

- Comprises various interconnected

layers found in the surface of the
earth –
a. Atmosphere (air and gases)
b. Hydrosphere (water)
c. Lithosphere (soil, rocks, minerals)
d. Biosphere (anything that has life).

- Other scientists and experts include

e. Cryosphere
(corresponding to ice) as a distinct
portion of the hydrosphere
f. Pedosphere
(corresponding to soil) as an active
and intermixed sphere.
- The lithosphere contains the
elements of the Earth crust and
part of the upper mantle. This is
the hard and rigid outer layer of
the Earth.
- There are high mountain ranges,
huge plains or flat areas, and deep
valleys along the ocean floor.
- The term is taken from the Greek
word lithos meaning “rocky”.
This part of the Earth includes
soil.
- All of the water on Earth is known
collectively as the Earth’s
hydrosphere. This is water found in
the air, the soil, in glaciers, the
oceans, rivers, lakes, and streams of
the world.
- Water on Earth is constantly
moving. It even moves in and out of
the living things.
- Water is found in all three states on
Earth which are:
a. Gas
b. Liquid
c. Solid
- The Earth’s atmosphere is the
gaseous layer that envelopes the
world. The commons term for the
atmosphere is “air”.

- The Earth’s atmosphere is held

around the planet by the force of
gravity.

- The Earth’s atmosphere has five

main layers and a sixth layer, the
ionosphere, that overlaps the
mesosphere, thermosphere, and
exosphere.
(The Densest Layer in the Atmosphere)

- This layer mostly contains a mixture of

mostly nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%),
and argon (0.9%).
- In addition, trace gases (carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone)
account for another tenth of a percent.

- Water vapor, dust particles, pollutants,

and pollen also can be found in mixed
into the atmosphere at this level.

- The higher the altitude, the thinner the

atmosphere is.
(Home to the Earth’s Ozone Layer)

- This layer is the layer that

contains the Earth’s ozone layer.
- Unlike the troposphere, the
stratosphere has no turbulence.
- Unlike the air in the troposphere,
the air in the stratosphere gets
warmer higher up in this layer.
 (Highest Layer that has Mixed Gases)

- This layer in the Earth’s

atmosphere is the highest layer in
which the gases are still mixed up
rather than layered The
mesosphere is the layer where
meteors entering the Earth’s
atmosphere break up.

- There are enough gases in the

mesosphere to create friction
which causes the meteors to burn
up. We can see those at night as
shooting stars.
 (Thin Atmosphere)
- The atmosphere in the
thermosphere is very thin.
- Temperatures can reach up to
4,500 Fahrenheit due to high-
energy X-rays and UV radiation
from the Sun.
- There aren’t enough gas molecules
to transfer this heat.

- Many Earth orbiting satellites and

the International Space Station are
found in this layer.
(Highest Layer in the Atmosphere)

-Exosphere: The uppermost

layer of the Earth’s
atmosphere is the exosphere.

-The atmosphere is
extremely thin in the
exosphere with gases like
hydrogen and helium.
(A layer of electrically charged particles)

- The ionosphere is an active

part of the Earth’s atmosphere
that overlaps the mesosphere,
thermosphere, and exosphere.

- Like its name, the ionosphere

is the ionized part of the
Earth’s atmosphere and is
found between 48 km (30 mi)
to 965 km (600 mi) altitude.
- The biosphere covers all living
organisms on Earth.

- There is an estimated 20 million to

100 millions different species in the
world organized into the 100 phyla
that make up the five kingdoms of
life forms.

- These organisms can be found in

almost all parts of the geosphere.
There are organisms in the air, soil,
and water on Earth.
Earth Divided into Two Major
Systems:
These two systems include all the
organic and inorganic matter of
the world.
Every living and non-living thing
on Earth falls under one of these
two main spheres which are the
Earth’s geosphere and biosphere.
As with the four system
organization, the biosphere
represents all of the Earth’s living
organisms.
The geosphere is the collective
name for the earth’s atmosphere,
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and
cryosphere.