Reading Marathon

DAY 1
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
The early history of Scott and Bowne’s cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is a type of fish oil used today for general health purposes, but northern
European fishing communities used cod liver for centuries before the doctors and
chemists of 19th-century Europe began to take an interest. Its manufacture was simple:
the livers of the codfish were left for some days, then oil was taken from them. The oil
grew darker according to how long the livers were left, resulting in three grades of oil:
pale, light brown and dark brown.
Ludovicus Josephus de Jongh of the Netherlands produced the first extensive chemical
analysis of cod liver oil in 1843. His studies of the three grades of oil led him to conclude
that the light-brown oil was the most healthy. He attributed this superiority to the larger
quantities of iodine, phosphate of chalk and volatile acids found in it.
In 1846, de Jongh traveled to Norway to obtain the purest oil available. By the 1850s,
‘Dr. de Jong’s Light Brown Cod Liver Oil’ was marketed throughout Europe and
exported to the United States. Each bottle had de Jongh’s signature and stamped seal
on it – a blue codfish on a red shield – guaranteeing that the product was ‘put to the test
of chemical analysis’. Advertising emphasized de Jongh’s credentials as a doctor and
chemist, and included testimonials from other men of science and medicine.
However, even the most enthusiastic supporters of cod liver oil admitted that the highly
disagreeable taste and smell presented a significant obstacle to its use. De Jongh
believed the problem of the oil’s unpleasant taste and smell could be overcome with a
little perseverance or, failing that, by following it with some fruit or biscuit, or glass of
wine. But his recommendations appear not to have worked well. It was often combined
with coffee, although a few people recommended taking the oil with tomato ketchup.
In 1873, Alfred B. Scott came to New York and, along with partner Samuel W. Bowne,
began experimenting to produce a more pleasant preparation of cod liver. Three years
later they established the firm of Scott and Bowne, and began marketing their product
as Scott’s Emulsion. Though not a doctor or pharmacist by training, Scott had the eye
for opportunity that was necessary for achievement in business. Advertising, the two
men believed, would propel their product to success. And so it did: by the 1890s Scott
and Bowne had factories in five European countries, and were selling their emulsion
throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia.
Scott got his oil for Scott’s Emulsion directly from the Lofoten Islands in Norway, the
world center of cod fishery – located above the Arctic Circle. The codfish streamed to
the islands in early January to lay their eggs, and by the end of April were gone. The
Gulf Stream, the Arctic waters, and the Norwegian fjords combined to create a perfect
breeding group for the codfish and an unequaled fishing industry for the fishermen.
Scott and Bowne’s first trademark, registered in 1879, included the initials P.P.P. and
three words – ‘Perfect, Permanent, Palatable’. The mark reflected that Scott’s Emulsion
was a perfect formula, a permanent emulsion (that is, one in which the ingredients
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DAY 1
would not separate), and most importantly, that it had a pleasant taste. ‘Palatable as
milk’ became a key phrase in Scott’s advertising.
A man with a fish on his back first appeared on Scott’s Emulsion around 1884 and
became Scott and Bowne’s trademark in 1890. As Scott told it, he saw this fisherman
with his record-breaking catch while on business in Norway. A photographer was
quickly found to record the scene. Later, the photo was faithfully reproduced as a
drawing, and registered as the company’s trademark. In the drawing, the man stoops
forward, glances out from under the brim of his hat, legs tensed under the weight of his
load. A thick rope, wrapped round his waist, shoulders and hands, secures the load on
his back – a huge fish with gaping mouth and glassy yellow eye, its tail sweeping the
floor. The common codfish is recognizable by the brown and amber spots all over its
body, the light stripe down its side, and the three dorsal fins. The words ‘SCOTT’S
EMULSION’ appear in the tittle of the picture.
Trade cards and booklets featured the fisherman and his catch along with the words
‘Scene taken from life on the coast of Norway’ and ‘The Codfish, weighing 156 pounds,
was caught off the coast of Norway’. The realistic image, a direct reference to the
natural source of the medicine, served as a reassurance of quality in a market that
contained some impure, unsafe products.
By the 1900s, ‘the man with the fish’ was famous. His imaged appeared on countless
boxes and bottles of a cod-liver-oil preparation. It was printed in full colour on
advertising trade cards, booklets, and posters distributed around the globe, and in one
instance painted several stories high on the side of a building. The man with the fish
endures today, a testament to the persistence of an age-old tradition, even as scientific
and commercial interest in cod liver oil has risen and fallen.
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DAY 1
Questions 1 – 8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1 – 8 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 In the manufacturing process, cod livers left for the longest time produced the
lightest type of oil.
2 A Dutch scientist called de Jongh suggested why one grade of cod liver oil was
particularly healthy.
3 De Jongh was both a researcher in, and a supplier of, cod liver oil.
4 Many scientists tried to find a solution to the bad smell of cod liver oil.
5 The experimental methods of Scott and Bowne were much better than de
Jongh’s.
6 Scott was a trained chemist as well as a businessman.
7 Scott found a new location for cod fishing.
8 Cod around the Lofoten Islands could be caught during the first four months of
the year.
Questions 9 – 16
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9 – 16 on your answer sheet.
Two versions of cod liver oil
De Jongh’s version
to deal with the taste of the oil
• de Jongh suggested drinking some 9 ……………… after taking it
• others frequently added it to 10 ………………
Scott and Bowne’s version
trademarks and advertising:
• one slogan compared the product with 11 ………………
the image of the man with a fish:
• contains
– a man with a 12 ……………… around his body
– a fish whose 13 ……………… is touching the ground, and which has
multi-coloured
14 ……………… on it
• suggested the 15 ……………… of the product to customers
• appeared in large-scale on a 16 ………………
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DAY 2
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
A About half the world's human population currently live in urban areas, which cover about
3% of the Earth's land surface. Both figures are increasing rapidly and, by 2050, it is
estimated that two thirds of the world's population will live in an urban area. This growing
trend of urbanisation represents the most extreme form of habitat loss for most plants and
animals. As towns and cities grow, the natural habitats are removed and replaced with
hard, impermeable structures such as roads and buildings. In a recent global study,
researchers estimated that cities accommodate only 8% of the bird species and 25% of the
plants that would have lived in those areas prior to urban development.
B Until recently, we knew relatively little about how many of the species that do live in
towns and cities were coping. With a growing human population, it is now more important
than ever for scientists and the public to work together to monitor wildlife and biodiversity
effectively. When data is limited, it is difficult to understand the bigger picture: we can't
know if animal populations are becoming more or less abundant and why; or whether
conservation is needed.
C One way that hundreds of ordinary people in the UK are helping to assess biodiversity is
by setting up cameras in their gardens to record and then report any animal activity they
capture on film. They are taking part in a project known as the MammalWeb database.
Anyone with access to a camera can register to take part and become a 'spotter'. Using the
general public in this way gives the ability to have far more cameras out in the field than
any single researcher could manage, resulting in a much more comprehensive data set to
analyse. The database has now amassed over 500,000 photographs of local wildlife, and
recorded 34 species, ranging from the largest UK land mammal - the red deer - right down
to some of the smallest, such as hedgehogs and bank voles.
D Many of the participants have been surprised by what the animals were doing in their
own back yard. At times the cameras have revealed an animal coexisting happily with one
of its known predators. Another remarkable discovery was a North American raccoon,
living wild in the north-east of England. It is not known how long the raccoon was roaming
free and, without the aid of the public, it may never have been spotted, which highlights just
how easy it is for urban wildlife to go unnoticed. Once discovered, the authorities were able
to locate the animal and transfer it to a wildlife park, where it was given a more suitable
home. The raccoon is not the only American visitor to have made itself at home in the UK.
In fact, another - the American grey squirrel - is the most frequent sighting on
MammalWeb, far outnumbering the native red squirrel.
E In many European cities, the red squirrel appears well adapted to modern urban living,
and they are abundant in countries such as Finland, France and Poland. They once thrived
in the UK, too. However, since the grey squirrel was introduced in the 1800s, the
population has declined drastically, and they are now classed as endangered. Several
studies have shown that the introduction of the grey squirrel is the main factor in the red
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squirrel's decline, due to competition for food and shelter and the spread of the squirrelpox
virus (which grey squirrels transmit to red squirrels).
F However, again thanks in large part to the efforts of ordinary citizens, one area where the
reds haven't disappeared is a small coastal town in the north-west of England called
Formby, one of few red squirrel strongholds in England. Red squirrels can easily be
spotted in gardens throughout the town, and the local residents are passionate about
protecting them, with many volunteering with a local conservation group. This voluntary
organisation manages the extensive woodland nearby, supplying additional food, and
employing dedicated "squirrel officers" who help maintain "grey squirrel-free" habitats.
G Elsewhere in the UK, most research and conservation is carried out in more rural areas.
However, given the predicted future increases in urbanisation, managing urban sites like
the one in Formby may be a better alternative, particularly as it makes the most of the
benefits to animals of living alongside people, such as easy access to food and shelter. Of
course, there are downsides too: road traffic poses an ever-present threat, as do pets.
Even supplemental feeding can have unintended consequences, drawing animals from the
safety of their nests and lairs and encouraging the spread of disease. Still, the benefits
appear to outweigh the risks, and it is also worth noting that many native plant and bird
species continue to exist in cities that were never designed with biodiversity protection in
mind.
H humans rely on biological diversity, either directly for food, or indirectly, through nutrient
cycling and pollination. As these community-based conservation management programmes
show, with cameras offering fascinating insights into the secret lives of mammals, and local
volunteers safeguarding endangered species, there are many courses of action we can
take to help to counteract the damage brought by urbanisation and ensure that animals not
only survive, but thrive in our towns and cities.
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DAY 2
Questions 1-7
The reading passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 1-7.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 the pros and cons for animals living in cities

2 an example illustrating the benefit to research of working with non-scientists
3 an explanation for the drop in numbers of one type of animal
4 the likely proportion of local wildlife remaining once a location has been urbanized
5 the activities of a programme designed to help a particular at-risk species
6 the consequences of having too little information about wildlife numbers
7 an argument for more conservation programmes in cities rather than country areas
Questions 8-12
Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
The Mammalweb Database
 It is a UK wildlife programme aiming to measure 8 ……………….
 Members of the public can apply to be something called a 9 ………………….
Findings
 A total of 10 ………………… different types of animal have been recorded
 The most common animal recorded is a type of 11 …………………
 One unusual report was of a 12 …………….. (it was later taken to a wildlife park).
Questions 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for this reading passage?
A The hidden world of garden animals
B It’s time to limit urban development
C How local residents aid conservation
D Why the future looks bad for urban wildlife
DAY 3
READING PASSAGE 3
Passage 3.
The value of research into mite harvestmen
Few people have heard of the mite harvestman, and fewer still would recognize it at close range.
The insect is a relative of the far more familiar daddy longlegs. But its legs are stubby rather than
long, and its body is only as big as a sesame seed. To find mite harvestmen, scientists go to dark,
humid forests and sift through the leaf litter. The animals respond by turning motionless, making
them impossible for even a trained eye to pick out.’ They look like grains of dirt.’ said Gonzalo
Giribet, an invertebrate biologist at Harvard University.
Dr Giribet and his colleagues have spent six years searching for mite harvestmen on five
continents. The animals have an extraordinary story to tell they carry a record of hundreds of
millions of years of geological history, chronicling the journeys that continents have made around
the Earth. The Earth’s landmasses have slowly collided and broken apart again several times,
carrying animals and plants with them. These species have provided clues to the continents’ paths.
The notion of continental drift originally came from such clues. In 1911, the German scientist Alfred
Wegener was struck by the fact that fossils of similar animals and plants could be found on either
side of the Atlantic. The ocean was too big for the species to have traveled across it on their own.
Wegener speculated correctly, as it turned out that the surrounding continents had originally been
welded together in a single landmass, which he called Pangea.
Continental drift, or plate tectonics as it is scientifically known, helped move species around the
world. Armadillos and their relatives are found in South America and Africa today because their
ancestors evolved when the continents were joined. When South America and North America
connected a few million years ago, armadillos spread north, too.
Biogeographers can learn clues about continental drift by comparing related species. However,
they must also recognize cases where species have spread for other reasons, such as by crossing
great stretches of water. The island of Hawaii, for example, was home to a giant flightless goose
that has become extinct. Studies on DNA extracted from its bones show that it evolved from the
Canada goose. Having colonized Hawaii, it branched off from that species, losing its ability to fly.
This evolution occurred half a million years ago, when geologists estimate that Hawaii emerged
from the Pacific.
When species jump around the planet, their histories blur. It is difficult to say much about where
cockroaches evolved, for example, because they can move quickly from continent to continent.
This process, known as dispersal, limits many studies. ‘Most of them tend to concentrate on
particular parts of the world.' Dr Giribet said. I wanted to find a new system for studying
biogeography on a global scale.
Dr Giribet realized that mite harvestmen might be that system. The 5,000 or so mite harvestmen
species can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Unlike creatures found around the
world like cockroaches, mite harvestmen cannot disperse well. The typical harvestman species has
a range of fewer than 50 miles. Harvestmen are not found on young islands like Hawaii, as these
types of islands emerged long after the break-up of Pangea.
According to Assistant Professor Sarah Boyer, a former student of Dr Giribet. ‘It’s really hard to find
a group of species that is distributed all over the world but that also doesn’t disperse very far.' What
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mite harvestmen lack in mobility, they make up in age. Their ancestors were among the first land
animals, and fossils of daddy longlegs have been found in 400 million-year ago rocks. Mite
harvestmen evolved long before Pangea broke up and have been carried along by continental drift
ever since they’ve managed to get themselves around the world only because they’ve been around
for hundreds of millions of years, Dr Boyer said. Dr Boyer, Dr Giribet and their colleagues have
gathered thousands of mite harvestmen from around the world, from which they extracted DNA.
Variations in the genes helped the scientists build an evolutionary tree. By calculating how quickly
the DNA mutated, the scientists could estimate when lineages branched off. They then compared
the harvestmen's evolution to the movements of the continents. ‘The patterns are remarkably clear.’
Dr Boyer said.
The scientists found that they could trace mite harvestmen from their ancestors on Pangea. One
lineage includes species in Chile South Africa, Sri Lanka and other places separated by thousands
of miles of ocean. But 150 million years ago, all those sites were in Gondwana which was a region
of Pangea.
The harvestmen preserve smaller patterns of continental drift, as well as bigger ones. After
analyzing the DNA of a Florida harvestman, Metasiro americanus, the scientists were surprised to
find that it was not related to other North American species. Its closet relatives live in West Africa.
Dr Boyer then began investigating the geological history of Florida and found recent research to
explain the mystery. Florida started out welded to West Africa near Segenal. North America than
collied into them Pangea was forming. About 170 million years ago, North America ripped away
from West Africa, taking Florida with it. The African ancestors of Florida’s harvestmen came along
the ride.
Dr Giribet now hopes to study dozens or even hundreds of species, to find clues about plate
tectonics that a single animal could not show
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DAY 3
Questions 1 – 6
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1 Why is it difficult to find mite harvestmen?
A they are too small to see with naked eye
B they can easily be confused with daddy longlegs
C they are hard to distinguish from their surroundings
D they do not exist in large numbers in any one place.
2 Why are mile harvestmen of interest to Dr Giribet and his colleagues?

A they have been studied far less than most other species.
B they show the effects of climate on the evolution of animals.
C they have an unusual relationship with plants and other animals.
D they provide evidence relating to a field of study other than insects.
3 What factor contributed to Wegener’s idea that present-day continents used to form a
single landmass?
A changes in the level of the ocean
B the distance that species could travel
C the lack of certain fossils on one side of the Atlantic
D similarities in living conditions on both sides of the Atlantic
4 What point is made by the reference to armadillos?

A regions have both separated and become connected.
B certain animals could travel longer distances than others.
C the oldest species of animals are likely to be found in Africa.
D there is a tendency for animals to spread in a particular direction.
5 Which of the following is stated in the fifth paragraph?

A Hawaii is a habitat that cannot support large birds.
B Hawaii is an attractive habitat for certain species of birds.
C flightless birds are more likely to become extinct than others.
D the Hawaiian goose became flightless after it had reached Hawaii.
6 Why is evidence from cockroached of limited value?

A they spread too fast.
B they multiply too quickly.
C they are found in too few places.
D they have divided into too many species.
DAY 3
Questions 7 - 10
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
7 The colonization of Hawaii by geese provides evidence of continental drift.

8 The reason why mite harvestmen don’t exist on Hawaii can be explained.
9 The DNA of certain species has evolved more quickly than that of others.
10 Dr Boyer’s theory concerning the origins of Florida is widely accepted.
Questions 11 - 14
Complete the summary using the list of words A-I below.
Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
The age and evolution of mite harvestmen Some of the first creatures to live on land were
the 11 …………. of mite harvestmen. Boyer, Giribet and others study differences in the 12
………….. of these insects, and trace the development of a number of 13 ……………….. of
the species. Their evolution appears to reflect changes in the location of 14……………...
For example, the same type of mite harvestman is found in places that are now far apart
but used to form Gondwana, part of a huge landmass
A branches B fossils C drift D DNA

E evolution F Pangea G dispersal H ancestors I continents
DAY 4
READING PASSAGE 1
Passage 1 below.
The inventor of the periodic table – Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Mendeleev’s wish – to find a better way of

organizing chemistry – led to the creation of his
periodic table, one of the most iconic symbols in science.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Verkhnie Aremzyani, in

the Russian province of Siberia. His father, a graduate of Saint Petersburg's Main
Pedagogical Institute, died when Mendeleev was just 13. At age 16, Mendeleev
relocated to Saint Petersburg, which was then Russia's capital city. He won a place at
his father's old college, where he initially trained as a teacher, in part because the
director of the Institute had known his father. However, he went on to achieve worldwide
fame as a chemist.
By the time he was 20, Mendeleev was already having research papers published.
However, he was troubled with various health issues and was often so ill with
tuberculosis that he was forced to work from his bed. His uncontrollable temper made
him unpopular with some of the staff and his classmates, but he still graduated as the
top student in his year. In 1855, he got a job in Simferopol, Crimea, but soon returned to
Saint Petersburg, where he worked towards a Master's degree in chemistry. He gained
his Master's in 1856.
A few years later, he was given the opportunity to go to western Europe to pursue
chemical enquiry. He spent most of 1859 and 1860 in Heidelberg, Germany. Here he
had the good fortune to work briefly with renowned German chemist Robert Bunsen at
Heidelberg University, before setting up a laboratory in his own apartment.
In 1860, Mendeleev attended the first ever international chemistry conference, held in
Karlsruhe, Germany. Much of the event was spent discussing the need to standardize
chemistry, and this played a key role in Mendeleev's eventual development of his
periodic table of the elements.
By the time he returned to Saint Petersburg in 1861, this time to work at the Technical
Institute, Mendeleev had become even more passionate about chemistry. He was
concerned that Russia was trailing behind Germany in this field. He thought improved
Russian-language chemistry textbooks were necessary, and was determined to do
something about it. In just 61 days, the 27-year-old chemist wrote his 500-page Organic
Chemistry, which put him at the forefront of Russian chemical education.
Mendeleev was a charismatic lecturer and held a number of academic positions until, in
1867, aged just 33, he was awarded the Chair of General Chemistry at the University of
DAY 4
Saint Petersburg. In this prestigious position he continued pushing to improve chemistry

in Russia, publishing The Principles of Chemistry in 1869. The popularity of this work in
Russia and elsewhere led to the publication of translations three languages: English,
French and German.
At this time, chemistry was a patchwork of observations and discoveries. Mendeleev
was certain that better, more fundamental principles could be found. This was his
mindset when, in 1869, he began writing a second volume of his book The Principles of
Chemistry. At the heart of chemistry were hydrogen, oxygen and all its other elements.
What, wondered Mendeleev, could they reveal if he could find some way of organizing
them logically?
He wrote the names of the 65 known-elements on cards - one element on each card -
and then wrote the fundamental properties of each element, including atomic weight, on
its card. He saw that atomic weight was important in some way - the behavior of the
elements seemed to repeat as their atomic weights increased - but he could not see the
pattern. Convinced that he was close to making a significant discovery, Mendeleev
moved the cards about for hours until finally he fell asleep at his desk. When he awoke,
he found that his subconscious mind had done his work for him. He now knew the
pattern the elements fell into. He later wrote, ‘In a dream I saw a table where all the
elements fell into place as required. Awakening, I immediately wrote it down on a piece
of paper.’
Two weeks later, he published a paper entitled The Relation between the Properties
and Atomic Weights of the Elements. The-periodic table had been released to the
scientific world. As with many scientific discoveries, there is a time when a concept
becomes ripe for discovery, and this was the case in 1869 with the periodic table.
Lothar Meyer, for example, had proposed a rough periodic table in 1864 and by 1868
had devised one that was very similar to Mendeleev's, but he did not publish it until
1870.
Mendeleev was successful because he not only showed how the elements could be
organized, but he used his periodic table to predict the existence of eight new elements
and also to propose that some of the elements, whose behavior did not agree with what
he predicted, must have had their atomic weights measured incorrectly. It turned out
that chemists had measured some atomic weights incorrectly. Mendeleev was right.
Scientists everywhere started to pay attention to his periodic table. And on the discovery
of new elements, as per his prediction, Mendeleev's fame and scientific reputation were
further enhanced.
In 1905, the British Royal Society gave him its highest honor, the Copley Medal, for his
achievements, and in the same year he was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences. Element 101 is named Mendelevium in his honor.
Dmitri Mendeleev died in Saint Petersburg, on February 2, 1907.
DAY 4
Questions 1 – 8
Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Mendeleev’s early life:
 he studied to become a 1 …………. in St Petersburg
 he often had to work in bed when he was sufferingg from 2 ………….
Mendeleev’s career:
 went to a 3 …………. in 1860, which inspired his work on the periodic table
 1861 – he wrote Organic Chemistry, having identified a need for better 4
…………. in Russian
 several 5 …………. of The Principiles of Chemistry were published
Mendeleev’s work on the periodic table:
 he used cards to make a note of the atomic weight and other 6 …………. of the
elements
 when asleep, he subconciously discovered a 7 …………. which organised the
elements in a table
 1869 – Mendeleev’s periodic table was made public
 Mendeleev’s reputation grew after he made 8 …………. about further elements
Questions 9 – 16
9 Dmitri Mendeleev was the first member of his family to receive a college education.
10 While he was studying in Saint Petersburg, Mendeleev often failed to control his
anger.
11 During his time at Heidelberg University, Mendeleev published a paper with Robert
Bunsen.
12 Mendeleev worried that Germany was more succesful than Russia in the field of
chemistry.
13 It took Mendeleev less than a year to write the second volume of his book The
Principles of Chemistry.
14 Mendeleev was the first scientist to suggest the organisation of the element in a
table.
15 Mendeleev’s paper on the periodic table received a positive reception from the
scientific community.
16 In his lifetime, Mendeleev failed to receive any awards for his work in chemistry.
DAY 5
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
The Museum Dilemma
Can museums and art galleries make works of art both accessible to the public and
protected at the same time?
On any day of the week, tourists flock to museums and galleries such as the Louvre in
Paris and The Met in New York, willingly paying their steep entrance fees. This is in stark
contrast to the 55,000 local museums around the globe, who often struggle when it comes
to attracting visitors and the resulting much-needed funds. These institutions may be a
source of pride to locals, but are too often perceived as dusty cabinets – useful when it
comes to storing ancient things, but not very interesting to look at. The constant dilemma
for museum curators is that increasing visitor numbers also brings a far greater change for
damage, which can be deliberate, incidental or accidental.
Deliberate damage cannot be controlled for, as the perpetrators act in a determined and
destructive way. This was the case with the Leonardo da Vinci cartoon damaged by
gunshot in the National Gallery in London in 1987, despite the painting being protected
behind a glass screen. Incidental damage is easier to anticipate and often results from a
visitor’s innate curiosity and instructive urge to touch. This is mainly managed through the
use of signage, gallery attendants, or with a physical barrier such as a rope. Gallery
attendants are the more expensive but preferred option as written warnings tend to be
ignored. However, cutbacks in funding mean fewer and fewer attendants.
Rope barriers are commonplace but their very nature renders them ineffective – visitors
can still get quite close to a painting. It was in recognition of this that staff at Huashan 1914
Creative Park in Taipei decided to place a raised platform between the barrier and a
valuable 17th century oil painting as a reminder to visitors to not get too close.
Unfortunately, the platform inadvertently contributed to extensive damage when a young
boy tripped on it and put his hand through the painting while trying to break his fall.
Many galleries would rather not use barriers at all because they tend to spoil the overall
look, and some have resorted to technology to get around this issue. In the past, museums
such as the Stederlijk Museum in Amsterdam used alarms triggered by lasers to alert
visitors to their proximity to a painting. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the trade-off between
aesthetics and noise means this idea has not been taken up universally.
Nevertheless, technology does appear to solve the issues of attracting visitors, and there
are more interactive displays popping up. Even so, incorporating the occasional exhibit that
encourages visitor engagement can mean that visitors then assume it is acceptable to get
up close and personal with all works of art. The ensuing surface damage is often not
immediately apparent, but when thousands of subsequent visitors reach out to touch a
beautiful sculpture, the effect builds up cumulatively causing irreversible damage to the
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patina of materials such as bronze. While the surface of a painting does not offer quite the
same tactile allure, they too can suffer similar consequences.
Despite these challenges, technology use in museums seems likely to grow, especially as
they are uniquely placed to take advantage of augmented reality, where real people and
ancient artefacts can be juxtaposed in a virtual world. Tools such as these are being used
to construct exciting experiences that can bring a dull museum visit to life while also
keeping visitors away from precious and fragile objects.
One such example is an augmented reality project that was initially trialled at White Sands
National Monument in New Mexico with great success. Staff there showed visitors how, by
scanning a code with a smart phone camera, a troop of mammoths would appear to walk
over the horizon. Curiously though, when the same idea was later deployed with The
Etches Collection, an exhibit in Dorset, on Britain’s Jurassic Coast, no one engaged with it.
Rather than a lack of interest in the technology, the failure appears to have been due to the
reluctance of visitors to download the museum’s app onto their own phone. The best
technology in the world can’t fix that.
A key challenge is the lack of insight into what visitors actually want and expect from a
museum visit, and a recent study at several cultural sites in Scotland has tried to provide
this. Through questionnaires and interviews, researchers made some surprising
discoveries. While it had been assumed that more visual experiences would need less
narrative, the study shows the opposite is true: visitors still see information about the place
as important, whether the experience is virtual or not. Interestingly, although audiences do
enjoy immersive visitor attractions, if an exhibition is purely a simulation, they like to be
able to handle objects at the same time for extra realism, such as at Culloden Battlefield,
whose visitor centre has artefacts such as 18th-century weapons.
The clear message is that, although technology has much to offer the museums, and is
arguably essential to their survival, there is clearly some way still to go. It can bring
museums to life to the benefit rather than the detriment of the precious artefacts and
artworks they are home to, but only if it gives visitors the experience they want.
2
DAY 5
Questions 1-6
Look at the following museums and galleries (Questions 1-6) and the list of comments
below.
Match each place with the correct comment, A-J.
Write the correct letter, A-J, next to questions 1-6.
1 National Gallery, London

2 Huashan 1914 Creative Park, Taipei
3 Stederlijk Museum, Amsterdam
4 White Sands National Monument, New Mexico
5 The Etches Collection, Dorset
6 Culloden Battlefield, Scotland
List of comments
A This museum shows the benefits of using a physical barrier
B An attempt to prevent damage had the opposite effect
C This is a good example of the importance of alarm systems
D This experience shows the potential benefits of technology for museums
E Holding something real helps improve a virtual experience
F An occurrence here shows that certain damage cannot be prevented
G This shows that technology will only benefit museums if it is used
H Some people prefer to have a real experience rather than a virtual one
I A system used to protect artwork proved to be unpopular elsewhere
J Visitors are not at all interested in using technology
Questions 7-13
7 Even the most famous museums in the world generally struggle for funds.
8 The majority of people admit they have never visited their local museum.
9 Putting up written signs is the best way to avoid incidental damage.
10 Rope barriers have been shown to cause visitors to trip.
11 Some interactive exhibits can lead to more incidental damage.
12 Surface damage to paintings is very different to that of sculptures.
13 Even with simulated experiences, visitors still want to be told the history of a place.
DAY 6
READING PASSAGE 3
Passage 3.
The Work of Caravaggio
A Every once in a while, a controversy takes the art world by storm. One such example is
the case of a painting of a group of three men playing cards, which may or may not be by
the Italian painter Caravaggio (1571 to 1610) and which has been at the centre of a case at
the High Court in London. The painting was owned by one Mr Lancelot William
Thwaytes.who, back in 2006, sold the painting through the London auction house
Sotheby's for £42,000 The painting was bought on behalf of the art collector and
Caravaggio expert Sir Denis Mahon. After carrying out extensive research into and
restoration of the painting, Sir Denis announced that the painting was in fact an original
Caravaggio. It has since been valued at £10 million. Mr Thwaytes proceded to sue the
auctioneers for professional negligence arguing that they should have consulted more
experts when assessing the painting, and advised him of its potential value. Had they done
so, he insists, he could have sold the painting for millions,
B Authenticating a work of art is often difficult, especially when it is, as in this case, several
hundred years old, and at least one tool for the expert, namely records of all prior owners
are limited or non-existent. In some cases, these records can be traced right back to the
artist himself, but this is rare. Most judges, at least in the English-speaking world, are
reluctant to rule on whether an artwork should or should not be attributed 1 to a particular
artist, as this question lies outside their field of expertise.
C In civil legal cases, when a decision is challenged in court, a judge must decide if the
experts are right or wrong. The standard of proof is ‘more likely than not', or ‘on the
balance of probabilities’. And yet, in the art world, the degree of proof required is more
similar to that needed in criminal trials, which require ‘proof beyond all reasonable doubt’.
No one would pay full price for a painting that was more-likely-than-not, on-the-balance-of-
probabilities, by the legendary artist Picasso.
D An additional difficulty in attributing a work to a particular artist arises when the artist had
a studio, where pupils may have been engaged to make copies of works by the master
himself. This was the case with artists such as Guido Rent, but not with Caravaggio, Some
artists are known to have made copies, or ‘autograph replicas’ of their own works. The
majority of Caravaggio scholars are not of the opinion that Caravaggio himself painted
copies of his own works. However, Sir Denis Mahon, the new owner claimed that this was
precisely what Caravaggio had done in this case, and that this was an autograph replica of
the Caravaggio painting The Cardsharps2, which is on display in the Kimbell Art Museum,
in Fort Worth, Texas, USA, and depicts a very similar scene.
E Sotheby's contends that any resemblances between The Cardsharps and the painting it
sold on behalf of Mr Thwaytes are insufficient to attribute the latter as genuine Caravaggio
It presented to the court a record of about 30 versions of the card game scene which had
changed hands at auction, none of which were described as being by Caravaggio. An
DAY 6
image of men cheating at cards was, they argued, popular subject matter at the time, and
by no means unique to one artist.
F Unsurprisingly, auction houses such as Sotheby's go to great lengths not to misrepresent
what is known about a painting's authorship when their catalogue. A set of phrases are
employed to describe the degree of certainty as to the identity of the artist, such as
'Attributed to Giovanni Bellini’, which means that the auctioneers consider that the work is
probably by Bellini, but that they cannot be absolutely positive. ‘Circle of Giovanni Bellini’
would indicate that, in the considered opinion of Sotheby's experts, the work in question
was produced by someone closely associated with Bellini, but almost certainly not by
Bellini himself, 'After Giovanni Bellini' would mean that the work is considered to be a copy
of a Bellini painting. In this case, Sotheby's attributed the work being sold by Mr Thwaytes
to a ‘follower’ (and that does not necessarily mean someone who was a pupil) of
Caravaggio.
G The court heard much discussion over the degree of artistic skill shown in the painting.
The judge drew the conclusion that the quality was not up to that of the rest of the artist's
known body of work, and as such ultimately ruled against Mr Thwaytes, who now faces
substantial costs, but who still has the right to appeal, and may yet do so. While
acknowledging many remarkable features of the picture, the judge instinctively felt that
something was not quite right, and that Sotheby's were justified in being reluctant to label
the painting a Caravaggio. She made a comparison with The Cardsharps, which is known
to be a genuine Caravaggio and pointed out how a feather in that picture looked lifelike,
soft and fluffy, whereas the one in the painting in question was far less convincing and
three-dimensional.
H Mr Thwaytes's legal team also put forward the case that changes had been made to the
picture. It can be seen that the artist had repainted a ribbon which hangs from the elbow of
one of the card players, making it shorter than it had been before. This, they argued, would
not have been necessary had someone simply been producing a duplicate from the original
painting. Yet the judge did not accept that this suggested evidence of a creative mind at
work rather than a copyist, or that this repainting should have alerted Sotheby's to any
need to investigate further.
1attribute = to say or believe that an artwork is the work of a particular person
2cardsharp = a person who cheats at card games
DAY 6
Questions 1-8
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-H.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet
1 accusations again Sotheby's
2 the result of Mr Thwaytes's court case
3 a widespread belief about Caravaggio's practice
4 an area in which legal professionals have limited knowledge
5 an explanation of the way a painting is credited to a certain artist affects its value
6 language used to convey any doubts about who a painting is attributed to
7 whether conclusions can be drawn from changes which were made to Mr
Thwaytes's painting
8 evidence of sales of painting by other artists which are similar to Caravaggio's work
Questions 9 and 10
Which TWO of these beliefs are expressed by the writer?
A It is possible that Mr Thwaytes might not accept the court's verdict.
B The painting which belonged to Mr Thwates is probably a genuine Caravaggio
C When Sir Dennis Mahon was purchasing the painting, he already knew it was by
Caravaggio
D Judges frequently make decisions about whether paintings are by particular known
artists
E Greater certainty is required when attributing work to artists than would be needed in
other civil cases
Questions 11-16
Complete the summary below.
It can be very difficult who an old painting is by, especially when there is little information
as to its previous 11 …………………., or when the artist worked in a 12
…………………………
It is important that vendors accurately state in their 13 …………………… what is or isn’t
known about who the artist was.
Sotheby’s said that Mr Thwaytes’s picture was by a 14 …………………. of Caravaggio.
The judge believed that the 15 …………………. of Mr Thwayte’s painting was not that
which would be expected of Caravaggio.
The judge drew particular attention to the way a 16 ……………………. had been portrayed
in the picture and argued that Caravaggio could and would have painted it differently.
Question 17
What would be the best title for the article?
A Sotheby's wins case over 'Caravaggio'
B Caravaggio forgery discovered by art collector
C Many great artworks are actually fakes, claims expert
D Judge clarifies misunderstood law on attribution of artworks
DAY 7
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
The Global Effect of Food Systems
A Did you know that what’s on your plate plays a larger role in contributing to
climate change than the car you drive? Many people, especially in wealthier countries,
are becoming worried about how much their individual carbon footprint is contributing to
climate change. However, when they consider these issues, they’ll usually think about
what vehicle they drive and how much electricity they use in their home, but not so
much about farming machinery, processed meats or food waste. Few consider the
impacts of the food they eat, despite the fact that worldwide food systems account for
roughly one quarter of all manmade emission of greenhouse gases. That’s more than
the entire global transportation sector.
B The most immediate threat from climate change for most of the global population
will be at the dinner table, as our ability to grow critical staple crops is being affected by
the global warming we’ve already experienced. Between 1980 and 2008, for instance,
wheat yields fell by 5.5% and maize yields by 3.8% due to rising temperatures. Climate
change threatens the food security of millions of poor people around the world. And yet
what we see is that while food and agriculture are massively impacted by climate
change, they are also, simultaneously, major contributors to it. What all of this tells us is
that our food systems, as currently structured, are facing major challenges.
C So what are food systems? Everything from seed and soil, to the supermarket to
the plate to the landfill site. Food systems include the growing, harvesting, processing,
packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption and disposal of food and food-related
items. While farming alone accounts for 10–12% of global greenhouse gas emissions,
when we look at entire food systems the contributions to climate change more than
double. A recent report published by the non-for-profit organisation Meridian Institute
lays out the many-factors throughout food systems that spell trouble for the climate, and
also explains why a broad systems-wide perspective for implementing effective
changes.
D Consider the impact of deforestation as forests are cleared for the purpose of
making land available for other uses. Worldwide, 80% of deforestation is carried out to
create farmland, with potentially serious consequences for climate change. The world’s
forests are massive carbon sinks, vital natural ‘reservoirs’ which remove carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and store it. So is soil, which locks away – or ‘sequesters’ – two to
three times as much carbon as there is present in the atmosphere. However, there are
ways to produce food without adding to climate change. Environmentally responsible
farming can help restore ecosystem function by producing crops and livestock in
productive ways that sequester carbon and preserve forests.
E Or consider food waste. Not just the scraps that we throw away, but throughout
the entire food system. Every year, a staggering 30–40% of the food produced in the
world is never eaten. Some never gets harvested, some spoils before it reaches
consumers, and a lot is tossed away by supermarkets, restaurants and at home. For the
sake of comparing emissions, if food waste were a country in its own right, it would be
1
DAY 7
the world’s third largest contributor to global warming, after only China and the United
States. This says nothing of the gross injustice of wasting so much food while so many
in the world go hungry. In the developing world, improving infrastructure along the food
chain – including cold storage – would prevent much good food being lost. In the
developed world, retailers can prevent large amounts of waste by finding outlets for
slightly flawed or blemished goods, and consumers can limit waste by buying food in
amounts they actually want and need.
F The complex, dynamic and widely diverse forms of the world’s many food
systems yield some wildly divergent outcomes in terms of nutrition, health, and
environmental and climate impacts. Just as there’s no universal crop that grows
everywhere, there’s no ‘one size fits all’ model food system to implement across the
world. It is critical we start to better examine what works in some systems and what
must be improved in others, in order to produce more just and sustainable outcomes
around the world. It’s time to look beyond farming and agriculture and to see the whole
picture, to create systems that cause less harm to the climate and more resilient to the
impacts we’re already suffering from global warming. Food is a fundamental human
need and to eat is a basic human right. Our food systems must deliver that need,
without worsening the impacts of climate change.
2
DAY 7
Questions 1–6
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1 a figure indicating the environmental impact of agricultural practices
2 an outline of two basic aims which food systems need to achieve
3 an illustration of a drop in the amount of basic foodstuffs being produced
4 a mention of a lack of public awareness of how food systems affect climate change
5 a mention of the two-way relationship between farming and climate change
6 a reference to how food systems need to vary according to region
Questions 7–10
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7 – 10 on your answer sheet.
The public’s perception of their contribution to climate change
People, especially in richer countries, are increasingly concerned about the impact of
their personal 7……..…….. on the environment. When thinking about how their lifestyles
affect climate change, people tend to focus on the car they use or on the amount of
8……..……….. that they consume. Not many people consider the environmental effects
of what they eat, even though food systems are responsible for a large proportion of the
9 ………..……….. being released. In fact, the impact of food systems exceeds the
contribution to climate change of all 10………..……….. throughout the world.
Questions 11 and 12.
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letter in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO facts about the forests does the writer mention?
A how the presence of forests benefits the environment
B the proportion of the world’s forests which have been destroyed
C the principal reason for which forests are cut down
D the species of crops which have the potential to protect forests
E how long it will take to reverse the damage caused by the forest clearances
Write the correct letters in boxes 13 and 14 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO facts about food waste does the writer mention?
A the countries in the world which waste most food
B the percentage of food which is wasted by retailers
C the total annual proportion of food wasted worldwide
D the impact of food waste on global warming
E the rate at which global food waste is increasing each year
DAY 7
Which TWO solutions to the problem of food waste does the writer mention?
A selling products which have minor imperfections
B limiting the range of perishable goods on offer in retail outlets
C encouraging consumers to keep food for longer rather than discarding it
D shifting food production to countries whose inhabitants are undernourished
E increasing refrigeration facilities in poorer regions of the world
DAY 8
READING PASSAGE 3
Passage 3.
The knowledge society
A A CENTURY ago, the overwhelming majority of people in developed countries worked
with their hands: on farms, in domestic service, in small craft shops and in factories. There
was not even a word for people who made their living other than by manual work. These
days, the fastest-growing group in the developed world are "knowledge workers' - people
whose jobs require formal and advanced schooling.
B At present, this term is widely used to describe people with considerable theoretical
knowledge and learning: doctors, lawyers, teachers, accountants, chemical engineers. But
the most striking growth in the coming years will be in 'knowledge technologists’: computer
technicians, software designers, analysts in clinical labs, manufacturing technologists, and
so on. These people are as much manual workers as they are knowledge workers; in fact,
they usually spend far more time working with their hands than with their brains. But their
manual work is based on a substantial amount of theoretical knowledge which can be
acquired only through formal education. They are not, as a rule, much better paid than
traditional skilled workers, but they see themselves as professionals. Just as unskilled
manual workers in manufacturing were the dominant social and political force in the
twentieth century, knowledge technologists are likely to become the dominant social - and
perhaps also political force over the next decades
C Such workers have two main needs: formal education that enables them to enter
knowledge work in the first place, and continuing education throughout their working lives
to keep their knowledge up to date. For the old high-knowledge professionals such as
doctors, clerics and lawyers, formal education has been available for many centuries. But
for knowledge technologists, only a few countries so far provide systematic and organised
preparation. Over the next few decades, educational institutions to prepare knowledge
technologists will grow rapidly in all developed and emerging countries, just as new
institutions to meet new requirements have always appeared in the past
D What is different this time is the need for the continuing education of already well-trained
and highly knowledgeable adults. Schooling traditionally stopped when work began. In the
knowledge society it never stops. Continuing education of already highly educated adults
will therefore become a big growth area in the next society. But most of it will be delivered
in non- traditional ways, ranging from weekend seminars to online training programmes,
and in any number of places, from a traditional university to the student's home. The
information revolution, which is expected to have an enormous impact on education and on
traditional schools and universities, will probably have an even greater effect on the
continuing education of knowledge workers, allowing knowledge to spread near-instantly,
and making it accessible to everyone
DAY 8
E All this has implications for the role of women in the labour force. Although women have
always worked, since time immemorial the jobs they have done have been different from
men's. Knowledge work, on the other hand, is 'unisex’, not because of feminist pressure,
but because it can be done equally well by both sexes. Knowledge workers, whatever their
sex, are professionals, applying the same knowledge, doing the same work, governed by
the same standards and judged by the same results.
F The knowledge society is the first human society where upward mobility is potentially
unlimited. Knowledge differs from all other means of production in that it cannot be
inherited or bequeathed from one generation to another. It has to be acquired anew by
every individual, and everyone starts out with the same total ignorance. And nowadays it is
assumed that everybody will be a 'success' - an idea that would have seemed ludicrous to
earlier generations. Naturally, only a tiny number of people ca reach outstanding levels of
achievement, but a very large number of people assume they will reach adequate levels.
G The upward mobility of the knowledge society, however, comes at a high price: the
psychological pressures and emotional traumas of the rat race. Schoolchildren in some
countries may suffer sleep deprivation because they spend their evenings at a crammer to
help them pass their exams. Otherwise they will not get into the prestige university of their
choice, and thus into a good job. In many different parts of the world, schools are becoming
viciously competitive. That this has happened over such a short time - no more than 30 or
40 years - indicates how much the fear of failure has already permeated the knowledge
society.
H Given this competitive struggle, a growing number of highly successful knowledge
workers of both sexes - business managers, university teachers, museum directors,
doctors - 'plateau' in their 40s. They know they have achieved all they will achieve. If their
work is all they have, they are in trouble. Knowledge workers therefore need to develop,
preferably while they are still young, a non-competitive life and community of their own, and
some serious outside interest - be it working as a volunteer in the community, playing in a
local orchestra or taking an active part in a small town's local government. This outside
interest will give them the opportunity for personal contribution and achievement.
DAY 8
1 According to the writer, a hundred years ago in the developed world, manual workers
A were mainly located in rural areas.
B were not provided with sufficient education.
C were the largest single group of workers.
D were the fastest growing group in society.
2 The writer suggests that the most significant difference between knowledge technologists
and manual workers is
A their educational background.
B the pay they can expect.
C their skill with their hands.
D their attitudes to society.
3 He predicts that in the' coming years, knowledge technologists
A will have access to the same educational facilities as professional people.
B will have more employment opportunities in educational institutions.
C will require increasing mobility in order to find suitable education.
D will be provided with appropriate education for their needs.
4 According to the writer, the most important change in education this century will be
A the way in which people learn.
B the sorts of things people learn about.
C the use people make of their education.
D the type of people who provide education.
5 The writer says that changes in women's roles
A mean women are now judged by higher standards,
B have led to greater equality with men in the workplace.
C are allowing women to use their traditional skills in new ways
D may allow women to out-perform men for the first time.
Questions 6-13
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
6 In the knowledge society, knowledge can be passed down from parents to children.
7 Everyone is expected to be successful in the knowledge society.
8 The knowledge society means that some people may become successful by accident.
9 The knowledge society has both good and bad points.
10 Schoolchildren should not study so hard that they risk becoming ill.
11 It is right for schools to encourage a high degree of competition between their students.
12 When choosing outside interests, knowledge workers should avoid the need to try to
do better than other people.
13 Outside interests are more fulfilling if they involve helping other people.
DAY 9
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
How babies see colour
A Alice Skelton and fellow researchers at the Baby Lab at the University of Sussex in
the UK are attempting to answer a basic question which has fascinated parents and
scientists alike: when it comes to colour, what exactly can babies see? The Baby Lab
study also hopes to develop ways to identify babies at risk of becoming colour blind and
to discover ways to minimise the impact of this condition on their health and well-being.
The technology used at the Baby Lab involves a sophisticated eye-tracking system
which allows the researchers to follow the eye movements of the babies. While a
camera locks its focus onto their faces, sensors register the corneal reflections in the
babies’ eyes and the position of the pupils in the eyes. With this data, the researchers
can assess the babies’ reactions to colours.
B To illustrate one of their methods of studying babies, the Sussex researchers place
an infant subject, four-month-old Teo Bosten-Lam, in a padded seat arranged so he
gazes at a computer screen. The screen is grey, but in the top right-hand corner is a
deep blue circle. When Teo shows he is aware of the circle by looking directly at it, it
changes into a smiley face and a happy tune fills the room. At one point, Teo begins to
look around the room. When this happens, suddenly a black and white spinning disc
appears on the screen, making a ‘bong’ sound. A researcher explains, ‘Babies can’t
resist the black and white swirl things.’ These are played when they look away to get
their attention back to the screen. And, when Teo shows he is getting tired of the whole
process, the screen flashes a clip of an animated cartoon character. This results in
Teo’s eyes returning to the screen.
C To a baby, the world changes rapidly. At birth, everything is a blur, with visual acuity
around 5% of that a mature individual and faces initially only discernible at a distance of
around 30 cm. But change is rapid. ‘The early stages of learning to see colour and basic
forms happen relatively quickly,’ says Alex Wade, professor of psychology at Britain’s
University of York and an expert in visual processes. By the age of six months, he adds,
a baby’s visual acuity has developed to almost its full extent.
D Just how such changes occur, and their impact on a baby’s understanding of the
world, is the driving force behind baby labs around the world in many different things.
The Sussex Baby Lab is attempting to discover how colour is seen and understood by
infants; ‘It is a myth that babies see in black and white,’ says Anna Franklin, head of the
Baby Lab, pointing out that studies have found that newborn babies can see large,
bright patches of red on a grey background. An expert on colour vision, Franklin is
engaged in infancy to why certain children have colour obsessions. Her research has
aided the development of infant toys, as well as children’s theatre and television shows.
E That we can see the world in glorious colour at all, Franklin points out, depends on
specialist cells in the retinas of our eyes. Known as cones, these come in three types –
those sensitive to long, medium, and short wavelengths of light. While babies are born
with all three types of cones, it takes time for these to mature, and for the brain to make
sense of the signals on which a baby’s discrimination of colours depends. By two
1
DAY 9
months, babies can tell red and green colours apart; a few weeks later, they can also
recongise blues and yellows. But the intensity of the colours is crucial. Franklin notes
that if you show a baby a kind of washed-out green, they won’t be able to see it, even if
they can see a strong green. While a gradual improvement in a baby’s ability to see
faint colours occurs as they mature, it isn’t known whether all colours need to be just as
strong for a baby to spot them.
F Skelton has found, through testing more than 40 babies, that even at four months they
need blues and yellows to be stronger than reds and greens in order to be able to see
them. Recently, Franklin and her team have been exploring the number of colour
categories babies possess. More than 170 babies were recruited for the experiment,
with each repeatedly shown two squares of the same colour, then two of different
colours, and the babies’ behaviour was monitored. ‘The upshot is babies have got five
colour categories, we think: red, green, blue, purple and yellow-brown,’ says Skelton.
Further categories, such as orange and pink, appear to emerge later with language.
But, not all societies categorise colours in the same way. This may be linked to the
words in different languages for particular colours. And the availability words may
depend on the needs of that society to be able to differentiate certain colours.
2
DAY 9
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i A comparison of the vision of babies with that of adults
ii Devices for measuring colour intensity
iii Ways in which bright colours are used to sell baby products
iv Possible cultural influences on colour perception
v A popular misconception about colours newly born babies can see
vi Maintaining a baby’s concentration during an experimental procedure
vii The aims and potential medical benefits of the research
viii Structures within the eye important for colour recognition
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
Questions 7 and 8
Which TWO of the following are mentioned with regard to the Sussex Baby Lab research?
A A camera maintains direct attention on the baby’s face
B When a baby notices a screen image, the image automatically changes.
C A baby simles when he sees a new colour.
D A cartoon clip is used to show different bright colours
E A bright colour appears on a screen to signal the end of an experiment
Questions 9 and 10
Which TWO of the following statements are made about a baby’s ability to see?
A Their clarity of vision will improve considerably in their first few months of life
B They can see black and white objects more clearly than coloured ones
C They are able to perceive a limited number of colours from birth
D They rapidly develop a preference for brightly coloured toys
E Their eyes contain fewer cones than those of an adult
1
DAY 9
Questions 11-16
The human eye and colour perception
Cones are 11 ………………… in the eye which serve a particular function in the recognition
of colours. They all respond to light but vary in the different 12 …………….. they respond
to. Although babies have three types of cones from birth, their brains initially have difficulty
understanding the 13 ………………. coming from them. As these cones mature, the baby’s
power of 14 ……………………. develops between colours such as red and green.
However, an important factor in the baby’s ability to tell certain colours apart is the 15
………………., as weak colours are difficult for the baby to recognise. Over time, there is a
slow 16 ……………….. in this.
2
DAY 10
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
Face to Face
Malcolm Gladwell reports on the art – or is it science? – of face reading
All of us read faces. When someone says, I love you', we look into that person's eyes to
judge his or her sincerity. When we meet someone new, we often pick up on subtle signals,
so that, even though he or she may have talked in a normal and friendly manner,
afterwards, we say, 'I don't think he liked me' or ‘I don't think she's very happy'. We easily
distinguish complex differences in facial expression.
The face is such an extraordinarily efficient instrument of communication that there must be
rules that govern the way we interpret facial expressions. But what are those rules? And
are they the same for everyone? In the 1960s, a young psychologist named Paul Ekman
began to study facial expression, and he discovered that no one knew the answers to
those questions. Ekman went to see an anthropologist called Margaret Mead and
suggested to her that he travel around the world to find out whether people from different
cultures agreed on the meaning of different facial expressions. Mead was unimpressed.
Like most social scientists of her day, she believed that expression was culturally
determined – that we simply used our faces according to a set of learned social
conventions.
Ekman was undaunted; he began travelling to places like Japan, Brazil and Argentina,
carrying photographs of men and women making a variety of distinctive faces. Everywhere
he went, people agreed on what those expressions meant. But he wondered whether
people in the developed world had all picked up the same cultural rules from watching the
same movies and television shows. So he set out again, this time making his way through
the jungles of Papua New Guinea, to the most remote villages, and he found that the
tribesmen there had no problem interpreting the expressions either. This may not sound
like much of a breakthrough. But in the scientific climate of the time, it was a revelation.
Ekman had established that expressions were the universal products of evolution. There
were fundamental lessons to be learned from the face, if you knew where to look.
If the face was part of a physiological system, he reasoned, the system could be learned.
He set out to teach himself and was introduced to the face reading business by a man
named Silvan Tomkins, possibly the best face reader of all time. Ekman's most memorable
encounter with Tomkins took place in the late 1960s. Ekman had just tracked down 30,000
metres of film that had been shot by the virologist Carleton Gajdusek in the remote jungles
of Papa New Guinea. Some of the footage was of a tribe called the South Fore, who were
peaceful and friendly people. The rest was of the Kukukuku, who were hostile and
murderous. Ekman was still working on the problem of whether human facial expressions
were universal, and the Gajdusek film was invaluable. For six months, Ekman and his
collaborator, Wallace Friesen, sorted through the footage. They cut extraneous scenes,
1
DAY 10
focusing just on close-ups of the faces of the tribesmen, and when the cuts were finished,
Ekman called in Tomkins.
The two men, protégé and mentor, sat at the back of the room, as faces flickered across
the screen. Ekman had told Tomkins nothing about the tribes involved. At the end, Tomkins
went up to the screen and pointed to the faces of the South Fore. "These are a sweet
gentle people, very indulgent, very peaceful,' he said. Then he pointed to the faces of the
Kukukuku. 'This other group is violent, and there is lots of evidence to suggest murder'
Even today, a third of a century later, Ekman cannot get over what Tomkins did. Ekman
recalls, 'He went up to the screen and, while we played the film backward in slow motion,
he pointed out the particular bulges and wrinkles in the face that he was using to make his
judgement. ‘That's when Irealised,' Ekman says, 'that I had to unpack the face.'
Ekman and Friesen decided that they needed to create a taxonomy* of facial expressions,
so day after day, they sat across from each other and began to make every conceivable
face they could. Soon, though, they realised that their efforts weren't enough. 'I met an
anthropologist, Wade Seaford, and told him what I was doing, and he said, "Do you have
this muscular movement?" And it wasn't in Ekman's system because he had never seen it
before. 'I had built a system based not on what the face can do, but on what I had seen. I
was devastated. I realized that I had to learn the anatomy.
The two then combed through medical textbooks that outlined each of the facial muscles,
and identified every distinct muscular movement that the face could make. There were 43
such movements. Ekman and Friesen called them 'action units'. Then they sat across from
each other again and began manipulating each action unit in turn, first locating the muscle
in their mind and then concentrating on isolating it, watching each other closely as they did,
checking their movements in a mirror and videotaping the movements for their records.
When each of those action units had been mastered, Ekman and Friesen began working
action units in combination. The entire process took seven years. "There are 300
combinations of two muscles’ Ekman says. ‘If you add in a third muscle, you get over 4000.
We took it up to five muscles, which is over 10,000 visible facial configurations.' Most of
those 10,000 facial expressions don't mean anything, of course. They are the kind of
nonsense faces that children make. But, by working through each action-unit combination,
Ekman and Friesen identified about 3000 that did seem to mean something, until they had
catalogued the essential repertoire of human emotion.
* a scientific list
2
DAY 10
Questions 1-7
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the reading passage.
Although we may not realise it, we 1 ……………….. on a daily basis. In the 1960s, a
psychologist named Paul Ekman decided to establish the 2 …………………… that govern
how we do this. He first carried out his research using 3 …………………….. which he took
with him to different countries. By doing this, he discovered that there was no
4………………. link to the way we interpret expressions. But it was after his meetings with
5 ……………. that he began to create a list of facial expressions. By analysing every
6……………..... that the face can make, he and his partner identified a total of 7
………………….. different facial experessions.
Questions 8-14
Look at the following statements (Questions 8-14) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person.
8 helped edit material for an experiment

9 introduced a factor that had been overlooked
10 is considered by some to be the most successful interpreter of facial expression
11 rejected the usefulness of an idea
12 realised that many areas of facial expression were unexplained
13 provided useful material for research
14 successfully distinguished characteristics from unknown faces
List of People
A Paul Ekman
B Margaret Mead
C Silvan Tomkins
D Carleton Gajdusek
E Wallace Friesen
F Wade Seaford
DAY 11
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL ASTRONOMY
Research is revealing a complex and functional astronomical knowledge used by

Aboriginal people, Australia`s indigenous people, to navigate, find food and mark seasonal
changes.
A Australia`s Aboriginal people, living under a dazzling canopy of constellations, absorbed

the night skies into their cultural, social and spiritual life. The position of the stars, the motion
of the planets, and astronomical events such as comets, meteorites and eclipses have
informed their cosmology and traditions. “Spirituality, sacred law, kinship, cultural rules about
who you can marry, where you can go, what you can do, how society works…all of this social
structure is written in the stars”, says Dr Duane Hamacher, a lecturer at the Nura Gilli
Indigenous Programs Unit at the University of New South Wales, Australia.
B Hamacher, working closely with Aboriginal elders, is uncovering a wealth of

astronomical knowledge. He takes the example of the Pleiades, one of the closest star
clusters to Earth. He explains that the Pleiades rise early in the morning, just before the sun
comes up, and are visible for about 15 minutes. This signals the time at which flowers appear
on one type of tree, the start of winter , and the orca* migrating north. These observations
indicate that the early Aboriginal astronomers took an intellectual approach that sought
meaning in, and application of, astronomical phenomena. And no more is this evidenced
than in how they used this knowledge to navigate their vast, and sometimes featureless,
island continent.
C Professor Ray Norris, an astrophysicist at the Australian Telescope National Facility

and adjunct professor in Indigenous Astronomy at Macquarie University , Sydney, recounts
an occasion while bushwalking with Bill Yidumduma Harney , an Aboriginal elder : `Bill can
name about 5000 stars. Most Western astronomers can name only 20 or 30 on a good day
…He looks up at the sky and knows how it charges with the seasons, with the time , in ways
I don’t actually quite understand. And for him it’s completely intuitive ….. he looks at the sky
and knows it reflects what’s on the land.
William Stevens, an Aboriginal astronomy guide who conducts the Dreamtime ** Astronomy
tour at Sydney Observatory , explains how some Aboriginal people use the constellation of
Scorpius for navigation: `We don’t see a scorpion ; it’s actually a map for us, says Stevens,
adding that people use the stars to travel from one clan group to another.
D Norris considers the study of Aboriginal astronomy an opportunity for Aboriginal

communities to gain access to information that may have been lost after European
colonization of Australia. This giving back of knowledge as Norris describes it ,’could promote
DAY 11
community pride and provide educational material for young Aboriginal people,. This could
also provide an opportunity to help foster a better understanding and appreciation as
Aboriginal culture among the wider Australian society.
E Perhaps the most beguiling application of astronomical observation is associated with

the behavior of one Australia’s most iconic birds , the emu. `The Emu in the Sky`, as it is
called, describes a carving that is clearly visible on a rock located in Ku-ring-gai Chase
National Park, north of Sydney. It depicts an emu is somewhat unnatural position for a real
emu , with the legs folded behind it. That is, until it is observed that there is a huge and dark
shape in one of the `dark` areas of the Milky Way that resembles an emu. This èmu` swings
around the sky each night, its starting point at dusk changing as the year goes by and the
season change. In April the body of the Èmu in the Sky` reaches a certain angle, and people
know it is the season to go and find fresh emu eggs, a rich highly valued food source. When
the angle of the representation of the emu on the rock face matches the Èmu in the Sky`,
the harvest might begin. The folded legs signify that the emu is sitting on the nest.
The Emu in the sky exemplifies one of the key principles of Aboriginal cultures: what is in the
sky is of what is on Earth . Aboriginal people also apply this concept to construct annual
calendars . Often based on six reasons ,Aboriginal calendars are relatively complex and are
generally constructed from the heliacal rising of stars (i.e when the star first becomes visible
above eastern horizon for a brief moment just before sunrise)
F Dr Philip Clarke of federation University Australia has documented how tha Kaurna
Aboriginal people of South Australia use the rising of they call Parna ,one of the brightest
stars in the night sky .Its appearance just before sunrise indicates that the hot ,dry summer
is ending and the autumn rains will soon arrive .The lands of Kaurna include the ADELAIDE
Plains ,which are prone to flooding .Therefore ,knowledge of when the arrival of autumn is
imminent allows them time to build their large, waterproof huts ,which are known as wurlies.
Not only were the positions and movements of individual stars used to predict seasonal
changes, the scintillation of stars also informs Aboriginal astronomers of a change in the
weather or season. ”They can tell by the degree of how much the star twinkles or changes
colour to gauge the amount of moisture in the atmosphere”, explains Hamacher. “They then
know wheter a storm is approaching or the wet season is coming”.
G It is clear that aboriginal cultures contain a wealth of astronomical knowledge. This

knowledge incorporates a deep and sophisticated understanding celestial and terrestrial
events and should be viewed through the prism of an interconnected world-view: a paradigm
in which the Aboriginal people saw themselves not a separate external observers, but
integral component of nature and the universe.
DAY 11
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1 an example of am Aboriginal person who can identify many stars in the sky
2 a reference of an astronomical feature that predicts the movement of a particular animal
3 a mention of an Aboriginal system of dividing the year into several periods
4 an explanation of how the Aboriginal people viewed themselves as part of the environment
5 an example of an Aboriginal art work that may seem strange at first
6 a reference to a chance for greater public insight into Aboriginal ways
Questions 7-12
Look at the following statements (Questions 7-12) and the list of people below
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet.
7 The way a star shines gives information about the weather.
8 An aboriginal person makes an instinctive connection between earth and sky.
9 Astronomy provides a guide for Aboriginals about the suitability of partners.
10 Astronomy helps aboriginal people make practical preparations for a change in the
weather
11 Current research may help aboriginal people today learn about what their
ancestors knew
12 A pattern in the stars helps people know which route to take when visiting people
in other areas.
List of people
A Dr Duane Hamacher
B Professor Ray Norris
C William Stevens
D Dr Philip Clarke
DAY 11
Questions 13-16
The Emu in the Sky
‘The Emu in the Sky’ is a 13........................ on a rock in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park.
This portrays an emu that appears to be sitting in odd way as its 14....................... are in an
unusual position. However, when 15........................ comes, and emus lay their eggs, the
rock art matches the shape of one of the dark areas in the Milky Way. Then it becomes clear
that the rock art represents an emu on a 16........................ and that the Aboriginal people
see the sky as reflecting life on the land.
DAY 12
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
A In the early decades of the 20th century, many Western cities experienced a steep rise in
demand for commercial and civic premises, due to population growth and expansion of the
white-collar professions. At the same time, architects were growing discontented with the
ornamental spirals and decorative features in the prevailing design ethos of art deco or art
moderne. Once considered the height of sophistication, these styles were quickly
becoming seen as pretentious and old-fashioned. In this confluence of movements, a new
style of architecture emerged. It was simple, practical and strong; a new look for the
modern city and the modern man. It was named ‘the international style’.
B Although the international style first emerged in Western Europe in the 1920s, it found its
fullest expression in American architecture and was given its name in a 1932 book of the
same title. The first hints of it in America can be seen on the Empire State Building in New
York City, which was completed in 1931. The top of the building, with its tapered crown, is
decidedly art deco, yet the uniform shaft of the lower two thirds represents a pronounced
step in a new direction. Later efforts, such as the United Nations Secretariat building (1952)
and the Seagram Building (1954) came to exemplify the ‘true’ international style.
C The architects of the international style broke with the past by rejecting virtually all non-
essential ornamentation. They created blockish, flat-roofed skyscrapers using steel, stone
and glass. A typical building facade in this style has an instantly recognisable ribbon
design, characterised by strips of floor-to-ceiling windows separated by strips of metal
panelling. Interiors showcased open spaces and fluid movements between separate areas
of the building.
D Fans of the international style of modern buildings celebrated their sleek and economical
contribution to modern cityscapes. While pre-modern architecture was typically designed to
display the wealth and prestige of its landlords or occupants, the international style in some
ways exhibited a more egalitarian tendency. As every building and every floor looked much
the same, there was little attempt to use these designs to make a statement. This focus on
function and practicality reflected a desire in mid-century Western cities to ‘get on with
business’ and ‘give everyone a chance’, rather than lauding the dominant and influential
institutions of the day through features such as Romanesque columns.
E Detractors, however, condemned these buildings for showing little in the way of human
spirit or creativity. For them, the international style represented not an ethos of equality and
progress, but an obsession with profit and ‘the bottom line’ that removed spiritual and
creative elements from public life and public buildings. Under the dominance of the
international style, cities became places to work and do business, but not to express one’s
desires or show individuality. It is perhaps telling that while banks and government
departments favoured the international style, arts organisations rarely opted for its
austerity.
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DAY 12
F By the mid-1970s, the international style was ubiquitous across key urban centres,
dominating skylines to such an extent that many travellers complained they could get off a
plane and not know where they were. By their nature, buildings in this style demanded very
little of architects in the way of imagination, and a younger generation of designers was
yearning to express their ideas and experiment in novel and unexpected ways. The
outcome was a shift toward postmodernism, which celebrated much of what the
international style had dismissed: decoration, style without function, and an overall sense
of levity. By the turn of the 1980s, the international style was considered outdated and was
falling rapidly out of favour.
2
DAY 12
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F.
Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 1–6 on your answer sheet.
1 a description of how international style buildings look on the inside

2 a reference to institutions that didn’t like to use international style buildings
3 a reason why architects didn’t like the international style
4 a building which combined art deco and international features
5 types of materials commonly used in international style buildings
6 an architectural feature previously associated with prominent organisations
Questions 7-11
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
7 The development of the international style was prompted by an increased need for
……………………. buildings.
8 Designers used hardly any ………………… on international style buildings.
9 International style buildings are easily identified from the outside because of the
……………………..
10 Demonstration of ……………………… and ………………………. was often an important
factor in the design of old buildings.
11 The similarity of international style constructions reflect the concern of architects with
………………………. and ………………………………
Questions 12 and 13
Write the correct letter in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12 Some people didn’t like the international style because they felt it focused too much on
A the public sector
B differences between people
C new ideas
D making money
13 In the mid-1970s
A the best architects were no longer using the international style
B there was a lot of international style architecture in major cities
C young architects were becoming interested in the international style
D people visited specifically to see international style buildings
DAY 13
READING PASSAGE 1
Passage 1 below.
Tickling and laughter
Why does tickling, or even the thought of it, produce laughter?
A Tickling is the act of touching so as to cause laughter or twitching movements.
Tickling may have been one of the first ways early humans communicated with each
other and is a useful form of non-verbal communication, particular with babies and
children. The word itself comes from the English of the Middle Ages when tickelen
meant ‘to touch lightly’.
B If you don’t know whether you are ticklish, you’ll have to ask someone else. Tickling
is not included in the spectrum of pains and pleasures that we can inflict on
ourselves and while we can stroke and scratch and hurt ourselves, the one thing we
can’t do effectively is tickle ourselves. And no-one knows why. It is a subject that has
intrigued philosophers and scientists since antiquity. He ancient Greek philosophers
Plato and Aristotle speculated about tickling and its purpose. The 19th-century
British scientist Charles Darwin was the first to attempt to analyse this peculiar
phenomenon, observing the involuntary spasm it seems to trigger in babies and
primates, and he came to the conclusion that tickling was an ingredient in forming
social bonds. In 1872 he noted that the key to the success of tickling is that ‘the
precise point to be tickled must not be known’. So it is surprise, rather than tactile
pressure, that is a key ingredient in successful tickling. Indeed, in people who are
extremely suggestible, the threat of being tickled without even being touched is
enough to induce hysterical laughter. This is as effective with adults as with children
and provides a clue to the fact that tickling is not merely a physical sensation.
Ticklishness is not something that diminishes with age, nor does anyone know why
some people are more ticklish than others, and there are no distinctions to be made
along gender lines. The whole thing is mysterious.
C Research has been done on animals on the relationship between tickling and
laughter. Neuroscientists at Bowling Green University in Ohio in the USA have
recently discovered that rats respond to being tickled with squealing, chirping
sounds, increased excitement and little kicks – especially when tickled one the nape
of the neck. Dogs may not respond quite as effusively, but it is common for tummy-
tickling to trigger frantic hind leg action which appears to be a sign of pleasure. More
controversial is the claim that Washoe, a female gorilla living in the primate facility at
Washington Central University and trained in American sign language, frequently
makes the sign for ‘tickle me’, suggesting that it is pleasant sensation.
D For eminent neuroscientist Professor V S Ramachandran, head of the Department
of Brain and Cognition at the University of California, laughter is the essential key to
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DAY 13
unlocking the mystery of tickling. ‘Laughter’ is a signal that the tickling is a false
alarm, that there is nothing to really worry about, the subject is not really under
attack,’ Ramachandran says. ‘When someone tells you a joke, they take you along a
path of expectation to a punchline which is a twist in the path. When the subject
laughs at the punchline, it is a recognition that danger has been averted. The same
applies to tickling.’
E Ramachandran has studied the response by children to tickling. He says: ‘Most
babies are ticklish. In evolutionary terms it may be that in humans, ticklishness is a
leftover of childhood behaviour with some social benefits. But because there are so
many layers to the human mind, people who do not consider themselves ticklish my
be inhibited about laughing and exposing their vulnerability.’ Another researcher,
Christine Harris believes that there are two types of tickling. The lighter pressure
results in the urge to scratch or rub, while the heavier provokes laughter. As to why
some areas of the body appear to be more sensitive to tickling than others – the
soles of the feet, the underarm area, the stomach and the neck are most commonly
mentioned – Ramachandran suggests that ‘these are areas that are not normally
touched by other people so it is an indication that they are considered private space’.
Other especially ticklish areas include the waist and ribs.
F The laughter response to the stimulus of tickling comes from the brain. Sarah Jayne
Blakemore, a cognitive neuroscientist at London’s University College, says the
cerebellum, a more primitive part of the brain, dampens the tickle sensation if you try
to tickle yourself, telling the cortex to ignore the feeling. To demonstrate theory, she
constructed a robotic tickle machine with a foam-tipped arm and operated by an
unseen person. Blakemore used MRI scans which measure blood flow in the brain
to compare cerebral activity when six volunteers tried to tickle themselves and when
they were tickled by the machine. The part of the brain that registers touch reacted
more strongly when the machine tickled them than when they tickled themselves.
Recent studies suggest that reaction to tickling, like laughter, is innate. Children born
deaf and blind react normally to being tickled. No specific studies have been
conducted, however, on tickling in people suffering from autism.
2
DAY 13
Questions 1 – 5
Reading passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
1 the parts of the human body which are sensitive to tickling
2 the interest in tickling shown by scientists and thinkers throughout history
3 the similarity between response to tickling and response to telling funny stories
4 an experiment on tickling oneself
5 a reason why some people do not believe they are ticklish
Questions 6 – 11
Look at the following claims (Questions 6-11) and the list of people below.
Match each claim with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet.
6 Laughter demonstrates that tickling is not a threat.
7 Tickling strengthens relations between people.
8 Different sorts of tickling cause different reactions.
9 Tickling oneself results in a weaker sensation than being tickled by someone or
something else.
10 Effective tickling relies on not knowing where it will happen.
11 Understanding laughter will allow us to understand tickling.
List of people
A Charles Darwin
B Professor V S Ramachandran
C Christine Harris
D Sarah Jayne Blakemore
Questions 12 and 13
Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
When people are tickled, the brain produces a laughter-response. If you attempt to
tickle yourself, the part of the brain called the 12 …………… weakens the feeling you
experience. A recent experiment testing why people do not laugh when they tickle
themselves examined 13 …………… in the brain to assess brain activity. The
experiment found that the area of the brain where we experience the sensation of touch
responded more intensely when tickling was controlled by another person.
DAY 14
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage
3.
Pacific navigation and voyaging
How people migrated to the Pacific islands
The many tiny islands of the Pacific Ocean had no human population until ancestors of
today’s islanders sailed from Southeast Asia in ocean-going canoes approximately 2,000
years ago. At the present time, the debate continues about exactly how they migrated such
vast distances across the ocean, without any of the modern technologies we take for
granted.
Although the romantic vision of some early twentieth-century writers of fleets of heroic
navigators simultaneously setting sail had come to be considered by later investigators to
be exaggerated, no considered assessment of Pacific voyaging was forthcoming until 1956
when the American historian Andrew Sharp published his research. Sharp challenged the
‘heroic vision’ by asserting that the expertise of the navigators was limited, and that the
settlement of the islands was not systematic, being more dependent on good fortune by
drifting canoes. Sharp’s theory was widely challenged, and deservedly so. If nothing else,
however, it did spark renewed interest in the topic and precipitated valuable new research.
Since the 1960s a wealth of investigations has been conducted, and most of them,
thankfully, have been of the ‘non-armchair’ variety. While it would be wrong to denigrate all
‘armchair’ research – that based on an examination of available published materials – it
has turned out that so little progress had been made in the area of Pacific voyaging
because most writers relied on the same old sources – travelers’ journals or missionary
narratives compiled by unskilled observers. After Sharp, this began to change, and
researchers conducted most of their investigations not in libraries, but in the field.
In 1965, David Lewis, a physician and experienced yachtsman, set to work using his own
unique philosophy: he took the yacht he had owned for many years and navigated through
the islands in order to contact those men who still find their way at sea using traditional
methods. He then accompanied these men, in their traditional canoes, on test voyages
from which all modern instruments were banished from sight, though Lewis secretly used
them to confirm the navigator’s calculations. His most famous such voyage was a return
trip of around 1,000 nautical miles between two islands in mid-ocean. Far from drifting, as
proposed by Sharp, Lewis found that ancient navigators would have known which course
to steer by memorizing which stars rose and set in certain positions along the horizon and
this gave them fixed directions by which to steer their boats.
The geographer Edwin Doran followed a quite different approach. He was interested in
obtaining exact data on canoe sailing performance, and to that end employed the latest
electronic instrumentation. Doran traveled on board traditional sailing canoes in some of
the most remote parts of the Pacific, all the while using his instruments to record canoe
speeds in different wind strengths – from gales to calms – the angle canoes could sail
1
DAY 14
relative to the wind. In the process, he provided the first really precise attributes of
traditional sailing canoes.
A further contribution was made by Steven Horvath. As a physiologist, Horvath’s interest
was not in navigation techniques or in canoes, but in the physical capabilities of the men
themselves. By adapting standard physiological techniques, Horvath was able to calculate
the energy expenditure required to paddle canoes of this sort at times when there was no
wind to fill the sails, or when the wind was contrary. He concluded that paddles, or perhaps
long oars, could indeed have propelled for long distances what were primarily sailing
vessels.
Finally, a team led by P Wall Garrard conducted important research, in this case by making
investigations while remaining safely in the laboratory. Wall Garrard’s unusual method was
to use the findings of linguists who had studied the languages of the Pacific islands, many
of which are remarkably similar although the islands where they are spoken are sometimes
thousands of kilometres apart. Clever adaptation of computer simulation techniques
pioneered in other disciplines allowed him to produce convincing models suggesting the
migrations were indeed systematic, but not simultaneous. Wall Garrard proposed the
migrations should be seen not as a single journey made by a massed fleet of canoes, but
as a series of ever more ambitious voyages, each pushing further into the unknown ocean.
What do we learn about Pacific navigation and voyaging from this research? Quite
correctly, none of the researchers tried to use their findings to prove one theory or another;
experiments such as these cannot categorically confirm or negate a hypothesis. The
strength of this research lay in the range of methodologies employed. When we splice
together these findings we can propose that traditional navigators used a variety of canoe
types, sources of water and navigation techniques, and it was this adaptability which was
their greatest accomplishment. These navigators observed the conditions prevailing at sea
at the time a voyage was made and altered their techniques accordingly. Furthermore, the
canoes of the navigators were not drifting helplessly at sea but were most likely part of a
systematic migration; as such, the Pacific peoples were able to view the ocean as an
avenue, not a barrier, to communication before any other race on Earth. Finally, one
unexpected but most welcome consequence of this research has been a renaissance in
the practice of traditional voyaging. In some groups of islands in the Pacific today young
people are resurrecting the skills of their ancestors, when a few decades ago it seemed
they would be lost forever.
2
DAY 14
Question 1-5
NOT GIVEN if is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 The Pacific islands were uninhabited when migrants arrived by sea from Southeast
Asia
2 Andrew Sharp was the first person to write about the migrants to islanders
3 Andrew Sharp believed migratory voyages were based on more on luck than skill
4 Despite being controversial, Andrew Sharp’s research had positive results
5 Edwin Doran disagreed with the findings of Lewis’s research
Questions 6-10
6 David Lewis’s research was different because
A he observed traditional navigators at work
B he conducted test voyages using his own yacht
C he carried no modern instruments on test voyages
D he spoke the same language as the islanders he sailed with
7 What did David Lewis’s research discover about traditional navigators?

A They used the sun and moon to find their position
B They could not sail further than about 1,000 nautical miles
C They knew which direction they were sailing in
D They were able to drift for long distances
8 What are we told about Edwin Doran’s research?

A Data were collected after the canoes had returned to land
B Canoe characteristics were recorded using modern instruments
C Research was conducted in the most densely populated regions
D Navigators were not allowed to see the instruments Doran used
9 Which of the following did Steven Horvath discover during his research?
A Canoe design was less important than human strength
B New research methods had to be developed for use in canoes
C Navigators became very tired on the longest voyages
D Human energy may have been used to assist sailing canoes
10 What is the writer’s opinion of P Wall Garrard’s research?

A He is disappointed it was conducted in the laboratory
B He is impressed by the originality of the techniques used
C He is surprised it was used to help linguists with their research
D He is concerned that the islands studied are long distances apart
1
DAY 14
Questions 11-14
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
11 One limitation in the information produced by all of this research is that it
12 The best thing about this type of research
13 The most important achievement of traditional navigators
14 The migration of people from Asia to the Pacific
A was the variety of experimental techniques used

B was not of interest to young islanders today
C was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory
D was being able to change their practices when necessary
E was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean
F was the speed with which it was conducted
2
DAY 15
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
Sports Science
When the first Olympics took place in Greece 3,000 years ago, athletes could get by with
little more than raw strength. These days, however, talent and guts just aren't enough to
make it on the international circuit
A Olympic athletes today train with a dedicated team of sports scientists, each applying
the latest research and technology to their quest for success. Everything from the fibres in
their muscles to the cells in their brains is put through a rigorous workout programme to
ensure that, on the big day, they walk out of their changing room with a perfectly designed
body and a focused mind. It's not difficult to find examples of this, but what's behind this
never-ending increase in performance? Most experts agree that part of it is down to huge
advances in sports science, bringing not only a better understanding of the body and mind,
but massive improvements in equipment design.
B Sports science can be split into four areas: biomechanics, physiology, psychology and
technology. Biomechanics is the science that applies engineering principles to the motion
of the body. Biomechanists analyse an athlete's movements using video, motion tracking,
force transducers and instruments to measure electrical muscle activity and gauge internal
and external forces on the body. 'We need to know which muscles are working when, and
how hard, to understand technique and co-ordination,' says Dr Neil Fowler, a biomechanist
at Manchester Metropolitan University and biomechanics chair for the British Association
of Sport and Exercise Sciences.
C Over the years, Fowler has worked with his fair share of elite athletes, including
Olympic javelin throwers and long jumpers, and has plenty of examples of when
biomechanics has made a difference to performance. 'We found that in the long jump, it's
best if the foot is moving backwards when it hits the board, like a kind of pawing
movement. One of our elite jumpers made a radical jumping strategy change as a result of
this advice and that season there was a substantial increase in their personal best.'
D But to get the best from biomechanics, an athlete has to be physically capable of
making the changes — and that's where the physiology comes in. Physiologists often work
closely with biomechanists to fill the physiological gaps that could make the difference
between success and failure. What physiologists measure varies from sport to sport and
even between events. For an endurance athlete, for example, a priority is to get enough
oxygen to the muscles so they can work aerobically for as long as possible. Once your
body reaches the maximum rate at which it can process oxygen, your muscles begin to
work anaerobically and produce lactic acid, which leads to muscle fatigue. With this in
mind, physiologists try to establish what is the maximum sustainable speed where lactic
acid levels no longer rise.
1
DAY 15
E 'We know in general that if you want to get stronger, you lift a lot (bones become bigger
and there's an increase in density leading to more strength); if you want to be a good
endurance runner, you run a lot — but it's really about targeting each of these determinants
of performance and training at the correct intensity, for the correct duration, at the correct
frequency,' says Dr Greg Whyte, physiologist and sports science co-ordinator for the
English Institute of Sport.
F But it does seem there is a limit to what the body can do, and in some parts there may
now be little room for improvement. So this is where equipment can play an important role.
The Sports Engineering Group at Sheffield University is just one group which is designing
high-tech sporting equipment that can make changes. However, sometimes not everyone
wants the same from technology. 'We get it from all angles,' says the group's Dr Matt
Carre. Mithin industry, a company might want to make tennis rackets that can hit balls
faster, but we also get governing bodies who want to know what's happening. Obviously
they want new technology, but if it starts to spoil the game then they need to bring in some
rule changes to stop that happening.'
G Even with a perfect body and the best equipment, the athlete's mind could let them
down on the day. Professor Ian Maynard from Sheffield Hallam University is psychology
advisor to the British Olympic Association, and works with the sailing and diving teams. As
he explains, mental preparation can begin up to two months before the event, with
competitors striving to maintain a positive frame of mind. 'The whole idea is that consistent
preparation leads to consistent performance,' says Maynard. 'They might have videos,
music, arrange to meet friends and family, anything that would be a positive distraction.'
They are also trained to refocus quickly and put themselves back on track in case
something goes wrong mid-event.
H Visualisation can add an extra dimension to training. 'Reliving your best performances
is one of the best ways to build confidence, so we go through a performance in the mind's
eye, reliving the emotions and the technical aspects of it,' says Maynard. Research also
suggests visualisation is almost as good as practice. 'The neurophysiological explanation is
that if you imagine a movement, you go through the same synaptic pathways in the brain
as if you were actually executing it,' he says.
2
DAY 15
Question 17-19
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 17-19 on your answer sheet.
17 a reference to a particular sports event which has benefited from close analysis of
performance
18 a reference to the importance for athletes of recalling past successes
19 examples of devices used to gather data
Questions 20-24
Look at the following statements (Questions 20-24) and the list of people below
Match each statement with the correct person, A-D.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once.
20 He mentions the difficulty in satisfying conflicting demands.
21 He aims to prevent athletes from being deterred by unforeseen problems.
22 He describes an occasion when a small adjustment in technique led to improved
performance.
23 He explains the need to observe athletes in action.
24 He mentions the importance of research in helping to decide upon the right amount of
physical preparation.
List of People
A Dr Neil Fowler
B Dr Greg Whyte
C Dr Matt Carre
D Professor Ian Maynard
1
DAY 15
Questions 25-29
Label the diagram below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
2
DAY 16
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
The return of monkey life
Rain forest trees growing anew on Central American farmland are helping scientists
find ways for monkey and agriculture to benefit one another.
A Hacienda La Pacifica, a remote working cattle ranch in Guanacaste province of northern

Costa Rica, has for decades been home to a community of mantled howler monkeys.
Other native primates- white-faced capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys were once
common in this area, too, but vanished after the Pan-American Highway was built nearby
in the 1950s and most of the surrounding land was cleared for cattle-raising. At Hacienda
La Pacifica, however, an enlightened ranch owner chose to leave some strips of native
trees growing. He used these as windbreaks to protect both cattle and their food crops
from dry-season winds. In the process, the farmer unwittingly founded a unique laboratory
for the study of monkeys.
B Ken Glander, a primatologist from Duke University in the USA, is studying La Pacifica's
monkeys in an effort to understand the relationship between howlers and regenerating
forests at the edges of grazing lands. Studying such disturbed woodlands is increasingly
important because throughout much of the New World Tropics, these are the only forests
left. In the 1gth century, tropical dry forests once covered most of Central America, but by
the 1980s less than two percent remained undisturbed, and less than one percent was
protected.
C Howlers persists at La Pacifica, Glander explains, because they are leaf-eaters. They eat
fruit when it is available but, unlike capuchin and spider monkeys, do not depend on large
areas of fruiting trees. Glander is particularly interested in howlers' ability to thrive on
leaves loaded with toxins- poisonous substances designed to protect the plants. For leaf-
eaters, long-term exposure to a specific plant toxin can increase their ability to neutralize
the poisonous substances and absorb the leaf nutrients. Watching generations of howlers
at La Pacifica has shown Glander that the monkeys keep their systems primed by sampling
a variety of plants and then focusing on a small number of the most nutritious food items.
The leaves that grow in regenerating forests, like those at La Pacifica, are actually more
howler-friendly than those produced by the centuries-old trees that survive farther south. In
younger forests, trees put most of their limited energy into growing wood, leaves, and fruit,
so they produce much lower levels of toxin than do well-established, old-growth trees.
D The value of maturing forests to primates is also a subject of study at Santa Rosa
National Park, about 35 miles northwest of La Pacifica. Large areas of Santa Rosa's
forests had at one time been burnt to make space for cattle ranching and coffee farming,
thereby devastating local monkey habitat, but in 1971 the government protected the area
by designating it a National Park, and species of Indigenous Lees which had been absent
for decades began to invade the abandoned pastures. Capuchins were the first to begin
1
DAY 16
using the reborn forests, followed by howlers. Eventually, even spider monkeys, fruit-eaters
that need large areas of continuous forest, returned. In the first 28 years following
protection of the area, the capuchin population doubled, while the number of howlers
increased sevenfold.
E Some of the same traits that allow howlers to survive at La Pacifica also explain their
population boom in Santa Rosa, Howler reproduction is faster than that of other native
monkey species. They give birth for the first time at about 3.5 years of age, compared with
seven years for capuchins, and eight or more for spider monkeys. Also, while a female
spider monkey will have a baby about once every four years, well-fed howlers can produce
an infant every two years. Another factor is diet. Howlers are very adaptable feeders, and
only need a comparatively small home range. Spider monkeys, on the other hand, need to
occupy a huge home range. Also crucial is fact that the leaves howlers eat hold plenty of
water, so the monkeys can survive away from open streams and water holes. This ability
gives them a real advantage over capuchin and spider monkeys, which have suffered
during the long, ongoing drought in the area.
F Alejandro Estrada, an ecologist at Estacion de Biologia Los Tuxtlas in Veracruz, Mexico,
has been studying the ecology of a group of howler monkeys that thrive in a habitat totally
altered by humans: a cacao plantation in Tabasco state, Mexico. Cacao plants need shade
to grow, so 40 years ago the owners of Cholula Cacao Farm planted figs, monkeypod and
other tall trees to form a protective canopy over their crop. The howlers moved in about 25
years ago after nearby torests were cut. This strange habitat seems to support about as
many monkeys as would a same-sized patch of wild forest. The howlers eat the leaves and
fruit of the shade trees, leaving the valuable cacao pods alone.
G Estrada believes the monkeys bring underappreciated benefits to such plantations,
dispersing the seeds of fruits such as fig and other shade trees, and fertilizing the soil.
Spider monkeys also forage for fruit here, though they need nearby areas of forest to
survive in the long term. He hopes that farmers will begin to see the advantages of
associating with wild monkeys, which could include potential ecotourism projects,
'Conservation is usually viewed as a conflict between farming practices and the need to
preserve nature, Estrada says. We're moving away from that vision and beginning to
consider ways in which commercial activities may become a tool for the conservation of
primates in human-modified landscapes.
2
DAY 16
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 a reason why newer forests provide howlers with better feeding opportunities
than older forests
2 a reference to a change in farmers' attitudes towards wildlife
3 a description of the means by which howlers select the best available diet for
themselves
4 figures relating to the reduction of natural wildlife habitat over a period of time
Question 5-8
Why do howlers have an advantage over Central American
monkeys?
Howler monkeys have a more rapid rate of 5 …………….. than either capuchin of spider
monkeys. Unlike the other local monkey species, howlers can survive without eating 6
………………. , and so can live inside a relatively small habitat area. Their diet is more
flexible, and they are able to tolerate leaves with high levels of 7 ………………………
Howlers can also survive periods of 8 …………………… better than the other monkey
species can.
Questions 9 - 13
Look at the following features (Questions 9-13) and the list of locations below.
Match each feature with the correct location, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
NIB You may use any letter more than once.
9 It has seen the return of native tree species.

10 It supports only one species of native monkey.
11 Its monkey population helps the agriculture of the area.
12 It is home to populations of all three local monkey species.
13 Its landscape was altered by the construction of a transport link.
List of Locations
A Hacienda La Pacifica
B Santa Rosa National Park
C Cholula Cacao Farm
DAY 17
READING PASSAGE 1
Passage 1 below.
What exactly is a hoard? Broadly speaking, a hoard is a group of items kept together,
perhaps gathered all at once or gradually over time. Even though a typical image of a
hoard is a pot full of gold coins, it need not be a collection of metal objects. Hoards that
have survived over the centuries are the ones which were either lost or deliberately thrown
away. Many of those discovered have been split up, spent or melted down, leaving no
traces behind.
People have been finding hoards since the practice of burying them began. In the past,
they were dug up by farmers while working the soil and clearing land, or were exposed by
fallen trees or eroded riverbanks. Some of the places where hoards have been found seem
to have held particular significance throughout centuries. Bronze Age (around 3000 to 1200
BC) objects appear in later hoards, and the Romans in particular (Britain’s rulers 43 to 410
AD) seem to have found ancient artefacts intriguing: they buried fossils and prehistoric
weapons alongside their own items. In Britain’s historic town centers today, the past is
revealed when buildings are knocked down or rebuilt. In these urban areas, hoards are
usually found by archaeologists excavating sites before they are redeveloped, whereas
many recent discoveries in rural areas have been made by amateur metal-detector users.
Each newly found hoard raises questions. Who did it belong to? Why was it not recovered?
The actual contents of hoards have much to tell us when studied. The act of hiding a group
of objects in a pot in the ground or behind a wall often keeps them in good condition. In
contrast to single objects that have been accidentally dropped on the ground. These are
often later damaged as fields are ploughed. Hoarded objects may be rare survivals: things
that would normally be melted down for recycling or coins that would have been recalled by
the authorities had they not been hidden.
Archaeologists have come to realize, however, that the key to understanding a hoard is
usually held not in the group of objects itself but in its context; that is, in the information
held in the soil immediately around it and evidence of human activity in the wider
landscape. Where the precise locations of hoards have been investigated further, their
stories are enriched with detail. Although metal items may be thrown up to the surface
during farming activities, archaeological remains are often waiting to be discovered below
ground.
Why were hoards buried? Some smaller hoards were certainly accidental losses, or so-
called ‘purse hoards.’ This may be the case for smaller groups of coins found together,
sometimes still with the bags that had contained them. Larger hoards may have been
emergency hoards hidden in times of conflict, when people who owned precious objects
had to flee suddenly, or felt their homes were under threat.
A combination of conflict and economic insecurity may explain why so many hoards were
buried in late third-century Britain. Instability in the Roman empire led to rapid inflation and
the official coinage decreased in silver content, to the point where the coins had little
1
DAY 17
intrinsic value. When the coinage was eventually reformed, older coins may have been
unacceptable for official payments, so coins were discarded, or hoards were not recovered.
Concealing coins and valuable items would have been more common before ordinary
people had access to banks. Savings would need to be kept secure and hidden, and many
hoards clearly started off this way. The Beau Street hoard of over 17,5000 coins found in
Bath in 2007 is composed of eight lots of money that appear to have been sorted and then
stored under the floor of a Roman building. The hoard could represent savings made by a
wealthy individual or business, but the reason why the hoard was not recovered is
uncertain. It is also important to remember that not all hoards found in the ground had been
buried there: many hoards from Roman villas were hidden within walls that later collapsed.
There are other reasons for the burial of hoards. A strong theme that runs through
prehistory is the practice of ‘deliberate deposition’ – that is, putting something underground
or under water, which was perhaps a way of releasing it to the gods. There are no records
to allow us ever to know the exact significance of prehistoric rituals but some later offerings
are accompanied by legible inscriptions. Such offerings may have been made on one
occasion or built up over a long period of time.
Seemingly unusual rites were often simply part of everyday life in the past. In Iron Age
Britain (800 BC to the Roman Invasion), for instance, chosen objects were carefully placed
in pits and ditches in settlements as well as at shrines, possibly marking the beginning or
end of use of a building, or defending significant boundaries. In some societies, a public
destruction or donation of valuable items enhances the status of the person giving them
away. These ceremonies may be carried out when there is a change of leader, to create
social cohesion in a time of uncertainty or to make significant events in the community –
and some hoards may be the result of such ceremonies.
2
DAY 17
Questions 1-8
1 People typically think of a hoard as consisting of money

2 In the past, most hoards were discovered in wooded areas
3 The Romans took little interest in objects from earlier civilizations
4 Nowadays hoards in British towns and cities are generally discovered using metal detectors
5 Items in hoards are often better preserved than single lost objects
6 Archaeologists have realized that certain soil types cause less harm to buried objects
7 The Beau Street hoard is the largest collection of coins discovered in the UK
8 The precise meaning of prehistoric rituals has become clear following recent discoveries
Questions 9-16
Why were hoards buried?
• accidental loss: in ‘purse hoards’, the 9 ……………… are often found alongside their contents
• loss of value: coins in late third-century Britain had less and less 10 ………………… in them
• greater security:
- money found in Bath in 2007 may have been 11 ……………….. before being hidden
- hoards from Roman villas were often placed in 12 …………………
• rituals:
- ‘deliberate deposition’ in prehistory involved people placing objects in 13 ………………. or
below the ground
- offerings are sometimes found with 14 ……………………..
• common rites:
- in Iron Age Britain important 15 ……………. were protected by burying objects
- ceremonies in which items were destroyed or donated sometimes indicated a new 16
……………… within a community
DAY 18
READING PASSAGE 1
Passage 1 below.
The Diagnose of Bridge
A Most road and rail bridges are only inspected visually, if at all. Every few months,
engineers have to clamber over the structure in an attempt to find problems before the
bridge shows obvious signs of damage. Technologies developed at Los Alamos National
Laboratory, New Mexico, and Texas A&M University may replace these surveys with
microwave sensors that constantly monitor the condition of bridges.
B "The device uses microwaves to measure the distance between the sensor and the
bridge, much like radar does," says Albert Migliori, a Los Alamos physicist. "Any load on
the bridge- such as traffic- induces displacements, which change that distance as the
bridge moves up and down." By monitoring these movements over several minutes, the
researchers can find out how the bridge resonates. Changes in its behavior can give an
early warning of damage.
C The Interstate 4o bridge over the Rio Grande river in Albuquerque provided the
researchers with a rare opportunity to test their ideas. Chuck Farrar, an engineer at Los
Alamos, explains: "The New Mexico authorities decided to raze this bridge and replace it.
We were able to mount instruments on it, test it under various load conditions and even
inflict damage just before it was demolished. "In the 1960s and 1970s, 2500 similar bridges
were built in the US. They have two steel girders supporting the load in each section.
Highway experts know that this design is "fracture critical" because a failure in either girder
would cause the bridge to fail.
D After setting up the microwave dish on the ground below the bridge, the Los Alamos
team installed conventional accelerometer at several points along across it and while
subjecting it to pounding from a "shaker", which delivered precise punches to a specific
point on the road.
E "We then created damage that we hoped would simulate fatigue cracks that can occur in
steel girders," says Farrar. They first cut a slot about 60 centimeters long in the middle of
one girder. They then extended the cut until it reached the bottom of the girder and finally
they cut across the flange- the bottom of the girder's "I" shape.
F The initial, crude analysis of the bridge's behavior, based on the frequency at which the
bridge resonates, did not indicate that anything was wrong until the flange was damaged.
But later the data were reanalyzed with algorithms that took into account changes in the
mode shapes of the structure- shapes that the structure takes on when excited at a
particular frequency. These more sophisticated algorithms, which were developed by
Norris Stubbs at Texas A&M University, successfully identified and located the damage
caused by the initial cut.
G "When any structure vibrates, the energy is distributed throughout with some points not
moving, while others vibrate strongly at various frequencies," says Stubbs. "My algorithms
1
DAY 18
use pattern recognition to detect changes in the distribution of this energy. NASA already
uses Stubbs' method to check the behavior of the body flap that slows space shuttles down
after they land.
H A commercial system based on the Los Alamos hardware is now available, complete
with the Stubbs algorithms, from the Quatro Corporation in Albuquerque for about $100
000.
I Tim Darling, another Los Alamos physicist working on the microwave interferometer with
Migliori, says that as the electronics become cheaper, a microwave inspection system will
eventually be applied to most large bridges in the US. "In a decade I would like to see a
battery or solar-powered package mounted under the bridge, scanning it every day to
detect changes," he says.
2
DAY 18
Questions 1 - 5
The reading Passage has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1 The professional team put pressure to test the motion of the bridge.
2 Engineers apply knife to the bridge to excite cracks.
3 A precious chance of experiment to certificate ideas.
4 The popular application of the microwave inspection system within a decade.
5 How the microwave works.
Questions 6 - 9
Write your answer in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6 What is the responsibility of engineers in order to prevent the damage of the bridge
before the invention of the microwave sensors?
A they have to climb over the bridge.
B They have to regularly check the bridge.
C They have to inspect the condition of the bridge through monitors.
D They have to employ others to help them check the bridge.
7 What did the device take advantage of the microwaves to do?
A to calculate the distance
B to induce displacements
C to change the distance
D to give an advanced warning
8 Why did highway experts think the design as "fracture critical"?
A Engineers failed to take several tests according to different conditions.
B Engineers failed to install conventional accelerometers.
C The supporting part would probably make the bridge fall down.
D No cars drove past the bridge.
9 What was the achievement of Norris Stubbs' complicated algorithms?
A the identification and location of the damage.
B the movement of some points.
C the renounce of the bridge.
D the distribution of the energy.
Questions 10-13
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passages for each answer.
10 The weight of the 2500 bridges is sustained by ……………….in every sector.
11 ……………….. were set up by the Los Alamos team in order to test the movement of
the bridge.
12 In order to cause break, the Los Alamos team decided to make a ………………… at first
step.
13 The ……………………….. in the bottom of the bridge resembles "I"shape.
DAY 19
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 1 below
The shape of bird eggs
A A sandpiper’s egg is shaped like a teardrop, an owl’s looks a bit like a golf ball, and
a hummingbird’s resembles a tiny bean. Now, for the first time, scientists in the US have
come up with a convincing explanation for this variation. Princeton University evolutionary
biologist Mary Stoddard has long been fascinated by the fact that eggs are so diverse in
shape even though they all basically serve one function: nourish and protect the
developing chick inside. She recently headed and interdisciplinary team of evolutionary
biologists, computer scientists, mathematicians and physicists, with the expectation of
bringing together different ways of looking at bird egg shapes and achieving a better
understanding of them.
B Fortunately, over the past century, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the
University of California, Berkeley has amassed thousands of egg shells from 1,400
species, representing about 14% of all birds, and put digital photos of them online. Using
this database, Stoddard and her team at Princeton University wrote a computer program,
which they called Eggxtractor, that can select the image of any egg and calculate it length,
width and shape. The team used these calculations to determine how far from perfectly
spherical each of nearly 50,000 eggs in their sample was – that is, how pointed or
elongated each was.
C Next, the research team attempted to answer how and why eggs might have
acquired these varying shapes. Rather than looking at the outer hard shell, as one might
expect, the researchers concentrated on the egg’s soft thin inner membrane, which is, in
fact, essential in fixing the egg’s shape. Stoddard worked with Harvard University physicist
L.Mahadevan and Ee Hou Yong of China’s Nanyang Technological University to devise a
mathematical representation based on the membrane’s properties and how much pressure
it received from the unhatched chick within the egg. They then used their model to create
many different egg shapes by altering the membrane’s stiffness and changing the
pressure. ‘Adjusting these [features] allows us to generate the entire diversity of egg
shapes that we observe in nature,’ Stoddard says.
D When Stoddard and her colleagues made a diagram showing the relationship
between some 1,000 bird species, they realized that members of each closely associated
species tended to lay eggs with the same characteristic shape. The researchers then
investigated why egg shapes might be so spectacularly diverse. Some scientists had
previously believed that the shape might depend on nest location: cliff-nesting birds, it was
thought, lay pointed eggs so that if the eggs are knocked, they spin in a circle rather than
rolling of the cliff. Other scientists suggested that birds lay eggs in shapes that pack
together most economically in a nest. Stoddard and her researchers found neither of these
hypotheses to be persuasive.
DAY 19
E In fact, Stoddard’s team were surprised by their findings: that egg shape is strongly
correlated with a measure of wing shape, which in turn reflects how well the birds can fly
and therefore their frequency of flight. ‘There was an obscure hypothesis that egg shape
could be related to flight ability that no one had paid any attention to,’ Stoddard says. To
her team’s surprise, they found that egg shape does depend on how much the species
flies. Good fliers such as sandpipers tend to lay eggs that are more elongated and more
asymmetrical. This is probably because a bird which spends lots of time in the air requires
a compact, long, streamlined body, and this best accommodates an elongated egg.
Meanwhile, birds that spend little or no time in the air, like tropical pittas and trogons, do
not need elongated bodies and therefore have more spherical eggs. For such round eggs
to be laid, the bird requires a wide pelvis. By contrast, birds needing aerodynamically
shaped bodies have smaller, less heavy skeletons and their eggs have evolved to fit
through their relatively narrow pelvises.
F Martin Sander, a paleontologist at Bonn University in Germany, says that scientist
can quite accurately predict how good a flier a bird species is just by looking at the shape
of its eggs. ‘What’s cool is you have the [overall] formula for egg shape,’ Sander says. ‘You
can take this study and look at the egg and immediately get some general information.’
Surprisingly, though, penguins lay pointed, asymmetrical eggs too, even though they are
flightless. Stoddard says that penguins’ bodies may be an adaptation to allow them to
swim, and so perhaps the same processes that influence egg shape in flying birds are at
work in swimming birds.
G The work is significant on two levels, Stoddard says. For one, the results of the
research ‘could be of value to the egg industry’, she says, perhaps by helping in the
production of more durable eggs. But for her, just solving the puzzle is reward in itself. A
specialized egg like that of modern birds made it possible for young to survive on land, she
notes, and thus allowed our land vertebrate ancestors to leave the seas about 36 million
years ago. Stoddard adds that she is eager to explore how eggs changed the shape at the
point when birds evolved from dinosaurs. She believes that both egg symmetry and flight
evolved roughly at this time, raising the intriguing possibility that the emergence of flight is
associated with egg shape variation.
DAY 19
Questions 1–7
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
1 a reference to a part of the egg focused on by the Stoddard team
2 an explanation of why egg shape is related to flying
3 an exception to the theory connection egg shape and flight
4 a mention of possible commercial uses of the Stoddard research findings
5 a reference to the kinds of egg measurements the Stoddard researchers made
6 examples of incorrect explanations of why egg shapes vary
7 a reference to the essential purpose of eggs
Questions 8 and 9
Which TWO things do we learn about Princeton University team?
A They collected egg shells of a majority of all bird species.
B They were specialists in the nourishment of unhatched chicks.
C They had a variety of backgrounds offering different perspectives.
D They attempted to identify all known birds with spherical-shaped eggs.
E They developed a tool for precisely examining digital photos of eggs.
Questions of 10 and 11
Which TWO things do we learn about how and why eggs have varying shapes?
A The inner membrane of a bird egg is important in establishing the egg shape.
B An unhatched chick’s movements can change the shape of its egg.
C Birds in related species usually have similarly shaped eggs.
D The shape of bird eggs is determined by where the nests are built.
E Birds eggs are shaped so they can fit efficiently in their nest.
Questions 12–16
Write your answer in boxes 12–16 on your answer sheet.
The Stoddard research findings
Stoddard and her team found that the egg shape of a bird species is determined at least in
part by the species’ ability to fly and the 12 ……….………. with which it flies. They found
that birds with aerodynamic bodies and lightweight 13……….………. require long eggs so
that they are able to pass through the birds’ pelvises. Likewise, the shape of the bodies
and eggs of penguins is probably an evolutionary
14 ……….………. to their need to swim.
The findings of Stoddard’s research could prove beneficial to the sale of eggs if this leads
to the
15 ……….………. of tougher eggs that last longer. Stoddard says she hopes o study
changes in egg shaped which took place during the evolutionary transition from 16
……….………. to birds.
DAY 20
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2 below.
Viking Ireland
A recent excavation in Dublin challenges long-held ideas about when the Scandinavian
raiders known as Vikings arrived in Ireland
A When Irish archaeologists working under Dublin's South Great George's Street
unearthed the remains of four young men buried with fragments of Viking shields, daggers
and personal ornaments, the excavation appeared to be simply more evidence of the
Viking presence in Ireland. At least 77 Viking burial sites have been found across Dublin
since the late 18th century. All have been dated to the ninth or tenth centuries on the basis
of artefacts that accompanied them, and the South Great George's Street burials seemed
to be further examples. Yet when archaeologist Linzi Simpson sent the remains for
analysis, the tests showed that the men had been buried in Irish soil years, or even
decades, before the accepted date for the establishment of the first year-round Viking
settlement in Dublin.
B Simpson's findings are now adding new weight to an idea gaining growing acceptance-
that instead of a sudden, calamitous invasion, the arrival of the Vikings in Ireland started
with small-scale settlements and trade links that connected Ireland with northern Europe.
And, further, that those trading contacts may have occurred generations before the violent
raids described in contemporary text, works written by monks living in isolated
monasteries. These were often the only places where literate people lived and were
especially targeted by Viking raiders for their food supplies and treasures.
Scholars are continuing to examine the texts written by monks, but are also considering the
limitations of using them. ‘Most researchers accept now that the raids were not the first
contact, as the old texts suggest,' says Viking expert Gareth Williams How did the Vikings
know where all those monasteries were? It's because there was already contact. They
were already trading before those raids happened.
C Although the earlier dates for a Viking presence in Dublin that have been identified by
Simpson and independent archaeologists differ from the later dates by only a few decades,
when combined with other evidence, they are challenging the chronology of Viking
settlement in Ireland, Since the 1960s, archaeologists have been gathering information
about the mid-ninth-century settlement that lay under the sidewalks of Fishamble Street in
Dublin, According to archaeologist Ruth Johnson) the Vikings started with sporadic
summer raids, but atter some years of profitable plunder, they decided to stay, and built
settlements for the winter.
D Carbon dating, which measures the age of organic materials based on the amount of
radioactive carbon 14 remaining in a specimen, usually gives a range of likely dates for the
time of death. The older the material, the wider the range. In the case of the four individuals
excavated at the South Great George's Street site, Simpson found that two of them had a
1
DAY 20
95 per cent probability of having died between 670 and 880, with a 68 percent probability of
death occurring between 690 and 790. Thus, the entire most likely range was before the
first documented arrival of Vikings in 795. A third individual lived slightly later, with a 95 per
cent probability of having died between 689 and 882. The dates were not what Simpson
had thought they would be. ‘These dates seem impossibly early and difficult to reconcile
with the available historical and archaeological sources, she says.
F The fourth individual excavated at South Great George's Street was the most intact of
the group, and revealed the most about the lives and hardships of Vikings at this time. A
powerfully built man in his late teens or early 20s, he was approximately 1.70m, tall by the
day's standards, with the muscular torso and upper limbs that would have come from hard,
ocean-going rowing. His bones showed stresses associated with heavy lifting beginning in
childhood. Unlike the three other men, he was not buried with weapons, Like one of the
other men found at the site, he had a congenital deformity at the base of his spine, perhaps
indicating they were relatives. Carbon dating gave a wider range for his lifetime, showing a
95 per cent probability that he died between 786 and 955.
F Tests were also camied out on the four South Great George's Street men's isotopic
oxygen levels. Such tests indicate where a person spent their childhood based on a
chemical signature left by ground water in developing teeth. The results showed that the
two men with the spinal deformity had spent their childhood in Scandinavia. However, the
other two had spent their childhoods in Ireland or Scotland, another sign of permanent
settlement by Viking families and not just summertime raids by warriors.
G The evidence of an earlier-than-expected Viking presence in Ireland, based as it is on
forensic tests conducted on a handful of burials, may seem slight. But seemingly small
pieces of evidence can overturn well-established conventions in archaeology. Both
Simpson and Johnson stress that more excavations and tests will be needed before
anyone can rewrite the history of Viking settlement, and such work is years away. Williams
adds, ‘There are two possibilities raised by [Simpson's] work. Either there was Viking
activity earlier than we've realised in Ireland, or there is something in the water or soil in
Dublin skewing the data, and both possibilities need further research Nevertheless,
Williams agrees with Simpson and others that the chronology of the Vikine presence in
Ireland is uncertain, and that they were possibly trading or raiding in Ireland before 795.
"It's a poorly documented part of history," says Williams. ‘But before there was Viking
settlement, there was this big trading zone in the North Sea. Did it extend to the Irish Sea?
We don't have any evidence to say that, but it could be just a question of time
2
DAY 20
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i A possible genetic link between the Vikings and the Irish
ii An assumed similarity with previous discoveries
iii The need for additional data
iv An insight into the lifestyle of a particular Viking
v Doubts about the truth of historical documents
vi A research technique providing unexpected information
vii The locations particular Vikings grew up in
viii A decision to remain in Ireland for longer periods
1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section C
4 Section D
5 Section E
6 Section F
7 Section G
Questions 8-10
Look at the following statements (Questions 8-10) and the list of experts below,
Match each statement with the correct expert, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.
8 The Vikings were aware of the financial benefits of staying in Ireland.
9 Written accounts reporting when the Vikings arrived in Ireland may not be accurate.
10 The inconsistency in sets of data came as a surprise.
11 It may be the case that the archaeological evidence gathered so far is being affected by
geological factors.
List of Experts
A Linzi Simpson
B Garth Williams
C Ruth Johnson
1
DAY 20
Questions 12-16
The fourth Viking of South Great George's Street
When the remains of the fourth Viking were excavated at South Great George's Street, it
became clear that they were of a male who was tall by the 12 ………………..of that time.
Due to strenuous physical activity, his 13……………..... as well as his arms were well
developed, but several of his bones indicated stresses that would have dated from his 14
……………………He also had a genetic abnormality in his lower 15 ………………… His
burial differed from that of the other three Vikings discovered at the site, as no 16
……………………. were included.
2
DAY 21
READING PASSAGE 3
Passage 3.
The conservation of rare species
When a naturalist says that a bird or a plant is rare, he or she may mean one of several
different things (Harper 1981, Rabinowitz 1981). The concept of rarity can refer to one of
three characteristics: geographic range, habitat specificity, or local population size, and a
classification based on the interplay between these variables yields seven different types of
rarity. For example, certain species may be locally abundant over a wide geographic range,
but found in only a very specific habitat, whilst others may be found in several habitats, but
only in small numbers and in geographically restricted area. We must therefore recognise
that the kinds of management which will be appropriate for protecting species threatened
with extinction will vary.
Classic rare species are often those which have a small geographic range and narrow
habitat specificity. Many plants of this type are restricted endemics, and are often
endangered or threatened (Rabinowitz 1981). Other rare species have very large
geographic ranges and occur widely in different habitats but are always at low density.
These species are ecologically interesting but almost never appear on lists of endangered
species. So the important point is that not all rare species are problems for
conservationists.
The reasons why a particular species is rare vary. In some cases we can observe a
species declining over time: for example, the African elephant population since 1950. This
is a direct result of ivory poaching (Caughley et al. 1990). But not all species that have
declined to rarity are so well understood. Some plant and animal species undergo bursts of
colonisation and decay so that they persist as a mosaic of increasing and declining
populations (Harper 1981).
For species with small geographic ranges or narrow habitat specificity we must be
concerned with the spatial distribution of the population. The number or size of habitable
sites may be too small, and this could be one reason the species is rare. Or, if there are
many habitable sites that are not occupied, a species may be rare because of its limited
dispersal powers. Within habitable sites, competition from other species, predation,
disease or social interactions may restrict abundance. One example that illustrates some of
these factors is the red-cockaded woodpecker.
The red-cockaded woodpecker is an endangered species of bird endemic to eastern parts
of the United States of America. It was once abundant from New Jersey in the north to
Texas in the south, and from the coast inland as far as Missouri, but it is now nearly extinct
in the northern and inland parts of its geographic range. The red-cockaded woodpecker is
adapted to pine savannas, but most of this woodland has been destroyed for agriculture
and timber production. The birds feed on insects and nest in cavities in old pine trees, and
because old pines have been mostly cut down, their available habitats have been reduced
(Walters 1991).
1
DAY 21
Designing a recovery programme for the red-cockaded woodpecker has been complicated
by the social organisation of the species. The birds live in groups of a breeding pair and up
to four helpers, nearly all males. Helpers do not breed but assist in incubation and feeding.
Young birds have a choice of dispersing or staying to help in a breeding group. If they stay,
they become breeders by inheriting breeding status on the death of older birds. Helpers
may wait many years before they acquire breeding status.
From a conservation viewpoint, the problem is that red-cockaded woodpeckers compete
for breeding vacancies in existing groups, rather than forming new groups and occupying
abandoned territories, or starting at a new site. The key problem is the excavation of new
breeding cavities. Because of the energy and time needed, typically several years, birds
are better off competing for existing territories than building new ones.
To test this idea, Walters (1991) and his colleagues artificially constructed cavities in trees
a: 270 Pit 2, n the were epini far sis ed. YorktaGeanina Tokeresulta were breeding groups
were formed only on areas where artificial cavities were drilled. This experiment showed
clearly that much suitable habitat is not occupied by this woodpecker because of a
shortage of cavities. Therefore management of this endangered species was not directed
at reducing mortality of the birds, but instead focused on physical characteristics of their
chosen habitat.
The rescue of the red-cockaded woodpecker is a good example of how successful
conservation biology depends on identifying and alleviating limiting factors. However, there
can be no general prescription for rescuing rare species. Detailed information on resource
requirements, social organisation, and dispersal powers are required before recovery plans
can be specified.
2
DAY 21
Questions 1-4
1 What does the writer say about rarity?
A There is more than one criterion for defining it.
B The term is a cause of dispute amongst naturalists.
C It applies to only a very small number of species.
D It is a phenomenon which has been widely researched.
2 What does the writer say about the threat of extinction?

A All types of rarity present a problem.
B Few plant species are known to be vulnerable.
C Low density by itself does not endanger species.
D Lists of endangered species are not reliable.
3 Which of the following makes it difficult for the red-cockaded woodpecker to increase in
number?
A A proportion of male birds are sterile.
B Birds leave the parental nest too early.
C There is too much competition for food.
D Individuals may not breed for several years.
4 What was the basis of the recovery programme for the red-cockaded woodpecker?
A Birds were bred in captivity.
B Nesting holes were created.
C Pine forests were planted.
D Food supplements were provided.
Questions 5-11
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3.
FALSE if the statement contradicts thevinformation
5 Species with various habitat types are not necessarily widely distributed.
6 The rate of decline of the African elephant has slowed down
7 The causes of rarity are generally easy to establish,
8 The traditional habitat of the red-cockaded woodpecker has been destroyed by
human activity.
9 The red-cockaded woodpecker prefers to leave its nest before breeding.
10 It usually takes years for the red-cockaded woodpecker to make a nesting hole.
11 The project to rescue the red-cockaded woodpecker is ongoing
1
DAY 21
Questions 12 and 13
Answer the questions below.
Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12 What does the red-cockaded woodpecker feed on?
13 Which TWO parental tasks do the helper woodpeckers perform?
Question 14
Write the correct letter in box 14 on your answer sheet.
In this article, the writer's purpose is to
A alert the reader to the plight of the red-cockaded woodpecker.
B explain how Walters's recovery programme can be applied to other species.
C illustrate the factors that must be considered when dealing with rarity.
D persuade readers that rarity is a neglected ecological issue.
2
DAY 22
READING PASSAGE 1
Passage 1.
How to find your way out of a food desert
Ordinary citizens have been using the internet to draw attention to the lack of healthy
eating options in inner cities
Over the last few months, a survey has been carried out of over 200 greengrocers and
convenience stores in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. As
researchers from the Brooklyn Food Association enter the details, colorful dots appear
on their online map, which display the specific location of each of the food stores in a
handful of central Brooklyn neighborhoods. Clicking on a dot will show you the store’s
name and whether it carries fresh fruit and vegetables, wholegrain bread, low-fat dairy
and other healthy options.
The researchers plan eventually to survey the entire borough of Brooklyn. ‘We want to
get to a more specific and detailed description of what that looks like’, says Jeffrey
Heehs, who leads the project. He hopes it will help residents find fresh food in urban
areas where the stores sell mostly packaged snacks or fast food, areas otherwise
known as food deserts. The aim of the project is also to assist government officials in
assessing food availability, and in forming future policies about what kind of food should
be sold and where.
In fact, the Brooklyn project represents the intersection of two growing trends: mapping
fresh food markets in US cities, and private citizens creating online maps of local
neighborhood features. According to Michael Goodchild, a geographer at the University
of California at Santa Barbara, citizen map makers may make maps because there is no
good government map, or to record problems such as burned-out traffic lights.
According to recent studies, people at higher risk of chronic disease and who receive
minimal incomes for the work they do, frequently live in neighborhoods located in food
deserts. But how did these food deserts arise? Linda Alwitt and Thomas Donley,
marketing researchers at DePaul University in Chicago, found that supermarkets often
can’t afford the amount of land required for their stores in cities. City planning
researcher Cliff Guy and colleagues at the University of Leeds in the UK found in 2004
that smaller urban groceries tend to close due to competition from suburban
supermarkets.
As fresh food stores leave a neighborhood, residents find it harder to eat well and stay
healthy. Food deserts are linked with lower local health outcomes, and they may be a
driving force in the health disparities between lower-income and affluent people in the
US. Until recently, the issue attracted little national attention, and received no ongoing
funding for research.
Now, more US cities are becoming aware of their food landscapes. Last year, the
United States Department of Agriculture launched a map of where food stores are
located in all the US counties. Mari Gallagher, who runs a private consulting firm, says
her researchers have mapped food stores and related them to health statistics for the
cities of Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati and Washington, D.C. These maps help cities
1
DAY 22
identify where food deserts are and, occasionally, have documented that people living in
food deserts have higher rates of diet-related diseases.
The Brooklyn project differs in that it’s run by a local core of five volunteers who have
worked on the project for the past year, rather than trained, academic researchers. To
gather data, they simply go to individual stores with pre-printed surveys in hand, and
once the storekeeper’s permission has been obtained, check off boxes on their list
against the products for sole in the store. Their approach to data collection and research
has been made possible by technologies such as mapping software and GPS-related
smart phones, Google Maps and OpenStreeMap, an open-source online map with a
history of involvement in social issues. Like Brooklyn Food Association volunteers,
many citizen online map makers use maps to bring local problems to official attention,
Goodchild says. Heehs, the mapping project leader, says that after his group gathers
more data, it will compare neighborhoods, come up with solutions to address local
needs, and then present them to New York City officials. Their website hasn’t caught
them much local or official attention yet, however. It was launched only recently, but its
creators haven’t yet set up systems to see who’s looking at it.
Experts who visited the Brooklyn group’s site were optimistic but cautious. ‘This kind of
detailed information could be very useful’ says Michele Ver Ploeg, an economist for the
Department of Agriculture. To make the map more helpful to both residents and policy
makers, she would like to see price data for healthy products, too. Karen Ansel, a
registered dietician and a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association, found
the site confusing to navigate. ‘That said, with this information in place the group has
the tools to build a more user-friendly site that could be … very helpful to consumers’,
she says. ‘The group also should ensure their map is available to those who don’t have
internet access at home’, she adds. In fact, a significant proportion of Brooklyn residents
don’t have internet access at home and 8 percent rely on dial-up service, instead of
high-speed internet access, according to Gretchen Maneval, director of Brooklyn
College’s Center for the Study of Brooklyn. ‘It’s still very much a work in progress’,
Heehs says of the online map. They’ll start advertising it online and by email to other
community groups, such as urban food garden associations, next month. He also hopes
warmer days in the spring will draw out fresh volunteers to spread awareness and to
finish surverying, as they have about two-thirds of Brooklyn left to cover.
2
DAY 22
Questions 1-6
Data on food deserts and their effects on health
The Brooklyn Food Association
• The online map provides users with a store’s name, 1 ……………… and details
of its produce
• One goal of the mapping project is to help develop new 2 ……………… on food.
• Citizen maps are sometimes made when 3 ……………….. maps are
unsatisfactory.
Reasons for the development of food deserts

• New research suggests that people living in food deserts often have low 4
……………….
• Some supermarkets are unable to buy enough 5 …………………. inside cities for
their stores
• Small grocery stores in cities often cannot cope with supermarket 6
……………….
Questions 7-13
7 A group of professional researchers are in charge of the Brooklyn project.

8 The Brooklyn project team carries out their assessment of stores without the owner’s
knowledge
9 The Brooklyn project has experienced technical difficulties setting up the website
10 The city government has taken a considerable interest in the Brooklyn project
website
11 Michele Ver Ploeg believes the Brooklyn project website should contain additional
information
12 The rate of internet use in Brooklyn is unlikely to increase in the near future
13 Jeffrey Heehs would like more people to assist with the Brooklyn project research
1
DAY 23
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2.
The dingo debate
Graziers see them as pests, and poisoning is common, but some biologists think
Australia’s dingoes are the best weapon in a war against imported cats and foxes.
A A plane flies a slow pattern over Carlton Hill station, a 3,600 square kilometre ranch
in the Kimberley region in northwest Australia. As the plane circles, those aboard drop
1,000 small pieces of meat, one by one, onto the scrubland below, each piece laced
with poison; this practice is known as baiting.
Besides 50,000 head of cattle, Carlton Hill is home to the dingo, Australia’s largest
mammalian predator and the bane of a grazier’s (cattle farmer’s) life. Stuart McKechnie,
manager of Carlton Hill, complains that graziers’ livelihoods are threatened when
dingoes prey on cattle. But one man wants the baiting to end, and for dingoes to once
again roam Australia’s wide-open spaces. According to Chris Johnson of James Cook
University, ‘Australia needs more dingoes to protect our biodiversity.’
B About 4,000 years ago, Asian sailors introduced dingoes to Australia. Throughout
the ensuing millennia, these descendants of the wolf spread across the continent and,
as the Tasmanian tiger disappeared completely from Australia, dingoes became
Australia’s top predators. As agricultural development took place, the European settlers
found that they could not safely keep their livestock where dingoes roamed. So began
one of the most sustained efforts at pest control in Australia’s history. Over the last 150
years, dingoes have been shot and poisoned, and fences have been used in an attempt
to keep them away from livestock. But at the same time, as the European settlers tried
to eliminate one native pest from Australia, they introduced more of their own.
C In 1860, the rabbit was unleashed on Australia by a wealthy landowner and by 1980
rabbits had covered most of the mainland. Rabbits provide huge prey base for two other
introduced species: the feral (wild) cat and the red fox.
The Interaction between foxes, cats and rabbits is a huge problem for native mammals.
In good years, rabbit numbers increase dramatically, and fox and cat populations grow
quickly in response to the abundance of this prey. When bad seasons follow, rabbit
numbers are significantly reduced – and the dwindling but still large fox and cat
populations are left with little to eat besides native mammals.
D Australian mammals generally reproduce much more slowly than rabbits, cats and
foxes – and adaption to prevent overpopulation in the arid environment, where food can
be scarce and unreliable – and populations decline because they can’t grow fast
enough to replace animals killed by the predators. Johnson says dingoes are the
solution to this problem because they keep cat and fox populations under control.
Besides regularly eating the smaller predators, dingoes will kill them simply to lessen
competition.
Dingo packs live in large, stable territories and generally have only one fertile, which
limits their rate of increase. In the 4,000 years that dingoes have been Australia, they
have contributed to few, if any, extinctions, Johnsons says.
1
DAY 23
E Reaching out from a desolate spot where three states meet, for 2,500 km in either
direction, is the world’s longest fence, two metres high and stretching from the coast in
Queensland to the Great Australian Bight in South Australia; it is there to keep dingoes
out of southeast, the fence separates the main types of livestock found in Australia. To
the northwest of the fence, cattle predominate; to the southwest, sheep fill the
landscape. In fact, Australia is a land dominated by these animals – 25 million cattle,
100 million sheep and just over 20 million people.
F While there is no argument that dingoes will prey on sheep if given the chance, they
don’t hunt cattle once the calves are much past two or three weeks old, according to
McKechnie. And a study in Queensland suggests that dingoes don’t even prey heavily
on the newborn calves unless their staple prey disappears due to deteriorating
conditions like drought.
This study, co-authored by Lee Alien of the Robert Wicks Research Centre in
Queensland, suggests that the aggressive baiting programs used against dingoes may
actually be counter-productive for graziers. When dingoes are removed from an area by
baiting m the area is recolonized by younger, more solitary dingoes. These animals
aren’t capable of going after the large prey like kangaroos, so they turn to calves. In
their study, some of the highest rates of calf predation occurred in areas that had been
baited.
G Mark Clifford, general manager of a firm that manages over 200,000 head of cattle,
is not convinced by Allen’s assertion. Clifford says, ‘It’s obvious if we drop or loosen
control on dingoes, we are going to lose more calves.’ He doesn’t believe that dingoes
will go after kangaroos when calves are around. Nor is he persuaded of dingoes’
supposed ecological benefits, saying he is not convinced that they manage to catch
cats that often, believing they are more likely to catch small native animals instead.
H McKechnie agrees that dingoes kill the wallabies (small native animals) that
compete with his cattle for food, but points out that in parts of Westers Australia, there
are no fixes, and not very many cats. He doesn’t see how relaxing controls on dingoes
in his area will improve the ecological balance.
Johnson sees a need for a change in philosophy on the part of graziers. ‘There might be
a number of different ways of thinking through dingo management in cattle country,’ he
says. ‘At the moment, though, that hasn’t got through to graziers. There’s still just on
prescription, and that is to bait as widely as possible.’
2
DAY 23
Questions 1–7
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A–H.
Which sections contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.
1 a description of a barrier designed to stop dingoes, which also divides two kinds of
non-natives animals
2 how dingoes ensure that rival species do not dominate
3 a reference to a widespread non-native species that other animals feed on
4 a mention of the dingo’s arrival in Australia
5 research which has proved that dingoes have resorted to eating young livestock
6 a description of a method used to kill dingoes
7 the way that the structure of dingo groups affects how quickly their numbers grow
Questions 8–10
Look at the following statements (Questions 8–10) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 8–10 on your answer sheet.
8 Dingoes tend to hunt native animals rather than hunting other non-native predators.
9 The presence of dingoes puts the income of some people at risk.
10 Dingoes have had little impact on the dying out of animal species in Australia.
List of People
A Stuart McKechnie
B Chris Johnson
C Lee Allen
D Mark Clifford
Questions 11–13
Complete the sentences below.
Write your answers in boxes 11–13 on your answer sheet.
11 The dingo replaced the ……….………. as the main predatory animal in Australia.
12 Foxes and cats are more likely to hunt native animals when there are fewer
……….………. .
13 Australian animals reproduce at a slow rate as a natural way of avoiding
……….………. .
1
DAY 24
READING PASSAGE 3
Passage 3.
Shoemaker-Levy 9
A The last half of July 1994 witnessed much interest among astronomers and the wider
public in the collision of comet Schoemaker-Levy (SL9) with Jupiter. The comet was
discovered on 25 March 1993 by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy, using
the 450 mm Schmidt camera at the Mount Palomar Observatory. The discovery was based
on a photographic plate exposed two days earlier. The Shoemakers are particularly
experienced comet hunters with 61 discoveries to their credit. Their technique relies on the
proper motion of a comet to identify the object as a non- stellar body. They photograph
large areas of the sky, typically with an eight-minute exposure, and repeat the photograph
45 minutes later. Comparison of the two photographs with a stereo-microscope reveals any
bodies which have moved against the background of fixed stars.
B As so often in science, serendipity played a large part in the discovery of Shoemaker-
Levy 9! The weather on the night of 23 March was so poor that the observers would not
normally have bothered putting film into their camera. However, they had a box of old film
to hand which had been partially exposed by accident some days previously, so decided to
insert it into the camera rather than waste good film, Fortunately, two of the film plates,
despite being fogged round the edges, captured the first image of a very strange, bar-
shaped object. This object, which Carolyn Shoemaker first described as a squashed
comet, later became known as comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.
C Other, more powerful, telescopes revealed that the comet was, in fact, composed of 21
cometary fragments, strung out in a line, which accounted for the unusual shape. The term
string of pearls was soon coined. Figure 1 is a mosaic taken by the Hubble Space
Telescope (HST) during 24-27 January 1994. It shows the main fragments which at that
time spanned a linear distance of approximately 600,000 km. Initially, the fragments were
surrounded by extensive dust clouds in the line of the nuclei but these later disappeared.
Some of the nuclei also faded out (presumably due to disintegration), while others split into
multiple fragments.
D The size of the original comet and each of the fragments was, and still is, something of a
mystery. The first analysis of the orbital dynamics of the fragments suggested that the
comet was originally some 2.5 km in diameter with an average fragment diameter of 0.75
km. Later work gave corresponding diameters of approximately 10 km and 2 km and these
values are now considered more likely. There was considerable variation in the diameters
of different fragments.
E Further calculations revealed that the cemetery fragments were on course to collide with
Jupiter during July 1994, and that each fragment could deliver an energy equivalent to
approximately 500,000 million tonnes of TNT. The prospect of celestial fireworks on such a
grand scale immediately captured the attention of astronomers worldwide!
1
DAY 24
F Each fragment was assigned an identity letter A-W (letters "I" and "O" were not used to
avoid potential confusion with numbers "I" and 'o") and a co-ordinated program of
observations was put in place world-wide to track their towards impact with Jupiter. As the
cometary fragments reached the cloud of Jupiter, they were travelling at approximately 60
km/s and the chain of fragments had spread out to cover approximately 30 million km. The
impacts occurred during 16-22 July. All took place at a latitude of approximately 48 which
nominally placed them in the SSS Temperate Region however, visually, they appeared
close to the Jovian polar region. Although the impacts all occurred some 10-15 round the
limb on the far side of the planet as seen from Earth, the rapid rotation of the planet (a
Jovian day is only some 10 hours long) soon carried them into the view of Earth- based
telescope. The collisions lived up to all but the wildest expectations and provided a truly
impressive spectacle.
G Jupiter is composed of a relatively small core of iron and silicates surrounded by
hydrogen. In the depths of the planet approximately 1000 km and more below the visible
cloud tops) the hydrogen is so compressed that it is metallic in form; further from the
centre, the pressure is lower and the hydrogen is in its normal molecular form. The Jovian
cloud tops visible from Earth consist primarily of methane and ammonia with relatively
small amounts of other elements and compounds which are thought to be responsible for
the colours seen in the atmosphere.
H The smaller cometary fragments plunged into Jupiter, rapidly disintegrated and left little
trace; three of the smallest fragments, namely T, U and V left no discernible traces
whatsoever. However, many of the cometary fragments were sufficiently large to produce a
spectacular display. Each large fragment punched through the cloud tops, heated the
surrounding gases to some 20,000 K on the way, and caused a massive plume or fireball
up to 2000km in diameter to rise. Before encountering thicker layers of the atmosphere and
disintegrating in a mammoth shock wave, the large fragments raised dark dust particles
and ultra-violet (UV) absorbing gases high into the Jovian cloud tops; in visible light, this
material manifested itself as a dark scar surrounding the impact site.
I Some days after collision the impact sites began to evolve and fade as they became
subject to the dynamics of Jupiter's atmosphere. No-one knows how long they will remain
visible from Earth, but it is thought that the larger scars may persist for a year or more. The
interest of professional astronomers in Jupiter is now waning and valuable work can
therefore be performed by amateurs in tracking the evolution of the collision scars. The
scars are easily visible in a modest telescope, and a large reflector will show them in some
detail. There is scope for valuable observing work from now until Jupiter reaches
conjunction with the Sun in November 2004.
J Astronomers and archivists are now searching old records for possible previously
unrecognized impacts on Jupiter. Several spots were reported from 1690 to 1872 by
observers including William Herschel and Giovanni Cassini. The records of the BAA in
1927 and 1948 contain drawings of Jupiter with black dots or spots visible. It is possible
that comet impacts have been observed before, without their identity being realized, but
no-one can be sure.
2
DAY 24
Questions 1-5
Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B - F from the list of headings below.
Write appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Camera settings for observation
ii Collisions on stage
iii Size of the comet
iv String of pearls
v Scientific explanations
vi Hubble Space Telescope
vii First discovery of the squashed comet
viii Power generated from the collisions
ix Calculations, expectations and predictions
x Change of the fragment's shape
1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
Questions 6-9
Reading Passage 3 contains 10 paragraphs A-J.
Which paragraphs state the following information?
Write the appropriate letters A-J in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6 Shoemaker- Levy 9 comets had been accidentally detected.

7 The collision caused a spectacular vision on Jupiter.
8 Every single element of Shoemaker- Levy 9 was labeled.
9 Visual evidence explains the structure of Shoemaker- Levy 9.
Questions 10-14
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passages for each answer.
The core of Jupiter, which is enclosed by hydrogen, consists of 10 ……………… and 11

……………………… Hydrogen is in metallic form as it is squeezed by pressure generated
from the depths of the planet. The pressure is gradually reduced from the centre to the
outside layers, where hydrogen is in normal form of 12 ………………………..
Far from the ground, methane and ammonia structures the 13 ………………….. , which
can be observed from earth. Colours seen in the atmosphere are largely due to other
particles 14 …………… in the cloud.
DAY 25
READING PASSAGE 2
Passage 2.
The study of laughter
Humans don't have a monopoly on laughter, says Silvia Cardoso. A behavioral biologist at
the State University of Campinas, Brazil, she says it's a primitive reflex common to most
animals: even rats laugh. She tells Sophie Petit-Zeman that too little laughter could have
serious consequences for our mental, physical and social well- being.
Laughter a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh
many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom
consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinks and functions of laughter,
and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our
positive emotions and social behaviour? There's so much we don't know about how the
brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying
laughter.
Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response to humor. Most of the time it's a message
we send to other people-communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on.
It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology,
with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and
behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we
have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It's also
involved in events such as release of fear.
Many professionals have always focused on emotional behaviour. I spent many years
investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I
was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone, in an exposed environment,
they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much
happier. It looked as if they played with one another real rough-and-tumble and I wondered
whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp and shown that
juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-
and-tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the
roots of laughter.
You only have to look at the primates closest to humans to see that laughter is clearly not
unique to us. I don't find this too surprising, because we're only one among many social
species and there's no reason why we should have a monopoly on laughter as a social
tool. The great apes, such as chimpanzees, fo something similar to humans. They open
their mouths wide, expose their teeth, retract the corners of their lips, and make loud and
repetitive vocalisations in situations that tend to evoke human laughter, like when playing
with one another or with humans, or when tickled. Laugher may even have evolved long
before primates. We know that dogs at play have strange patterns of exhalation that differ
from other sounds made during passive or aggressive confrontation.
1
DAY 25
But I think we need to be careful about over-interpreting panting behaviour in animals at
play. It's nice to think of it as homologous to human laughter, but it could just be something
similar but with entirely different purposes and evolutionary advantages.
Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely
communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and
evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In
other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species.
The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You
see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occipital lobe, the bit
at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain's frontal lobe analyses
the words and structure of jokes while the right side the intellectual analyses required to
"get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical
task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from
neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumors, stroke, or brain
disorders such as Parkinson's disease, people get "stonefaced" syndrome and can't laugh.
We are sure that laughter differs between the sexes, particularly the uses to which the
sexes put laughter as a social tool, For instance, women smile more than laugh, and are
particularly adept at smiling and laughing with men as a kind of "social lubricant". It might
even be possible that this has a biological origin because women don't or can't use their
physical size as a threat, which men do, even if unconsciously.
It's undoubtedly the best medicine. For one thing, it's exercise. It activates the
cardiovascular system, so heart rate and blood pressure increase, the arteries dilate,
causing blood pressure to fall again. Repeated short, strong contractions of the chest
muscles, diaphragm, and abdomen increase blood flow into our internal organs, and forced
respiration- the ha! ha!- makes sure that this blood is well oxygenated. Muscle tension
decreases, and indeed we may temporarily lose control of our limbs, as in the expression
"weak with laugher". It may also release brain endorphins, reducing sensitivity to pain and
boosting endurance and pleasurable sensations. Some studies suggest that laughter
affects the immune system by reducing the production of hormones associated with stress
and that when you laugh the immune system produces more T-cells. But no rigorously
controlled studies have confirmed these effects. Laughter's social role is definitely
important.
Today's children may be heading for a whole lot of social ills because their play and leisure
time is so isolated and they lose out on lots of chances for laughter. When children stare at
computer screens, rather than laughing with each other, this is at odds with what's natural
for them. Natural social behaviour in children is playful behaviour, and in such situations
laughter indicates that make-believe aggression is just fun, not for real, and this is an
important way in which children form positive emotional bonds, gain new social skills and
generally start to move from childhood to adulthood. I think parents need to be very careful
to ensure that their children play in groups, with both peers and adults, and laugh more.
2
DAY 25
Questions 1 and 2
Which of the following claims and arguments are presented in the passage above?
Choose TWO following claims and arguments.
A All animals share the phenomenon of laughter

B Laughter can influence both adult and child health
C Laughter is not unique to humans
D Human mental, physical and social well-being are closely related
E Laughter teaches us how to behave
Questions 3-7
Do the following statements agree with the writer in Reading passage 2?
YES if the statement agrees with the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
3 Laughter is one of the most common expressions shared by humans.

4 There are complicated systems in human brain take responsibility of our emotions as
happiness and fear.
5 Communication is the only purpose of laughter.
6 Reduced blood pressure would lead to a stimulated cardiovascular system.
7 With the mass production of T-cells from laughter, stress hormones would be deducted
from immune system.
Questions 8-13
Emotional behaviour takes academic concerns. For years scientists have been examining
the origin of 8 …………………….. and laughter that comes from the same route as rats.
Within an open environment, they have been noticed to be 9 ………………………... When
they are alone, happier when they are back with the others.
Jack Panksepp even found that rats make 10 ……………….. when they are in a chaotic
state. It is well understood that humans are not only living species that laughs and laughter
may have developed long before 11 …………………… Despite such facts, we need to pay
attention when we explain various animal behaviour, as they may express with differed 12
…………………….and 13 ……………………………………

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DAY 1

1 the pros and cons for animals living in cities

2 Why are mile harvestmen of interest to Dr Giribet and his colleagues?

4 What point is made by the reference to armadillos?

5 Which of the following is stated in the fifth paragraph?

6 Why is evidence from cockroached of limited value?

7 The colonization of Hawaii by geese provides evidence of continental drift.

A branches B fossils C drift D DNA

The inventor of the periodic table – Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Mendeleev’s wish – to find a better way of

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Verkhnie Aremzyani, in

Saint Petersburg. In this prestigious position he continued pushing to improve chemistry

1 National Gallery, London

8 helped edit material for an experiment

AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL ASTRONOMY

Research is revealing a complex and functional astronomical knowledge used by

A Australia`s Aboriginal people, living under a dazzling canopy of constellations, absorbed

B Hamacher, working closely with Aboriginal elders, is uncovering a wealth of

C Professor Ray Norris, an astrophysicist at the Australian Telescope National Facility

D Norris considers the study of Aboriginal astronomy an opportunity for Aboriginal

E Perhaps the most beguiling application of astronomical observation is associated with

G It is clear that aboriginal cultures contain a wealth of astronomical knowledge. This

2 a reference of an astronomical feature that predicts the movement of a particular animal

3 a mention of an Aboriginal system of dividing the year into several periods

5 an example of an Aboriginal art work that may seem strange at first

6 a reference to a chance for greater public insight into Aboriginal ways

1 a description of how international style buildings look on the inside

7 What did David Lewis’s research discover about traditional navigators?

8 What are we told about Edwin Doran’s research?

10 What is the writer’s opinion of P Wall Garrard’s research?

A was the variety of experimental techniques used

A Hacienda La Pacifica, a remote working cattle ranch in Guanacaste province of northern

9 It has seen the return of native tree species.

1 People typically think of a hoard as consisting of money

Why were hoards buried?

2 What does the writer say about the threat of extinction?

Reasons for the development of food deserts

7 A group of professional researchers are in charge of the Brooklyn project.

6 Shoemaker- Levy 9 comets had been accidentally detected.

The core of Jupiter, which is enclosed by hydrogen, consists of 10 ……………… and 11

A All animals share the phenomenon of laughter

3 Laughter is one of the most common expressions shared by humans.

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