FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

…………..o0o…………..

MODULE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR

ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Examining the Impact of the Gig Economy
on Work Quality: A Case Study of Vietnam

Students: : 1. Phạm Khánh Linh - ID: 2212450050

2. Phan Thị Bằng Linh - ID: 2212450052
3. Vũ Thanh Loan - ID: 2213450053
4. Đinh Bảo Long - ID: 2213450054
5. Đặng Trần Minh - ID: 2212450055
Class : KTEE206(GD2-HK2-2223).4

Group : 12

Instructor : Dr. Vũ Thị Phương Mai

Hanoi, 6/2023
 MỤC LỤC

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................5
1.1. BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS............................................................................................................ 6
1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................... 8
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................................................... 9
2. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................11
2.1. THE GIG ECONOMY................................................................................................................ 11
2.2. JOB QUALITY IN THE GIG ECONOMY............................................................................. 14
3. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................22
3.1. RESEARCH STRATEGY........................................................................................................... 22
3.2. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES....................................................................................................... 22
3.3. DATA COLLECTION................................................................................................................. 24
3.4. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES........................................................................................... 31
3.4.1. Quantitative Data Analysis............................................................................31
3.4.2. Qualitative Data Analysis...............................................................................31
4. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................37
4.1. RESEARCH ETHICS.................................................................................................................. 37
4.2. POTENTIAL CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS............................................................. 38
4.2.1. Potential Challenges.......................................................................................38
4.2.2. Limitations......................................................................................................38
5. EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND CONTRIBUTIONS.........................................40
6. TIMESCALE AND BUDGET................................................................................42
6.1. TIMESCALE................................................................................................................................. 42
Pre-research phase (+2 months)...............................................................................44
Research phase (4 months).......................................................................................44
Post-research phase (2 months)................................................................................45
6.2. BUDGET........................................................................................................................................ 46
REFERENCES................................................................................................................48

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 ABSTRACT

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of the gig economy on work quality
through a case study focused on Vietnam. The gig economy, characterized by temporary
and flexible work arrangements facilitated by digital platforms, has been growing in Vi-
etnam, but its effects on work quality remain relatively unexplored. The study seeks to
understand the specific challenges and opportunities faced by gig workers in Vietnam, in-
cluding income stability, job security, and access to social protection. By employing a
mixed-methods approach combining surveys, interviews, and data analysis, the research
aims to gather comprehensive data on gig workers' experiences and perceptions of work
quality in Vietnam. The findings of this study will contribute to the broader
understanding of the gig economy's impact on work quality and provide insights for
policymakers, regu- lators, and gig worker advocacy groups in Vietnam to develop
effective strategies to im- prove work conditions and promote fair treatment in the gig
economy.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our lecturer, Dr. Vũ Thị Phương Mai, for
her invaluable contribution to our learning and growth. Her dedication, tutelage, and
guidance have been instrumental in helping us gain essential skills in research methodology
and beyond.

Dr. Phương Mai has consistently demonstrated a deep passion for teaching and a
commitment to ensuring that her students receive the best education possible. Her insightful
lectures, practical exercises, and encouraging feedback have helped us to develop strong
research skills that we will carry with us throughout our lives.

We are deeply grateful to Dr. Phương Mai for the time and effort she has invested in our
education, and for the profound impact she has had on our lives. We will always remember
her kindness, wisdom, and guidance as we continue to pursue our goals and aspirations.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
In a world of endless possibilities, where workers are no longer confined to the traditional
model of long-term employment in a single place, a question arises: Are individuals limited
to pursuing one fixed career path for their entire lives? The emergence of gig work and the
gig economy provides an alternative compelling answer. Jane Smith, Labor Economist in
the article “The Transformative Impact of the Gig Economy on Work Patterns” aptly
observed, “The gig economy has disrupted the notion of long-term, stable
employment, offering individuals the opportunity to create their own career paths and
embrace a more flexible approach to work." Similarly, Donny Gamble, author of Gig
Economy Side Hustle presented in his book, “The gig economy has democratized the
workforce, allowing individuals from all walks of life to participate and thrive”.

The gig economy is defined by its emphasis on work that is done in the short run, driven
by requests demanded immediately, and focuses on completing tasks designated. The
term “gig” was originally used in the music sector, which now encompasses a broader
range of sectors. The demand for temporary and contract labor witnessed significant
growth after the worldwide economic downturn of 2008, driven by cost-cutting pressures,
resulting in such a freelance economy growing exponentially (C.Parmeter, 2016), and
Glуnn, 2021). However, it is important to recognize that short-term, on-demand work has
long been present in different forms, such as temporary housemaids, ride-hailing drivers,
babysitters, and freelancers, particularly in fields with much creativity. As a result, "gig
worker" coincides with other designations like "freelancer," "self-employed,"
"independent worker," "contingent worker," or "non-traditional worker" (Cunningham-
Parmeter, 2016). These labels reflect the diverse range of individuals engaged in non-
standard work arrangements, highlighting the multi-faceted characteristics of gig
economics.

As the pandemic wreaked havoc on established labor market dynamics around the globe,
individuals were compelled to reevaluate their approach to work. The allure of the
traditional 9-to-5 paradigm diminished, giving rise to a growing demand for more agile and
self- determined work arrangements. Enter the gig economy, a thriving ecosystem where
individuals can engage in short-term projects, freelance assignments, and gig-based
contracts that cater to their unique skills and preferences.

Within the context of Vietnam, a nation characterized by the prevalence of short-term jobs
and freelance work in recent decades, the gig economy has gained more and more
paramount importance. From ride-sharing platforms to digital marketplaces for specialized

5
professionals, the gig economy offers a diverse range of opportunities for individuals
seeking to experience

6
different works, connect with people from different disciplines, and forge their own paths to
economic prosperity.

However, despite its undeniable significance, there remains a conspicuous dearth of

research investigating the impact of the gig economy on work quality in Vietnam. The
present research methodology, herein, aims to inspire and provide a framework for
researchers to conduct in- depth investigations into the impact of the gig economy on work
quality in Vietnam. By shedding light on this pressing issue, researchers can contribute to
the existing body of knowledge while addressing the urgent need for evidence-based
decision-making. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of the gig economy's effects
will enable the development of targeted policies, interventions, and support systems that
promote fair, inclusive, and sustainable work environments for gig workers in Vietnam.

1.2. Research Questions

Research questions play a crucial role in guiding and shaping the research process. They
provide a clear direction and focus, ensuring that the study explores the relevant aspects
comprehensively, and in the specific case of our topic, about the gig economy's impact on
work quality in Vietnam. As highlighted by experts in the field, the importance of
formulating research questions cannot be understated. Jane Smith, a Labor Economist,
emphasizes this significance by stating, “The formulation of research questions is the
foundation for a meaningful and effective investigation into the gig economy's impact on
work quality” (Smith, 2020). Similarly, Donny Gamble, author of “Gig Economy Side
Hustle”, asserts, “Research questions serve as a compass, guiding researchers towards a
comprehensive understanding of the gig economy's effects on work quality” (Gamble,
2021).

To generate a comprehensive set of research questions, various brainstorming techniques

can be utilized. Each technique offers a unique approach to idea generation and can provide
valuable insights into different aspects of the gig economy's impact on work quality. Some
commonly used brainstorming techniques include free writing (author unknown), mind-
mapping (Tony Buzan), reverse brainstorming (Alex Osborn), and SWOT analysis (Albert
S. Humphrey), and among others. However, two effective brainstorming techniques that
will be employed for our research questions are the “6 Thinking Hats” technique and the
“Wh- Question” technique.

The “6 Thinking Hats” Technique: The “6 Thinking Hats” technique, developed by

Edward de Bono, is a structured brainstorming method that encourages parallel thinking. It
involves assigning different “hats” or roles to participants, each representing a different

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perspective or approach. The hats include:

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 - White Hat: Factual and objective thinking
- Red Hat: Emotional and intuitive thinking
- Black Hat: Critical and cautious thinking
- Yellow Hat: Positive and optimistic thinking
- Green Hat: Creative and innovative thinking
- Blue Hat: Process-oriented and facilitative thinking

Using this technique, we can explore the gig economy's impact on work quality from multiple
angles, as what questions we generated using the “6 Thinking Hats” technique below:
- White Hat: What are the current statistical trends in gig economy participation in
Vietnam?
- Red Hat: How do gig workers in Vietnam feel about the level of control they have
over their work schedules?
- Black Hat: What are the potential risks and drawbacks associated with gig work in
terms of financial stability?
- Yellow Hat: What are the positive aspects of gig work that contribute to job
satisfaction among workers in Vietnam?
- Green Hat: How can innovative technologies be leveraged to enhance work quality
in the gig economy?
- Blue Hat: What processes can be implemented to ensure fair and equitable treatment
of gig workers in Vietnam?

The “Wh-Question” Technique: The “Wh-Question” technique, a commonly used method

in research and critical thinking involves generating questions starting with the five W's
(Who, What, Where, When, Why) and one H (How). This technique prompts a
comprehensive exploration of various dimensions, particularly, of the gig economy's impact
on work quality. Some sample questions generated using the “Wh-Question” technique are:
- What does gig work mean within the context of Vietnam?
- Who are the primary participants in the gig economy in Vietnam, and how does their
demographic profile influence work quality?
- Where do gig workers in Vietnam primarily find gig opportunities, and how does this
affect their work quality?
- When do gig workers in Vietnam experience the most significant fluctuations in
income stability? Why do individuals choose to participate in the gig economy in
Vietnam, and what implications does this have for work quality?
- How do gig workers in Vietnam perceive their working conditions and how does it
impact their overall work quality?

From the extensive list of generated questions, the following five questions stand out as
particularly significant and comprehensive in exploring the impact of the gig economy on
work quality in Vietnam:
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 1. How is the gig economy defined and understood within the context of Vietnam?
2. How do gig economy workers in Hanoi, Vietnam assess their job satisfaction, income
stability, working conditions, and career prospects?
3. What economic and social factors influence the work of gig workers in Vietnam?

These five questions address various aspects of the gig economy and work quality in
Vietnam, providing a comprehensive framework for research. They encompass the
understanding and definition of the gig economy, herein, the assessment of work quality
from the perspective of gig workers, the examination of influential factors, and the
identification of challenges and potential solutions.

1.3. Research Objectives

According to Sarah Adams, a renowned researcher, “Research objectives serve as
guideposts, illuminating the path toward a meaningful investigation and helping researchers
make valuable contributions to the field” (Adams, 2022). Similarly, Mark Johnson, a
respected scholar, states, “Well-defined research objectives provide a framework for
focused inquiry, enabling researchers to systematically address research questions and
achieve meaningful outcomes” (Johnson, 2021). Research objectives indeed holds
significant importance as they serve to shape the research process by providing a clear sense
of direction and purpose to the study.

Research objectives are derived from research questions, serving as the foundational pillars
for the study. As stated by Rachel Collins, a renowned scholar, “Research objectives are the
logical extensions of well-crafted research questions, providing a roadmap for inquiry and
guiding researchers towards meaningful outcomes” (Collins, 2021). In this case, the
research questions identified earlier serve as the bedrock for formulating the research
objectives. By translating these questions into specific objectives, researchers can
effectively shape their study and articulate the specific goals they intend to accomplish.

The research objectives for exploring the impact of the gig economy on work quality in
Vietnam are as follows:
- Examine the characteristics and dynamics of the gig economy: This objective entails
investigating the unique traits and underlying dynamics of the gig economy in
Vietnam. It involves exploring its scope, scale, and diverse forms of gig work
prevalent in the country.
- Evaluate work quality within the gig economy: This objective centers on evaluating
work quality from the perspective of gig workers in Vietnam. It encompasses
assessing key aspects such as job satisfaction, income stability, work-life balance,
working conditions, career prospects, and job security.

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 - Analyze the influential factors shaping work quality: This objective aims to analyze
the economic, social, and technological factors that impact work quality in the gig
economy. It involves examining how these factors influence the experiences and
outcomes of gig workers in Vietnam.

These research objectives carry immense significance as they will not only contribute to a
comprehensive understanding of the impact of the gig economy on work quality in Vietnam
but also yield valuable insights. By addressing these objectives, researchers can inform
evidence-based decision-making processes and play a crucial role in the development of
policies and interventions that aim to support gig workers in Vietnam. Consequently, the
core purpose of our research proposal is to provide a comprehensive framework and
guidance for researchers, enabling them to effectively work towards achieving these
fundamental objectives.

1.4. Significance of the Study

The study’s bottom line resides in its own ability tо address a critical knowledge gap and
further our comprehension of how impactful gig еconomy is on wоrk quality in Vietnam.
By investigating the unique context of Vietnam and exploring the experiences of gig
workers, this rеsearch attempts to offer helpful insights and infоrm dеcision-mаking
processes supported by evidence. The study's significance can be outlined as follows:

Contribution to Knowledge: This research will contribute to thе existing bodу оf

information already available on thе gig economy by focusing specifically on Vietnam, a
country that has witnessed a significant rise in gig work and freelance opportunities. The
findings will help fill the current dearth of research in this area and prоvide a comprеhensive
understаnding of thе gig econоmy's effects оn work quality in thе Vietnamese context.

Worker Well-being and Empowerment: Understanding the impact of the gig economy on
work quality is crucial for ensuring the well-being and empowerment of gig workers. By
assessing key aspects such as job satisfaction, income stability, working conditions, and
career prospects, this study will shed light on the factors that influence gig workers'
experiences and outcomes. The insights gained can help identify areas for improvement and
inform strategies to enhance work quality and overall worker well-being.

Academic and Practical Applications: The research findings will contribute to academic
discussions and debates surrounding the gig economy, work quality, and labor market
dynamics. Scholars, researchers, and practitioners interested in these fields can utilize the
insights to expand their knowledge and generate further research. Additionally, the study's
practical applications will be relevant to gig workers, employers, policymakers, and

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organizations involved in shaping the gig economy landscape in Vietnam, providing them
with evidence-based recommendations and strategies for enhancing work quality.

In conclusion, this study's significance lies in its potential to address the research gap on the
gig economy's impact on work quality in Vietnam, contribute to knowledge, empower gig
workers, and serve as a valuable resource for academic and practical applications. By
shedding light on this pressing issue, the research aims to foster a fair, inclusive, and
sustainable gig economy ecosystem in Vietnam, benefiting all stakeholders involved.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. The Gig Economy

The growth of the gig economy has implications for both workers and the economy as a
whole. For workers, the gig economy offers flexibility in terms of working hours, enabling
them to have greater control over their schedules and choose the projects or tasks that align
with their preferences and skills (Yang et al., 2018). This flexibility can be particularly
appealing for individuals seeking work-life balance or those who require additional income
streams. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the gig economy's flexibility may also
lead to overwork and potential negative consequences on workers' well-being (Lott, 2015).

From an economic standpoint, the gig economy introduces new ways of organizing labor
and reallocating resources. It allows companies to tap into external human capital through
digital platforms, expanding their workforce beyond traditional employees (Yang et al.,
2018). This integration of internal and external human capital enables enterprises to
optimize labor allocation, reduce production costs, and improve resource utilization.
Moreover, the gig economy promotes the capitalization of workers, enabling them to
leverage their assets, such as properties or vehicles, as income-generating resources (Yang
et al., 2018). This transformation challenges the traditional employment relationship and
introduces a new dynamic where workers become asset owners in the market.

The gig economy's growth and decentralization of corporate management are facilitated by
advanced technologies, such as internet platforms and mobile applications. These digital
tools connect gig workers directly with consumers or clients, reducing transaction costs and
enabling efficient matching of supply and demand (Atmore, 2017). Platforms like Uber,
TaskRabbit, and Airbnb have become prominent examples of how technology enables
individuals to access gigs and offer their services to consumers (Thomas, 2018). The
utilization of internet platforms not only provides workers with opportunities but also poses
challenges for companies in effectively managing external labor, monitoring tasks, and
ensuring quality control.

The gig economy represents a significant shift in the nature of work, characterized by short-
term, on-demand, and task-based employment. The expansion of this phenomenon has been
fueled by cost-cutting pressures and advances in technology. While offering flexibility and
opportunities for workers, it also presents challenges in terms of worker well-being and
effective management of external labor. As the gig economy continues to evolve, it is essential
for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to understand its definition, characteristics,
and implications to ensure fair and sustainable work arrangements for all participants in this
dynamic labor market.

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Components of the Gig Economy include: The Gig Economy encompasses various elements,
such as individuals employed in gigs, where they are compensated based on specific tasks or
jobs. These gig workers can include individuals working part-time, those who are self-em-
ployed, freelancers, and independent contractors, among others. Additionally, this economy
involves consumers or clients who require specific services, such as food delivery. Another
vital aspect is the presence of on-demand companies that facilitate direct connections
between gig workers and consumers, typically through websites or applications. Well-
known exam- ples of such companies include Uber, Ola, Zomato, Swiggy, and Airbnb.
Acting as interme- diaries, these on-demand companies serve as platforms through which
gig workers can secure quick and short-term employment and ultimately receive payment
from consumers.

The Gig Economy has 4 main features:

Flexibility of Working Time

Flexibility of working time refers to the freedom and independence in which workers must
manage their own work schedules. It allows for a flexible and unpredictable arrangement of
working hours, ranging from long hours to shorter periods of time. Instead of being
traditional workers, people can make use of digital platforms to choose their suitable work
and determine when they want to work. They can choose specific temporary tasks and
projects as independ- ent contractors, with no further work obligations once the project is
finished. Such projects and tasks are commonly known as “gigs”. Gig workers participate in
these temporary projects by competing for them, and the platforms often have systems in
place for customers to eval- uate their performance.

The gig economy includes various types of work, such as driving, freelance artistry, and
tem- porary CEO positions. These jobs can be obtained independently or through third-party
labor dispatching companies. The duration of these gigs is typically less than 12 months,
which sets them apart from traditional employment. The flexibility of working hours in the
gig economy allows workers to have more control over their work process, leading to
improved work-life balance, enthusiasm, and satisfaction. However, for those who are
forced to enter the gig labor market due to unfavorable circumstances, such as financial
pressures, the flexibility of work- ing hours can result in excessive work, negatively
impacting their health, safety, and the qual- ity of their work output.

Skillization and capitalization of workers

The concept known as the “skillization of workers” pertains to the acquisition of advanced
skills by individuals, which represents a departure from the traditional seperation between
intelligence and physical strength in the industrial manufacture. In the gig economy, platforms
and organizations select workers according to their specific skill sets which are required for

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the job (Yang, W.G., Zhang, C.G., & Xin, X.L., 2018). The World Development Report
2019

15
highlights the significant influence of technology in reshaping the skills needed for various
occupations (World Bank, 2018). This trend is observed in both developed and developing
countries, as the demand for low-skilled workers in the labor market is decreasing, while the
demand for highly skilled, adaptable, and knowledgeable workforce is increasing. This
trans- formation is characterized by both the substitution of low-skilled workers with highly
skilled ones and a growing emphasis on the importance of proficient work-related skills.

The notion of the "capitalization of workers" refers to the transformation of laborers into
asset owners, whereby they possess surplus properties such as real estate, gardens, and cars
that can be leveraged as assets to meet consumer needs within the gig economy. This stands
in contrast to the industrial economy, where workers, as proletarians, typically lack
ownership of production materials (Marx, K., 2013). In the gig economy, individuals have
the oppor- tunity to convert their properties into assets and invest them in the market to
generate income. These assets come in various forms and exhibit diversity. For instance,
individuals with va- cant houses can utilize platforms like Airbnb and Xiaozhu to rent them
out, while those with cars can become ride-sharing drivers on platforms like Uber and Didi.
This ownership of assets by workers challenges the traditional asymmetrical employment
relationship found in the industrial economy, where employers typically hold ownership of
the means of production (Kroszner, R., & Putterman, L.G., 2015).

Integration of internal and external human capital

Traditionally, businesses primarily focused on their internal labor resources, disregarding
the potential advantages of incorporating external human capital. However, the rise of gig
econ- omy platforms has revolutionized this approach. These platforms utilize internal
human cap- ital, and integrate and leverage both internal and external human resources to
optimize prof- itability (Yang, W.G., Zhang, C.G., & Xin, X.L., 2018). According to Lobel
(2017), the gig economy is a novel employment model which harnesses external human
resources via inter- net-based platforms. Integrating internal and external capital helps
companies to diversify their workforce, enhance labor allocation, and reduce production
costs and resource utiliza- tion. Nonetheless, utilizing external human capital poses
challenges since companies are ac- customed to focusing on internal employees and may
lack experience in managing external labor. Effectively utilizing and managing external
human capital has become a pressing con- cern for platform-based enterprises. For instance,
enterprises have limited control over the external personnel’s working process and can only
effectively monitor their tasks upon pro- ject completion. External workers tend to
demonstrate "skill loyalty" and "profession loyalty," in contrast to the more prevalent
"corporate loyalty" observed among traditional employees.

Decentralization of corporate management: Embracing Technological Advancements

Decentralizing corporate management entails enterprises departing from traditional bureau-
cratic structures by capitalizing on cutting-edge technologies including network platforms,
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mobile applications, and (Torpey & Hogan, 2016). This shift is particularly prominent in the

17
gig economy, where people opt to become self-employed workers through online platforms
(Torpey & Hogan, 2016). By procuring monetized tasks or assets from labor or asset
owners, enterprises establish platformed and distributed management systems facilitated by
mobile applications and network platforms (Hunt, Samman, Ille, & Max, 2018).

The utilization of the internet and mobile applications in the gig economy serves as a con-
nector between gig workers (giggers) and clients, leading to a substantial reduction in trans-
action costs (Atmor, 2017). These costs encompass the expenses associated with
determining the relative market prices, as mentioned by Coase in his work "The Nature of
the Firm" (Wil- liamson, 1993). The Internet and mobile applications have proven to be
effective platforms for bringing together market participants, enabling them to seize the best
opportunities (Roth, 2016). Notably, widely-used mobile applications like Uber and
TaskRabbit facilitate connec- tions between ride-sharing drivers and potential passengers
through digital technology (Thomas, 2018). In contrast to traditional employment models,
giggers in the gig economy offer assets and services based on digital market demand,
operating as self-employed individ- uals rather than conventional employees (Wordsworth,
2016).

2.2. Job Quality in The Gig Economy

Given the limited availability of specific studies on job quality in the gig economy in
Vietnam, it is useful to leverage international studies that focus on job quality in the gig
economy that can offer valuable insights for understanding similar contexts to Vietnam.
While these studies may not provide direct evidence on the Vietnamese gig economy, they
can contribute to the theoretical and conceptual foundations of job quality research in this
domain.

The emergence of the gig economy has sparked a significant shift in the nature of work,
challenging traditional notions of employment and introducing new modes of work
arrangements. As the gig economy continues to grow and reshape labor markets worldwide,
there is a growing need to examine the concept of job quality within this evolving
landscape. Job quality refers to the various aspects that define the well-being and
satisfaction of individuals in their work, including factors such as income stability, job
security, working conditions, benefits, and opportunities for growth and development. By
examining existing research and scholarly insights, we can gain a deeper understanding of
the challenges and opportunities associated with job quality in the gig economy and identify
potential avenues for improvement.

Income stability and fair compensation are critical considerations for job quality within the
gig economy. Gig workers often experience income volatility and uncertainty due to the
nature of their work, which can result in financial insecurity. The article "The rise of the
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'just- in-time workforce': On-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the gig
economy" by Valerio De Stefano, published in the Comparative Labor Law & Policy
Journal in 2016,

19
explores the emergence of the gig economy and its implications for labor protection. The
study focuses on on-demand work and crowdwork, shedding light on the challenges faced
by workers in these sectors and discussing the need for adequate labor safeguards. In recent
years, the gig economy has gained significant attention as a growing form of work
arrangement characterized by temporary and flexible engagements, facilitated by digital
platforms. This article delves into the phenomenon, specifically examining on-demand work
and crowdwork, where tasks are performed on a per-task or per-project basis through online
platforms. De Stefano provides a comprehensive analysis of the gig economy, investigating
the labor protection issues associated with these new forms of work. The study addresses the
increasing prevalence of precarious employment relationships, income volatility, and
limited access to social security benefits among gig workers. It also delves into the power
dynamics between gig workers and the digital platforms that facilitate their work. The
article emphasizes the importance of labor protection in the gig economy and discusses the
challenges of applying traditional labor regulations to these emerging work arrangements.
De Stefano critically evaluates the existing legal frameworks and explores potential
regulatory responses to ensure fair treatment, income security, and adequate social
protection for gig workers.

The conceptual framework proposed by De Stefano offers a theoretical basis for analyzing
job quality in the gig economy. This framework can be adapted and contextualized to suit
the unique characteristics of the Vietnamese context. By incorporating specific contextual
factors and challenges faced by gig workers in Vietnam, a comprehensive framework that
captures the nuances of job quality in the Vietnamese gig economy can be developed. The
policy considerations and recommendations discussed in De Stefano's article serve as
valuable insights for policymakers, regulators, and gig worker advocacy groups in Vietnam.
Although the recommendations may not be directly tailored to Vietnam, they provide a
starting point for exploring potential policy interventions. By examining best practices and
lessons learned from other countries, stakeholders in Vietnam can develop policies and
regulations that address job quality issues specific to the Vietnamese gig economy. This
ensures that policy responses are informed by international experiences while also
considering the unique context of Vietnam. De Stefano's methodology, which combines legal
analysis, empirical evidence, and case studies, highlights the importance of adopting a
multidisciplinary approach in studying job quality in the gig economy. Therefore,
incorporating similar methodologies, combining legal analysis with empirical research
methods such as surveys and interviews can be considered. This multidimensional approach
allows for a more comprehensive understanding of job quality in the Vietnamese gig
economy, enabling to capture different aspects and perspectives of gig work. While the article
does not focus on Vietnam specifically, it contributes to the broader understanding of job
quality issues in the gig economy. By analyzing similar phenomena in various countries, the
study allows for comparative insights and a deeper comprehension of common challenges
faced by gig workers worldwide. These insights can help inform discussions and
20
comparisons with the Vietnamese gig economy,

21
providing a broader perspective on the implications of the gig economy for job quality and
labor protection.

Job security and worker protections are crucial considerations for improving job quality in
the gig economy. Gig workers often face uncertainty regarding future job prospects and lack
the same level of employment security as traditional workers. The article by Valenduc and
Vendramin, titled "The platform economy and the disruption of the employment
relationship," published in Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, explores
the impact of the platform economy on the employment relationship. The emergence of
digital platforms has revolutionized the way work is organized, particularly in the gig
economy. This article delves into the implications of this transformative shift for job quality
in the gig economy. As the gig economy continues to expand globally, traditional
employment relationships are being disrupted, and new forms of work arrangements are
emerging. The platform economy, characterized by digital labor platforms that connect
service providers and consumers, has created a dynamic and flexible labor market.
However, this transformation has raised important questions about the quality of jobs and
the well-being of gig workers. The study conducted by Valenduc and Vendramin sheds light
on the challenges and opportunities that arise from the platform economy. It examines how
the nature of work, employment relationships, and worker protections have been
transformed in the context of gig work. The authors critically analyze the impact of
platform-based employment on job security, income stability, social protection, and other
dimensions of job quality. International studies on job quality in the gig economy highlight
global trends that can be relevant to the Vietnamese context.

This study can be drawn upon to identify emerging trends and policy implications that
impact job quality in the gig economy in Vietnam. For instance, discussions on social
protection, fair working conditions, and income stability can guide policymakers in
designing and implementing policies that prioritize the well-being and rights of gig workers
in Vietnam. Exploring international studies on job quality in the gig economy offers
valuable insights into different methodological approaches employed in this field. Similar
methodologies, such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, and qualitative or quantitative
analyses can be adapted and applied to investigate job quality issues within the Vietnam
context. This methodological transfer ensures the adoption of rigorous research methods and
facilitates meaningful comparisons with international studies, enhancing the credibility and
generalizability of findings. Job quality in the gig economy is a multidimensional topic that
benefits from insights across disciplines. Valenduc and Vendramin's study provide
perspectives from labor economics, sociology, industrial relations, and organizational
behavior. By incorporating these multidisciplinary perspectives, a more comprehensive
understanding of the complex dynamics shaping job quality in the gig economy in Vietnam
can be inferred. This interdisciplinary approach enables a holistic examination of various
factors influencing gig workers' well-being and can inform comprehensive interventions.
22
By exploring the

23
disruptions caused by the platform economy, the study contributes to the ongoing
discussions surrounding job quality in the gig economy. It highlights the need to understand
the specific dynamics and mechanisms through which the platform economy affects job
quality. The article provides valuable insights into the changing nature of work and the
implications for workers' well-being, offering a basis for further research and policy
considerations. It is essential to identify strategies and mechanisms that can enhance job
security, income stability, and worker protections in this rapidly evolving landscape.

Creating favorable working conditions and promoting work-life balance is crucial for gig
workers within the gig economy. Due to the flexible and on-demand nature of gig work,
maintaining healthy boundaries between work and personal life can be challenging (De
Stefano, 2016). The absence of fixed working hours and the pressure to meet client demands
often result in long working hours, unpredictable schedules, and difficulty in disconnecting
from work. The study by Irani and Silberman (2013) titled "Turkopticon: Interrupting
worker invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk" explores the issue of worker invisibility
and its impact on working conditions and work-life balance in the context of Amazon
Mechanical Turk (AMT). AMT is an online platform that connects employers with workers
for various tasks, often referred to as "microtasks." Despite the platform's convenience and
flexibility, it poses challenges for gig workers, including limited transparency, lack of
control over working conditions, and potential exploitation. In their research, Irani and
Silberman focus on addressing the issue of worker invisibility on AMT. They develop a tool
called Turkopticon, which allows workers to share feedback and ratings on employers,
providing a mechanism for workers to make more informed decisions about which tasks to
undertake. By giving workers a voice and making information about employers more
accessible, Turkopticon aims to disrupt the invisibility that often characterizes the gig
economy. The study examines the impact of Turkopticon on working conditions and work-
life balance by investigating how workers utilize the tool, what kind of information they
share, and how it influences their decision-making. Through surveys and interviews, the
researchers gain insights into the experiences and perspectives of gig workers on AMT and
how Turkopticon contributes to improving their working conditions and work-life balance.
The findings of the study highlight the significance of transparency and information sharing
in empowering gig workers and enhancing their working conditions. By interrupting worker
invisibility, Turkopticon enables workers to make more informed choices and avoid
potentially exploitative employers. This transparency also helps workers negotiate fair
compensation, evaluate task complexity, and manage their workload, ultimately promoting a
better work-life balance.

Insights gleaned from Irani and Silberman's investigation on worker invisibility can illuminate
policy discussions in Vietnam concerning the necessity for transparency and equitable
treatment of gig workers. Policy implications, such as the significance of social protection,
fair working conditions, and income stability, can guide policymakers in devising initiatives
24
aimed at enhancing job quality in the Vietnamese gig economy. By exploring the

25
methodological approaches employed in the work of Irani and Silberman, Vietnam can gain
insights to adapt and apply similar methodologies. For instance, the utilization of surveys,
interviews, or qualitative analyses employed in their study can inspire Vietnamese
researchers to employ analogous methods to examine job quality issues within the local gig
economy. This methodological transfer ensures the adoption of rigorous research methods
and allows for meaningful comparisons between studies conducted in different countries.
Job quality in the gig economy is a multifaceted subject that benefits from insights derived
from various disciplines. While Irani and Silberman's study focuses on computing systems
and human factors, multidisciplinary perspectives can be integrated from fields such as
labor economics, sociology, industrial relations, and organizational behavior to develop
Vietnam context. These perspectives can provide a more comprehensive understanding of
the factors that influence job quality in the Vietnamese gig economy, encompassing issues
related to worker visibility, equitable treatment, and overall well-being. By considering the
experiences and lessons learned from international contexts, policymakers in Vietnam can
adapt and tailor approaches to address specific challenges faced by gig workers. For
instance, the emphasis on worker visibility in the study can inspire policymakers to
contemplate measures that enhance transparency, accountability, and the rights of gig
workers within the Vietnamese gig economy.

Another notable study that provides insights into promoting work-life balance in the gig
economy is "Income security in the on-demand economy: Findings and policy lessons from
a survey of crowdworkers" by Jannie Berg. The research examines the experiences of gig
workers across various countries and identifies factors that contribute to work-life balance,
such as setting boundaries between work and personal life, managing workload, and
securing stable income. Researchers in Vietnam can draw upon such studies to understand
the strategies employed in different contexts and adapt them to enhance work-life balance
for gig workers in the Vietnamese gig economy. In addition to policy implications,
methodological approaches used can serve as valuable references for researchers in
Vietnam. For instance, studies like "The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements
in the United States, 1995-2015" by Katz and Krueger employ quantitative analyses of
large-scale datasets to examine the prevalence and characteristics of gig work. Vietnamese
researchers can adapt similar quantitative approaches to analyze local labor market data and
understand the extent and nature of gig work in Vietnam.

Working conditions and work-life balance are integral components of job quality in the gig
economy. To create a supportive and sustainable work environment, it is necessary to
establish mechanisms that ensure decent working hours, provide opportunities for rest and
breaks, and promote self-care and well-being support for gig workers. Platforms can play a
crucial role in implementing policies, features, and resources to support gig workers in
maintaining a healthy work-life balance. Collaboration between platforms, gig workers, and
clients is also essential for effective communication and addressing concerns related to
26
working conditions. By prioritizing the well-being of gig workers, the gig economy can
foster a more sustainable and satisfying work experience for all participants.

Access to benefits and social protections is a critical aspect of job quality in the gig
economy. Unlike traditional employment, gig work often lacks access to essential benefits such
as health insurance, retirement plans, and paid leave. This absence of social protections can
leave gig workers vulnerable to financial risks and limited access to essential services
(Manyika et al., 2016). Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., Hjorth, I., and Simon, D.
(2019) conducted a study titled "Good gig, bad gig: Autonomy and algorithmic control in
the global gig economy", which was published in the journal Work, Employment and
Society. The study delves into the intricate dynamics of autonomy and algorithmic control
within the context of the global gig economy. Through their research, the authors explore
the experiences of gig workers and the extent to which they have control over their work in
the face of algorithmic management systems. The study addresses the growing influence of
algorithmic control in the gig economy, examining how gig workers navigate their
autonomy within platforms that utilize algorithms to allocate and monitor tasks. While the
research does not specifically focus on Vietnam, it offers valuable insights into the broader
global trends and challenges faced by gig workers in terms of their autonomy and the role of
algorithms in shaping their work experiences. Wood et al. employ a mixed-methods
approach, combining qualitative interviews and survey data analysis, to capture the
perspectives and experiences of gig workers. By adopting this approach, they provide a
nuanced understanding of the relationship between autonomy, algorithmic control, and the
work practices prevalent in the gig economy. The study draws on multidisciplinary
perspectives, encompassing geography, sociology, and communication studies, to shed light
on the complex interplay between technological platforms, work arrangements, and the
well-being of gig workers.

The findings of Wood et al.'s research have broader policy implications, which can extend
to the Vietnamese context. Their study raises important considerations about the need to
balance algorithmic control with worker autonomy and well-being in the gig economy. By
exploring the global trends and policy implications, the study provides insights that can
inform policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders in Vietnam as they navigate the
challenges associated with gig work and seek to ensure fair working conditions and social
protections for gig workers. Improving job quality in the gig economy requires finding
innovative solutions to bridge this gap. One approach is the exploration of portable benefits
models that allow gig workers to accumulate benefits independently of specific gig
platforms. Portable benefits enable gig workers to access essential protections that are not
tied to a particular job or employer (Manyika et al., 2016). Such models could include
contributions to individual retirement accounts, access to health insurance plans, and the
accrual of paid time off that gig workers can utilize according to their needs. Collaboration
between platform operators, governments, and social partners is crucial for developing and
27
implementing these innovative social protection mechanisms.

28
By examining the findings and insights from Wood et al.'s study, policymakers in Vietnam
can gain a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between gig workers, algorithmic
management systems, and the quest for autonomy. They can use this knowledge to develop
policy frameworks that strike a balance between leveraging the benefits of algorithmic
platforms while safeguarding the rights and well-being of gig workers. Adaptation and
tailoring of policy approaches are crucial, as the context and challenges faced by gig
workers in Vietnam may differ from those examined in the study. Policymakers can
consider the specific needs and concerns of gig workers in Vietnam, taking into account the
local labor market dynamics, social norms, and regulatory frameworks. By adapting policy
approaches, policymakers can ensure that the unique circumstances of gig work in Vietnam
are adequately addressed. Moreover, policymakers can collaborate with relevant
stakeholders, including gig worker organizations, platform operators, and labor experts, to
develop policies that are inclusive, effective, and informed by on-the-ground insights. This
collaborative approach can help ensure that policy interventions are comprehensive,
responsive, and tailored to the specific needs of gig workers in Vietnam.

Voice, representation, and collective bargaining are vital elements for improving job
quality in the gig economy. Gig workers often face challenges in having their voices heard
and exerting influence over their working conditions due to their fragmented and
individualized work arrangements. However, it is essential to empower gig workers to
participate in decision-making processes that affect their work and to advocate for their
rights and interests. Rosenblat and Stark's study, "Algorithmic labor and information
asymmetries: A case study of Uber's drivers", published in the International Journal of
Communication, delves into the power dynamics that exist between Uber and its drivers,
with a particular focus on the influence of algorithmic management on workers' voice and
representation. The study investigates the intricate relationship between Uber's algorithmic
management system and the drivers' ability to voice their concerns and participate in
decision-making processes. It explores how the algorithmic control implemented by the
platform impacts the drivers' autonomy, agency, and access to information, ultimately
influencing their ability to effectively represent themselves and negotiate for better working
conditions. One of the key aspects highlighted in the study is the existence of information
asymmetries within the Uber platform. These information asymmetries refer to the unequal
distribution of knowledge and data between the platform and the drivers, which can create
significant challenges for the drivers in understanding how the algorithmic system operates
and making informed decisions about their work. The study raises important questions about
the fairness of algorithmic management systems and the need for greater transparency and
accountability in platforms like Uber. The findings of this study have broader implications
beyond the specific case of Uber, as they shed light on the broader challenges faced by gig
workers in various platforms.

29
The study reveals the power imbalances between Uber and its drivers, which can also be
observed in the gig economy in Vietnam. Understanding these power dynamics is crucial
for recognizing the challenges faced by gig workers in asserting their voice and advocating
for their rights. This insight can inform discussions and initiatives in Vietnam to empower
gig workers and promote their collective voice. The study emphasizes the information
asymmetries present in Uber's platform, where drivers have limited access to data and
knowledge about the algorithmic management system. In Vietnam's gig economy, similar
information asymmetries may exist, affecting gig workers' understanding of how platforms
operate and how they can navigate their work conditions. Recognizing and addressing these
information gaps can be important for enhancing transparency and ensuring fair treatment of
gig workers in Vietnam. The study also highlights the challenges faced by Uber drivers in
engaging in collective bargaining due to the platform's algorithmic control. In Vietnam, gig
workers may encounter similar difficulties in organizing and collectively bargaining for
better working conditions and protections. Examining the collective bargaining landscape in
Vietnam's gig economy and considering the implications of algorithmic labor can help
identify strategies to address these challenges and empower gig workers in their advocacy
efforts.

30
 3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Strategy

The method of research that has been selected is a mixed-methods approach, which
combines qualitative and quantitative research techniques. This approach is appropriate for
studying the gig economy's impact on work quality in Vietnam because it allows for a
comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon, taking into account both the subjective
experiences of workers and objective measures of work quality.

Qualitative methods such as interviews will be used to gather in-depth insights into the
experiences and perspectives of gig workers in Vietnam. This will help to uncover the nuances
of the gig economy and its impact on work quality, including factors such as job
satisfaction, work-life balance, and social and economic well-being. Quantitative methods
such as surveys and statistical analysis will be used to collect and analyze numerical data on
work quality indicators such as satisfaction level. This will help to provide a more objective
understanding of the impact of the gig economy on work quality, allowing for comparisons
between different types of gig work and between gig work and traditional employment.

Due to time and financial limitations, we gather primary data and collect secondary data
from government publications, websites, books, journal articles, and academic papers,
which are more economical and refined. Primary data is collected from surveys and semi-
structured interviews, meaning that there was a certain questionnaire in a certain order, but
follow-up questions can be asked depending on the interviewee’s answers. Semi-structured
interview questions are prepared ahead of time, giving the researcher time to prepare
and examine the questions. This allows researchers to state the interview questions in the
appropriate manner, and thereby obtain valid qualitative data through these interviews.

3.2. Sampling Techniques

For this research, we choose a sample size of approximately 100 participants. Also, 2
sampling techniques will be applied: Purposive sampling and Snowball sampling. The target
population will be 18-30-year-old Gig workers who are actively engaged in the gig
economy in Vietnam, including gig workers from various platforms such as ride-sharing,
food delivery, and freelance services.

By employing purposive and snowball sampling, the research ensures the selection of
participants who possess relevant experiences and perspectives, thereby enhancing the
validity and applicability of the findings. Purposive sampling is suitable for this research

31
proposal because it allows the researcher to focus on individuals directly involved in the gig
economy in Vietnam. By selecting participants with specific characteristics, such as years of
experience and work quality perceptions, the researcher can gain in-depth insights and
targeted data, enhancing the relevance and validity of the study's findings. Snowball
sampling is appropriate for this research proposal as it complements purposive sampling by
leveraging participants' social networks to identify additional participants. The gig economy
in Vietnam may consist of dispersed and decentralized individuals, making it challenging to
reach them through traditional sampling methods. Snowball sampling allows the researcher
to access a broader network of gig workers, employers, and stakeholders, capturing diverse
perspectives and experiences that may otherwise be missed. By combining purposive
and snowball sampling, the research ensures the inclusion of relevant participants while
also tapping into a wider range of perspectives and experiences. This comprehensive
approach enhances the depth and richness of the data collected, providing a more nuanced
understanding of the impact of the gig economy on work quality in Vietnam.

To ensure the selection of suitable participants, the following inclusion and exclusion
criteria can be applied:

Inclusion Criteria:
- Participants who are currently engaged in gig work in Vietnam.
- Participants who have at least six months of experience in the gig economy.
- Participants who are willing to provide informed consent for participation in the study.
- Participants who meet the legal working age and fulfill the necessary legal
requirements to engage in gig work.
- Participants who have sufficient proficiency in the language used for data collection
(e.g., Vietnamese or English) to effectively communicate their experiences and
perceptions.
- Participants who have not previously participated in the research study or have been
included in the sample for a related study.
- Participants who do not have a conflict of interest that may bias their responses or
compromise the integrity of the research.

Exclusion Criteria: Participants who do not meet the inclusion criteria stated above.

Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental or selective sampling, involves selecting

participants based on specific characteristics or experiences relevant to the research topic.
The following sampling procedure can be employed for participant selection using
purposive sampling:

- Step 1: Identify potential gig workers through gig economy platforms, online
communities, or local gig worker associations.

32
 - Step 2: Select participants based on criteria such as years of experience in the gig
economy, types of gig work performed, and work quality perceptions. We specify in
the people between the age of 18-30.
- Step 3: Contact potential participants through email, online messaging, or in-person
meetings to explain the study's purpose and request their participation.

Snowball sampling, also known as referral sampling, involves recruiting participants through
referrals from initial participants. This technique is particularly useful when studying hard-
to-reach populations or niche communities. The following sampling procedure can be
employed for participant selection using snowball sampling:

- Initial Participants: Begin by selecting a small group of participants from the target
population using purposive sampling. These initial participants should represent a
diverse range of perspectives and experiences related to the gig economy and work
quality in Vietnam.
- Referral Process: Once the initial participants are selected, ask them to recommend
other individuals who meet the research criteria. Participants can provide referrals from
their network of gig workers, employers, stakeholders, or other relevant individuals.
Encourage participants to refer individuals with varying backgrounds and
experiences to capture a broader range of insights.
- Contacting Referrals: Contact the referred individuals and explain the purpose of the
study and their connection to the initial participant who referred them. Then, seek
their willingness to participate in the research and gather their contact information for
further communication.
- Repeat the Process: Continue the snowball sampling process by asking the newly
recruited participants to provide further referrals, if applicable. Aim for data
saturation, where the addition of new participants no longer contributes significantly
to new insights or perspectives.

3.3. Data Collection

The data collection process for this research proposal involves both primary and secondary
data sources. By integrating secondary data with primary data, the research findings can be
contextualized and supported by existing knowledge and perspectives.

The following strategy will be applied for collecting primary data:

Data Sources:
- Surveys: The primary data for surveys will be collected from a sample of gig workers
and employers in Vietnam. To be more specific, it will be gathered through various

33
 social platforms such as Upwork, Facebook, LinkedIn,... as well as through
workshops and webinars focusing on the gig economy in Vietnam.
- Interviews: Conduct interviews with a smaller number of selected participants who
can provide valuable insights into the impact of the gig economy on work quality. In
order to have access to such people, we will begin by identifying the Human
Resources Club in Foreign Trade University. This club may have contacts with
individuals working in the gig economy, which will be a valuable resource for the
interview.

Data Collection Methods:

- Online Survey: Utilize free online survey platforms such as Google Forms or
SurveyMonkey to design and distribute the survey to the target population.
- Interviews:
 Face-to-face Interviews: Conduct interviews with a limited number of
participants who are willing to share their experiences. Schedule and conduct
interviews in person at locations convenient for both the researcher and
participants.
 Phone Interviews: Consider conducting interviews over the phone to save time
and expenses. Ask participants for their consent to record the interviews for
accurate transcription and analysis.

Data Collection Instruments:

- Survey Questionnaire: Design a concise and focused questionnaire for surveys,

including a mix of closed-ended and a few open-ended questions to gather both
quantitative and qualitative data. Keep the survey length manageable to encourage
participation. The following table is a detailed questionnaire for a survey.

Section Survey questionnaire

1. Age:

2. Gender:
Section 1: Demographic
Information
3. Educational Background:

4. Occupation:

34
 5. Years of Experience in the Gig Economy:

6. On a scale of 1 to 5, how satisfied are you with your

current gig work?

7. On a scale of 1-5, how would you rate the overall work

conditions in the gig economy?

Section 2: Work Quality 8. On a scale of 1-5, how do you feel that your gig work
Perception provides you with a sense of job security?

9. On a scale of 1-5, are you able to maintain a good work-

life balance in your gig work?

10. On a scale of 1-5, how would you rate the income

stability in the gig economy?

11. On a scale of 1-5, what is the level of satisfaction that gig

work brings to yourself?

12. On a scale of 1-5, how motivated are you to perform well

in your gig work?
Section 3: Job Satisfaction
and Motivation
13. Do you feel that your gig work offers opportunities for
career growth and development?

14. Do you face challenges or difficulties in your gig work

that affect your job satisfaction?

Section 4: Work-Related 15. Do you experience high levels of stress in your gig work?
Stress and Burnout If yes, please specify the main sources of stress.

35
 16. Have you ever experienced burnout in your gig work? If
yes, what factors contributed to the burnout?

17. On a scale of 1-5, how do you perceive the level of social

support available to gig workers in Vietnam?
Section 5: Social Support
and Networking 18. Have you found it helpful to be part of any gig worker
communities or networks? If yes, please share your
experiences.

Section 6: Future 19. Do you see yourself continuing to work in the gig
Perspectives economy in the long term? Why or why not?

- Interview Guide: Prepare a structured interview guide with a set of open-ended

questions that cover key aspects related to work quality in the gig economy. Ensure
that the interview guide allows for follow-up probing and encourages participants to
share their unique perspectives and experiences. The following table is a detailed
questionnaire for the interview:

Section Interview Questions

1. Can you briefly describe your experience and involvement in the gig
economy?
1
2. How did you enter the gig economy, and what motivated you to pursue gig
work?

3. How would you define work quality in the context of the gig economy?

4. How satisfied are you with the quality of work in your gig economy role?
2

5. Can you share any positive experiences or aspects of work quality you have
encountered in your gig work?

36
 6. Have you faced any challenges or negative experiences related to work
quality? If yes, please elaborate.

7. How has gig work affected your overall well-being, including physical and
mental health?
3
8. Have you experienced any work-related stress or burnout in the gig economy?
If yes, can you describe it?

9. How would you describe the income stability in the gig economy? Do you
face any challenges in achieving financial security?
4
10. Have you faced any difficulties in accessing benefits or protections typically
associated with traditional employment?

11. Do you perceive any opportunities for career growth and progression in the
gig economy? If yes, please explain.
5
12. What steps, if any, have you taken to enhance your skills or expand your gig
work opportunities?

13. Are there any support networks or communities that you engage with as a
gig worker? How have they benefited you?

6
14. Have you collaborated with other gig workers or engaged in cooperative
efforts to improve work conditions or advocate for gig workers' rights? If yes,
please provide examples.

15. How do you manage work-life balance in the gig economy? Are there any
strategies or techniques that have been effective for you?
7
16. Do you feel that the gig economy allows for flexibility in balancing personal
and professional commitments? Please explain.

37
 17. What are your thoughts on the government's role in regulating the gig
economy and ensuring work quality?
8
18. Are there any specific policies or regulations that you believe should be
implemented to improve work quality in the gig economy?

19. Do you see the gig economy as a sustainable and viable career choice in the
long term? Why or why not?
9
20. What changes or improvements would you like to see in the gig economy to
enhance work quality and the overall experience for gig workers?

Data Management and Storage:

- Data Recording: Use free online survey platforms to automatically collect and store
survey responses securely. For interviews, use digital audio recording apps or
devices to record and save the interview sessions.
- Data Transcription: Consider transcribing interviews personally or seek assistance
from free transcription software or low-cost transcription services available to
students. Transcribe only the relevant portions for analysis, focusing on capturing
important insights.
- Data Storage: Store the collected primary data on personal computers or cloud
storage platforms with password protection to ensure data security and accessibility.
Adhere to university guidelines and ethical considerations for data storage.
- Data Analysis: Conduct basic data analysis using freely available software like
Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets for quantitative data from surveys. For qualitative
data from interviews, utilize thematic analysis techniques to identify patterns and
themes within the responses.
- Data Validation: Ensure data accuracy and reliability by carefully reviewing and
verifying survey responses for completeness and consistency. Validate the interview
transcripts against the original audio recordings to maintain accuracy.

The following strategy will be applied to collect secondary data:

Data Sources:
- Vietnam General Statistics Office: Access official reports, surveys, and data
published by the Vietnam General Statistics Office related to labor, employment, and
the gig economy in Vietnam.

38
 - International Labour Organization (ILO): Utilize publications, reports, and datasets
from the ILO that provide insights into the gig economy, labor market trends, and
work quality in Vietnam.
- Other Studies: Refer to academic research papers, industry reports, and studies
conducted by researchers or organizations focusing on the gig economy and work
quality in Vietnam. Access online databases, university libraries, and scholarly
platforms to gather relevant literature.

Data Collection Methods:

- Government Reports: Access and download relevant reports and publications from
the official website of the Vietnam General Statistics Office. Look for data on
employment, labor market trends, and other relevant indicators related to the gig
economy.
- International Labour Organization: Explore the ILO's website and publications to
find reports, surveys, and studies specific to Vietnam's gig economy. Download
available datasets or access reports that offer insights into work quality and labor
conditions.
- Academic Research Papers: Conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify
relevant academic research papers published in reputable journals. Access online
databases such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, or the university library to find studies on
the gig economy and work quality in Vietnam.
- Industry Reports: Look for industry reports published by consulting firms, think
tanks, or research organizations that focus on the gig economy in Vietnam. These
reports may provide valuable insights and data on work quality and industry-specific
trends.
- Media Sources: Search for news articles, opinion pieces, or interviews with experts
that discuss the gig economy and work quality in Vietnam. Online news platforms,
business publications, and relevant websites can serve as sources of qualitative
information.

Data Management and Storage:

- Data Gathering: Download or save electronic copies of relevant government reports,
ILO publications, research papers, industry reports, and media sources. Keep a record
of the sources for proper citation and referencing.
- Data Organization: Create a systematic folder structure on your computer or cloud
storage platform to store the collected secondary data. Organize files based on the
source, publication year, and relevance to different aspects of the research topic.
- Data Extraction: Extract key data points, statistics, and relevant information from
secondary sources into a separate document or spreadsheet for further analysis.
- Data Analysis: Apply appropriate data analysis techniques to the extracted secondary
data, such as descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, or thematic analysis.
Analyze and interpret the data to support or complement the findings from primary
39
 data collection.

40
 - Citation and Referencing: Ensure proper citation and referencing of all the secondary
sources used in the research.

3.4. Data Analysis Techniques

3.4.1. Quantitative Data Analysis
Step 1: Preparing, checking and inputting data
The first step involves cleaning and preparing the data collected from the survey. This
process includes checking data quality, identifying and handling missing values,
quantifying and ensuring that the data is in a format that is ready for analysis.
Step 2: Summarize data
Researchers use tables to summarize the figures and create diagrams and charts to
present data. To effectively compare proportions of each category or value as well as
the totals between variables, data should be presented in comparative proportional pie
charts. The statistical software chosen in this study is STATA, which is user-friendly,
fast, and accurate.
Step 3: Exploring variables
Step 4: Examine shape of diagrams
Step 5: Compare variables
Step 6: Explore relationships, differences and trends using statistics
Descriptive Statistics: The step is to conduct descriptive statistics to get an overview of
the data. This includes calculating measures such as mean, median, mode, range, and
standard deviation for each variable.
Inferential Statistics: The step is to conduct inferential statistics to test hypotheses and
determine whether there are significant differences or relationships between variables.
This may involve conducting t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis, or other statistical
tests depending on the research questions.
Step 7: Data Interpretation
This step involves interpreting the data and drawing conclusions based on the analysis.
This involves looking at the results of the statistical tests and visualizations and making
sense of what they tell us about job quality.
Step 8: Reporting Findings
To report the findings of the analysis in a clear and concise manner, we create
visualizations like graphs, tables, and charts to present and conclude.

3.4.2. Qualitative Data Analysis

3.4.2.1. Preparing for Data Analysis

Transcribing qualitative data:

41
Face-to-face and phone interview records need to be subsequently transcribed using the
actual words. Each interview transcribed should be saved as a separate word-processed file
with a filename that maintains confidentiality and preserves anonymity but can still be
easily recognized by the researcher and codify important information.

Note down non-verbal communication of the interviewee:

Researchers can also make some commentary about the participants, environment, or any
significant events observed during the interview.

Data cleaning:
The researcher should make sure that the transcription is accurate by correcting for errors in
the transcribing process.

Transcript summaries:

This means compressing long statements into shorter ones in which the key element of what
was said is rephrased in a couple of words. Researchers can also produce a summary of the
key points that have emerged from undertaking this activity. The summarising process will
help researchers become conversant with the principal themes that have emerged from each
interview or observation and may be able to identify apparent relationships between themes.
Once a summary of the key points has been produced that emerge from the interview or
observation and its context, it can be attached as a copy to the set of your written-up notes or
transcript for further reference.

Because we choose Semi-structured interviews, which give the interviewee the space to go
on narrative tangents and fully convey their internal narratives, the suitable analysis
technique will be thematic analysis and narrative analysis.

To evaluate job quality from in-depth interviews conducted earlier, we choose thematic
analysis to generate inductive development of codes and themes from data. The refined data
then can be used to compare with traditional jobs and with foreign gig work quality to help
researchers find the differences in gig work quality in Vietnam. We also use narrative
analysis in order to utilize the data collected in real-world contexts or in a naturalistic way
so that newly emerging ideas or patterns can be adapted. The analysis will consist of
detailed descriptions of people’s experiences, feelings, and perceptions, allowing
researchers to gain realistic and applicable insights.

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3.4.2.2. Thematic Analysis (TA)

Adapting Braun and Clarke’s reflexive approach to thematic analysis, the six-phase process
are as follow.

Phase 1: Becoming familiar with the data

Researchers familiarize themselves with the content of their data by reading and re-reading
both the detail of each data item and the 'bigger picture' in order to become familiar with
what the data entails while paying specific attention to patterns that occur. After the phase,
researchers will gain preliminary potential foundation codes to start analyzing.

Phase 2: Coding
This part requires creating brief labels or codes to capture significant features of the data
that might be relevant to the research question. It means researchers have to code the entire
dataset repeatedly, with optimum two or more times of rendering, and assemble all the
codes and relevant data extracts together.

Example: Two participants from ride-sharing platforms answered the question “Have you
faced any difficulties in accessing benefits or protections typically associated with
traditional employment?” as follow:

Participant A: “Previously, I only ran for Be, Be's bonus policies are very good. I reached
all the bonus milestones, and even got annual health insurance. But now it's too difficult,
especially since Covid, so the number of rides has decreased a lot, I installed both Grab and
Be so that I don't miss many trips, my income is only reached the same level as before
Covid but I don't have all the reward as milestones can hardly be reached on both apps, and
no more health insurance plans.”

Participant B: “ I think the discount rate is too high and inappropriate. Because I calculate,
we only get about 65-70% of the real income per ride, then we lose 50% of that. That is
about 33-35% of the cost of car depreciation, gas and breakdown. So I sell health and risk at
a low price, while their discount is already 25% only on the cost of designing the running
software. Taxes, fees, or bad luck, you bear all, they do not support anything. That is not
suitable. Fortunately, i was able to buy my motorbike by myself, but many people who
43
borrow money

44
from a bank to buy a vehicle are having a hard time, especially due to the impact of Covid
for not running at full capacity for 1 day. Some people are not licensed to run a vehicle or
can not bear the interest and have to sell them at extremely cheap prices, many people can't
even sell them anymore. Generally very hard work, and such a discount is too high, the
income is too low.”

Researchers can generate codes such as:

Working platforms (yellow)
“Previously, I only ran for Be”
“ I installed both Grab and Be so that I don't miss many trips” (since Covid)

Difficulties from Covid (red)

“But now it's too difficult, especially since Covid, so the number of rides has decreased a
lot” “Fortunately, i was able to buy my motorbike by myself, but many people who borrow
money from a bank to buy a vehicle are having a hard time, especially due to the impact of
Covid for not running at full capacity for 1 day. Some people are not licensed to run a
vehicle or can not bear the interest and have to sell them at extremely cheap prices, many
people can't even sell them anymore.”

Accessing benefits or protections (green)

“Be's bonus policies are very good. I reached all the bonus milestones, and even got annual
health insurance”

Inaccessibility to benefits and protections (cyan)

“my income is only reached the same level as before Covid but I don't have all the reward
as milestones can hardly be reached on both apps, and no more health insurance plans”
“Taxes, fees, or bad luck, you bear all, they do not support anything.”

Low income compare to hard work (blue)

“Generally very hard work, and such a discount is too high, the income is too low.”
“I think the discount rate is too high and inappropriate. Because I calculate, we only get
about 65-70% of the real income per ride, then we lose 50% of that. That is about 33-35%
of the cost of car depreciation, gas and breakdown. So I sell health and risk at a low price,
while their discount is already 25% only on the cost of designing the running software.”

Phase 3: Generating initial themes

In this stage, researchers look over the codes and compiled data to start creating
meaningful, more expansive patterns of meaning (possible themes). To engage with the
data and assess the viability of each candidate theme, data will be compiled for each
pertinent candidate subject.

45
Using the previous example to demonstrate, researchers can develop a broader theme for the
codes as follow:

Example: This is a possible theme with three codes

Theme: Work-Related Stress

Difficulties from Covid:

“But now it's too difficult, especially since Covid, so the number of rides has decreased a
lot” “Fortunately, I was able to buy my motorbike by myself, but many people who borrow
money from a bank to buy a vehicle are having a hard time, especially due to the impact of
Covid for not running at full capacity for 1 day. Some people are not licensed to run a
vehicle or can not bear the interest and have to sell them at extremely cheap prices, many
people can't even sell them anymore.”

Low income compare to hard work:

“Generally very hard work, and such a discount is too high, the income is too low.”
“I think the discount rate is too high and inappropriate. Because I calculate, we only get
about 65-70% of the real income per ride, then we lose 50% of that. That is about 33-35%
of the cost of car depreciation, gas and breakdown. So I sell health and risk at a low price,
while their discount is already 25% only on the cost of designing the running software.”

Inaccessibility to benefits and protections:

“my income is only reached the same level as before Covid but I don't have all the reward
as milestones can hardly be reached on both apps, and no more health insurance plans”
“Taxes, fees, or bad luck, you bear all, they do not support anything.”

 This way, researchers can see the factors causing Work-related stress like:
inaccessibility to benefits and protections, low income but hard work, covid impacts,
etc… By collating data into themes, researches will find what factors contributed to
job quality and evaluate them. This process can be optimized by using supporting
software or Chat GPT.

Phase 4: Developing and reviewing themes

During this stage, the potential themes are compared to the coded data and the entire dataset
in order to see whether they provide a compelling narrative of the data and answer the
research question. This step involves developing the themes, which occasionally requires
separating, combining, or eliminating the themes. The TA method defines themes as a
pattern of common meaning that is grounded by a central concept or idea.

Phase 5: Refining, defining and naming themes

46
Creating an in-depth analysis of each topic, determining its scope and purpose, and
establishing its story are all part of this step. Additionally, a name that is descriptive must
be chosen for each subject. By continuously updating and amending the themes, researchers
will provide reliable and thorough data that clearly demonstrates the elements affecting
work quality and the method used to assess job quality.

Phase 6: Writing up
The analytical narrative and data extracts are merged in this final step, and the analysis is
contextualized in relation to the body of prior research.

3.4.2.3. Narrative analysis (NA)

The chosen set of narratives is interviews.

- Familiarize yourself with the narratives: Read each narrative several times to
become familiar with the content, structure, and context. This phase is similar to the
first phase of TA
- Identify key themes and patterns: Look for patterns, themes, or recurring ideas within
the narratives. Researchers can either use the themes developed from TA or establish
new set of themes and patterns. Then, compare and contrast the themes across the
participants and identify any similarities or differences. Researchers can use coding
or other techniques to identify these themes and patterns.
- Analyze the narratives: Use a variety of methods to analyze the narratives, such as
content analysis, discourse analysis, or semiotics.
- Interpret the findings: Use analysis to draw conclusions about the meaning,
significance, and implications of the narratives. During this process, researchers can
use quotes from the participants to support the themes.
- Share findings: Write up results, including quotes and examples from the narratives,
and share them in the research report.
Narrative analysis is a complex process that requires careful attention to detail and a deep
understanding of the narratives analyzed. It is also important to be aware of any biases
researchers and interviewers may have and to be transparent about methods and limitations.

47
 4. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

4.1. Research Ethics

This research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative research methods
(interviews) and quantitative research methods (surveys and statistical analysis). This
section outlines the ethical considerations and measures undertaken to ensure the protection
of participants' rights and well-being throughout the study.

Regarding informed consent:

All study participants gave their consent in writing before any data were collected. The
participants in the study received a thorough explanation of the research's objectives,
methods, potential risks, and benefits. It was made clear that participation in the study was
entirely voluntary, and participants had the right to revoke their consent at any time without
suffering any repercussions.

Regarding confidentiality and anonymity:

Strict precautions were put in place to guarantee the participants' confidentiality and
anonymity in this situation. Through the use of specific identification codes, participants'
identities were kept anonymous while all collected data were handled with the highest
confidentiality. The raw data was securely stored and protected using password-protected
systems, and only authorized members of the research team had access to it.

Regarding data protection and storage:

The research team complied with all applicable data protection laws and regulations during
the course of this research. Data were securely stored on secure servers with restricted
access to authorized team members. Measures were implemented to protect against
data loss, unauthorized access, and breaches of confidentiality. Data were stored for the
necessary duration and securely destroyed following the appropriate retention period.

Regarding ethical considerations:

This study recognized the potential power dynamics and vulnerabilities of gig workers.
Ethical guidelines were followed to ensure fair treatment, respect, and dignity of
participants throughout the research process. Measures were taken to mitigate any potential
harm or adverse consequences arising from the study. The research team remained vigilant
in monitoring the well-being of participants and promptly addressed any concerns that arose
during the research.

Regarding data collection:

48
Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews, allowing for in-depth
exploration of the experiences and perspectives of gig workers in Vietnam. A predetermined
set of questions guided the interviews, but follow-up questions were asked based on the
interviewee's responses. The semi-structured format provided flexibility while maintaining
consistency in data collection. Secondary data was gathered from government publications,
websites, books, journal articles, and academic papers to supplement the primary data
collection process. This approach was chosen to address time and financial limitations while
ensuring the research objectives could be achieved.

4.2. Potential Challenges and Limitations

4.2.1. Potential Challenges
Limited information:
Since this is a novel topic, little research was conducted in Vietnam before. Therefore, this
research may have very limited information or comparative results from previous studies.
Researchers will have to examine many papers from worldwide sources.

Heavy workload:
Lack of evidence from previous papers also means researchers will have to create and
analyze a lot of primary data, which can be very costly and time-consuming. Since most of
the data collected are through qualitative methods, the answer of interviewees can vary
based on their beliefs, religion, and preferences. This type of data has a lot of noise or
irrelevant information and needs to be preprocessed into a uniform format. Collection
results in non-standardized data like this also require classification into categories. Utilizing
the use of AI or software will speed up the process of refining raw data but a heavy
workload still needs to be done.
Due to the need to examine global papers for information, researchers will have to go
through a great number of papers and journals.

Expensive and time-consuming:

As there is little secondary data, it is essential to spend a significant amount of resources and
time conducting interviews and surveys to collect primary data. This problem can be
resolved if the study is funded.

High-level skill requirements:

Qualitative data analysis is a complex process. Therefore, it requires attention to detail and a
deep understanding of the narratives.

4.2.2. Limitations

49
Risks of low validation and reliability:

50
Work quality is based a lot on the bias of workers. In this study, the main references are
from foreign academic papers and journals. Considering the differences in culture and
beliefs in Vietnam and other parts of the world, this study may contain risks of a non-valid
approach if the researchers blindly follow the methods of foreign studies and excludes the
research context. It is also important to be aware of any biases researchers and interviewers.

51
 5. EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND CONTRIBUTIONS

The research aims to examine the impact of the gig economy on work quality within the
context of Vietnam. By investigating the economic and social factors that are influencing
the work quality of gig economy workers in Vietnam as well as their assessment on the
career based on various aspects, this study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the
effects of the gig economy on the labor market in Vietnam.

The expected outcomes of the research may include insights into the characteristics and
dynamics of the gig economy, and evaluation of work quality based on job satisfaction,
income stability, work-life balance, working conditions, career prospects, and job security.
The research will also conduct a comprehensive analysis of economic, social and
technological factors influencing work quality, while examining the impact of gig economy
participation on diverse facets and dimensions. Additionally, the research aims to propose
recommendations and strategies that can effectively enhance work quality and address some
prevalent challenges and issues encountered by gig workers.

The research is expected to contribute to the existing literature on the gig economy by
providing empirical evidence specific to Vietnam, a context that has received limited
attention in prior research. The findings will expand the knowledge base on the challenges
and opportunities faced by gig workers in relation to work quality, allowing for a deeper
understanding of the implications of the gig economy on the labor market. Additionally, it
will shed light on the factors that shape work quality and help inform policymakers,
employers, and gig workers themselves in making informed decisions.

The findings of this study can assist organizations, labor unions and policymakers in
designing regulations and policies that promote fair labor practices, social protection
policies, and initiatives aimed at improving the overall work environment for gig workers in
Vietnam. Employers and gig platforms can also benefit from the insights by understanding
the factors that influence work quality and implementing practices that promote better
working conditions. Furthermore, the research outcomes will contribute to the public
discourse surrounding the gig economy and foster a greater understanding of its implications
for the overall labor market in Vietnam.

However, it is important to note that the research focuses specifically on the gig economy in
Vietnam, and the findings may not be directly applicable to other countries or contexts. The
study's reliance on self-reported data may introduce potential biases, and the generalizability
of the findings may be limited due to the specific characteristics of the sample population.
One notable aspect will also be the inherent complexity of measuring subjective constructs,

52
such as work quality. However, rigorous data collection procedures and appropriate
statistical analyses will be employed to minimize these limitations.

In summary, the research on the impact of the gig economy on work quality in Vietnam is
expected to yield significant findings related to the factors influencing work quality, gig
workers' well-being, income levels, and platform differences. The anticipated outcomes and
contributions will enrich the literature on the gig economy, inform policymakers and
employers, and contribute to a better understanding of work quality in the context of
Vietnam.

53
 6. TIMESCALE AND BUDGET

6.1. Timescale
Timescale is a crucial component of any research project as it facilitates effective project
management, allowing researchers to monitor progress, identify potential bottlenecks, and
make necessary adjustments throughout the process. Besides, timescales demonstrate a
project's feasibility and provide realistic deadlines for each stage.

In the context of our research project examining the correlation between sleep patterns and
academic performance among college students in Hanoi , the timeline will help to
summarize the tasks mostly referred to in Methodology and set the time limit for completing
each part to assure the research progress. This will be presented in Gantt
Charts(H.L.Gantt,1910) as illustrative support before which the timeframe will be analyzed.

In essence, the research project examining the correlation between sleep patterns and
academic performance among college students in Hanoi took approximately 12 months to
complete, divided into three main phases. The timeline for the project will be explained
below before being presented using Gantt Charts, a visual representation of the tasks and
their respective durations.

54
43
For further observation, you can access to Canva link:
https://www.canva.com/design/DAFmLvbFfBs/YUrrS7Hv5lYsODm_EhWImw/edit?utm_c
ontent=DAFmLvbFfBs&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sh
arebutton

Pre-research phase (+2 months)

- Select team members responsible for proposing the research (1 week): Important for
assigning roles and responsibilities to ensure the smooth execution of the project.
- Delegate tasks to each member (1 week): Essential for distributing workload and
maximizing efficiency within the team.
- Conduct a thorough literature review (2 weeks): Crucial to gain a comprehensive
understanding of existing knowledge and identify research gaps.
- Define and refine research questions and objectives (1 week): Forms the foundation
of the study, guiding the research focus and providing clarity.
- Develop a detailed research plan (2 weeks): Helps in organizing tasks, setting
timelines, and allocating resources effectively.
- Design or adapt research instruments (3 weeks): Critical for collecting reliable and
relevant data to address the research questions.
- Pre-test the research instruments (3 weeks): Ensures that the instruments are clear,
valid, and reliable before implementation.
- Seek ethical approvals and guidance (1 week): Essential to adhere to ethical
standards and protect the rights of participants.
- Incorporate feedback and finalize the research proposal (1 week): Improves the
quality and feasibility of the study before implementation.
- Review the research proposal and familiarize the team with the topic (1 week):
Enable the team to understand the scope and objectives of the research.

Research phase (4 months)

- Preparation:
 Delegate tasks for collecting primary and secondary data (1 week): Ensures
efficient data collection and management within the team.
 Create a shared folder for tasks and data storage (2 days): Facilitates collaboration
and easy access to data for the entire team.
- Data collection:
 Primary research:
o Online survey (7 weeks): Collect quantitative data from a larger sample,
providing insights into the experiences of gig workers
o Interviews (7 weeks): Gather qualitative data, offering in-depth perspectives
and personal experiences of gig workers.
 Secondary research:

44
 o Access and download relevant reports and datasets (2 weeks): Provide
valuable contextual information from official sources.
o Conduct a comprehensive literature review (3 weeks): Examine existing
research to understand the current state of knowledge on the topic.
o Extract key data points and information from secondary sources (4 weeks):
Support the analysis and validation of primary research findings.
o Store reference (1 week): ensure the information from research is reliable
and accessible for further use
o Analyze secondary data (5 weeks): Offer a broader understanding of the gig
economy in Vietnam and allows for comparison with primary research
findings.
o Track the team's progress (16 weeks): Allows for monitoring and ensuring
timely completion of tasks.
- Data Analysis:
 Gather and analyze quantitative data (7 weeks): Enable numerical interpretation
and identification of patterns or trends.
 Gather and analyze qualitative data (7 weeks): Provide rich insights into the
experiences and perceptions of gig workers.
 Review and verify analysis (2 weeks): Ensure accuracy, consistency, and reliability
of the findings.
 Interpret findings and draw conclusions (1 week): Allow for meaningful insights
and implications based on the analyzed data.

Post-research phase (2 months)

- Prepare a comprehensive research report (1 week): Present the study's methodology,
findings, and recommendations to communicate the research outcomes effectively.
- Share the research report internally for review and feedback (2 weeks): Enhance the
report's quality and validity through critical input from team members.
- Revise and finalize the research report (3 weeks): Incorporate suggested
improvements and ensures a polished final document.
- Prepare presentations or summaries for conferences (2 weeks): Enable dissemination
of research findings to a wider audience.
- Seek feedback and repairment (2 weeks): Enable to enhance the research with
suggestions from advisors during the conference.
- Submit the research report to the university or relevant authorities (1 week): Comply
with requirements and contributes to academic knowledge or policy-making processes.

45
 6.2. Budget
Estimating and budgeting the expenses for a research project is of utmost importance as it
allows for effective financial planning and resource allocation. By accurately estimating the
costs involved, researchers can ensure that they have the necessary funds to carry out the
study and minimize the risk of running into financial constraints. In the context of a student
research project with limited resources, it becomes even more crucial to find ways to
minimize expenses and optimize available resources.

1. Research Materials and Tools:

 Access to relevant reports and datasets: Free or low-cost through academic
databases and government websites.
 Research instruments (questionnaires, surveys, interview guides): Utilize
open- source templates or adapt existing instruments to reduce costs.
 Transcription services: Consider using free or low-cost transcription software
or distributing the workload within the team.
 Data analysis software: Utilize freely available software like Microsoft Excel
or open-source statistical software.

2. Participant Incentives:
 Offer non-monetary incentives such as certificates of participation or
acknowledgment in the research report.
 Seek collaboration with universities or organizations that may provide access
to potential participants without requiring financial incentives.

3. Travel and Logistics:

 Minimize travel expenses by conducting online surveys and interviews
whenever possible.
 Utilize video conferencing tools for virtual meetings and interviews to avoid
travel costs.
 Optimize local resources and facilities available within the university or
research institution.

4. Printing and Dissemination:

 Prioritize digital dissemination of the research report through online
platforms, institutional repositories, and social media channels to reduce
printing and distribution costs.
 Utilize university resources for printing limited copies for important
stakeholders or conferences.

46
 5. Seeking Investment:
 Explore potential funding opportunities through university grants, research
scholarships, or student research funds.
 Collaborate with industry partners or organizations interested in the gig
economy for financial support or in-kind contributions.

By taking these cost-saving measures, the research project can minimize expenses and make
efficient use of the available budget. Seeking investment through various channels can also
provide additional financial support and resources. It is important to approach potential
investors or funding sources early in the project timeline and clearly communicate the
significance and potential impact of the research to increase the chances of securing
investment or sponsorship.

47
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