Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC), Greek philosopher who gives the first THERMODYNAMICS ded Pisces WEEE BBB 20 oF the wore “energy PROF RAMON GERSIN aiid tatsse wala of logic permeates classi thermodynamics; TOPICS Finally, though she did not use the word “energy,” the notion of “Thormadynamic processes what is now known as By Perredinamies Heat engines HE Kinetic oneray being Specific heat capacity Refrigerators and heat pumps related to the square of teat, internal energy ‘Second law of thermodynamics velocity was first ere) Reversible and irreversible advanced by du “First law of processes Chratelet thermodynamics ears INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics has a long history: unfortunatoly, it was not seed with the crispness of davelopment that mechanics realized ‘with Newton. In fact, ie growth filed with false stops erors, and debate that continues to this day. Truesdell and Muller summarize the development in their idiosyncratic histories. Some of the milestones o ts development are given here: SOME SEMANTICS ae es ecard be Nb r,t ot [scans Herricu vant Hof 901, { Sonennes vn or al (1910), We introduce here classical thermodynamics. The word “thermo- dynamic,” used first by 3 Hektarctg Ones 0 ‘Thomson (later Lord 3 Water erat (820) Kelvin), has Greek origin, and is translated as the ‘combination of + 0’epun, therme: heat, and + B'uvayuc, dynamis: power. 3 hbertstin (920) 2 Erin se eager (1938), 23 Exrco Fem (158), 3 Prey deagman 13), 2 hn Gun 880, 2 Lire Orson 08) 23 hye riogine (1977 ana 1 Kenneth on (983)‘famous early stoam ‘ocomative was the English engineer Robert ‘Stephenson's (1803-1859) “Rocket” || SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ‘Some more modern devices, listed here, are relevant to thermodynamics: + simple steam power plant, fuel cells, + vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, + air separation plant, + the gas turbine, and + the chemical rocket engine. some arty wnysto convert thormal ‘snergy into mechanical energy ‘Additionally, one might consider the following topics to have thermodynamic relevance: + gasoline and Diesel engines, + the weather, t { er | 4 | French-born inventor Denis Papin (1847-1712) and his steam digester conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR), or ‘+ materials processing (metals, polymers, etc.) Scottish engineer James Watt (1736-1819) and Sketch of one of ‘Watt's steam engines: THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM AND CONTROL VOLUME We take the following definition ‘Thermedynamic system:a ‘quantity of fixed mass under lA investigation, _ CL) renee ee ook) Se Se = } Se nce ies reamerseet Z Pisses Mangere ale veers See eae oo‘TYPES OF SYSTEM deed rosa stn — tyne wel bang pemessl to We define + Phase: a quantity of matter that is, homogeneous throughout, and + Phase Boundaries: interfaces between different phases. [BB (82% conition described by observable macroscopic properties, and + Property: quantity that only depends on the state of the system and is independent of the history of the system. PROPERTIES AND STATE OF A SUBSTANCE ‘Thore ae two important classes of propertas we consider in thermodynamics + Extonsive Property: property that opened on the mass (r the extent) of es the systom, example extensive BEB repertes inci mass ttt vote, | {otal energy, and “Intensive Property: property that Is Independent of the mass of the system, ‘Example intensive properties include temperature and pressure - Properties are defined for ‘systems that are in + Equilibrium: state in which no ‘spontaneous changes are ‘observed with respect to time. ¥ Mechanical equilibrium: characterized by equal pressure, and ¥ Thermal equilibrium: characterized by equal temperature. ie dein PROCESSES AND CYCLES aaa Sera eric eee tropes othe osm hea changed ace cect gs oe ce ee eae WN. orice conan ioe 'An important notion in thermodynamics FUNDAMENTAL VARIABLES AND UNITS We will mainly use the Syst’eme International (SI) units in this course. Occasionally, we will use the English Engineering system of units, As found in US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) documents, the important fundamental base SI units, and corresponding English units are LeNatH: meter (the length ofthe path travelled bylightin vacuum during atime interval of 11299792458 of a second, and “Toot Time: BB eg crsten ete periods of the radiation corresponding to {he transition between the we hyperfine levels ofthe ground state ofthe cesium 188 atom, and ~ second! (6) English time units are identical to those of SIass: = talogeam (k): until May 2019 was Gefined as amass equal to the mass of the international prototype of kilogram (a platinum-iidium bar stored nari) BBB Tete etarure: an equtorium property that roughly measures how hot orcold an objects. “kelvin: (K) until recently, the fraction 41273.46 of the thermodynamic temperature ofthe triple point of water SECONDARY VARIABLES AND UNITS Many units can be derived from the base Uta, Some important unit for Force: Tsun dened tom Newton's condi m Newton: (0, 121-22 Enea oughly sponge abit do tena rm re proc oree Uhta=404m Soca Yume vem erat mas Density: the mass por unit volume, the Inverse of specific volume p= mV Pressure: the lim.gFIA where As the cross-sectional area and Fis the ‘component of force acing normal to that umn thermodynamics appears ina diferent context we say the state of a system isan equilrivm state if the ‘macroscopic variables tat characterise the systom donot change {ume isin a state of thermodynamic equilbrium, THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM (2) Systoms A and B (two gases) ‘Separated by an adiabatic wall an Insulating wall that does not allow flow of heat. () The samo systoms A and 8 ‘separated by a clathermie wall a ‘Conducting wall hat allows heat to flow {rom one to another In this case, ‘hormal equilorium is attained in dve ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS tomperature without reference to entropy, ‘which fs defined in the second law. The law \Was established by Ralph H. Fowler in the 1930s, long ater the fist, second, and third 5 laws were widely recognized ‘The zeroth law states that two thermodynamic ‘systems are in th ‘equilibrium with each other, and ‘separately in thermal equilrium with systom, then the three systems are ‘thermal equilbrium with each other. ae SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITYSpecific heat refers to the ratio of the quantity of heat that we require to raise the temperature of a body by one degree that we need to increase the temperature of an equivalent mass of liquid by one degree. Also, we use the term in a narrower sense to mean the amount of heat, in calories that we require to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree. Stic WY, eee aba 4. 45g aluminum spoon (specific hest 0.88 Jig °C) at 24 Cis placed in 180 mL (180 g) of coffe at 85 °C and the temperature ofthe two Become equal. ~7'Wat is the final temperature when the two become ‘equal? Assume that coffee has the same specific heat i water, The fist time a student solved this problem she got an answer of 88 °C. Explain why this is clearly an incorrect 2. Find the final temperature when 10.0 grams of ‘aluminum at 130.0 °C mixes with 200.0 grams of water at 25°C. Assume no water is lost as water vapor Heat eneray = (mass ofthe objector substance) x (specifi heat) x (Change in temperature) {3.55.0 mL. of ethanol (d= 0.789 gimt) at 8.0 °C is mixed ‘with 55.0 mL of water at 282°C. Assuming no heat I ost, ‘what isthe final temperature ofthe mixture? "4. How many miliitres of water at 23°C witha density of 4100 gimL rmust be mixed with 180 mL (about 6 02) of Coffee at 95 °C so thatthe resulting combination will have 4 temperature of 60 °C? Assume that coffee and water have the same density and the same specific heat (4.108 wig"c) SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM & ZEROTH LAW APPLICATIONS 4. 100.0 mL of 4.0°C water is heated until its temperature is 37°C. If the specific heat of water is 4.18 Jig*C, calculate the amount of heat energy needed to cause this rise in temperature.? 2. Atotal of 54.0 joules of heat are absorbed as. 58.3 g of lead is heated from 12.0°C to 42.0°C. From these data, what is the specific heat of lead? 41, What is the specific heat of a substance that absorbs 2500 joules of heat when a sample of 100 9 ‘of the substance increases In tomperature from 10, “ctor0c? 2. 1200 grams of water is to be heated from 24.0°C to 400.0°C to make a cup of tea, how much heat must be added? The speciic eat of waters 4.18 Jg-c 8, How many grams of water would require 200 joules ‘of heat to raise ts temperature from 34°C to 100°C? ‘The specific eat of water is 4181gC. 4. A’blosk of aluminum weighing 140 g is cooled from '98.4°C to 62.2°C with the release of 1080 joules of heat. From this data, calculate the specific heat of ‘lumina. at 25°C was mixed with 100g of water at 90°C. neat capacity of water if 4.184J/g°C, What is the erature? 0 gof 0.200 M NaCi(ag) at 24.1 °C is added to 100.0 JAgNO3(ag) at 24.1°G in acalorimeter, the yreincreases to 25.2°C as AgCI(s) forms. Assuming specific heat ofthe solution and products is 4.20 Jig"C, Calculate the approximate amount of heat in Joules produced, 8, 100g of iron metal (0.45 Jig'C) al 500°C was added to 200g of water (4:184Jig°C) at 12°C held by metal pot with heat ‘capacity of 150470)