Onomatopoeia

1.I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a
fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door. (Ulysses by James Joyce)

(It imitates the sound of knocking at a door)

2. We are foot-slog-slog-slog-slogging
Foot-foot-foot-foot-slogging over Africa.
Boots- boots- boots- boots –
Moving up and down again (Kipling)

(It imitates the sound of walking)

3. Farmer Brown has a problem. His cows like to type. All day long he hears:
Click, clack, moo. Click, clack, moo. Clickety, clack, moo. (Click, Clack,
Moo Cows That Type by Doreen Cronin)

(It imitates the sound of a cow's mooing)

Graphon

1. ‘You know dat one-leigged nigger dat b’longs to old Misto Brandish? Well
he sot up a bank, en say anybody dat put in a dollar would git fo’ dollars mo’ at
en ‘er de year…’ (Missouri Negro dialect from ‘The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer’)

(The speaking character is uneducated)

2. – Он яка молодіж пішла, – сказала сама собі тьотя Настя. – Ні стиду, ні

совісті. Хранцузи. Анахтемихвашистські, на живих людей бонбами
жбурляться, щоб у ваших матерів черева посохли! (Л. Первомайський)

(The speaker isn’t enough educated)

3. Is that my wife? I see it is, from your fyce … I want the truth – I must ’ave it!
… If that’s ’er fyce there, then that’s ’er body in the gallery… What gyme ’as
she been plyin’? You gotta tell me before I go aht of here (Galsworthy The
White Monkey).

(The speaking character isn’t enough educated and use cliché - gotta)

4.Thquire!... Your thervant! Thith ith a bad pieth of bithnith, thith ith…
(Dickens Hard Times)

(It shows the physical defects of the speaker)

5. Goot, goot, goot! Und here’s der liddle Ariel! (Dldous Huxley)

(The speaking character is uneducated)

Affixational repetition

1. Thus let me live unseen, unknown,

Thus unlamented let me die.

2. Кайдашеві сини були молоді парубки, обидва високі, рівні станом,

обидва довгообразі й русяві, з довгими, тонкими, трошки горбатими
носами, з рум'яними губами. (Нечуй-Левицький, Кайдашева сім’я)

3. He started randomly reading such words as chicklet, eaglet, starlet, rivulet.

Nobody couldn't understand him.

Root repetition

1. My girl, I appoint with you an appointment.

2. I felt just as natural as I would with anybody. Talked to him just as

naturally, and everything. (D. Parker)

3. It was beautiful there

but I’d seen beauty and its opposite so often

that when warmth broke over my skin I remembered winter,

the way fresh grief undoes you the moment you’re fully awake.

Occasional words

1. Mr. Dawes: Well, do you have anything to say, Banks?

George Banks: Well, sir, they do say that when there's nothing to say, all you
can say . . .

Mr. Dawes: Confound it, Banks! I said, do you have anything to say?

George Banks: Just one word, sir . . .

Mr. Dawes: Yes?

George Banks: Supercallifragilisticexpialidocious!

Mr. Dawes Sr.: What?

George Banks: Supercallifragilisticexpialidocious! Mary Poppins was right, it's

extraordinary!

(Dick Van Dyke and David Tomlinson in Mary Poppins, 1964)

2. I can see my reflection from all angles: the gray fabric obscuring the shape of
my back, my long neck, my knobby-knuckled hands, red with a blood blush.
(Divergent)

3. I hear a slight, oh-so-faint noise. (Niffenegger A.)

Metaphor

1. All the world’s a stage,

And all the men and women merely players.

(Shakespeare’s “As You Like It”)

2. Her face is a wrinkled leaf.

3. Through much of the last century, America's faith in freedom and democracy
was a rock in a raging sea. Now it is a seed upon the wind, taking root in
many nations.

4. Wishes are thorns, he told himself sharply. They do us no good, just stick
into our skin and hurt us.

5. Truths are first clouds, then rain, then harvest and food.

Motonymy

1. The land belongs to the crown.

2. Empty pockets never held anyone back. Only empty heads and empty
hearts can do that. (Norman Vincent Peale)

3. Під вечір виходить на вулицю він.

Флоренція плаче йому навздогін. (Л.Костенко)

4. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. (Shakespeare’s Julius

Caesar, Act I)

5. My brother was just released from the big house.

Irony

1.His argument was as clear as mud.

(verbal irony)

2. “– Відколи, розумна, бредеш ти, голова? –

Лисиця, зустрівшись з Ослом, його запитала”.(Крилов)

(verbal irony)
3. Friends buying skydiving lessons for someone afraid of heights. They say,
“Oh, I can’t wait.”

(verbal irony )

Antonomasia

1.I told you we could count on Mr. Old-Time Rock and Roll!" - Murray
referring to Arthur in Velvet Goldmine.

(common noun in proper name)

2. You must pray to heaven's guardian for relief. (proper name in common
noun)

3. In Mary Shelley’s Victor Frankenstein’s:

 “I beheld the wretch—the miserable monster whom I had created”

 “the approach of the demoniacal corpse to which I had so miserably
given life”
 “Devil, do you dare approach me?”

(proper name in common noun)

4. The answer for this question can be given only by Mr. Know-it-all.

(сommon noun in proper mane)

5. Harry is the Casanova of my life.

(proper name in common noun)

Epithet

1. The earth is crying-sweet,

And scattering-bright the air,
Eddying, dizzying, closing round,
With soft and drunken laughter…”(Beauty and Beauty By Rupert Brooke)
(crying- sweet, scattering-bright - single, figurative metaphoric)

(Soft and drunken – pair, figurative metaphoric)

2. Мріють крилами з туману лебеді рожеві,

Сиплють ночі у лимани зорі сургучеві.

(Василь Симоненко – Лебеді материнства)

( single, affective)

3. She was hopefully, sadly, vaguely, madly longing for something better

(chain affective)

4. There’s something about evening … that makes a person feel drowsy and
peaceful. Sort of end-of-a-perfect-day feeling

(phrase, affective)

5. She was a fadedly white rabbit of a woman.

( fadedly white – two-step, affective)

( rabbit of woman – inverted,affactive)

Hyperbole

1. I was so hungry, I could eat an elephant.

(hyperbole proper, trite)

2. If I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a thousand times.

(hyperbole proper, trite)

3. He's filthy rich. He's got tons of money.

(hyperbole proper, trite)

Oxymoron
1. И день настал. Встаёт с одра

Мазепа, сей страдалец хилый,

Сей труп живой, ещё вчера

Стонавший слабо над могилой.

2. They wanted nothing but to stay at home alone together.

3. If you are a gamer, you’ll like to live in virtual reality.

Pun

1. Він божевільний, кажуть. Божевільний!

Що ж, може бути. Він – це значить я.
Боже – вільний…
Боже, я – вільний!
На добраніч, Свободо моя! (Ліна Костенко)

2. Mine is a long and a sad tale!' said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing.
'It is a long tail, certainly,' said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse's
tail; 'but why do you call it sad?' And she kept on puzzling about it while the
Mouse was speaking." (Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)

3. They seemed to think the opportunity lost, if they failed to point the
conversation to me, every now and then, and stick the point into me." (Great
Expectations, Charles Dickens)

Zeugma

1. You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit.

2. "Yet time and her aunt moved slowly — and her patience and her ideas were
nearly worn our before the tete-a-tete was over." (Jane Austen)

3. “[They] covered themselves with dust and glory.” (Mark Twain)

 Semantically false chaine

1. Men, pals, red plush seats, white marble tables, waiters in white aprons.
Miss Moss walked through them all. (A.Milne)

2. Мій дідусь був британцем, військовим та довгоносим.

3. Babbitt respected bigness in anything: in mountains, jewels, muscles, wealth

of words”. (S.L.)

Violation of phraseological unit

1. Don't cry, the milk is spilt.

2. Every country on the old continent has a fine collection of skeletons in the
cupboard.

3. The number of women who flirt with her husband is perfectly scandalous. It
looks so bad. It's simply washing dirty linen in public"

Rhetorical question

1. When public money brings windfalls to a few, why should the state not take a
share?

2. “…O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”

Ode to the West Wind (By Percy Bysshe Shelley)

3. «Ні дітей? Ні чоловіка? Так ось чому вона з головою поринула в роботу!
А що їй ще залишається?»

Repetition (lexical, synonymical)

1. But for now Anders can still make time. Time for the shadows to lengthen
on the grass, time for the tethered dog to bark at the flying ball, time for the
boy in right field to smack his sweat-blackened mitt and softly chant (lexical)
2. I wanna be a rap star
I wanna be the top
I wanna be a rockstar
I want it all mine (lexical)

3. He was the only survivor: no one else was saved. (synonymical)

Parallelism

1. “My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us,
grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our
ancestors.” (Presidential Inauguration Speech By Barack Obama)

2. Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will
learn. (Benjamin Franklin)

3. "I don't want to live on in my work. I want to live on in my apartment."

(Woody Allen)

Chiasmus

1. Some have an idea that the reason we in this country discard things so
readily is because we have so much. The facts are exactly opposite – the
reason we have so much is simply because we discard things so readily.

2. “In the blue grass region,

A paradox was born:

The corn was full of kernels

And the colonels full of corn.”

3. Do I love you because you’re beautiful?

Or are you beautiful because I love you?

Inversion
1. “In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.” (Tolkien, Hobbit) (full
inversion)

2. Hear the tolling of the bells – Iron bells!

What a world of solemn thought their monody compels! (“The Bells” by

Edgar Allen Poe) (full inversion)

3. “Powerful you have become, the dark side I sense in you.” (full inversion)

Detachment

1. "'I want to go,' he said, miserable." (Galsworthy)

2. It was, to Forsyte's eye, a strange house.

3. Sir Pitt came in first, very much flushed, and rather unsteady in his gait."
(Thackeray)

Ellipsis

1. In the baseball game, our team scored four homeruns, the other team, only
two…

2. Зостались ви, пісні старії,

Щоб старину згадати нам,

Старим — літа їх молодії. (О. Корсун)

3. “if I saw you would you kiss me? If I were in bed would you—” (Letter from
Virginia Woolf to Vita Sackville-West)

Aposiopesis

1. ‘Because I’ve just walked away from everything, a whole life I’ve spent
seven years building, and I’m sorry if that isn’t exciting or ‘risky’ enough for
you but…’ (Written in the Stars, Ali Harris)
2. -Так чи так, а нам наказали нікому про план не розповідати. Це була б
зрада Темного Лорда і… (Гаррі Поттер і напівкровний принц, Джоан
Роулінг)

3. The MiG-28 does have a problem with its inverted flight tanks. It won't do a
Negative G push over. The latest intelligence tells us that the most it will do is
one negative ... Excuse me, Lieutenant, is there something wrong?

Attachment

1. Ось я і в Виковке. Один. На дворі осінь. Пізня.

(В. Лстафьев).

2. The Forsytes were resentful of something, not individually, but as a family,

this resentment expressed itself in an added perfection of raiment, an
exuberance of family cordiality, an exaggeration of family importance, and—
the sniff (J. Galsworthy)

Climax

1. Пісня про вітер,

Про вітер, взутим в солдатські гетри,

Про гетри, що йдуть дорогою війни. (Луговський) (Accending)

2. "Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird! It's a plane! It's Superman!"(accending)

3. "It was a lovely city, a beautiful city, a fair city, a veritable gem of a city. "
(accending)

Anticlimax

1. "He lost his family, his job, and his house plants." (A Yale University motto)
(deccending)
2. Йому обіцяє півсвіту, а Францію тільки собі. (М. Ю. Лермонтов)
(deccening)

Simile

1. “Your heart is like an ocean, mysterious and dark.” (Bob Dylan)

▫ Tenor – heart
▫ Formal – like
▫ The vehicle – an ocean
▫ Foundation – mysterious and dark – explicit

2. Love is like a beautiful flower which I may not touch, but whose fragrance
makes the garden a place of delight just the same. (Helen Keller)

▫ Tenor – love
▫ Formal - like
▫ The vehicle – flower
▫ Foundation- explicit

3. Life swings like a pendulum backward and forward between pain and
boredom. (Arthur Schopenhauer

▫ Tenor- life
▫ Formal – like
▫ The vehicle – pendulum
▫ Foundation- explicit

4. My heart is like an open highway. (It's My Life, Bon Jovi)

▫ Tenor – heart
▫ Formal – like
▫ The vehicle – highway
 ▫ Foundation – implicent

5. It’s only winter here

even in August, winter is here

my heart makes time run

Like a Snowpiercer left alone (Spring Day – BTS)

▫ Tenor- heart
▫ Formal – like
▫ The vehicle – a Snowpiercer
▫ Foundation- implicent

Periphrasis

1. ‘Plus there was the whole Jane Eyre situation.’

(The Princess Diaries, Meg Cabot)

(figurative metonimic)

2. Загинув поет! — невільник честі-

Упав обмовлений мовив.

З свинцем у грудях і жадобою помсти,

Поникнув головою.

Згас, як світоч, дивний геній,

Зів’яв урочистий вінок.

(Лермонтов ‘Смерть Поет’ на честь О.С. Пушкіна)

(figurative metonimic)
3. “‘Under the impression,’ said Mr. Micawber, ‘that your peregrinations in this
city have no longer as but been extensive, and that you would possibly have
some trouble in penetrating the arcana of the Modern Babylon in the course of
the City Road—in short,’ said Mr. Micawber, in any other burst of confidence,
‘which you might lose yourself—I will be happy to call this evening, and
deploy you in the know-how of the nearest way …'” (logical)

Antithesis

1. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. (William Shakespeare) (proper)

2. "Man proposes, God disposes. (proper)

3. That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. (Neil Armstrong)
(proper)