Santiago Trillana Academy

Mabini St., San Sebastian, Hagonoy, Bulacan

Pre-final Examination in

Practical Research 1

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Practical Research 1

Submitted by:

Kosuke P. Miura

May 3, 2023
I. CITATION

The Fili was essentially a call to revolution although with many

limitations. Nevertheless, it was published in an extensively more
relaxed atmosphere than the Noli. It created a stir, when for the first time,
a Spanish newspaper, the liberal “Nuevo Regimen” (New Regime)
reproduced the novel in daily sequels in October 1891. 1

1* Sichrovsky, Harry. Ferdinand Blumentritt: An Austrian Life for the Philippines. Manila:

National Historical Institute, 1987.

1
Harry Sichrovsky, Ferdinand Blumentritt: An Austrian Life for the Philippines (Manila:

National Historical Institute, 1987), 69.

Torrero admitted that he did not know all the “separatist elements”
composing the Agoncillo group. “What I could only say,” he told
Villamil, “is that Agoncillo had a strong antagonistic attitude toward the
Spanish authorities and the friars.” He added that Agoncillo solicited
contributions from the public to finance the printing of “subversive
pamphlets” from abroad, and distributing them to the people. He also
contributed to the publication of Rizal’s El Filibusterismo. 2

2* De Ocampo, Esteban A., and Alfredo B. Saulo. First Filipino Diplomat: Felipe Agoncillo

(1859-1941). Manila: National Historical Institute, 1977.

2
Esteban A. De Ocampo and Alfredo B. Saulo, First Filipino Diplomat: Felipe Agoncillo

(1859-1941). (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1977), 67.

A few months later, Don Benigno suddenly collapsed while watching a

title boxing bout, and died in the arms of 15-year-old Ninoy who was
trying to rush him in a taxi to a hospital. 3

3* Dalisay, Jr, Jose Y., Arnold M. Azurin, Ed Garcia, Ma. Isabel Ongpin, Sylvia L. Mayuga,

Olivia Hubilla Tripon, Raul L. Contreras, Rene A.V. Saguisag. Six Modern Filipino

Heroes. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 1993.

3
Jose Y. Dalisay, Jr et al., Six Modern Filipino Heroes (Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 1993), 25.

It is the duty of the businessmen to know the nature of the product he is

selling, the goods in the market and what goods are really the best at
what price. For example, the quality of a share of stock depends upon the
stability of the company, the yield, and its marketability. It is the duty of
the stockbroker to know all about the stock he is selling so he can
properly advice his customers of the risks and probable gains of buying
it. 4

4* Gorospe, Alejandro R., AB, MPA, and Jose Ma. Quintos, BSC, MPA, DPA. Philippine

Business Ethics. 2nd ed. Manila: GIC Enterprises & Co., 1995.

Alejandro R. Gorospe, AB, MPA, and Jose Ma. Quintos, BSC, MPA, DPA, Philippine Business

Ethics, 2nd ed. (Manila: GIC Enterprises & Co., 1995), 33.

They say the sea is actually black and that it merely reflects the blue sky
above. So it was me. I allowed you to admire yourself in my eyes. I
provided a service. I listened and listened and listened. You stored
yourself in me. 5

5* Diary of an Oxygen Thief. New York City: Simon & Schuster, 2016.
5
Diary of an Oxygen Thief (New York City: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 3.

If there be no corpse, then the bed or the seat to which the deceased had
been accustomed should be occupied [by the reader], who ought to
expound the power of the Truth. 6

6* Baldock, John, ed. The Tibetan Book of the Dead. London: Arcturus Publishing, 2009
6
John Baldock, ed., The Tibetan Book of the Dead (London: Arcturus Publishing), 4.
 As the man narrated horrors of war he was no longer himself; he lived
the horrors and mimicked them. He was, so to say, a mad hunter aiming
an imaginary gun at invisible game. Sometimes his brow would wrinkle
the clean-shaven face and his voice would break; his fists would fall with
a dull thud on the marble table; the imperturble calm of his eyes despite
the distressed face obsessed me with their forlorn look. 7

7* Bellessort, André. One Week in the Philippines. Translated by E. Aguilar Cruz. Manila:

National Historical Institute, 1987.

7
André Bellessort, One Week in the Philippines, trans. E. Aguilar Cruz (Manila: National

Historical Institute, 1987), 5.

In the weekly bureaucratic and baroque societies of Europe from the 17th
century to the 18th century, individual efforts reign supreme, and many
Frenchmen, fascinated by action and adventure, wander into this world
where those efforts took root and where class or nationality barriers do
not exist or may be bent. I would like to recall some figures, important or
picaresque, who illustrate the permanence of Franco-Philippine relations.
8

8* Nardin, Denis. “Visitors and Residents.” In France and the Philippines: From the Reunions

to the End of the Spanish Regime, translated by Maria Theresa J. Cruz, 13-25. Manila:

National Historical Institute, 1989

8
Denis Nardin, “Visitors and Residents.” In France and the Philippines: From the Reunions to

the End of the Spanish Regime, trans. Maria Theresa J. Cruz (Manila: National Historical

Institute, 1989), 13
 But Flaubert’s novel has, of course, more than a historical interest.
Essentially, Madame Bovary is about an exasperated and disastrous
attempt to equate reality with its representations in art. In the
disappointment she feels after her marriage, Emma “tried to find out
exactly what was meant by the words ‘bliss,’ ‘passion’ and ‘rapture,’
which had seemed so beautiful to her in books. 9

9* Bersani, Leo. Introduction to Madame Bovary, by Gustave Flaubert, ix-xxiv. New York:

Bantam Dell, 1959.

9
Leo Bersani, introduction to Madame Bovary, by Gustave Flaubert (New York: Bantam Dell,

1959), xv

The past will not enable us to know the future inasmuch as the future is
the result not of an abstract logic, whose tendencies might be discerned
across historical times, but rather of peoples’ liberatory social struggles
and the efforts on the part of ruling elites to contain and defeat them. 10

10* Espiritu, Augusto F., and Martin F. Manalansan, IV, eds. Filipino Studies: Palimpsests of

Nation and Diaspora. New York, NY: New York University Press, 2016. Google Books.
10
, Augusto F. Espiritu, and Martin F. Manalansan, IV, eds. Filipino Studies: Palimpsests of

Nation and Diaspora. (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2016), 16, Google Books.

Sexism is prevalent in all literary history, including our own. Sexism is

defined by feminism and by queer theory as the tendency to think that
our gender or sex is better than other genders or sexes. Gender, of course,
is not limited to biological gender, but includes various other categories,
such as sexual reference, sexual orientation, gender identification, and
marginalization. 11

11* Cruz, Isagani R. “The Making of The Best Philippine Short Stories of the Twentieth

Century.” Bulawan 12, no.3 (2002): 15-23.

11
Isagani R. Cruz, “The Making of The Best Philippine Short Stories of the Twentieth Century,”

Bulawan 12, no.3 (2002): 19.

Holding sacrifices to land spirits across the Liangshan mountains of

Yunnan province in the mid-2000s, they urged Nuosu to refrain from
cutting down trees. Many Nuosu in the lumber trade responded with a
counter vision that showed respect for land spirits but an unprecedented
detachment from the world in animistic-cum-scientific terms. 12

12* Swancutt, Katherine. “Of Cosmological Visions and Creativity: Shaping Animism,

Indigenous Science, and Forestry in Southwest China.” Religions 14, no. 4 (2023): Gale

Academic OneFile.

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A747470881/AONE?u=anon~3512bf17&sid=bookmark-

AONE&xid=45fab784.
12
Katherine Swancutt, “Of Cosmological Visions and Creativity: Shaping Animism, Indigenous

Science, and Forestry in Southwest China,” Religions 14, no. 4 (2023): Gale Academic OneFile.

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A747470881/AONE?u=anon~3512bf17&sid=bookmark-

AONE&xid=45fab784.

In the case of forests, resilience has been divided into three different
components, namely, persistence, recovery and reorganization [7].
Persistence (no apparent change) and recovery (return to the initial state)
occur within the same attraction domain, whereas reorganization implies
deeper compositional variations that may be transient (i.e., occurring
within the same attraction domain) or persistent if the threshold between
two attraction domains is crossed (regime shifts). 13

13* Rull, Valentí, and Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia. "Resilience of Pyrenean Forests after Recurrent

Historical Deforestations." Forests 14, no. 3 (2023): 567.

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A743764970/AONE?u=anon~3512bf17&sid=bookmark-

AONE&xid=5ba810b8.
13
Valentí Rull, and Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia, "Resilience of Pyrenean Forests after Recurrent

Historical Deforestations," Forests 14, no. 3 (2023): 567.

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A743764970/AONE?u=anon~3512bf17&sid=bookmark-

AONE&xid=5ba810b8.

In recent years, the development of technologies such as artificial

intelligence, remote sensing (including optical remote sensing, InSAR,
LiDAR, and others), and big data has led to rapid advancements in the
detection, monitoring, warning, and risk assessment of forest landslides.
These developments provide reliable solutions for effectively and
quickly responding to potential landslide prevention and mitigation
measures in forested areas. 14

14* Wen, Haijia, et al. “Landslides in Forests around the World: Causes and Mitigation.” Forests

14, no. 3 (2023): 629

14
Haijia Wen, et al. “Landslides in Forests around the World: Causes and Mitigation.” Forests

14, no. 3 (2023): 629

Called Regency in England, Biedermeier in Austria and Germany, and

Empire (or Neoclassical) in America, classical style was copied from
design books illustrating columns with capitals, scrolled pediments, and
hieroglyphics. Winged sphinxes and obelisks became popular motifs in
furniture, silver, and porcelain on both sides of the ocean. 15

15* Athineos, Doris. “Sharing Napoleon’s Passion.” Traditional Home, November 1999, 56-64.
15
Doris Athineos, “Sharing Napoleon’s Passion,” Traditional Home, November 1999, 56-64.
 JPMorgan said it had acquired “the substantial majority of assets” and
assumed the deposits, insured and uninsured, of the First Republic Bank
from the FDIC, the independent government agency that insures deposits
for bank costumers 16

16* Collinson, Stephen. “White House banking headache won’t end with First Republic deal.”

CNN Politics, May 1, 2023. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/01/politics/biden-economy-

first-republic-bank/index.html
16
Stephen Collinson, “White House banking headache won’t end with First Republic deal.”

CNN Politics, May 1,2023. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/01/politics/biden-economy-first-

republic-bank/index.html

When you use our services, we collect information about how you use
our products and services. We use that information to provide you with
products and services, to help keep Twitter more secure and respectful
for everyone, and more relevant to you. 17

17* Twitter. “Privacy Policy.” XCorp Policies and Principles.

https://twitter.com/en/privacy#current.
17
“Privacy Policy,” XCorp Policies and Principles, https://twitter.com/en/privacy#current.

I suppose you could make the argument that if you’re only going to have
one overcoat in your outerwear collection and that it’s one that you plan
to wear on more formal occasions that you might be better off choosing
something like a double-breasted charcoal gray overcoat or something in
a dark navy. 18

18* Sacawa, Brian. “The Only Overcoat You’ll Really Ever Need.” He Spoke Style, March 3,

2023. https://hespokestyle.com/camel-overcoat-mens-outfit-winter/.
18
Brian Sacawa, “The Only Overcoat You’ll Really Ever Need,” He Spoke Style, March 3,

2023, https://hespokestyle.com/camel-overcoat-mens-outfit-winter/.
 Allan Isaac and Joe Ponce also draw attention to the queer possibilities
barely hidden in Bulosan’s America. For Isaac, nonnormative sexuality
figures throughout Bulosan’s text to dramatize “the violent destruction of
the protagonist’s corporeal and psychic integrity.”46 In this way,
Bulosan illustrates the ways in which sexuality functions as a mediator of
racial difference in the context of imperialism. 19

19* Sarmiento, Thomas Xavier. “The Heartland of Empire: Queer Cultural Imaginings of

Filipinas/os in the Midwest.” Diss., University of Minnesota, July 2014.

19
Thomas Xavier Sarmiento, “The Heartland of Empire: Queer Cultural Imaginings of

Filipinas/os in the Midwest” (Diss., University of Minnesota, July 2014), 224.

The Lord is my light and my salvation;

Whom should I fear? 20

20
Ps. 27:1

Inkberry, Ilex glabra, called also winterberry and gallberry, a handsome

shrubby species of holly, native to eastern North America from Nova
Scotia to Mississippi, and often grown in gardens. It has shining, dark
evergreen leaves notched slightly at the tips, and black fruits persisting
till late spring. 21

21
Collier’s Encyclopedia, s.v. “Inkberry.”

…hahapay-hapay. 22

22* Ortega, Pricila Adobas. Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Pilipino-Pilipino. Cebu City: Ropredave

Books Supply, 2016.

Pricila Adobas Ortega, Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Pilipino-Pilipino, s.v. “hahapay-hapay” (Cebu

City: Ropredave Books Supply, 2016), 16

II.ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Table 1. Respondents’ Sex

GRADE AND # OF PERCENTAGE

SECTION RESPONDENTS
11-STEM 19 82.6%
11-GAS 1 4.34%
11-ABM 2 8.7%
11-GAS 1 4.34%
TOTAL 23 100.00%

A majority of the respondents are students of the STEM strand. STEM students comprise

a large percentage of the Grade 11 students in STA due to it being a popular strand that gives a

lot of future job opportunities. This is important because many students who may be interested in

other strands may think they will not have the same opportunities in the future as students who

take STEM.

Chart 1. Introverted vs. Extroverted Students

Introverted Vs. Extroverted Students

27%

Introvert
Extrovert

73%
 Only a third of respondents identified as extroverts, with a majority identifying as

introverts. What this means is that a lot of students may be shy and reluctant to socialize. This

may be due to the COVID-19 lockdowns not allowing students to spend time with each other. A

lot of students are used to being alone in their rooms and not talking to other people of their age

which made it difficult to socialize.

Chart 2. Soft Drinks Consumed By Students In A Week

Soft drinks Consumed by Students In A Week

18
16
14
12
Softdrinks Consumed by Students
10 (April 24 2023 - April 28 2023)
8
6
4
2
0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Soft drink consumption among Grade 11 students was lowest on Wednesday and Friday

due to the weather on those days being cooler than the rest of the week. Due to the hot weather,

students find themselves more thirsty and often opt for soft drinks to cool them down. On cooler

days, students do not lose as much water, thus making them less thirsty. In one instance, a

student drank three bottles of soft drinks on Thursday as they were particularly thirsty.
Chart 3. Students’ Favorite Music Genres

Students' Favorite Music Genres

14

12

10
Students' Favourite Music Genres
8

0
Pop Hip-hop RnB OPM Classical

Pop is the most popular genre of music among Grade 11 students, with RnB at second.

Many students like pop as it is very popular and they can find community in other students who

also listen to it. Finding other people who listen to the same type of music is a way to socialize

and make friends which is an important part of the lives of students.

Chart 4. Laptop Ownership in Students

Laptop Ownership in Students

OW ★★★★★★★★★
N
1 ★ = 2 students

The data shows that a majority of students own laptops in their homes. This suggests that

a good portion of students can make digital assignments like research papers anywhere. This is

important because due to the rise of technology, students do not need to go to Internet cafés,
school computer laboratories, and they do not need to have a desktop anymore in order to make

their research papers.

Graph 1. Movie Watching of Students in a Week

20

18

16

14

12

10 Did watch a movie

Axis Title
Did not watch a movie
8

0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

The number of students who watched a movie on a given day drops significantly on

Tuesday as it was the day before the semi-final examinations. Students were busy reviewing for

their tests and did not have time to watch movies. The number rises by the end of the week as

students who are tired from exams watch movies as a form of relaxation.
Graph 2. Phone Brands Among Students

3 Phone Brands Among Students

0
Xiaomi Realme Redmi Apple Samsung Huawei Oppo Vivo

The data shows that Xiaomi and Vivo are the most popular brands of phones among

students. This is important as these brands can use this to further boost their popularity among

other sectors of the population.

Graph 3. Students’ Stance on Equal LGBTQ+ Rights

Students' Stance on Equal LGBTQ+ Rights

Agree (Boys)
Disagree (Boys)
Agree (Girls)
Disagree (Girls)
 The data shows that a vast majority of students in Santiago Trillana Academy agree that

members of the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and more) community

should have the same rights that those who are not members have. This is indicative of the trend

of Filipino youth being more open-minded and accepting to those who identify as part of the

community than previous generations.

Graph 4.

GRADE 11 FRIED
STEM
NOODLE ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
S
TAKOYA
KI ♥♥♥♥♥
GRADE 11 FRIED
GAS, ABM,
NOODLE ♥♥♥♥♥
S
HUMSS TAKOYA
KI ♥♥
1♥ = 1 student

A majority of Grade 11 students prefer fried noodles to takoyaki. One of the reasons for

this is due to quality of the product. Many students say that fried noodles are cooked more

thoroughly than takoyaki. Long lines are also a factor on why many students prefer fried

noodles.
III.PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER

PRELIMNARY PAGES

TITLE PAGE

The title page is the first page of a research paper and thus, it is one of the most

important. It serves many purposes, but its main purpose is to show the title of the study.

This lets readers know what the research is about and what it entails. Without this,

readers may not know what the topic of the study is at first glance and might not read it.

Another purpose of the title page is to show and give credit to the researchers who helped

construct the study. This lets readers know whose work they are reading and studying. It

is for those reasons that the title page is the most important of the preliminary pages.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The table of contents is a crucial page since it organizes the many components of

the research. This is useful as readers and future researchers can utilize this to locate what

they're looking for quickly without having to browse through all the pages. The titles of

the various parts and chapters are listed, along with the associated page numbers. The

table of contents makes it very simple and quick to discover information.

LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, AND FIGURES

The list of tables, graphs, and figures is a list of all the visual representations of

data used throughout the study. This is especially useful for those future researchers and

readers who want to see a certain graph or chart that could be of use to them. They can
use them to back up their claims or build hypotheses around them that they can apply in

their researches. Finding figures in studies is difficult as they are not arranged in any

way, so by using the list of tables, graphs, and figures, one can find those figures easily

and quickly.

INVOCATION

The invocation is the prayer at the beginning of a research paper. Most Filipinos

are religious, so the invocation is a way for researchers to give thanks to God who helped

and guided them in their study.

DEDICATION

The dedication is a short passage that aims to give thanks to someone/a group of

people who were a big part of the research paper. It is made for those who the researchers

found to be extremely important to the study and who, without them, would make the

study near impossible to complete. We, as researchers, cannot do everything alone. There

is always someone or other people who contributed into the study but are not part of the

research group. This may be a particular teacher, or all those in the field that the study is

in. This is a way to show dedication to them.

ABSTRACT

The abstract is a short summary of the research. It is shortened for ease of reading

without losing the main points and sense of the full study. For those future researchers

and readers, this is a very important page as instead of having to read the entire study
 which would take too much time, they can instead just read the abstract and get the main

points and gauge their opinion on it. It saves a significant amount of time for the reader.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The acknowledgement is the part of the study where the researchers show their

gratitude and give thanks to all those who helped and guided them in the making of the

research. Research is not an easy task, and often times a single group of students is not

enough to create a paper. This is a way for the researchers to acknowledge and give credit

where credit is due to those who were by their side during the journey of research. This

can include teachers, mentors, family members, and other students.

CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The first chapter of any given research is the problem and its background. In this chapter,

the researchers lay down the main problem or question that they will then try to solve in the

study. The problem is broken down and dissected into its base components in order for both the

reader and the researchers to have a greater understanding of the problem at hand.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A problem or question does not just come out of nowhere. There is always a

background and origin to every problem that a research can answer. The background of

the study is where that origin is laid down so that the reader would know how exactly the

researchers came up with the decision to study that topic. It answers the question “Why

did you choose this problem?”

 The background of the study is important for two main reasons. The first is that it

shows the reader how the problem in question came about. This gives the reader a deeper

understanding of the problem and the events that led up to its cause which helps them

have a greater grasp on the topic at hand. The second reason is that it shows how the

problem affected certain things which led to the researches eventually choosing it as the

topic they want to study and examine. Knowing how problems came about and how they

affected things is a crucial part of research.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

After introducing the problem’s background, one must now make the conceptual

framework. This is the visual representation of the entire research, all of its components

and how they relate to each other, and the theories that were used in the study.

It is important because it presents the entire study in one illustration, which can be

helpful to readers who might not be too knowledgeable on the matter or only have a

surface level of knowledge on it. It anchors them when the topic becomes too

complicated or nuanced. Because of its visual nature, it is easily and quickly understood

which is an added benefit for those who may only be skimming or browsing the paper.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This is the most crucial part of the first chapter as it presents the problem itself.

This is the problem that the entire research will revolve around and will try to solve and

answer. In research, problems are not just inconveniences or questions that one can just
ask and get a straight answer. These problems are deep and require a large amount of

time and effort to answer.

It also presents the reader with a series of questions that the study aims to answer.

These questions are very important as they will be the basis for a lot of the following

parts.

To the reader, this part may be trivial as they already know the problem from

reading the previous parts but to the researchers, this is an incredibly important part as

they finally get to lay down the problem itself leaving no room for vagueness.

THESIS STATEMENT

The thesis statement is composed of two or more factual statements that coalesce

into one final statement called the hypothesis that answers or solves the problem laid

down in the previous part. By using factual statements, it makes the claim stronger.

This is significant as in this part, the researchers finally their proposed solutions

or answer which will shape the rest of the research from then on.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study aims to show which people or groups of people will

benefit from the research. These can also be seen as the “target audience” of the study as

they will be the main people who will read and study the paper. This is important for the

reader as they can know whether they will benefit from the things and ideas put forward

by the study.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

There is no room for vagueness in research, thus the scope and delimitation is an

essential part of the research paper. This is where all ambiguity and uncertainty is

removed, as the scope (what will be discussed in the research) and the delimitations

(what will not be discussed) are clearly stated.

If the reader had any confusion as to what will be discussed in the paper while

reading, this is the part where all of that confusion will disappear as all that will be

discussed in the paper is explicitly stated.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Often in research, there are times when the researcher has to use words that

someone who may not be knowledgeable in the topic may not know the meaning to, or

the word is used in an entirely different context than how it is used in everyday life. The

definition of terms aims to give these words very precise meanings and to clear up any

misunderstandings. The meaning of these words is based on how they are used in the

study so they may be different to the dictionary meaning or the everyday meaning.

This is very important for readers who may be operating under the assumption

that a certain word means something, or for readers who have encountered a word they

do not understand.

CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

This chapter is solely dedicated to different texts that form the foundation that the paper

is built on. The papers, books, and articles that are included in this part were collected as they are
relevant to the topic of the study. They are then reviewed, summarized, and related to the rest of

the paper.

FOREIGN LITERATURES

Foreign literatures refer to those literatures that were published outside of the

Philippines. These literatures offer a peek into how those topics are handles and answered

in other countries.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Foreign studies refers to research that was published abroad. These studies offer

different solutions and answers which can help inform Filipino researches into how these

problems are handles outside the Philippines

LOCAL LITERATURES

Local literatures are literatures that were published inside the Philippines. These

are important as they show a Filipino perspective on the problems and can help other

Filipinos who are handling similar topics.

LOCAL STUDIES

These are studies that were conducted and published inside the Philippines. They

are very useful to Filipino researchers as they provide a Filipino perspective to the

problems that they are trying to solve or answer. They can give insight to how other

Filipino researchers can handle their problems or questions.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

One can use a variety of research designs in their study. A research design is a

template of sorts that arrange the various parts of the research in a logical way. There are

two main types of research design: Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative research

focuses more on the numerical and categorical aspects, while Qualitative is oriented more

towards text-based research.

For the reader, knowing the type of research design that the study uses is crucial

as it shapes the entire structure of the study. If one does not know what design a study

uses, they might be confused and feel lost while reading or studying it. Knowing the

design helps readers and future researchers alike to better comprehend the paper.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

In order to get data for use in the study, the researchers must implore various

methods of gathering data called the research instruments. They are used to gather raw

and unprocessed data for use in the research. The data is used to support the claims made

in the paper and are used to make the various charts and graphs that show it in visual

form.

They can take on many forms like surveys, interviews, experiments, and

observation, but they all share one objective to collect data.

 The research instruments are an integral part of the research process as without

them, there would be no data to process and analyze which will leave your claims

baseless.

SAMPLES

The samples refer to the respondents that will answer the research instruments and

help give data. There are two main types of sampling that researchers can use in order to

get respondents for their data. The first type is probability type sampling where the

respondents are chosen completely randomly and all members of a population have an

equal chance of being selected. The second type is non-probability type sampling where

the researchers themselves are the ones selecting respondents due to time constraints,

convenience, or usefulness to the research.

This is a crucial part of research as this is where the data that is used to support

your claims will be coming from. Without respondents, there will be no data.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

This is the part of the paper where the gathering procedures are then compiled and

presented. It answers the question “How was this data obtained?”

It is important for the reader to know how the data was obtained so that they can

have an idea on how they can also collect data for their studies.

CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 This chapter is the main meat of the research where the collective effort of the

researchers can be seen. This is where the data is processed and interpreted in order to support

their claims, then it is presented to the reader in an organized fashion.

The first part is the presentation of data to the reader. This is done by the use of graphs,

charts, and figures which show a visual representation of the data gathered by the researchers.

The next part is analysis, where the raw data is processed and analyzed. Once the data has

been processed and presented, it is called information.

The last part is the interpretation which is the most important part of the chapter as this is

where that information is interpreted and related to the research. This is where the understanding

of research and the topic at hand is seen as this is purely the work of the researchers and their

comprehension of the subject.

This is the most important chapter of a research paper as this is where the claims and

statements that the researchers have put forward in the previous parts will finally be proven. The

entire research has to be redone if the data conflicts with the earlier assertions.

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is final part of the content section of a research paper. This is where the

results of all the research are presented. It is separated into three sections called the summary of

the findings, the conclusion, and the recommendations.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This is where the results are abridged or shortened for ease of reading. For the

reader, this is important as they can read the findings very quickly.
 CONCLUSION

After presenting the results of the research, one must now make conclusions. This

is where the researchers will relate the answers and solutions they found to the rest of the

research. This answers the question “How will these findings change what we know or

understand about a certain topic?”

This is important as in research, nothing is static. New information is constantly

coming out that changes the current understanding of a certain matter and conclusions

drive that innovation.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations are suggestions put forward by the researchers. These could be

about actions that should be done to amend a certain situation, or to solve the problem

that is being studied.

These help push innovations and help improve everyone’s daily lives. By

proposing solutions, recommendations guide us to a better future.

OTHER PAGES

The other pages are those that are significant to the research but are not part of the actual

research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 The bibliography is the section where all of the referenced studies and literatures

used in the making of the research are compiled into one document. These are the

backbone of the study and are the foundations of which the research paper is built upon.

This is incredibly important as future researchers can use these references in their

own studies and find new information regarding the topic at hand.

APPENDIX

Other related documents used in the study are collected and compiled in the

appendix. These include questionnaires, letters, and documentation. This section is

important especially to future researchers who may be looking for these documents as a

reference to how they should carry out their research.

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILES

These are the profiles of the researchers who create the study and contributed in

the paper as a way of crediting them for their work and effort. This is important as the

researchers must also be recognized for their roles in the creation of the paper.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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