Crosslinguistic Comparison

M1, November 2023

Conjecture in French and English: a contrastive study of the future tense and
epistemic will

1. The French future tense vs. will / shall

1.1. Shall and the future tense compared
(1a.) I shall be 21 next month. (Chalker 1984: 121)
(1b.) I shall help. (Chalker 1984: 121)
(2) Shall I help you? (Chalker 1984: 121)

1.2. Will / be going to and aller + infinitive compared

(3) – Dr. Douthwaite: “You can stop the drug and the tolerance will disappear in a week or
two; or you can increase the drug and immediately you will overcome the tolerance and
satisfy the craving.”
- The Attorney-General: “What are the results of stopping the drug?”
- Dr. Douthwaite: “The patient will be terribly ill and have acute pains in the limbs and
collapse.” (Joos 1964: 222)

(4) And now I’ll have a cup of tea, and one of those nice cucumber sandwiches you promised
me. (O. Wilde, p. 38)
Et maintenant je vais prendre une tasse de thé et l’un de ces délicieux sandwiches au
concombre que tu m’as promis (G. Hardin, p. 39)

(5) ‘Now we will cross,’ she said. (V. Woolf, p. 16)

“ Nous allons traverser, maintenant ”, dit-elle. (S. David, p. 205)

(6) “Voulez-vous d’une vie propre? Comme tout le monde ? » Vous dites oui, naturellement.
Comment dire non ? « D’accord. On va vous nettoyer. Voilà un métier, une famille, des
loisirs organisés. » (A. Camus, p. 11-12)
‘Do you want a good clean life ? Like everybody else?’ You say yes, of course. How can one
say no? ‘OK. You’ll be cleaned up. Here’s a job, a family, and organized leisure. (J. O’Brien,
p. 84)

(7) Tu vas les faire marcher longtemps, ces pauvres petites bêtes ? (R Goscinny & A.
Uderzo, p. 19)
Are you going to make those poor dumb creatures walk far ? (A. Bell & D. Hockridge,
p. 19)

(8) Cela va être commode pendant ces 50 ans qui nous restent à vivre. (Anouilh, cited in
Fleischman 1982 : 83)
‘That’s going to be just fine for the remaining 50 years of our lives.’ (Fleischman 1982: 83)

(9a) Don’t sit on that rock. It’ll fall. (Palmer 1974: 164)
(9b) Don’t sit on that rock. It’s going to fall.

2. The future tense expressing conjecture in French

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 2.1. The modal component of the future tense
(10) J’ai trouvé ce beau livre sur le bureau : ce sera le cadeau d’une admiratrice.
[I found this beautiful book on the desk – a gift from some lady admirer, no doubt

Culioli (1990: 207):

“[…] For an assertion to be produced, we must eliminate alternative values (French
altérités) so that we shall construct a loop by identifying the notional representation of an
event, attached to a predicative relation, with the representation of what actually is the case, as
defined by the asserting subject.”

2.2. Epistemic will in English

(11) This, I think, will be the key. (Jespersen 1933 : 275 ; quoted by Tsangalidis 1999: 204)

« …because events in the past have led her to conclude that certain factors (such as
noise in the hall) justify certain predictions. » (Coates 1983 : 178)

(12) A commotion in the hall… ‘That will be Celia’, said Janet. (Coates 1983 : 177).

Lakoff (1970 : 839) :

(13) That thing rustling in the bushes over there will no doubt be a chipmunk : let’s wait till
it comes out. (Lakoff)

3. Conjecture in English and French

3.1. Future verification in French and in English?

(14) They’ll be on holiday at the moment. (Palmer 1986: 62)

(15) That’ll be the postman. (Palmer 1986: 62)
(16) It will be in the drawer. (Huddleston, 1985: 421)
(17) But Frederick seems to play all the time ; he is the original homo ludens. He will often
arrive in his office in the early afternoon, having let the whole morning go to waste. (A.
Brookner, p. 23)

(14’) ?? Ils seront en vacances en ce moment.

(16’) ?? Il sera dans le tiroir (en ce moment).
(14’’) Ils seront en vacances demain.
(16’’) Il sera dans le tiroir (demain).
(17’) C’est souvent qu’il arrive au bureau en début d’après-midi, après avoir perdu toute sa
matinée.

(18) All grammatical words will lose their stress when they are combined together to form an
utterance.
Tous les mots grammaticaux perdent leur accent quand ils se combinent pour former un
énoncé. (G. Brown, Listening to Spoken English, cited and translated by Chuquet & Paillard
1987: 116-117)

(19) On sonne; ce sera le facteur. (Martin 1987 : 117)

(20) That’ll be Amelia. (Larreya 2001 : 119)

Ça, c’est sûrement Amelia.

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Tasmowski & Dendale (1998 : 332):
« The epistemic use of the futur simple appears to be linked to the class of thetic
judgments, which do not display theme-rheme structure (subject of predication plus
predication), but simply posit the existence or emergence of a particular state of affairs and
which we would like to characterise further as ‘commenting on a state of affairs’. »

3.2. Modality and Aspect

(21) He is waiting for us downstairs ; he’ll be wondering where we are. (Jespersen 1933 :
275 ; quoted by Tsangalidis)
(22) You will have heard the rumour (‘I suppose you have heard’). (Jespersen 1933 : 275 ;
quoted by Tsangalidis)

(23) ‘I bet the radar boys are worried,’ he laughed. ‘They'll have lost us by now and will be
wondering where we've got to.’ (LOB)
(24) Dear Kathleen: you will not have forgotten that today is our anniversary, and the day we
said. (E. Bowen, “The Demon Lover”)

(25) I was wondering if you would like to come down and spend a weekend. We could do a
show and some galleries.
I know what you will be thinking – ‘Oh, no, not all that again,’ and I agree, it is rather absurd
the way we keep splitting up and coming back together, because it seems that nobody else will
do, in the end. (D. Lodge, Nice Work, p. 375)
(25’) Je sais ce que tu vas penser. (M. & Y. Couturier, Jeu de Société, p. 351)

(26) I wonder whether the people you appointed to it were the best for the job – corporation
lawyers, big executives, the group now called the Industrial Statesmen. Mr. Hughes has noted
how you were shielded from distressing opinions, insulated, as it were. Perhaps you will be
asking yourself who your present correspondent is, whether a liberal, an egghead, a bleeding
heart, or a nut of some kind. So let us say he is a thoughtful person who believes in civil
usefulness. (S. Bellow, p. 161)
(26’) Vous vous demandez peut-être qui est votre correspondant d’aujourd’hui, un libéral, un
intellectuel, un cœur qui saigne ou un anormal. (J. Rosenthal, p. 161)

(21) He is waiting for us downstairs ; he’ll be wondering where we are. (Jespersen 1933 :
275 ; quoted by Tsangalidis 1999: 204)
(27) ‘Should we disturb her ?’ ‘I think not,’ he replies. ‘She will be sleeping by now.’(A.
Brookner, p. 176)
(28) He is aware that the inhabitants of the bungalows are watching him curiously out of their
windows. He knows that back at Wren House Muriel will be heaving herself to her feet with
a loud sigh and asking if anyone wants anything else before she puts her weary bones to bed.
(A. Brookner, p. 110)

(29) Can I come in, he said. I suppose so, she said, if you must, but won’t they be expecting
you at home? (D. Lodge, Nice Work p. 298)
(29’) Puis-je entrer ? dit-il. Je veux bien, dit-elle, si tu y tiens, mais on ne t’attend pas chez
toi ? (M. & Y. Couturier, Jeu de Société, p. 280)

(30) ‘[…] Now that you’ve woken me up from my Resting Time, now that you’ve disturbed
me, at least come and have a drink. It’s the least you can do.’ […]
‘No thank you,’ Elvis said politely. ‘My family will be expecting me. And I’ve finished my
pocket money.’ (A. Roy, p. 102)
« […] Maintenant que tu m’as réveillé et que, par ta faute, ma pause est fichue, tu peux aussi
bien venir boire quelque chose. C’est le moins que tu puisses faire. » […]

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« Non merci, dit poliment Elvis. Ma famille m’attend. Et je n’ai plus d’argent de poche. » (C.
Demanuelli, p.128)

(31) He [the man in the drugstore] gave me a long look and says insultingly, « Where did you
get hold of this ? » and I says, « It’s none of your damned business, but if you must know, it’s
for the lady I work for, Mrs. Tyrone, who’s sitting out in the automobile. » That shut him up
quick. He gave a look out at you and said, « Oh, » and went to get the medicine. (E. O’Neill,
Act III)
Il m’a regardée un bon moment, et puis il m’a demandé, d’un ton pas poli du tout : « Où est-ce
que vous avez trouvé ça ? » Alors moi, je lui ai dit : « Ça me regarde, mais si vous voulez le
savoir, c’est pour ma patronne, Madame Tyrone, qui est là, dehors, dans la voiture ». Ça lui
a fermé le bec, d’un seul coup. Il a regardé la voiture, et puis il a dit : « Oh ! », et il est allé
chercher le médicament. (J. Autrusseau & M. Goldring)

(32) Canadians today, after nine years of Conservative government, will be asking themselves
several questions. Are we better off in terms of health care? Do we have a better educational
system? Do we have fewer unemployed? Do we have less poverty? The answer to all those
questions is no. Do we have a higher debt? The answer to that question is yes. (TransSearch)
Après neuf ans de gouvernement conservateur, les Canadiens se posent plusieurs questions.
Sur le plan des soins de santé, notre situation s'est-elle améliorée? Avons-nous un meilleur
système d'éducation? Avons-nous moins de chômeurs? La pauvreté est-elle moins répandue?
La réponse à toutes ces questions est non. Notre dette est-elle plus élevée? La réponse à cette
question est oui.

(33) ‘I’ll be getting back now,’ said Eunice. (R. Rendell, p. 67)
(34) One false move on his part and he would be a dead man. ‘Well,’ he announced, ‘Guess
I’ll be going now, Ed, and thanks for the warmup’. He strolled back to the door, whistling
softly, hands still clasped behind him. (Brown Corpus)

(35) « You want to watch your missus, Tubby, » said Joe, as we changed ends between
games. « By the time you’re fit again, she’ll be running rings round you. » (D. Lodge,
Therapy, p. 27)
(36) In the drawing-room, Hal glances unobtrusively at his watch, computing some timetable
of his own. ‘Yes,’ says Sofka, who has followed his glance. ‘You will be wanting to get back.
It is too bad of Alfred to set out on a walk just now…’ (A. Brookner, p. 118)
(37) He was attempting to light an empty pipe. Realising this he threw the spill into the fire
and, as if to cover up his mistake, said with a poor attempt at lightness: ‘I'm forgetting, you
haven't met my mother.’
Mrs. Batley's response to this was to say quietly: ‘You’ll be wanting a wash ; will you come
up?’ She turned about and walked across the hall. Linda, picking up her case, followed her up
the stairs, along the balcony to the far end. There Mrs. Batley opened a door, saying over her
shoulder: ‘I hope you’ll be quite comfortable.’ (LOB)

(38) Le foulard que je tenais à la main était sombre, de sorte qu'il n'y paraissait rien d'abord;
mais, quand je ressortis mon mouchoir, je vis avec stupeur qu'il était plein de sang.
Ma première pensée fut de cacher ce sang à Marceline.
Mais comment?
J'en étais tout taché; j'en voyais partout, à présent; mes doigts surtout...
J'aurai saigné du nez... (Gide L’immoraliste Intersect Corpus, University of Brighton)
My nose might perhaps have been bleeding ...(D. Bussy, The Immoralist)

(39) Puis il regarda la table, fit éteindre tout à fait un bec de gaz qui brûlait en veilleuse, ferma
un battant de la fenêtre, à cause du courant d'air, et choisit sa place bien à l'abri en déclarant :
"Il faut que je fasse grande attention ; j'ai été mieux pendant un mois, et me voici repris depuis
quelques jours. J'aurai attrapé froid mardi en sortant du théâtre." (Maupassant, Bel Ami)

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I must have caught a cold coming out of the theatre last Tuesday.

(40) « Voilà, se dit-il, un homme qui aura certainement employé mon argent à satisfaire les
trois vertus théologales du troupier : le jeu, le vin et les femmes ! » (Balzac Colonel Chabert)
‘Here,’ said he to himself, ‘is a man who has of course spent my money in satisfying a
trooper's three theological virtues - play, wine, and women!’ (Colonel Chabert)

(41) Fellacher garda longtemps le perroquet. Il le promettait toujours pour la semaine

prochaine ; au bout de six mois, il annonça le départ d'une caisse ; et il n'en fut plus question.
C'était à croire que jamais Loulou ne reviendrait. "Ils me l'auront volé !" pensait-elle.
(Flaubert « Un cœur simple », Trois contes)
Fellacher kept the parrot a long time. He always promised that it would be ready for the
following week; after six months he announced the shipment of a case, and that was the end of
it. Really, it seemed as if Loulou would never come back to his home. ‘They have stolen
him,’ thought Felicité. (« A simple soul »)

(42) L'effondrement des régimes communistes et la récupération des élites par des moyens
douteux - que d'énergie M. Driss Basri aura dépensée à tenter de compromettre ou de
corrompre la classe politique ! - apporteront de l'eau au moulin du monarque défunt. (Le
Monde Diplomatique, juin 2001)
The collapse of the communist regimes and the subversion of the elites by doubtful means -
how much energy Driss Basri must have expended trying to compromise or corrupt the
political class - were all grist to the late monarchs mill. (Le Monde Diplomatique – English
Edition)

(43) La mondialisation favorise cela, comme elle encouragera demain l'apparition

d'entreprises-Etat qui, à la manière de M. Ben Laden, investiront un Etat creux, vide,
déstructuré, en proie au désordre endémique, pour l'utiliser à leur guise. A cet égard aussi, M.
Ben Laden aura été en quelque sorte un terrifiant précurseur. (Le Monde Diplomatique
décembre 2001)
Globalisation creates the conditions for such things. Arguably, it will lead tomorrow to the
development of the company-state which, just like Bin Laden, will take over countries that are
empty, unstructured and prey to endemic disorder, to use them for its own ends. In this respect
Bin Laden may be a terrifying precursor. (Le Monde Diplomatique – English Edition)

(44) Most journalists who have been correspondents in Moscow will have followed the
Daniloff story with interest. (The Listener, 1986, quoted by Dubos 1989 : 36)
(45) (…) either the pattern of Archaic civilization was established at this period, or it goes
back beyond it ; and, if the latter, then there is really no convincing reason for stopping our
backwards search through history until we arrive at the Mycenaean era. The civilization of
Classical Greece will then have grown organically out of the Mycenaean civilization. (A.
Snodgrass, Archaic Greece ; quoted by Dubos 1989 : 36)

(46) Et Nestor, où est-il passé ?

Il aura pris la fuite, cet imbécile. (Hergé, Tintin, Le Secret de la licorne, p. 51)
What about Nestor ?
He’ll have bolted, the fool! (L. Londale-Cooper & M. Turner, The Secret of the Unicorn, p.
51)

(47) Une petite Bohémienne!…

Elle se sera éloignée du campement que nous venons de voir… (Hergé, Tintin, Les bijoux de
la Castafiore, p. 2)
A little gipsy girl…
She must have wandered away from that camp.( L. Londale-Cooper & M. Turner, The
Castafiore Emerald, p. 2)

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 (48) Pour que M. Michael Ben Meir, conseiller juridique du gouvernement israélien de 1983 à
1986 (période durant laquelle il justifiait « légalement » la colonisation), fasse ce mea culpa, il
aura fallu l'Intifada. (Le Monde Diplomatique, janvier 2001)
For Michael Ben Meir, legal advisor to the Israeli government from 1983 to 1986 (during
which time he "legally" justified settlement building) to make this admission, an intifada was
needed. (Le Monde Diplomatique – English Edition)

(49) On commence à reconnaître une responsabilité israélienne dans l'exode palestinien, mais
il aura fallu attendre cinquante ans pour cela. (Le Monde Diplomatique, juillet 2001)
People are beginning to recognise Israeli responsibility for the Palestinian exodus but we've
had to wait 50 years for it. (Le Monde Diplomatique – English Edition)

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