-based crossbar array which consists
of four MOS transistors and one memristor is shown in
Fig. 2. Relying on Ohm’s law and Kirchhoffs’ laws, the
memristor-based crossbar array can obtain the corresponding
output immediately when the input signals are input. The
memristor-based crossbar array can be utilized to represent

293
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 KW KW KW

h 
WDQK

$ h h $
· · WDQK ·

;W ;W ;W

Fig. 3. The structure diagram of LSTM network with time series expansion.

hidden state of the last moment, xt represents the current

⊙ data
vector. U is the sigmoid function or tanh function, is the
Hardamard product.
In the BPTT process of the LSTM network, the errors back
propagate in two directions. On the one hand, the errors back
propagate along the layers of LSTM network. On the other
hand, the errors back propagate along time series. The error
Fig. 2. The schematic diagram of the memristor-based crossbar array. back propagations along time series only operate in the current
layer. Accordingly, the input or output values in other layers do
not affect the calculations of the error back propagations along
the synaptic weight matrix in the neural network. Hence, if
time series in the current layer. The loss function of LSTM
the memristor-based crossbar array is applied to accomplish
network is defined as L. Then, the error back propagation
the multiplication of the synaptic weight matrix, the computing
values along time series at time t − 1 are calculated by
speed can be accelerated remarkably.
As shown in Fig. 2, if the input voltage signals are applied ∂L
δt = (9)
to the row lines, the current on the column lines will represent ∂ht
the output product of the multiplications of the synaptic weight ∂L ⊙ ⊙ ⊙
matrix. This situation is presented as the blue arrows in the = δ To,t = δ Tt tanh(C t ) ot (1 − ot ) (10)
∂sot
figure. Then, the computation of the synaptic weight matrix
is fulfilled immediately. On the other hand, when the input
∂L ⊙ ⊙ ⊙
signals are applied to the column lines, the current on the = δ Tf,t = δ Tt ot (1 − tanh(C t )2 ) C t−1
row lines will denote the output product of the multiplications ∂sf t
⊙ ⊙
of transposed matrix of the synaptic weights. This process is ft (1 − f t ) (11)
shown as the red arrows in the figures. Then, the computation
of the transposed matrix of the synaptic weights is accom- ⊙ ⊙ ⊙
∂L ft
plished immediately. Accordingly, we can use the similar = δ Ti,t = δ Tt ot (1 − tanh(C t )2 ) C
∂sit
methods to fulfill the computations in the forward process and ⊙ ⊙
back propagation process on the memristive circuit hardware. it (1 − it ) (12)
Similarly, in order to construct the memristor-based long
short-term memory (LSTM) network, the structure of the ⊙ ⊙ ⊙
∂L ft
LSTM is analyzed first. The structure diagram of LSTM = δ TC,t T
f = δt ot (1 − tanh(C t )2 ) C
network with time series expansion is shown in Fig. 3. One gt
∂ sC
⊙ ⊙ 2
iteration of the LSTM network contains forward propagation it (1 − C ft ) (13)
process and back-propagation through time (BPTT) process.
According to the presentation of Fig. 3, the computations in
the forward propagation process are presented as ∂L
δ t−1 = = W Thf δ f,t + W Thi δ i,t + W Thc
f δ cf
,t
∂ht−1
K t = U (SK) = U (W hK ht−1 +W xK xt +bK ), K = f, i, C, e o T
+ W ho δ o,t
(14)
⊙ (6)
Ct = f t ft
C t−1 + it C (7) Furthermore, the error back propagation values along time
⊙ series at time r can be obtained
ht = ot tanh(C t ) (8)
∏
t−1

where W hf , W xf , W hi , W xi , W hC f , W ho , W xo ,
f , W xC
δ r = (W Thf δ f,j + W Thi δ i,j + W Thc
f δ c,j
T
f + W ho δ o,j )
and bf , bi , bCe , bo represent the corresponding synaptic weight j=r

matrices and the bias vectors, respectively. ht−1 denotes the (15)

294
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 Then, the gradient values of the W hf , W hi , W hC f , W ho ,
W hy , bf , bi , bCe , and bo can be represented as
∂L ∑ t
= e o
δ K,j hTj−1 , K = f, i, C,
∂W hK j−1
∂L ∑ t
= e o
δ K,j , K = f, i, C,
∂bK
j−1
On the other hand, the errors back propagate along the
layers of the LSTM network. If the current layer is defined
as p layer, the previous layer is p − 1 layer. The error back
propagation values of p − 1 layer are expressed as
∂L ⊙ ′
= p − 1 = p − 1T · p dp−1 (18)
p−1 δ k,t W xK δ k,t
st
∂sK t
′
where dp−1
st is the derivative vector of the activation function
of p − 1 layer. Moreover, we can get the gradient values of
the W xf , W xi , W xC
f , W xo
∂L e o
= δ K,t X Tt , K = f, i, C,
∂W xK
Then, based on the calculated gradient values, the synaptic
weight matrices and bias vectors can be updated in one
iteration.
As analyzed above, in the forward process and the BPTT
process of LSTM network, there are several multiplications
of the synaptic weight matrices and the transposed matrices
of the synaptic weights. Hence, using the similar method
shown in Fig. 2, it accelerates the computing speed notably
to accomplish these computations on the memristive circuit
hardware.
As shown in Fig. 1, the reconfigurable circuit components
are utilized to reconfigure the topology of the memristor-
based brain-like reconfigurable neuromorphic system. When
one task is proper to be solved by the BP neural network,
the network topology reconfiguration circuit configures the
structure of the memristor-based crossbar array to constitute
the memristor-based BP neural network. Then, the task can be
realized according to the corresponding training. At the same
time, based on the forgetting feature of biology, the memristor-
based BP neural network suffers a forgetting process after the
training. In the forgetting process, the memristor-based BP
neural network still can handle the task. Once the forgetting
process finishes, the circuit hardware of the memristor-based
BP neural network is released to be the shared reconfigurable
circuit elements under the control of the network topology
reconfiguration circuit.
Similarly, the memristor-based LSTM network can also
realize the reconfigurable function according to the control
of the reconfigurable circuit components.
The memristor-based associative memory network depends
on the associative memory mechanism to correlate the corre-
sponding stimuli. In the memristor-based associative memory
network, there are two stimuli: unconditional stimulus (US)
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and conditional stimulus (CS). When US and CS are applied to
the memristor-based associative memory network at the same
time to accomplish the associative learning, the correlation
(16) forms between US and CS. Then, the single presentation of CS
will activate the memristor-based associative memory network
after the associative learning. Moreover, the memristor-based
associative memory network suffers the forgetting process
(17)
along time. Namely, although there is no input stimulus,
the memristor-based associative memory network also enters
a forgetting process after the associative learning, and the
synaptic weights of CS fades along with time.
III. A C ASE S TUDY OF THE M EMRISTOR -BASED
B RAIN -L IKE R ECONFIGURABLE N EUROMORPHIC S YSTEM
A case study of the memristor-based brain-like reconfig-
urable neuromorphic system is shown in Fig. 4. This system
can be applied for the intelligent robot system, realizing
human-machine interaction.
In this case study, the memristor-based BP neural network
is utilized to deal with the image recognition task. The
preprocessed images are input to the trained memristor-based
(19) BP neural network for the recognition. The reconfigurable
circuit components and the forgetting process control circuit
manage the reconfiguration of the system.
Based on the characteristic of the LSTM network, the
speech recognition is achieved on the memristor-based LSTM
network. Firstly, Mel cepstrum coefficient is used to extract
the features of speech signals. Next, the extracted features
are input into memristor-based LSTM network to obtain
the corresponding phoneme sequence. Then, based on the
phoneme sequence, the final recognition result is obtained by
using language model and decoding technology.
For memristor-based recall network, ‘recognizing the image
of the fruit’s name’ or ‘hearing the voice of the fruit’s name’
are conditional stimuli, and the parameter information such
as fruit’s shape, color, texture, etc are unconditional stimuli.
In the initial stage of the memristor-based recall network,
‘recognizing the image of the fruit’s name’ or ‘hearing the
voice of the fruit’s name’ cannot recall any parameter in-
formation of the fruit. After the conditioned reflex between
conditional and unconditional stimuli is established through
associative learning, the memristor-based recall network can
recall the shape, color, texture, etc parameter information when
‘recognizing the image of the fruit’s name’ or ‘hearing the
voice of the fruit’s name’.
At the same time, the established conditioned reflex will be
gradually forgotten along with time. Accordingly, the synaptic
weights of the conditional stimuli decrease along with time.
If the image or voice of fruit’s name is recognized, the
memristor-based network will reinforce the conditioned reflex
again after outputting the parameter information of the fruit.
If one fruit is not recognized all the time, the corresponding
synaptic weights of the conditional stimuli decrease to the
critical value. Then, under the control of the reconfigurable
circuit components and the forgetting process control circuit,
the circuit hardware of the memristor-based recall network is
295

Image recognition
Memristor-based BP
neural network
preprocessing
Image
Speech recognition
Memristor-based
Language model
Speech feature
LSTM network
extraction
technology
decoding
Fig. 4. A case study of the memristor-based brain-like reconfigurable
neuromorphic system.
released. Moreover, when a new recall function is needed,
the corresponding memristor-based recall network can be
reconfigured.
The system in this case study is expected to be used in
the intelligent robot system. When a person write or speech
the fruit’s name, the system outputs the correlated parameter
information of the fruit. Hence, the system in this case study
can realize the human-machine interaction to improve the
service experience.
IV. C ONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes a memristor-based brain-like recon-
figurable neuromorphic system. First, the architecture of the
system is presented. There are three memristor-based neural
networks in the system: memristor-based BP neural network,
memristor-based LSTM network, and the memristor-based
associative memory network. Then, the computations in the
BP neural network and LSTM network are analyzed for the
circuit implementation on the memristor-based crossbar array.
Based on the associative memory and forgetting features of the
biology, this system realizes the reconfigurable function. Then,
a case study of the memristor-based brain-like reconfigurable
neuromorphic system is presented. In the case study, the
recognition results of the image of the fruit’s name or voice
of the fruit’s name are input to the memristor-based recall
network, outputting the correlated parameter information. This
case study has a potential to be used in intelligent robot
system.
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