Extreme weather events, such as flooding and extreme heat, have significant impacts on

urban settlements. These events pose threats to urban health, particularly in low- and
middle-income countries. Poor building conditions, unstable power supply, poor sanitation
and hygiene, and the built environment reduce access to healthcare for residents of poor
urban areas [1]. Climate change also affects urban areas, leading to sea level rise,
desertification, drought, and increased health risks. Settlement patterns change due to the
negative impacts of climate change on rural livelihoods, leading to large population
[2]
movements and potential conflicts .

Risk management and resilience building are essential to mitigate the effects of climate
change on human settlements. Resilient approaches, such as improving infrastructure,
boosting the local economy, and increasing public knowledge of disaster risks, are
[3]
necessary to prevent damage and recover from disasters . Refugee settlements, often
located in isolated areas, are exposed to extreme weather conditions, which pose threats to
[4]
well-being and increased marginalization . Creating green and blue spaces in urban areas
can mitigate the effects of climate change, providing a more comfortable living environment
and reducing heat stress and flooding

Summary of the Article "Climate change and health vulnerability in informal urban
settlements in the Ethiopian Rift Valley"

 The study conducted household surveys and focus groups in two informal urban
communities in Shashemene, Ethiopia to identify locally relevant hazards and health
risks associated with climate change.
 The two communities, despite being close in proximity, differ in key characteristics
that may affect climate change vulnerability and require nuanced approaches to
adaptation.
 The study found that climate change is likely to intensify existing problems
associated with poverty in these communities. [1]
 The age and sex structure of the two communities is shown in Figure 4, and key
sociodemographic characteristics are shown in Table 1.
 The study employed a mixed methods approach, using questionnaires and focus
groups to identify climate-sensitive health conditions and related vulnerabilities.
 The underlying characteristics of a population, such as poverty, health, and
governance, determine its vulnerability to climate change.
 Climate change will intensify existing health problems in these communities, where
extreme poverty and poor access to clean water and sanitation already render them
vulnerable to food insecurity and infectious diseases
  Community-based activities targeting local needs, such as water, sanitation, food
security, and income generation, are important strategies for minimizing the adverse
impacts of climate change in vulnerable communitie

Review of the Article "Climate change and health in urban informal settlements in
low- and middle-income countries - a scoping review of health impacts and
adaptation strategies"

 The scoping review aimed to identify, characterize, and summarize research evidence
on the impact of climate change on human health in informal settlements and the
available adaptation methods and interventions .
 Out of 1197 studies initially identified, 15 articles were retained, including nine
original research articles and six reviews, commentaries, and editorials .
 The articles focused on exposures such as flooding, temperature changes, and
perceptions of climate change, with health outcomes broadly categorized as mental
health, communicable diseases, and non-communicable diseases .
 Geographically, six studies focused on Asia, four on Africa, one on South America,
and four had no geographical focus .
 Only one article investigated an adaptation method for heat exposure, while several
other adaptation methods were proposed but not investigated by the articles in this
review .
 The review highlights a paucity of original research and solid study designs,
emphasizing the need for further studies to improve understanding, identify effective
adaptation methods, and inform policy making [1].

Article Review: Urban Heat Island Effect of Addis Ababa City: Implications of Urban
Green Spaces for Climate Change Adaptation

 The study examines the influence of land use and land cover (LULC) change on urban
climate in Addis Ababa from 1986 to 2011, using thermal infrared data from Landsat
TM satellite .
 The research finds that the expansion of built-up areas in Addis Ababa has led to an
increase in land surface temperature (LST) from 302 K (28.88 °C) to 304 K (30.88 °C) .
 The urban-rural temperature differences in Addis Ababa show a maximum difference
of 15 K, indicating an intensified urban heat island effect in the urban areas .
 The study highlights the importance of vegetation in reducing the urban heat island
effect, as indicated by the relationship between LST and Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) .
 The development of urban green spaces is identified as a promising climate change
adaptation response to minimize the impact of elevated temperatures on human
health and comfort in Addis Ababa [1].
Overall, the article provides valuable insights into the urban heat island effect in Addis
Ababa and emphasizes the significance of urban green spaces for climate change
adaptation.

Review of the Journal Article "Socio-economic Impacts of Flooding in Dire Dawa,

Ethiopia"

 The journal article titled "Socio-economic Impacts of Flooding in Dire Dawa,

Ethiopia" by Alemu Yonas Tadesse and Jayawardena focuses on the flooding events
in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia and their impacts on the socio-economic sectors of the city .
 The study utilizes various methods such as trend analysis, the soil conservation
service curve number method (SCS-CN), inundation analysis, and the Economic
Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) methodology to analyze
flood causative factors and assess the impacts .
 The analysis reveals that high rainfall intensity, coupled with severe forest
degradation, has contributed to increased flood damage in Dire Dawa .
 The worst socio-economic damages were experienced in residential areas and
business centers, leading to significant economic consequences for the city .
 The absence of an early warning system and land-use policy has further exacerbated
the impact of the flooding disaster [1].
 The ECLAC methodology, which quantifies the social, economic, and environmental
impacts of disasters, was employed in this study [2].

Overall, the journal article provides valuable insights into the socio-economic impacts of
flooding in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, and highlights the importance of implementing measures
such as early warning systems and land-use policies to mitigate the effects of future
flooding events.

Review of the journal article "Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa,
Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?"

 The article examines the increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia,
and investigates whether it is due to changes in rainfall intensity or human impact.
 International Organisations studies suggest no evidence of a climate-driven change
in flood magnitude/frequency, but an increase in runoff and flood risk in East Africa
is expected.
 The study analyzes rainfall intensity trends across Ethiopia and finds that the increase
in rainfall intensity is larger than the increase in runoff generated by land use change,
indicating that rainfall intensity is likely the more important factor in controlling the
increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa.[1]
  Land management practices, including crop and conservation practices
abandonment, have contributed to higher overland flow volumes, further
exacerbating the occurrence of floods in Ethiopia.
 The article highlights the socio-economic disruption caused by flooding in recent
years in Ethiopia.[2]

Overall, the article provides insights into the factors contributing to the increased frequency
of flash floods in Dire Dawa, emphasizing the role of rainfall intensity and land use change.