Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

The Riemann problem for pressureless compressible fluid system with time-
and space-dependent external force
Yicheng Pang a ,∗, Yongsong Wen a , Changjin Xu b
a Department of Applied Mathematics, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550025, China
b
Guizhou Key Laboratory of Economics System Simulation, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550025, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: We concern with Riemann problem for an one-dimensional pressureless compressible fluid system with time-
Compressible fluids and space-dependent external force. Under the concept of 𝛼-solution to this model, we obtain the 𝛼-solutions
Riemann problem to the Riemann problem and the criteria of appearance of each 𝛼-solution. It is observed that the expressions
𝛼-solution
of these 𝛼-solutions do not depend on 𝛼. Besides, the vacuum solution arises although the initial values do
Delta wave
not involve vacuum. Furthermore, the delta wave solution emerges for certain initial values, in which internal
Vacuum state
energy variable and density variable contain the Dirac measure. Finally, our technique can be applied to study
the other singular solutions to systems of conservation laws with a source term.

Introduction corresponding Riemann problem was solved with different techniques,

The pressureless compressible fluid model in one space dimension
is
⎧ 𝜌𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢)𝑥 = 0,
⎪ When 𝑓 = 0 in model (1), it has been received numerous attentions.
⎨ (𝜌𝑢)𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢2 )𝑥 = 𝑓 𝜌,
⎪ 2
2
⎩(𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝜌𝑒)𝑡 + ((𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝜌𝑒)𝑢)𝑥 = 𝑓 𝜌𝑢,
where 𝜌 is the density, 𝑢 labels the velocity, 𝑒 is the internal energy
per unit mass and 𝑓 denotes the external force (electromagnetic forces,
Coriolis or gravity). The model (1) is an one-dimensional compressible
fluid system with a constant pressure [1,2]. It can be used to describe
the motion of dusty gases with an external force [3], or the motion of
two-phase flows of a gas-particle mixture under an external force [4].
A model consisting of the first and second equations of (1) has been
studied extensively. In particular, for the case 𝑓 = 0, this model is called
the zero-pressure gas dynamics or the adhesion particle dynamics, and
the measure solution to the corresponding Riemann problem was firstly
given by Bouchut [5]. The global weak solution to this model was
constructed explicitly by E, Sinai and Rykov [6]. Sheng and Zhang [7]
employed viscous vanishing method to obtained the exact solutions to
the corresponding Riemann problem. For the case 𝑓 = 𝛽0 with constant
𝛽0 ≠ 0, the associated Riemann problem was solved by Shen [8], and
the effect of 𝛽0 on solutions was also shown. For the case 𝑓 = 𝑥,
Ding and Huang [9] obtained uniquely the weak solution in virtue of
Oleinik-type entropy condition. For the case 𝑓 = 𝐶0 (𝐷0 −𝑢), here 𝐶0 and
𝐷0 are constants, this model is named as Eulerian droplet model. The
and the effect of parameters on the solutions was presented [10,11].
Recently, for the case 𝑓 = 𝑠0 𝑥−𝑙0 𝑢 with constants 𝑠0 and 𝑙0 , an effective
method was given to deal with the corresponding Riemann problem by
Cheng and Yang [12].
(1)
Kraiko [3] studied initially the solutions for this system with arbitrary
initial data, and introduced a type of discontinuity called delta wave
now in the solutions. Nedeljkov [13] given the shadow wave solutions
to the corresponding Riemann problem. In contrast to [3,13], Nilsson
Rozanova and Shelkovich [14,15] replaced the 𝜌𝑒 by internal energy
𝐸 ≥ 0, and considered the following model
⎧ 𝜌𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢)𝑥 = 0,
⎪
⎨ (𝜌𝑢)𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢2 )𝑥 = 0, (2)
⎪ 2 2
⎩(𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝐸)𝑡 + ((𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝐸)𝑢)𝑥 = 0.
They analyzed the mass, energy and momentum transport processes
between the region outside of the one-dimensional delta wave front
and this front in detail. Cheng [16] constructed Riemann solutions to
Eqs. (2), where the 𝜌 and 𝐸 contain simultaneously Dirac measure.
Sen and Sekhar [17] obtained delta wave solutions to the Riemann
problem for Eqs. (2) in the framework of 𝛼-solution. The solutions to
Eqs. (2) with delta initial data were also analyzed by Wang [18]. The
readers are referred to [19–21] for others investigations on the multi-
dimensional case of system (2). However, the Riemann problem for
model (1) with 𝑓 ≠ 0 are scarcely referred in the literature.

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ypanggy@outlook.com (Y. Pang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107115
Received 12 February 2023; Received in revised form 7 October 2023; Accepted 24 October 2023
Available online 27 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
Y. Pang et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115

Recently, Pang et al. [22] applied the variable substitution method (b) As 𝜌0 > 0, 𝐸0 > 0, the smooth solution is
to devote the Riemann problem for the following system
⎧ 𝜌 =2𝜌0 √ 1 √ ,
⎧ 𝜌𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢)𝑥 = 0, ⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
⎪ ⎪ 1
⎨ (𝜌𝑢)𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢2 )𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡)𝜌, (3) ⎨ 𝐸 =2𝐸 0 −√𝑘 𝑡 √𝑘 𝑡 ,
1 +𝑒 1
𝑒
⎪ 2 2 ⎪ (√ √ √
𝑘2 )
⎩(𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝐸)𝑡 + ((𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝐸)𝑢)𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡)𝜌𝑢, ⎪ 𝑢 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 +
𝑘2
𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢0 +
𝑘
) − 𝑘2 .
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1
and the vacuum solution as well as delta shock wave solution are
obtained, in which 𝑔(𝑡) ≠ 0 is a given continuous function. Many (7)
researchers adopt this method to discuss the Riemann solutions to
systems of conservation laws with a source term, such as [8,11,23–25]. Proof. From (4) and along characteristic direction
Motivated by the work [9], we here consider the solutions to d𝑥
= 𝑢, (8)
d𝑡
Riemann problem for the following model
we have
⎧ 𝜌𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢)𝑥 = 0, { d𝜌
⎪ = −𝜌𝑢𝑥 ,
⎨ (𝜌𝑢)𝑡 + (𝜌𝑢2 )𝑥 = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌, (4) d𝑡
(9)
⎪ 2 2
d𝐸
= −𝐸𝑢𝑥 .
⎩(𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝐸)𝑡 + ((𝜌𝑢 ∕2 + 𝐸)𝑢)𝑥 = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌𝑢, d𝑡

with initial data Since 𝜌(0) = 𝜌(0, 𝑥) = 𝜌0 , 𝐸(0) = 𝐸(0, 𝑥) = 𝐸0 , we integrate the last two
{ equations to get
(𝜌− , 𝑢− , 𝐸− ), 𝑥 < 0,
(𝜌, 𝑢, 𝐸)(0, 𝑥) = (5) 𝑡 𝑡
(𝜌+ , 𝑢+ , 𝐸+ ), 𝑥 > 0, 𝜌 = 𝜌0 𝑒− ∫0 𝑢𝑥 (𝑡,𝑥)d𝑡 , 𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑒− ∫0 𝑢𝑥 (𝑡,𝑥)d𝑡 . (10)

where 𝑘1 > 0, 𝑘2 , 𝜌𝑖 ≥ 0, 𝑢𝑖 , 𝐸𝑖 ≥ 0, 𝑖 = −, +, are constants obeying As 𝜌0 = 0, 𝐸0 = 0, it shows from (10) that 𝜌 = 0 and 𝐸 = 0. Therefore,
(𝜌− , 𝑢− , 𝐸− ) ≠ (𝜌+ , 𝑢+ , 𝐸+ ). We stress that the above methods are invalid the smooth solution in this case is
to solve this problem.
𝜌 = 0, 𝐸 = 0, 𝑢 = ℎ(𝑡, 𝑥), (11)
The Sarrico’s theory of multiplication of distributions is conve-
nient to devote singular solutions of nonlinear partial differential equa- where ℎ(𝑡, 𝑥) is an arbitrary smooth function with ℎ(0, 𝑥) = 𝑢0 . We arrive
tions [26]. In this theory, the product of two distributions is a dis- at the result (6).
tribution which relies upon a given smooth function 𝛼, and such an As 𝜌0 > 0, 𝐸0 > 0, one has from (10) that 𝜌 > 0 and 𝐸 > 0.
𝛼 encodes the indeterminacy inherent to the product [27]. Based on Thus, along the characteristic direction (8), it deduces from the second
this theory, Sarrico [28] exhibited the delta shock wave solution to equation of (4) that
Riemann problem for generalized pressureless gas dynamics. Shen [29]
d𝑢
used this theory and derived successfully the Riemann solutions to d𝑡
= 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡. (12)
one-dimensional Eulerian droplet model. Pang et al. [30] considered
Notice that 𝑥(0) = 𝑥0 , 𝑢(0) = 𝑢(0, 𝑥0 ) = 𝑢0 , we solve (8) and (12) to get
the Riemann problem for a degenerate model, and both 𝛿 ′ wave so- √ √ √ √
𝑥0 − 𝑘1 𝑡 1 𝑘2 𝑘
lutions and delta wave solutions were presented. Besides, the systems 𝑥= (𝑒 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
)+ √ (𝑢 + )(−𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 ) − 𝑘2 𝑡, (13)
2 2 𝑘1 0 𝑘1 1
𝑥 √
of conservation laws with initial values containing Dirac measure were √ √ √ √
1 𝑘2 𝑘2
solved [31,32], where the 𝛿 ′ wave solutions were obtained. Also, the 𝑢 = 20 𝑘1 (−𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
)+ (𝑢
2 0
+ 𝑘1
)(𝑒 − 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
) − 𝑘1
. (14)
interaction of delta waves in the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation was
With these facts, we solve (9) with 𝜌(0) = 𝜌(0, 𝑥0 ) = 𝜌0 , 𝐸(0) = 𝐸(0, 𝑥0 ) =
solved by Paiva [33]. It is noticed that this theory is scarcely applied
𝐸0 to derive
to devote the Riemann problem for systems of conservation laws with
a source term. We here want to solve Riemann problem (4) and (5) 1 1
𝜌 = 2𝜌0 √ √ , 𝐸 = 2𝐸0 √ √ . (15)
𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
within this theory framework.
This article contains five sections. Section ‘‘Preliminaries’’ presents Thus, the smooth solution in this case is
the smooth solutions to model (4) with constant initial values. In
⎧ 𝜌 =2𝜌0 √ 1 √ ,
Section ‘‘The concept of 𝛼-solution to system (4)’’, we sketch the ⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
Sarrico’s theory of multiplication of distributions briefly, and define the ⎪ 1
⎨ 𝐸 =2𝐸 0 −√𝑘 𝑡 √𝑘 𝑡 ,
𝛼-solution of system (4). In Section ‘‘The 𝛼-solutions to the Riemann 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1
⎪ (√ 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2 ) 𝑘
problem (4) and (5)’’, we discuss the 𝛼-solutions to the Riemann ⎪ 𝑢 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢0 + ) − 𝑘2 .
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1
problem (4) and (5). Section ‘‘Conclusions’’ gives a conclusion.
(16)
Preliminaries
The proof is complete. □

The model (4) has a triple eigenvalue 𝜆(𝜌, 𝑢, 𝐸) = 𝑢 with associated

The concept of 𝜶-solution to system (4)
right eigenvector 𝑅 = (1, 0, 0). A simple calculation yields ∇𝜆 ⋅ 𝑅 = 0,
which implies that the (4) is linearly degenerate system. We consider
In this section, the Sarrico’s theory of multiplication of distributions
the solutions to model (4) with constant initial values.
is sketched briefly, and the concept of 𝛼-solution to system (4) will be
given to understand the present work.
Lemma 1. The system (4) with initial values 𝑢(0, 𝑥) = 𝑢0 , 𝜌(0, 𝑥) = 𝜌0 ≥
0, 𝐸(0, 𝑥) = 𝐸0 ≥ 0, admits a global smooth solution given below, where
𝜌0 , 𝑢0 , 𝐸0 are constants. The multiplication of distributions

(a) As 𝜌0 = 0, 𝐸0 = 0, the smooth solution is
𝜌 = 0, 𝐸 = 0, 𝑢 = ℎ(𝑡, 𝑥), (6)
where ℎ(𝑡, 𝑥) with ℎ(0, 𝑥) = 𝑢0 is an arbitrary smooth function. This
smooth solution is called the vacuum state.
We summarize the Sarrico’s theory of multiplication of distribu-
tions briefly [26,27,34]. Let  be the space of infinitely differentiable
functions on R = (−∞, +∞) with compact support, and ′ be the
space of Schwartz distributions. Any given function 𝛼 ∈  satisfying
+∞
∫−∞ 𝛼(𝑥)d𝑥 = 1 affords an multiplication of distributions 𝑆𝛼̇ 𝑇 ∈ ′ ,

2
Y. Pang et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115

here 𝑆 ∈ ′ and 𝑇 ∈ ′ . Generally, both commutative law and asso- The 𝜶-solutions to the Riemann problem (4) and (5)
ciative law are invalid to this multiplication of distributions. However,
it satisfies Leibniz formula The 𝛼-solutions for the case 𝑢− ≥ 𝑢+

𝐷(𝑆𝛼̇ 𝑇 ) = (𝐷𝑆)𝛼̇ 𝑇 + 𝑆𝛼̇ (𝐷𝑇 ), (17) In this subsection, we seek the 𝛼-solution of the form
and translation formula ⎧ 𝜌(𝑡)
̃ =𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿,
⎪
𝜏𝑎 (𝑆𝛼̇ 𝑇 ) = (𝜏𝑎 𝑆)𝛼̇ (𝜏𝑎 𝑇 ), (18) ⎨ 𝑢(𝑡)
̃ =𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻, (24)
⎪̃
⎩𝐸(𝑡) =𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝐸2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒2 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿,
where, 𝐷 and 𝜏𝑎 denote respectively the derivative operator and the
translation operator. We next present some important formulas about to initial value problem (22) and (23) for case 𝑢− ≥ 𝑢+ in space
the multiplication of distributions. 𝑆 ⊂  (R+ )× (R+ )× (R+ ), where 𝜌1 , 𝜌2 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 ∶ R+ ×R → R are
The first multiplication of distributions is expressed by the formula, smooth functions, and 𝛾, 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 ∶ R+ → R are smooth functions. Since
𝜌 and 𝐸 in system (4) denote the density and the internal energy, 𝜌 ≥ 0
𝑆𝛼̇ 𝑇 = 𝑆𝛽 + (𝑆 ∗ 𝛼)𝑓 , (19) and 𝐸 ≥ 0 are required from the physical point of view, which imply
that
for 𝑆 ∈ ′𝑝 and 𝑇 = 𝛽 + 𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 𝑝 ⊕ ′𝜇 . Here 𝑝 ∈ {0, 1, 2, … , ∞}, ′𝜇
represents the space of distributions with support possessing Lebesgue 𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) ≥ 0, 𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥) ≥ 0, 𝑒1 (𝑡) ≥ 0, (25)
measure zero, ′𝑝 stands for the space of distributions of order ≤ 𝑝, the 𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥) ≥ 0, 𝐸2 (𝑡, 𝑥) ≥ 0, 𝑒2 (𝑡) ≥ 0. (26)
(𝑆 ∗ 𝛼)𝑓 is the product of a 𝐶 ∞ function with a distribution, and the
𝑆𝛽 is the product of a distribution with a 𝐶 𝑝 function. We have the following theorem.
The second multiplication of distributions is computed by the for-
mula, Theorem 3. Let 𝑢− ≥ 𝑢+ . Given 𝛼, the initial value problem (22) and
(23) admits an 𝛼-solution in the space 𝑆 given below.
𝑆𝛼̇ 𝑇 = 𝑆𝑤 + (𝑆 ∗ 𝛼)𝑓 , (20)
(a) As 𝜌− = 0, 𝐸− = 0, 𝜌+ = 0, 𝐸+ = 0, the 𝛼-solution is
where 𝑆 ∈ ′−1 , 𝑇 = 𝑤 + 𝑓 ∈ 𝐿1𝑙𝑜𝑐
⊕ ′𝜇 , 𝑆𝑤 is the pointwise product, {
̃ =0, 𝐸(𝑡)
𝜌(𝑡) ̃ = 0,
and ′−1 denotes the space of distributions 𝑆 ∈ ′ with 𝐷𝑆 ∈ ′0 . (27)
We describe the third multiplication of distributions formula as, ̃ =ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻,
𝑢(𝑡)

𝑆𝛼̇ 𝑇 = 𝐷(𝐹𝛼̇ 𝑇 ) − 𝐹𝛼̇ (𝐷𝑇 ), (21) where 𝛾(𝑡) with 𝛾(0) = 0 is an arbitrary smooth function, and ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥)
with ℎ1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢− and ℎ2 (𝑡, 𝑥) obeying ℎ2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢+ are arbitrary
here 𝑇 , 𝐷𝑇 ∈ 𝐿1𝑙𝑜𝑐 ⊕ ′𝑐 , 𝑆 ∈ ′0 ∩ ′𝜇 , 𝐹 ∈ ′−1 satisfies 𝐷𝐹 = 𝑆, and smooth functions.
′𝑐 ⊂ ′𝜇 represents the space of distributions having at most countable (b) As 𝜌− = 0, 𝐸− = 0, 𝜌+ > 0, 𝐸+ > 0, the 𝛼-solution is,
support. This formula does not depend on the choice of 𝐹 . {
̃ = 𝐸2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻,
̃ =𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻, 𝐸(𝑡)
𝜌(𝑡)
(28)
̃ =ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻,
𝑢(𝑡)
The concept of 𝛼-solutions to system (4)
where ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥) with ℎ1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢− is an arbitrary smooth function,
This subsection defines 𝛼-solutions to model (4). Let  (R+ ) be the and
√ √
space consisting of maps 𝑢̃ ∶ R+ → ′ , where, R+ = [0, +∞), and 𝑢̃ 𝛾(𝑡) = 1
√ (𝑢 +
𝑘2
)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑘1 𝑡
)−
𝑘2
𝑡.
is continuously differentiable. The 𝑢(𝑡)(𝑥)
̃ means the distribution 𝑢(𝑡)
̃ 2 𝑘1 + 𝑘1 𝑘1

acting on functions 𝜉(𝑥) ∈ . Also, denote by 𝛴(R+ ) the space of (c) As 𝜌− > 0, 𝐸− > 0, 𝜌+ = 0, 𝐸+ = 0, the 𝛼-solution is
functions 𝑢 ∶ R+ × R → R, in which 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥) ∈ 𝐿1𝑙𝑜𝑐 (R) for each 𝑡, and
the map 𝑢̃ ∶ R+ → ′ given by 𝑢(𝑡)(𝑥)
̃ = 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥) ∈  (R+ ). Then we can ⎧ 𝜌(𝑡)
̃ =𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻),
⎪̃
regard any function in 𝛴 as a certain map in  by the injection 𝑢 → 𝑢̃ ⎨𝐸(𝑡) =𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻), (29)
from 𝛴 into  . Thus system (4) can be rewritten as ⎪
⎩ 𝑢(𝑡)
̃ =𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻,
⎧ d𝜌(𝑡)
̃ where ℎ2 (𝑡, 𝑥) with ℎ2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢+ is an arbitrary smooth function,
⎪ d𝑡 + 𝐷(𝜌(𝑡) ̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ = 0,
⎪ d(𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃
and
⎪ d𝑡
+ 𝐷(( 𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌(𝑡),
̃
1 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2
⎨ d((𝜌(𝑡) (22) 𝛾(𝑡) = √ (𝑢 + )(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡.
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2+
̃ ̃
𝐸(𝑡)) 2 𝑘1 − 𝑘1 𝑘1
⎪
d𝑡
⎪
⎪ + 𝐷(((𝜌(𝑡) ̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2
̃ ̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
+ 𝐸(𝑡)) ̃ = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡),
̃ (d) As 𝜌− > 0, 𝐸− > 0, 𝜌+ > 0, 𝐸+ > 0, 𝑢− = 𝑢+ , the 𝛼-solution is
⎩
⎧ 𝜌(𝑡)
and the initial conditions (5) are described as ⎪ ̃ =𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻,
⎪𝐸(𝑡)
̃ =𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝐸2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻,
⎧ 𝜌(0)
̃ =𝜌− + (𝜌+ − 𝜌− )𝐻, ⎪
⎪ ⎨ 𝑢(𝑡) (√ 𝑘
√ √
(30)
⎨ 𝑢(0)
̃ =𝑢− + (𝑢+ − 𝑢− )𝐻, (23) ̃ = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 )
⎪ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 1
⎪̃ ⎪ ) 𝑘
⎩𝐸(0) =𝐸− + (𝐸+ − 𝐸− )𝐻, ⎪
𝑘
+ 2(𝑢− + 𝑘2 ) − 𝑘2 ,
⎩ 1 1
in which 𝐻 is the Heaviside function centered at the origin.
where
√ √
Definition 1. Given 𝛼, the triple (𝜌, ̃ 𝑢, ̃ ∈  (R+ ) ×  (R+ ) ×  (R+ ) is
̃ 𝐸) 1 𝑘2 𝑘2
𝛾(𝑡) = √ (𝑢 + )(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡.
2 𝑘1 − 𝑘1 𝑘1
called an 𝛼-solution of model (22) on R+ if and only if the multiplica-
tions of distributions in model (22) are well defined and the (22) holds (e) As 𝜌− > 0, 𝐸− > 0, 𝜌+ > 0, 𝐸+ > 0, 𝑢− > 𝑢+ , the 𝛼-solution is
for all 𝑡 ∈ R+ .
⎧ 𝜌(𝑡)
̃ =𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿,
⎪̃
Definition 2. Given 𝛼, any 𝛼-solution of model (22) is called an ⎨𝐸(𝑡) =𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝐸2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒2 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿, (31)
𝛼-solution of model (4). ⎪
⎩ 𝑢(𝑡)
̃ =𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻,

3
Y. Pang et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115

0 1 √
for 𝛼 with ∫−∞ 𝛼(𝑥)d𝑥 = √ √ 𝜌− , where =((𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)𝛼̇ (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)
𝜌− + 𝜌+

( √𝜌− 𝑢− +√𝜌+ 𝑢+ 𝑘2 )
√ √
𝑘2
+ 𝐺1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿𝛼̇ (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)
𝛾(𝑡) = √1 √ √ + (𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡,
2 𝑘1 𝜌− + 𝜌+ 𝑘1 𝑘1 =(𝜌1 𝑢21 )(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 𝑢22 − 𝜌1 𝑢21 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝐺2 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿, (42)
√ √
1 2 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑒1 (𝑡) = √ √
2 𝑘1 𝑡
𝜌− 𝜌+ (𝑢− − 𝑢+ )(𝑒 − 1), here 𝐺2 (𝑡) = 𝐺1 (𝑡)(𝑝𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) + 𝑞𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))). This leads to
𝑘1 (1+𝑒 )
( √ ) 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢21 ) (𝜌2 𝑢22 −𝜌1 𝑢21 )
𝜌 𝜌 4𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 2
𝑒2 (𝑡) = √ √− + √ (𝑢 − 𝑢+ )3 1 − √ − √ 𝐷((𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ = (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
3 𝑘1 ( 𝜌 − + 𝜌 + ) 2 − (1+𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 )3 (1+𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 )2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
√ √ ( )
+
𝑢 −𝑢
√ √− +√ ( 𝜌− 𝐸+ + 𝜌+ 𝐸− ) 1 − 2
√ . + (𝜌2 𝑢22 2
− 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝐺2 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿. (43)
𝑘1 ( 𝜌− + 𝜌+ ) 1+𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡
Considering (40) and (43), the second equation of (22) becomes
In 𝛼-solutions (28)–(31), 𝜌𝑖 , 𝑢𝑖 , 𝐸𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1, 2, are shown as follows,
𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢2 ) (𝜌 𝑢 −𝜌 𝑢 ) (𝜌2 𝑢22 −𝜌1 𝑢21 )
(𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑥 1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + ( 2 2𝜕𝑡 1 1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
⎧ 𝜌1 =2𝜌− √ 1 √ , 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 d𝐺 (𝑡)
+ ( d𝑡1 + (𝜌2 𝑢22 − 𝜌1 𝑢21 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿
⎪ 1
⎨𝐸1 =2𝐸− 𝑒−√𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒√𝑘1 𝑡 , + (𝐺2 (𝑡) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)𝐺1 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿
⎪ (√ 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2 ) 𝑘
⎪ 𝑢1 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢− + ) − 𝑘2 , =(𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)(𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿). (44)
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1

(32) Subsequently, by (24) and (42), we have

d((𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2+
̃ ̃
𝐸(𝑡))
⎧ 𝜌2 =2𝜌+ √ 1 √ , d𝑡
⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2+𝐸1 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢22 ∕2+𝐸2 −𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2−𝐸1 )
⎪ 1 = 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
𝐸
⎨ 2 =2𝐸 + −√𝑘 𝑡 √𝑘 𝑡 ,
⎪
𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢22 ∕2 + 𝐸2 − 𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2 − 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿
(√ 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2 ) 𝑘
⎪ 𝑢2 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢+ + ) − 𝑘2 . d(𝐺2 (𝑡)∕2+𝑒2 (𝑡))
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1 + d𝑡
𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿 − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)(𝐺2 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿. (45)
(33) A simple calculation yields that

̃ ∈ 𝑆 be an 𝛼-solution of problem (22) and (23). It ((𝜌(𝑡)

̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2
̃ ̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)
+ 𝐸(𝑡)) ̃
Proof. Let (𝜌,
̃ 𝑢,
̃ 𝐸)
follows from (23) that, =((𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2 + 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 𝑢22 ∕2 + 𝐸2 − 𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2 − 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)𝛼̇ (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥)
𝜌1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝜌− , 𝑢1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢− , 𝐸1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝐸− , 𝑥 < 0, (34) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)

𝜌2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝜌+ , 𝑢2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢+ , 𝐸2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝐸+ , 𝑥 > 0, (35) + (𝐺2 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿𝛼̇ (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)
=(𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2 + 𝑢2 𝐸2 − 𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2 − 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
𝛾(0) = 0, 𝑒1 (0) = 0, 𝑒2 (0) = 0. (36)
+ (𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2 + 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝐺3 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿, (46)
We differentiate the first equality of (24) with respect to 𝑡 to obtain
d𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝜕𝜌1 𝜕(𝜌 −𝜌 ) d𝑒1 (𝑡) where 𝐺3 (𝑡) = (𝐺2 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒2 (𝑡))(𝑝𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) + 𝑞𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))). So, one can
= (𝑡, 𝑥) + 2𝜕𝑡 1 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + d𝑡 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿
d𝑡 𝜕𝑡 deduce
′ ′
− 𝛾 (𝑡)(𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿 − 𝛾 (𝑡)𝑒1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿. (37) ̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
𝐷(((𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2
̃ + 𝐸(𝑡)) ̃
Besides, we use (17), (20) and (21) to get 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2+𝑢1 𝐸1 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2+𝑢2 𝐸2 −𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2−𝑢1 𝐸1 )
= 𝜕𝑥
(𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑥
(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
𝜌(𝑡) ̃ =(𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)𝛼̇ (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)
+ (𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2 + 𝑢2 𝐸2 − 𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2 − 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝐺3 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿. (47)
+ (𝑒1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿)𝛼̇ (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)
Together (45) with (47), it shows from the third equation of (22) that
=(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2+𝐸1 ) (𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2+𝑢2 𝐸2 −𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2−𝑢1 𝐸1 )
+ 𝑒1 (𝑡)((𝐷(𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻))𝛼̇ (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻)) (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
=(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝐺1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿, (38) 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2+𝑢1 𝐸1 ) (𝜌2 𝑢22 ∕2+𝐸2 −𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2−𝐸1 )
+ 𝜕𝑥
(𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻
then ( d(𝐺2 (𝑡)∕2+𝑒2 (𝑡)) 3 3
+ d𝑡
+ (𝜌 𝑢
2 2 ∕2 + 𝑢 𝐸
2 2 − 𝜌 𝑢
1 1 ∕2 − 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))
𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) 𝜕(𝜌 𝑢 −𝜌 𝑢 ) )
𝐷(𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ = 𝜕𝑥
(𝑡, 𝑥) + 2 2𝜕𝑥 1 1 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 ′ 2 2
− 𝛾 (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 ∕2 + 𝐸2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 ∕2 − 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿
+ (𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝐺1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, (39) + (𝐺3 (𝑡) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)(𝐺2 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒2 (𝑡)))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿

and =(𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)((𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝐺1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿). (48)
d(𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝜕(𝜌 𝑢 −𝜌 𝑢 ) d𝐺 (𝑡)
d𝑡
= 2 2𝜕𝑡 1 1 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 + ( d𝑡1 − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿 By restriction of equalities (41), (44) and (48) on the region 𝑈1 =
𝜕(𝜌 𝑢 ) {(𝑡, 𝑥)|𝑥 < 𝛾(𝑡), 𝑡 ≥ 0}, we have
+ 𝜕𝑡1 1 (𝑡, 𝑥) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)𝐺1 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, (40)
⎧ 𝜕𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) (𝑡, 𝑥) = 0,
where 𝐺1 (𝑡) = 𝑒1 (𝑡)(𝑝𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) + 𝑞𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))) with 𝑝 = ∫−∞ 𝛼(𝑥)d𝑥 and
0 ⎪ 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
⎪ 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢21 )
𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝. Substituting (37) and (39) into the first equation of (22) ⎨ 𝜕𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥), (49)
𝜕𝑥
yields ⎪ 𝜕(𝜌 𝑢2 ∕2+𝐸 ) 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2+𝑢1 𝐸1 )
( 𝜕(𝜌2 −𝜌1 ) ) ⎪ 1 1 1
(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥).
𝜕𝜌 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 )
0 = 𝜕𝑡1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥) +
𝜕(𝜌 𝑢 −𝜌 𝑢 )
(𝑡, 𝑥) + 2 2𝜕𝑥 1 1 (𝑡, 𝑥) 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐻 ⎩ 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑡
( d𝑒1 (𝑡) ) By Lemma 1, as 𝜌− = 0 and 𝐸− = 0, the smooth solution to initial value
+ + (𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿
d𝑡 problem (49) and (34) is
+ (𝐺1 (𝑡) − 𝑒1 (𝑡)𝛾 ′ (𝑡))𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿. (41)
𝜌1 = 0, 𝐸1 = 0, 𝑢1 = ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥), ∀ (𝑡, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑈1 , (50)
Similarly, with the help of (38), we can obtain
here ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝑥) satisfying ℎ1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢− is an arbitrary smooth function.
(𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)
̃ While, as 𝜌− > 0 and 𝐸− > 0, the smooth solution to initial value

4
Y. Pang et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115

problem (49) and (34) on the domain 𝑈1 is be the characteristic curve (13) with 𝑥0 = 0 and 𝑢0 = 𝑢− . We have 𝛾(𝑡) =
𝑥⋆
1
(𝑡) by the existence of both 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) and ℎ2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)). Combination this
⎧ 𝜌1 =2𝜌− √ 1 √ , fact with (36), we can calculate from (55) and (59) that 𝑒1 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑒2 (𝑡) =
⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
⎪ 1 0. We obtain the result (29).
𝐸
⎨ 1 =2𝐸 − −√𝑘 𝑡 √𝑘 𝑡 ,
𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 Case (d) 𝜌− > 0, 𝐸− > 0, 𝜌+ > 0, 𝐸+ > 0 and 𝑢− = 𝑢+ . For this case,
⎪ (√ 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2 ) 𝑘
⎪ 𝑢1 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢− + ) − 𝑘2 . the 𝜌1 , 𝜌2 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 are shown in (51) and (54). In virtue of 𝑢− = 𝑢+ ,
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1
we further obtain
(51) (√ 𝑘
√ √
𝑘 ) 𝑘
̃ = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡
𝑢(𝑡) 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 ) + 2(𝑢− + 𝑘2 ) − 𝑘2 . (61)
𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 1 1 1
Similarly, we restrict the equalities (41), (44) and (48) on the region
𝑈2 = {(𝑡, 𝑥)|𝑥 > 𝛾(𝑡), 𝑡 ≥ 0} to get By 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) = 𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) and 𝑒1 (0) = 0, one can get from (55) and (56)
that
⎧ 𝜕𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢2 ) (𝑡, 𝑥) = 0,
⎪ 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑒1 (𝑡) = 0, (𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))(𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)) = 0, ∀ 𝑡 ≥ 0. (62)
⎪ 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢2 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢22 )
⎨ 𝜕𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥), (52)
⎪ 𝜕(𝜌 𝑢2 ∕2+𝐸 ) Combining this fact with 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) = 𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) and 𝑒2 (0) = 0, a simple
𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2+𝑢2 𝐸2 )
⎪ 2 2 2
(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝑥). calculation from (59) and (60) shows that
⎩ 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

By virtue of Lemma 1, when 𝜌+ = 0 and 𝐸+ = 0, the smooth solution 𝑒2 (𝑡) = 0, (𝐸2 − 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡))(𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)) = 0, ∀ 𝑡 ≥ 0. (63)
to initial value problem (52) and (35) is Since (𝜌− , 𝑢− , 𝐸− ) ≠ (𝜌+ , 𝑢+ , 𝐸+ ), the combination of (62) and (63) leads
𝜌2 = 0, 𝐸2 = 0, 𝑢2 = ℎ2 (𝑡, 𝑥), ∀ (𝑡, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑈2 , (53) to 𝛾 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)). Solving this equation with 𝛾(0) = 0 leads to
√ √
1 𝑘2 𝑘2
where ℎ2 (𝑡, 𝑥) is an arbitrary smooth function with ℎ2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢+ . While, 𝛾(𝑡) = √ (𝑢 + )(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡. (64)
2 𝑘1 − 𝑘1 𝑘1
when 𝜌+ > 0 and 𝐸+ > 0, the smooth solution to initial value problem
We prove the result (30).
(52) and (35) on the region 𝑈2 is
Case (e) 𝜌− > 0, 𝐸− > 0, 𝜌+ > 0, 𝐸+ > 0 and 𝑢− > 𝑢+ . In this
⎧ 𝜌2 =2𝜌+ √ 1 √ , case, the 𝜌1 , 𝜌2 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 are shown in (51) and (54). The 𝑢− > 𝑢+
⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 ensures existence of 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) and 𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)). If 𝑒1 (𝑡) = 0, ∀ 𝑡 > 0, then by
⎪ 1
𝐸
⎨ 2 =2𝐸 + −√𝑘 𝑡 √𝑘 𝑡 , virtue of 𝜌− > 0, 𝜌+ > 0, 𝑢− > 𝑢+ , it concludes from (55) and (57) that
𝑒 1 +𝑒 1
⎪ (√ 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2 ) 𝑘 𝛾 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) = 𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)), which means that 𝑢− = 𝑢+ . This is contrary
⎪ 𝑢2 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢+ + ) − 𝑘2 .
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1 with 𝑢− > 𝑢+ . Hence, it holds by (25) that 𝑒1 (𝑡) > 0, ∀ 𝑡 > 0.
Since 𝑒1 (𝑡) > 0, ∀ 𝑡 > 0, we have from (56) that 𝛾 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑝𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) +
(54)
𝑞𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)). We solve this equation with 𝛾(0) = 0 to obtain
Moreover, by considering the coefficients of 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝛿 and 𝜏𝛾(𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, we have √ √
1 𝑘2 𝑘2
𝛾(𝑡) = √ (𝑝𝑢− + 𝑞𝑢+ + 𝑘1
)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑘1
𝑡. (65)
d𝑒1 (𝑡) 2 𝑘1
′
d𝑡
+ (𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝛾 (𝑡)(𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) = 0, (55)
Substituting this fact into (55), it gives that
𝐺1 (𝑡) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)𝑒1 (𝑡) = 0, (56) √
1
d𝐺1 (𝑡) 𝑒1 (𝑡) = √ √ (𝜌+ 𝑢+ − 𝜌− 𝑢− − (𝜌+ − 𝜌− )(𝑝𝑢− + 𝑞𝑢+ ))(1 − 𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 ). (66)
d𝑡
+ (𝜌2 𝑢22 − 𝜌1 𝑢21 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) 𝑘1 (1+𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 )

− 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝑒1 (𝑡)(𝑘1 𝛾(𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑡) = 0, (57) Inserting (65) and (66) into (57) leads to
′
𝐺2 (𝑡) − 𝛾 (𝑡)𝐺1 (𝑡) = 0, (58) (𝜌+ − 𝜌− )(𝑝𝑢− + 𝑞𝑢+ )2 + 𝜌+ 𝑢2+ − 𝜌− 𝑢2− − 2(𝜌+ 𝑢+ − 𝜌− 𝑢− )(𝑝𝑢− + 𝑞𝑢+ ) = 0. (67)
d(𝐺2 (𝑡)∕2+𝑒2 (𝑡))
d𝑡
+ ( 12 𝜌2 𝑢32 + 𝑢2 𝐸2 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − ( 12 𝜌1 𝑢31 + 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) As 𝜌− = 𝜌+ , it deduces from (67) that
− 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)( 12 𝜌2 𝑢22 + 𝐸2 − 12 𝜌1 𝑢21 − 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝐺1 (𝑡)(𝑘1 𝛾(𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑡) = 0,
𝑝 = 1∕2. (68)
(59)
As 𝜌− ≠ 𝜌+ , we have from (67) that either
𝐺3 (𝑡) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡)( 12 𝐺2 (𝑡) + 𝑒2 (𝑡)) = 0. (60) √
𝑝 = √𝜌 +1 √𝜌 𝜌− , (69)
The (58) is obviously true provided that the (56) holds for each 𝑡 ≥ 0. − +

We discuss the following cases. or

Case (a) 𝜌− = 0, 𝐸− = 0, 𝜌+ = 0 and 𝐸+ = 0. In this case, the 1 √
𝑝= √ √ 𝜌− . (70)
𝜌1 , 𝜌2 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 are given by (50) and (53). Inserting these facts into 𝜌− − 𝜌+
(55) and (59) and using (36), one can obtain that 𝑒1 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑒2 (𝑡) = 0, and In virtue of 𝑢− > 𝑢+ , one can see by (25) that the (69) is an admissible
that the 𝛾(𝑡) with 𝛾(0) = 0 is an arbitrary smooth function. We obtain solution.
the result (27). We substitute (69) into (65) and (66) and then get
Case (b) 𝜌− = 0, 𝐸− = 0, 𝜌+ > 0 and 𝐸+ > 0. For this case, the
⎧ 𝛾(𝑡) = √1 ( √ 1 √ (√𝜌 𝑢 + √𝜌 𝑢 ) + 𝑘2 )(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 ) −
√ √
𝜌1 , 𝜌2 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 are shown in (50) and (54). Denote by 𝑘2
𝑡,
− − + +
√ √ ⎪ 2 𝑘1 𝜌− + 𝜌+ 𝑘1 𝑘1
1 𝑘2 − 𝑘1 𝑡 𝑘2
⎨ √ √
𝑥⋆ (𝑡) = √ (𝑢 + )(−𝑒 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡 1
2 2 𝑘1 + 𝑘1 𝑘1 ⎪𝑒1 (𝑡) = √ √ 𝜌− 𝜌+ (𝑢− − 𝑢+ )(𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 − 1).
⎩ 𝑘1 (1+𝑒 2 𝑘1 𝑡
)
the characteristic curve (13) with 𝑥0 = 0 and 𝑢0 = 𝑢+ . The existence of
both ℎ1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) and 𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) implies that 𝛾(𝑡) = 𝑥⋆ (𝑡). Together this fact (71)
2
with (36), we derive from (55) and (59) that 𝑒1 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑒2 (𝑡) = 0. The Inserting (69) and (71) into (59), we obtain that
result (28) is proved. ( √ )
𝜌 𝜌 4 2
Case (c) 𝜌− > 0, 𝐸− > 0, 𝜌+ = 0 and 𝐸+ = 0. In this case, the 𝑒2 (𝑡) = √ √− + √ 2 (𝑢− − 𝑢+ )3 1 − √ 𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 − √
3 𝑘1 ( 𝜌− + 𝜌+ ) (1+𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 )3 (1+𝑒2 𝑘1 𝑡 )2
𝜌1 , 𝜌2 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 are presented in (51) and (53). Similar to Case (b), √ √ ( )
let + √ √ 1 √ (𝑢− − 𝑢+ )( 𝜌− 𝐸+ + 𝜌+ 𝐸− ) 1 − 2
√
2 𝑘 𝑡
. (72)
𝑘1 ( 𝜌 − + 𝜌 + ) 1+𝑒 1
√ √
1 𝑘2 𝑘2
𝑥⋆ (𝑡) = √ (𝑢 + )(−𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡 The (31) is obtained. The proof is complete. □
1 2 𝑘1 − 𝑘1 𝑘1

5
Y. Pang et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115

To give some remarks, we present the following definition based

on the definition of delta wave solution to system of conservation
⎧ 𝜌1 =2𝜌− √ 1 √ ,
laws [35,36]. ⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
⎪ 1
⎨𝐸1 =2𝐸− 𝑒−√𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒√𝑘1 𝑡 ,
Definition 4. Under the stability condition ⎪ (√ √ √
𝑘2 𝑘2 ) 𝑘
⎪ 𝑢1 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢− + ) − 𝑘2 ,
′
𝜆(𝜌2 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸2 ) ≤ 𝛾 (𝑡) ≤ 𝜆(𝜌1 , 𝑢1 , 𝐸1 ), (73) ⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1

(78)
if not all of 𝑒1 (𝑡) and 𝑒2 (𝑡) in (24) are equal to zero, then the 𝛼-solution
(24) of model (4) is named as the delta wave solution of model (4).
⎧ 𝜌2 =2𝜌+ √ 1 √ ,
⎪ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
Remark 5. In Case (a), the 𝛼-solution (27) is actually a big vacuum ⎪ 1
𝐸
⎨ 2 =2𝐸 + −√𝑘 𝑡 √𝑘 𝑡 ,
solution. 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1
⎪ (√ 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2 ) 𝑘
⎪ 𝑢2 = −√𝑘 𝑡1 √𝑘 𝑡 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
) + 2(𝑢+ + ) − 𝑘2 ,
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 𝑘1 𝑘1 1
Remark 6. In Cases (b) and (c), the 𝛼-solutions (28)–(29) respectively
consist of a vacuum state and a non-constant state, and these two (79)
states are separated by a characteristic curve through the point (0, 0)
and ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝑥) is an arbitrary smooth function.
in (𝑡, 𝑥)-plan.
Proof. Let (𝜌,
̃ 𝑢, ̃ ∈ 𝑊 be an 𝛼-solution of problem (22) and (23).
̃ 𝐸)
Remark 7. In Case (d), the 𝑥 = 𝛾(𝑡) is a characteristic curve The (23) implies that
for both sides in (𝑡, 𝑥)-plan. Hence, the 𝛼-solution (30) is the contact
discontinuity solution of system (4). 𝛾1 (0) = 0, 𝛾2 (0) = 0, (80)
𝑒11 (0) = 0, 𝑒12 (0) = 0, (81)
Remark 8. In Case (e), it holds that
𝑒21 (0) = 0, 𝑒22 (0) = 0, (82)
2(𝑢 −𝑢 ) 1 √
𝜆(𝜌1 , 𝑢1 , 𝐸1 ) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) − 𝛾 ′ (𝑡) = √ − √+ √ √ 𝜌+ > 0,
𝜌− + 𝜌+ 𝑒 𝑘1 +𝑒− 𝑘1 𝜌1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝜌− , 𝑢1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢− , 𝐸1 (0, 𝑥) = 𝐸− , (83)
2(𝑢− −𝑢+ ) 1 √
𝛾 ′ (𝑡) − 𝜆(𝜌2 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸2 ) = 𝛾 ′ (𝑡) − 𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾(𝑡)) = √ √ √ √
𝜌− + 𝜌+ 𝑒 𝑘1 +𝑒− 𝑘1
𝜌− > 0, 𝜌2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝜌+ , 𝑢2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝑢+ , 𝐸2 (0, 𝑥) = 𝐸+ . (84)

which satisfy stability condition (73). By Definition 4, the 𝛼-solution Differentiating the first equality of (74) with respect to 𝑡 yields
(31) is the delta wave solution of system (4), in which variables 𝜌 and d𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝜕𝜌1 𝜕𝜌2
d𝑡
= 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝛾1′ (𝑡)𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻
𝐸 contain simultaneously the Dirac measure.
d𝑒11 (𝑡) d𝑒12 (𝑡)
− 𝛾2′ (𝑡)𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 + d𝑡
𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + d𝑡
𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿
The 𝛼-solutions for the case 𝑢− < 𝑢+
− 𝛾1′ (𝑡)𝑒11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿 − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)𝑒12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿. (85)
+∞
In this subsection, we consider initial value problem (22) and (23) Let 𝐴 = 𝐴(𝑥) = ∫0 𝛼(𝑥 − 𝑠)d𝑠. One has by (17), (20) and (21) that
for case 𝑢− < 𝑢+ , 𝜌− > 0, 𝜌+ > 0, 𝐸− > 0 and 𝐸+ > 0. In virtue of 𝜌(𝑡) ̃ =(𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)𝛼̇
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑢− < 𝑢+ , we can see by Lemma 1 that the points in domain 𝐷𝑚 =
{(𝑡, 𝑥)|𝑥⋆ (𝑡) < 𝑥 < 𝑥⋆ (𝑡), 𝑡 > 0} do not lie on the characteristic curves (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)
1 2
passing through the 𝑥-axis. Thus, the smooth solution of system (4) on + (𝑒11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝑒12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿)𝛼̇
the 𝐷𝑚 is a vacuum state. Based on this fact, we have to seek 𝛼-solution
of the form (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)
=(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻
⎧ 𝜌(𝑡)
̃ =𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝑒12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿,
⎪ + 𝐷(𝑒11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)𝛼̇
̃ =𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻,
⎨ 𝑢(𝑡)
⎪̃
⎩ 𝐸(𝑡) =𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝐸2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻 + 𝑒21 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝑒22 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿, (𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)
(74) =(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻

for this case in space 𝑊 ⊂  (R+ )× (R+ )× (R+ ), where 𝜌1 , 𝜌2 , 𝑢1 , ℎ𝑚 , 𝑢2 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 ∶ + 𝑄11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝑄12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿, (86)
R+ ×R → R are smooth functions, and 𝛾1 , 𝛾2 , 𝑒11 , 𝑒12 , 𝑒21 , 𝑒22 ∶ R+ → R
where
are smooth functions satisfying 𝛾1 (0) = 𝛾2 (0) and 𝛾1 (𝑡) < 𝛾2 (𝑡), ∀ 𝑡 > 0.
The result is described by the following theorem. 𝑄11 (𝑡) =𝑒11 (𝑡)(𝑝𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) + 𝑞ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)))

Theorem 9. Suppose that 𝑢− < 𝑢+ , 𝜌− > 0, 𝐸− > 0, 𝜌+ > 0 and 𝐸+ > 0. − 𝑒12 (𝑡)(ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))(𝜏𝛾2 𝐴)(𝛾1 ), (87)
Given 𝛼, the initial value problem (22) and (23) has the following 𝛼-solution 𝑄12 (𝑡) =𝑒12 (𝑡)(𝑝ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) + 𝑞𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)))
in space 𝑊 ,
+ 𝑒11 (𝑡)(1 − (𝜏𝛾1 𝐴)(𝛾2 ))(𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)). (88)
⎧ 𝜌(𝑡)
̃ =𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻,
⎪̃ We can further calculate that
⎨𝐸(𝑡) =𝐸1 (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝐸2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻, (75)
𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢2 )
⎪ 𝐷(𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ = (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻
⎩ 𝑢(𝑡)
̃ =𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻, 𝜕𝑥
− (𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + (𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿
where
1 ( 𝑘2 )(
√ √ ) + 𝑄11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿 + 𝑄12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, (89)
𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑘1 𝑡 𝑘2
𝛾1 (𝑡) = √ 𝑢− + 𝑒 −𝑒 − 𝑡, (76)
2 𝑘1 𝑘1 𝑘1
( and
𝑘2 )(
√ √ ) 𝑘2
𝛾2 (𝑡) = √1 𝑢+ + 𝑘1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
− 𝑘1
𝑡, (77) d(𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) 𝜕(𝜌 𝑢 )
2 𝑘1
d𝑡
= 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝜕𝑡2 2 (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻

6
Y. Pang et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115

+ 𝛾1′ (𝑡)(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 We substitute (85), (89), (90), (92), (93), (97) into (22) to obtain
− 𝛾1′ (𝑡)𝑄11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿 − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)𝑄12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿 ⎧ 𝜕𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) (𝑡, 𝑥) = 0,
d𝑄11 (𝑡) d𝑄12 (𝑡)
⎪ 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿. (90) ⎪ 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢1 ) 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢21 )
d𝑡 d𝑡 ⎨ 𝜕𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥), (100)
⎪ 𝜕(𝜌 𝑢2 ∕2+𝐸 ) 𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2+𝑢1 𝐸1 )
Similarly, we use (86) to get ⎪ 1 1 1
⎩ 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑥
(𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥),
(𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)) ̃ =((𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)𝛼̇
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡) on region 𝑈11 = {(𝑡, 𝑥)|𝑥 < 𝛾1 (𝑡), 𝑡 ≥ 0}, and
(𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻) ⎧ 𝜕𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢2 ) (𝑡, 𝑥) = 0,
+ (𝑄11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝑄12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿)𝛼̇ ⎪ 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
⎪ 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢2 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢22 )
⎨ 𝜕𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝑥), (101)
(𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)
⎪ 𝜕(𝜌 𝑢2 ∕2+𝐸 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2+𝑢2 𝐸2 )
=(𝜌1 𝑢21 )(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝜌2 𝑢22 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻 ⎪ 2 2 2
(𝑡, 𝑥) + (𝑡, 𝑥) = (𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝑥),
⎩ 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑅11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝑅12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿, (91) on region 𝑈12 = {(𝑡, 𝑥)|𝑥 > 𝛾2 (𝑡), 𝑡 ≥ 0}. Using Lemma 1, 𝜌− > 0 and
𝐸− > 0, the solution to initial value problem (100) and (83) is
then,
⎧𝜌 =2𝜌 √ 1 √ , 𝐸 = 2𝐸 √ 1 √ ,
𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢21 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢22 ) ⎪ 1 − − 𝑘 𝑡 1 − − 𝑘 𝑡
𝐷((𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ = (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻 𝑒 1 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 𝑒 1 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ⎨ 1 (√ 𝑘2
√ √
𝑘2 ) 𝑘
− (𝜌1 𝑢21 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + (𝜌2 𝑢22 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 ⎪𝑢1 = − 𝑘 𝑡 𝑘 𝑡
√ √ 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
− 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 ) + 2(𝑢− + ) − 𝑘2 .
⎩ 𝑒 1 +𝑒 1 1 𝑘1 1

+ 𝑅11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿 + 𝑅12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, (92) (102)

and Similarly, since 𝜌+ > 0, 𝐸+ > 0, the solution to initial value problem
(101) and (84) is
d((𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2+
̃ ̃
𝐸(𝑡))
d𝑡 ⎧𝜌 =2𝜌 √ 1 √ , 𝐸 = 2𝐸 √ 1 √ ,
𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2+𝐸1 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢22 ∕2+𝐸2 ) ⎪ 2 + − 𝑘 𝑡
𝑒 1 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
2 + − 𝑘 𝑡
𝑒 1 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
= 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + 𝜕𝑡
(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻 ⎨ √ √ √
1 𝑘2 𝑘2 𝑘
⎪ 2
𝑢 = √ √ ( 𝑘1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)(𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
− 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 ) + 2(𝑢+ + )) − 𝑘2 .
+ 𝛾1′ (𝑡)(𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2 + 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢22 ∕2 + 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 ⎩ 𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡
+𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 𝑘 1 𝑘1 1

d(𝑅11 (𝑡)∕2+𝑒21 (𝑡)) d(𝑅12 (𝑡)∕2+𝑒22 (𝑡))

+ d𝑡
𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + d𝑡
𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 (103)
− 𝛾1′ (𝑡)(𝑅11 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒21 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿 − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)(𝑅12 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒22 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, (93) Obviously, the solution to (22) on the region 𝑈10 = {(𝑡, 𝑥)|𝛾1 (𝑡) < 𝑥 <
𝛾2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 0} is
where
̃ = 0, 𝑢(𝑡)
̃ = 0, 𝐸(𝑡)
𝜌(𝑡) ̃ = ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝑥), (104)
𝑅11 (𝑡) =𝑄11 (𝑡)(𝑝𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) + 𝑞ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))) where the ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝑥) is an arbitrary smooth function.
− 𝑄12 (𝑡)(ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))(𝜏𝛾2 𝐴)(𝛾1 ), (94) Inserting (85), (89), (90), (92), (93), (97) into (22) and considering
the coefficients of 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 and 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, it shows that
𝑅12 (𝑡) =𝑄12 (𝑡)(𝑝ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) + 𝑞𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)))
d𝑒11 (𝑡)
+ 𝑄11 (𝑡)(1 − (𝜏𝛾1 𝐴)(𝛾2 ))(𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)). (95) d𝑡
+ 𝛾1′ (𝑡)𝜌1 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) − (𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) = 0, (105)
𝑄11 (𝑡) − 𝛾1′ (𝑡)𝑒11 (𝑡) = 0, (106)
With the help of (91), we can conclude that
d𝑄11 (𝑡)
d𝑡
+ 𝛾1′ (𝑡)(𝜌1 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) − (𝜌1 𝑢21 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) − (𝑘1 𝛾1 (𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝑒11 (𝑡) = 0,
((𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2
̃ ̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)
+ 𝐸(𝑡)) ̃
(107)
=((𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2 + 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 ∕2 + 𝐸2 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)𝛼̇
𝑅11 (𝑡) − 𝛾1′ (𝑡)𝑄11 (𝑡) = 0, (108)
(𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻) d(𝑅11 (𝑡)∕2+𝑒21 (𝑡))
( ) d𝑡
+ 𝛾1′ (𝑡)(𝜌1 𝑢21 ∕2 + 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))
+ (𝑅11 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒21 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + (𝑅12 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒22 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 𝛼̇
− (𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2 + 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) − (𝑘1 𝛾1 (𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝑄11 (𝑡) = 0, (109)
(𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝑥) + (ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻 + (𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻)
=(𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2 + 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2 + 𝑢2 𝐸2 )(𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻 𝑆11 (𝑡) − 𝛾1′ (𝑡)(𝑅11 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒21 (𝑡)) = 0. (110)

+ 𝑆11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + 𝑆12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿, (96) While, we obtain by considering the coefficients of 𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 and 𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿
that
and d𝑒12 (𝑡)
d𝑡
− 𝛾2′ (𝑡)𝜌2 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) + (𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) = 0, (111)

𝐷(((𝜌(𝑡)
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡)∕2
̃ ̃ 𝛼̇ 𝑢(𝑡))
+ 𝐸(𝑡)) ̃ 𝑄12 (𝑡) − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)𝑒12 (𝑡) = 0, (112)
𝜕(𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2+𝑢1 𝐸1 ) 𝜕(𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2+𝑢2 𝐸2 ) d𝑄12 (𝑡)
= (𝑡, 𝑥)(1 − 𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐻) + (𝑡, 𝑥)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐻 d𝑡
− 𝛾2′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢2 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) + (𝜌2 𝑢22 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) − (𝑘1 𝛾2 (𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝑒12 (𝑡) = 0,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
− (𝜌1 𝑢31 ∕2 + 𝑢1 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝛿 + (𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2 + 𝑢2 𝐸2 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝛿 (113)

+ 𝑆11 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾1 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿 + 𝑆12 (𝑡)𝜏𝛾2 (𝑡) 𝐷𝛿, (97) 𝑅12 (𝑡) − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)𝑄12 (𝑡) = 0, (114)
d(𝑅12 (𝑡)∕2+𝑒22 (𝑡))
d𝑡
− 𝛾2′ (𝑡)(𝜌2 𝑢22 ∕2 + 𝐸1 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))
where
+ (𝜌2 𝑢32 ∕2 + 𝑢2 𝐸2 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) − (𝑘1 𝛾2 (𝑡) + 𝑘2 𝑡)𝑄12 (𝑡) = 0, (115)
𝑆11 (𝑡) =(𝑅11 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒21 (𝑡))(𝑝𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)) + 𝑞ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)))
𝑆12 (𝑡) − 𝛾2′ (𝑡)(𝑅12 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒22 (𝑡)) = 0. (116)
− (𝑅12 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒22 (𝑡))(𝑡)(ℎ𝑚 − 𝑢1 )(𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡))(𝜏𝛾2 𝐴)(𝛾1 ), (98)
It shows by the existence of 𝑢1 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)), ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾1 (𝑡)), ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) and
𝑆12 (𝑡) =(𝑅12 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒22 (𝑡))(𝑝ℎ𝑚 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) + 𝑞𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡))) 𝑢2 (𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)) that
√ √
+ (𝑅11 (𝑡)∕2 + 𝑒21 (𝑡))(1 − (𝜏𝛾1 𝐴)(𝛾2 ))(𝑢2 − ℎ𝑚 )(𝑡, 𝛾2 (𝑡)). (99) 1 𝑘2 𝑘2
𝛾1 (𝑡) = 𝑥⋆ (𝑡) = √ (𝑢 + )(−𝑒− 𝑘1 𝑡 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡, (117)
1 2 𝑘1 − 𝑘1 𝑘1

7
Y. Pang et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107115
√ √
1 𝑘2 − 𝑘1 𝑡 𝑘2
𝛾2 (𝑡) = 𝑥⋆ (𝑡) = √ (𝑢 + )(−𝑒 +𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
)− 𝑡. (118) CRediT authorship contribution statement
2 2 𝑘1 + 𝑘1 𝑘1

Combining above facts with (81), we derive from (105) and (111) that Yicheng Pang: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Yongsong
Wen: Investigation. Changjin Xu: Investigation.
𝑒11 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑒12 (𝑡) = 0, (119)
Declaration of competing interest
then
We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative
𝑄11 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑄12 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑅11 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑅12 (𝑡) = 0. (120) interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the
work submitted.
With (83), (117), (118) and (120), we can see from (109) and (115)
that Data availability
𝑒21 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑒22 (𝑡) = 0. (121)
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Together these facts with (120) leads to
Acknowledgments
𝑆11 (𝑡) = 0, 𝑆12 (𝑡) = 0. (122)

Besides, the (117), (118), (119), (120), (121), and (122) imply that
the equalities (106), (107), (108), (110), (112), (113), (114) and (116)
hold. The proof is complete. □
Remark 10. It is shown that although the initial values do not appear
vacuum, the 𝛼-solution (75) is the vacuum solution, where the vacuum
is bounded by two characteristic curves through the point (0, 0) in
(𝑡, 𝑥)-plan.
This work is partially supported by Natural Science Project of
the Education Department of Guizhou Province (KY[2021]031), and
Science Project of Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, China
(2022KYYB09). The authors are grateful to Prof. C.O.R. Sarrico of Uni-
versidade de Lisboa for many valuable discussions in the preparation of
manuscript, and also thank the editor and the referees for their valuable
suggestions which have significantly improved the manuscript.
All authors revised the manuscript, and gave final approval for
publication.

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