15 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

15.1. PERIODIC, OSCILLATORY AND 15.3. GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION OF S.H.M.
Periodic motion. A motion which repeats itself Simple harmonic motion can be easily
after equal intervals of time is called periodic motion. represented as the projection on any diameter of a point
moving in a circle with uniform speed.
Oscillatory motion. Abody is said to possess
OScillatory or vibratory motion if it moves back and
Displacement. The displacement y is given by
y=asin (oot t o)
forth repecatedly about a mean position.
Simple harmonic motion. This is a special type where a is the amplitude, o is the angular velocity and
of periodic motion in which the body moves again and
is the initial phase.
If the initial phase is zero, then
again over the same path about a fixed point y=asin ot
(equilibrium position) in such away that it is acted upon By the term phase of a vibrating particie at any
by a restoring force proportional to its displacement
particular instant, we mean its state as regards its
from the mean position.
Following are the characteristics of simnle POSition and its direction of motion at that instant, The
phase difference between two vibrations indicates how
barmonic motion: much the two vibrations are out of step with each other.
(i) The motion is periodic. Velocity. The veiocity of a particle executing
(ii) The motion is along a straight line about the
mean or equilibrium position. S.H.M. is defined as the rate of change of displacement,
(iüi) The acceleration is proportional to displace hence
ment.
(iv) Acceleration is directed towards the mean or dt
equilibrium position. Acceleration. The acceleration of a particBe
15-2. SIMPLE PENDULUM executing S.H.M. is defined as the rate of change of
velocity, hence
A simple pendulum consists of a heavy point do
acceleration = =-@y
mass suspended by a weightless inextensible and dt
perfectly flexible string from a rigid support. Such an Periodic time. The time taken to complete the
ideal pendulum is not possible in practice but a heavy simple harmonic motion once is called the periodic
bob suspended by a light inextensible thread v:orks as time
simple pendulum. T=21 =211 displacement
The time period Tof simple pendulum is given by acceleration

15.4. ENERGY OF SIMPLE HARMONIC

T=2r1 MOTION
When a particle performs simple harmonic
where l is the length of simple pendulum. motion, its energy changes between kinetic energy and
When the time period of a simple pendulum is potential energy such that the sum of two remains
2 second, it is called a second pendulum. constant. Atany particular instant,
When one end of a weightless spring is attached Kinetic energy =m v =mo (a'-y')
to a mss m and other end is fixed, the periodic time Tof
vibrating system is given by Potential energy = y =m ay
m
Total energy =K.E. P.E.
T=2t
k -}mo'a-y+}mo'y?
where k is the force constant of the spring. =(1/2) m oa
(635S)
 15-5. MOTION OF A BODY SUSPENDED SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
BY A SPRING A 1. What is the necessary and sufficient condition
Suppose a light spring for a motion to be simple harmonic ?
(force constant K) is hanged Hint, For S.H.M., the restoring force must be
from arigid support A as shown K proportional to the displacement of the particle
in fig. (1). A mass m is
from equilibrium position.]
suspended from the lower end.
If the mass is pulled down and 2. On what factors does the period of simple pen.
released then it executes dulum depend ?
S.H.M. The time period of the Fig. (1) [Hint. For small oscillations, the time period
system is given by depends upon effective length l and acceleration
T=2r
m
...(1) due to gravity g].
K 3. When will the motion of a simple pendulum be
Here we consider the following special cases: simple harmonic ? (Roorkee 80)
(i) If n, be the mass of the spring, then the expres (Hint. The motion of a simple pendulum will be
sion of time period given by eq. (1) is modified harmonic, when the amplitude of motion is very
as small i.e., sin 9=0]
m+ (m, /3) 4. If a hollow pipe passes across the centre of
T=2n K ..(2) gravity of the earth then what changes would
(ii) If a spring of force constant K is divided into n take place in the velocity and acceleration of a
equal parts and one such part is attached to a ball dropped in the pipe ?
mass m, then the period is given by [Hint. The ball will execute S.H.M. to and fro
about the centre of the earth. At the centre, the
...(3) velocity of the ball will be maximum (accelera
tion zero)and at the earth's surface,the velocity
(iii) If two springs of force constants K, and K are will be zero (acceleration maximum).]
connected in parallel and a mass m is attached to 5. When a body of mass m is suspended by a
them, then the time period is given by spring, the spring is stretched. If the body is
m pulled downslightly and released itoscillates
T=2r ...4) up and down. Whatforce is applied on the body
by the spring whenit passes through the mean
where K=KË+K, position ?
(iv) If two springs of force constants K and Ky are [Hint. We know that there is no acceleration in
connected in series and mnass m is attached to the body at the mean position. Thus the resultant
them, then the time period is given by force on the body is zero, i.e., the force applied
m( K + Ky) by the spring will be exactly equal to the weight
T=2r ...(5) of the body.]
KK, 6. The periodic time of amass suspended by a
where 1 1 + 1 Ky+ K spring (force constant K) is T. If the spring be
KKË K, K K2 cut in three equal pieces, what will be the force
constant of each part? If the same mass be
or K= suspended from one piece, what will be the
KË + Kz periodic time ?
(v) If two masses mË and my are connected by a (Hint. 3K, TN3 )
spring then the time period is given by 7. The frequency of oscillations of a mass m
T=2n suspended by a spring is n1. If the length of the
spring is cut to 0ne-half, the same mass oscil
lates with frequency n. What would be the
where =
mË + m value of nln, ?
Here u is known as reduced mass. [Ans. nzln=V2)
 8. Whenaparticle oscillates simple harmonically,
its kinetic energy varies periodically. If the
frequency of the particle is n, what is the fre
quency of the kinetic energy ?
(Hint. K.E,=KA' cos (ot+ n)
-}K(A'-')
i.e., K.E. is a function of the square of displace
ment x. So the frequency of kinctic energy is 2n.]
9. You have a light spring, a metre scale and a
known mass. HoW will you find the time period
of oscillation of the mass without the use of
clock ? (1.IT. 74)
[Hint. The spring is set vertically with the given
mattached at the lower end. In equilibrium posi
tion, the amount of stretching x is noted with the
help of scale placed along the spring. The time
period is calculated by following formula.
T=2r vxlg).
We know that T= 2 r V(m/K).
The force constant K= m glx or m/K=
T=2rVWe).]
10. How is the period of apendulum affected when
its point of suspensionis (a) moved horizontally
with acceleration a, (b) moved vertically
downward with acceleration a, (c) moved verti
cally downward with acceleration a <g. Which
case if any, applies to a pendulum on a cart
rolling downan inclined plane ?
[Hint.
(a) The period of pendulum will decrease as the
effective acceleration would be V(a+ g
and notg.
(b) The time period will decrease because the
value ofg willbe (g + a).
(c) Time period will increase because g will be
replaced by (g - a)
Case (c)]
11. Ahollow sphere is filled with water through a
small hole in it. It is hung by a long thread and,
as the water slowly flows out of the hole at the
bottom, one finds that the period of oscillation
first increases and then decreases. Explain.
[Hint. First effective length increases and then
effective length decreases due to lowering the
centre of gravity in first case and rising up in the
second case.]
12. Can you perform a simple pendulum experi
ment inasatellite ?
[Hint. No. The simple pendulum inside the
satellite will be in a zero gravity state.J
13. A hollow sphere filled with water is suspended
bya thread and is made to oscillate. If the water
begins to leak out from the bottom of the
sphere, how is the time period affected ?
[Hint. We know that time period,
T=2 V(Wg)
where l is the distance between the point of
suspension and c.g. of the bob.
As the water starts leaking, c.g. lies below the
centre, length increases and so does the time
period. When the whole of water leaks out the
C.g. again coincides with c.g. of the bob and
hence the time-period will be the same as it was
when filled with water.]
14. A spring has a force constant K, and a mass m
is suspended from it. The spring is cut in half
and the same mass is suspended from one of the
halves. Is the frequency of vibration the same
before and after the spring is cut ? How are the
frequencies related?
1 K
[Hint. f= 2T Let l be the length of
m
spring and Al be the elongation when loaded
with m g. Then K=
when length is halved K'= =2 K.
A2
K' 1 (2 K
m 2 m
Now
15. One clock is based on an oscillating spring, the
other on a pendulum. Both are taken to Mars.
Will they keep the same time there that they
keep on earth ? Will they agree with each
other ? Explain. Murs has mass 01 that of
earth and radius half as great.
[Hint. Period of oscillation of a spring
=2 n VmK.Since mand Kare both independent
of g, hence the spring clock will show the same
time as on earth.
If go andg be the acceleration due to gravity on
Earth and Mars respectively, then

M
2 7. A simple pendulum is made of a body which
X -=0-1 x4 x 0-4, i.e., go> 8
2 M¸
Period of pendulum on Mars will be greater
that on earth and the pendulum clock runs slow
on Mars].
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is a necessary and suffi
cient condition for S.H.M.? (N.C.E.R.T. 74)
(a) constant period
(b) constant acceleratio:
(c) proportionality between acceleration and
displacement from equilibrium position
(d)proportionality between restoring force and
displacement form equilibrium position.
2. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion
which of the following statement hold good
(a) the total energy of the particle always
remains the same
(b)the restoring force is maximum at extreme
positions.
(c) the restoring force is always directed towards
a fixed point.
(d) the velocity of the particle is minimum at the
centre of motion of the particle.
3. A particle is moving in a circle with uniform
speed. Its motion is
(a) periodic and simple harmonic
(b)periodic but not simple harmonic
(c) A periodic
(d) None of the above
4. The total energy of a particle executing S.H.M.
is proportional to
(a)displacement from equilibrium position
(b) frequency of oscillation
(c) velocity in equilibrium position
(d) square of amplitude of motion
5. The period of a simple pendulum is doubled
when
(a) its length is doubled
(b)the mass of the bob is doubled
(c) its length is nade four times
(d)the mass of the bob and the length of the
pendulum are doubled
6. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum
of constant length at earths surface is T. Its
period iside a mine is
(a)greater than T (b) less than T
(c) equal to T (d) can not be compared
is
a hollow sphere containing mercury suspended
by means of awire. If a little mercury is drained
off, the period of pendulum will
(a) remains unchanged (b) increase
(c)decrease (d) become erratic
(N.C.E.R.T. 72)
8. If ahole isbored along the diameter of the earth
and astone is dropped into the hole
(a) the stone reaches the centre of the earth and
stops there
(b)the stone reaches the other side of the earth
and stops there
(c)the stone executes simple harmonic motion
about the centre of the earth
(d) the stone reaches the other side of the earth
and escapes into space.
9. Cho0se the correct answers:
When the point of suspension of pendulum is
moved its period of oscillation
(a) decreases when it moves vertically upwards
with acceleration a
(b)decreases when it moves vertically
downwards with acceleration greater thang
(C) increases when it moves horizontally with
acceleration a
(d) decreases when it moves horizontally with
acceleration a
(e) all of the above.
10. A pendulum suspended from the ceiling of a
train has a period T when the train is at rest.
When the train is accelerating with a uniform
acceleration a, the period of oscillation will
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) remain unaffected (d) become infinite
(N.CE.R.T. 80)
11. A clock is based on oscillations of a spring and
a clockP is based on pendulum motion. Both
clocks run at the same rate on earth. On a planet
having the same density as earth, but twice the
radius
(a)S will run faster than P
(b) P will run faster than S
(c) they will both run at the same rate as on earth
(d) they will both run at equal rates, but not the
same aS on the earth.
12. The workdone by a string of simple pendulum
during one complete oscillation is equal to
(2) total energy of pendulum
 (b) kinetic energy of pendulum (a) 1 cm (b) N2 cm
(C) potential energy of pendulum (c) 3 cm (d) 2 V2 cm
(d) zero. (N.C.E.R.T. 83) (N.C.E.R.T. 84)
13. A particle of mass m is hanging vertically by an 21. A particle moves such that its acceleration a is
ideal spring of force constant K. If the mass is given by a =- bx, where x is the displacement
made to oscillate vertically, its total energy is from equilibrium position and b is a constant.
(a) maximum at extreme position The period of oscillation is (N.C.E.R.T. 84)
(b) maximum at mean position (a) 2 n Vb (b) 2 rWb
(c)minimum at mean position (c) 2 db (d) 2 V(/b)
(d) same at all positions. 22. A simple pendulum is set up in a trolley which
14. What is the length of second's pendulum where moves to the right with an acceleration a on a
g is 980 cm/sec horizontal plane. Then the thread of the pen
(a) 78 cm (b) 88 cm dulum in the mean position makes an angle
(c) 99-2 cm (d) 102-4 cm with the vertical
15. The mass and diameter of a planet are twice (a) tan alg in the forward direction
those of earth. The period of oscillation of pen (b) tan alg in the backward direction
dulum on this planet willbe (if it is a second's (c) tan glain the backward direction
pendulum on earth) (II.T.73) (d) tan gla in the forward direction.
(a) 1/W2 second (b) V2 second
(c)2 second (d)(1/2) second 23. A simple pendulum of length L and mass (bob)
M is oscillating in a plane about a vertical line
16. When particle oscillates simple harmonically, between angular limits - and +¢. For an an
its kinetic energy vary periodically. If frequency gular displacement 6 (VIe1 <o)the tension in
of the particles is n, the frequency of the kinetic the string and the velocity of the bob are T and
energy is vrespectively. The following relations hold
(a) 4 n (b) n good under the above conditions.
(c) 2 n (d) n/2 (a) Tcos = Mg
17. Length of second'spendulum is decreased by (b) T- Mgcos = MuIL
1%, then the gain or loss in time per day will be (c) the magnitude of the tangential acceleration
(a) 440 sec (b) 4-40 sec of the bob l a,l=g sin
(c)44 sec (d) 0-44 sec. (d) T=Mg cos 0. (I.I.T. 86)
18. A bodyof mass mis suspended from rubber cord 24. Time period of simple pendulum of length l at a
with force constant K. The maximum distance place where acceleration due to gravity is g, is
over which the body can be pulled down for the
body'soscillation to remain harmonic is T. What is period of a simple pendulum of the
same length at a place where the acceleration
(a)
2 m& due to gravity is 1-02 g
K K
(a) T (b) 1-02 T
(c) 2K (d) mg
2K
(c) 0-99 T (d) 1-01 T.
19. A particle executes simple harmonic motion 25. A simple pendulum performs simple harmonic
along a straight line with an amplitude A. The motion about X=0 with an amplitude A and time
potential energy is maximum when the displace period T. The speed of the pendulum at X= A/2
ment is will be
(a) tA (b) zerO
(a)Tt A V3/T (b) T A/T
(c) tA/2 (d) tAN2 (c) AV3/2 T (d) 3 nA/T
20. A particle is vibrating in a simple harmonic 26. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion
the kinetic energy K is given by
motion with an amplitude of 4 cm. At what
displacement from the equilibrium position is its K= KÍ cos ot. The maximum value of poten
energy half-potential and half kinetic ? tial energy is
 (b) zero
stretched condition Fig. (2). Their force con
into
stants are k and ky Fespectively. When set
(a) K
(c) Ky2 (d) not obtainable
vertical vibrations, the period will be
27. The potential energy of a particle with displace
(X). The motion is simple harmonic,
ment X is U
when (K is a positive constant)
B
(a) U=-KX '2 (b)U= KX2
(c) U= K (d) U= KX k k

28. The kinetic energy and potential energy of a

particle executing simple harmonic motion will
be equal when displacement (amplitude = a) is
(a) a/2 (b) a v2
(c) av2 (d) a v2/3
Fig. (2)
29. The total energy of the body executing S.H.M.
is E, Then the kinetic energy when the displace
ment is half of the amplitude is (a) 2 n / m (b) 2 n
(a) EI2 (b) EJ4
(c) 3 E/ 4 (d) V3/4E m m
(c) 2 (d) 2
30. Two bodies M and N of equal masses are
suspended from two separate massless springs
33. A spring has acertain mass suspendedfrom it
of spring constants k and k respectively. If the and its period for vertical oscillations is T;. The
two bodies oscillate vertically such that their
maximum velocities are equal, the ratio of the spring is now cut into two equal halves and the
same mass is suspended from one of the halves.
amplitude of M to that ofN is
The period of vertical oscillations is now Tz. The
(a) ky/kz (b) V(k,/ky)
ratio of T/T is
(c) kylkË () V(k,/k) LIT. 88) (a) 1/2 (b) 1N2
[Hint. Umay= a 0, (c) V2 (d)2
where a = amplitude and w= angular frequency. 34. If the period of oscillation of mass M suspended
Since maximum velocities are same, hence
a1 @1 = a) @z or (a1/az) = (0z/@j) ...(1) from a spring is one second, then the period of
4M will be
Further, @= k= spring constant (a) 1/2 sec (b) 1/4 sec
(c) 2 sec (d) 4 sec.
...(2) 35. A Spring has a force constant K anda mass m is
suspended from it. The spring is cut in half and
From eqs. (1) and (2) the same mass is suspended from one of the
halves. If the frequency of oscillation in the first
31. A heavy brass sphere is hung trom a spiral and case is c, then the frequency in the second case
it executes vertical vibrations with period-T. The will be
sphere is now immersed in a non-viscous liquid (a) 2 a (b)
with a density (1/10)th that of brass. When set (c) 2 (d) a v2
into vertical vibrations with the sphere remain 36. A mass m is suspendedfrom a spring of length
ing inside the liquid all the time, the time period and force constant K. The frequency of vibration
will be
of mass is f. The spring is cut into two equal
(a) v(10/9) T (b) V(9/10) T parts and the same mass is suspended from one
(c) N(81/100) T (d) unchanged. of the parts. The new frequency of vibration of
32. A mass m is suspended by means of two coiled mass m is f. Which of the following relation
springs which have the same length in un between the frequencies is correct.
 (a)f =V(2) f (b) f=h fig. (4a). The frequency of vertical oscillations
(c)fi=2f (d)fs=N(2) f of the mass will be

37. Two masses m and m, are suspended together (a) 2 T (b) 2 t

by a massless spring of constant K. When the
masses are in equilibrium, m is removed 1 2k
without disturbing the system. Then the angular
frequency of oscillation of m, is (c)2
41. TwO equal negative charges -
2 m
qare fixed at
(a) v(Klm) (b) V(K/m,) points (0, a) and (0, a) on the Y-axis. A posi
(c) V[R/(m + m)] (d) IK/(m m)) tive charge 0 is released from rest at point
(2a, 0) on the X-axis. The charge will
38. In arrangement given in fig. (3), if the block of (a) execute simple harmonic motion about
mass mis displaced, the frequency is given by origin
(b) move to the origin and remained at rest,
(c) move to infinity
k (d)execute oscillatory but not simple harmonic
motion. (I.I.T. 83)
Fig. (3)
42. A cylindrical piston of mass M slides smoothly
kË-kz inside a long cylinder closed at one end, enclos
(a) n=
M
kË + ky P
(b) n=
2T m

1 Fig. (5)
(c) n2 kË + ky ing a certain mass of gas. The cylinder is kept
1 with its axis horizontal. If the piston is disturbed
(d)n2. from itsequilibriumposition, it oscillates simple
harmonically. The period of oscillation will be
39. Two identical springs of constant k are con
nected in series and parallel as shownin fig. (4). Mh MA
(a) T=2r PA
(b)T=2 TV Ph

M
(c) T=2 nV PAh
(d) T= 2 rV(MPh A)
(I.I.T. 81)
43. A person measures the time period of a simple
pendulum inside a stationary lift and finds it to
be T. If the lift starts accelerating upwards with
an acceleration of g/3, the time period of the
m
pendulum will be
(a) (6) (a) V(3) T (b)v(3/2).T
Fig. (4) (c) TN3 (d) T/3
A mass m is suspended from them. The ratio of 44. A sphere of radius r is kept on a concave miror
their frequencies of vertical oscillations will be of radius of curvature R. The arrangement is kept
(a) 2:1 (b) 1: 1 on a horizontal table. If the sphere is displaced
(c) 1:2 (d) 4:1 from its equilibrium position and left, then it
executes S.H.M. The period of oscillation will
40. A mass m is suspended from two identical
springs, each of force constant k as shown in be
 47. A block of mass M is attached to two springs as
(a) 2 |(b) 2 n shown in fig.(6). Assuming there are no dissipa

k M 2k
R
(c) 2 (d) 2 r

45. A linear harmonic oscillator of force constant Fig. (6)

2x 10° N/m and amplitude 0-01 m has a total tive forces, the time period of horizontal oscilla
mechanical energy of 160 joule. Its tions of mass M is

(a) maximum potential energy is 100J (a) 2 T (kIM) (b) 2 r v(2 kIM)
(b) maximum kinetic energy is 100 J (c) 2 rr v(MI3 k) (d) 2 r v3 kIM)
(c) maximum potential energy is 160 J [Hint. The effective spring constant of the com
(d)minimum potential energy is zero. bination is
(1.I.T. 89) k+2 k=3k.]
[Hint. In a S.H.O., the maximum K.E, or maxi 48. Aparticle of mass mis attached to three springs
mum P.E. is equal to total energy.] A, B and Cof equal force constantsk. [Fig. (D].
46. A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M
having cross sectional area A is suspended with BS
its length vertical from fixed point by a massless
90°
spring such that it is half submerged in a liquid
of densityp at equilibrium position. When the 45°T m
A
cylinder is given a small downward push and
released it starts oscillating verticallywith small
amplitude. If the force constant of the spring is
k,the frequency of oscillation of the cylinder is Fig. (7)
The particle is pushed slightly against the spring
(b) 21k+Apg)?
1 (k-Apg2 Cand released, the time period of oscillation will
(a) M T M be

1k-pRL?)2 1(k-APg 2 )2rV b) 2rV

M
[Hint. In equilibrium k l= Mg- A(L2) pg
Apg (e) 2nV 3k (4)2*2 M

Further [Hint. Let x be the displacement of spring C.

Ma=-[k (l+ y) - {Mg-A (L2 +y)pg)) The displacement ofA = xcos 45* = xN2
or Ma=- [kl+ ky Mg + A(LI2) pg +yApg Similarly, the displacement of B
=- [Mg- A(L2) pg+ ky- Mg =X Sin 45* = xN2
+ A(LI2) pg +yA pgl Now, forces acting on m in the displaced posi
tion of m are
=-[(k+Ap g)l y kx in the direction of C,
a= (k+Ap& (k x/N2) in the direction of Band
M kxN2 in the direction of A.
Net force in directionC
ktApg a=-oy
M
=ki+
Now n=
2 2n M =2kx
 m =2kx or
(2k (c) lalmust be 4 at some point or points in its
dr d1 path
(d) a must change sign during the motion, but
no other assertion can be made with the in
Thus T=2nV formation given. (LILT. 93)
2k
[Hint. The particle executes S.H.M. The time
49. The springs shown in fig. (8) are all unstretched period of S.HM. is 2 sec and amplitude is
in the beginning when a nman starts pulling the (1/2)m.
2 2n
Now

Maximum acceleration =oa=x1/2)

= 4.9 m/sec2
Fig. (8) This changes its sign. So (a) and (c) are correct.]
block. The man exerts a constant force F on the 52. Aparticle P is sliding down a frictionless hemis
block. The amplitude of the motion of the block pherical bowl. It passes the point Aat ( =0. At
this instant of time, the horizontalcomponent of
(a)
F(k1 +kz) (b)
F(ky t ky) its velocity isv. A bead of the same mass as P
kky + kyky + kgki k + ky + kg is ejected from A at t = 0 along the horizontal
F(ky + k3) string AB (see fig. 9) with the speed v. Friction
(c) (a) i2 t kl3 +kskË
k¡ky + kzkg + kgkË F(ky + ky)
A
The frequency of above motion is
1 M (kË + k,)
(a)
(kjky + kgky + ksky)
M (k, + kz)
(b) Fig. (9)
(kË + ky + k)
between the bead and the string may be
M (K + k) neglected. Let tp and lo be the respective times
k1ky +kyk3+ kgk taken by P and to reach the point B. Then
1 k1ky + kzk, + kski (a)tp<iQ
(d) (b) tp=lQ
2 M(k2 + k3)
50. A particle executes S.H.M. with a frequency f.
(c) ip >lo
The frequency with which its kinetic energy (d) p = length of arc ACB
Oscillates is length of chord AB (II.T. 93)
(a) 4f (b) 2f [Hint. Here the centre of mass of the particle
(c)f (d) f2 moves along AB in the same time as along the
51. A particle of mass m moves on the x-axis as arc ACB. The particle move with the same
follows :it starts from rest at t=0 from the point velocity without any change. The bead per forms
I=0, and comes to rest at t = 1 at the point x = 1. S.H.M. in which it velocity increases to maxi
No other information is available about its mo mum value and thereafter decreases. So the time
tion at intermediate times (0<t< 1), If a taken by the bead is more than the time taken by
denotes the instantaneous acceleration of the the particle i.e., to > ip l
particle, then
53. Aparticle is vibrating in simple harmonic mo
(a) a cannot remain positive for all I in the tion with an amplitude of 4 cm. At what dis
interval 0sts1 placement from the equilibrium position is its
(b) lalcannot exceed 2 at any point in its path energy half potential and half kinetic ?
 (a) 1cm (b) V2 cm 55. Four different arrangements are given below in
(c) 2 cm (d) 2V2 cm fig. (i) to (iv). Identify the pairs that will behave
(M.N.R.95)
[Hint. The total energy E of a particle vibrating
M
in S.H.M. is given by k/2

1
E= "..()
() (ii)
The kineticenergy K is given by k
M

K=m ao (a'-y
(ii)
where y = displacement of the particle. (iv)
But K= moa
Fig. (10)
1
mo' (a'-) identically with respect to horizontal oscillations
22 of M on smooth surface.
a (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
2 -= a'-y' or y²=n (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii)and (iv)
y= ah2 [Hint. The effective force constants in the four
arrangements are:
Hence the kinetic energy is half of the total
energy when the displacement of the particle is (i) k/2 (ii) 2 k
aN2. Given that a = 4 cm. (iii) k/2 (iv) 2 k
y= 4N2 = 2V2 1 56. A particle B executing S.H.M. given by
54. A particle executing S.H.M. in a straight line has y=8sin ótt
velocities 8, 7, 4 at three points distant one foot
from each other. The maximum velocity of the is sending out waves in a continuous medium
particle will be travelling at 200 cm/sec. The resultant displace
(a) V28 (b) V32 ment of the particle 150 cm from B and one
(c) V56 (d) V65 second after the commencement of vibration of
B is
[Hint. We know that (a) 4 cm (b) 8 cm
..8=o Va'-2 64 =o (a'or (c)- 8 cm (d) 3 cm
[Hint. v=200 cm/sec.
7=0 Va'-(r+1)² 49 oa'-(x+ 1)
From given equation, @
=2nn=6T or n=3
4=0 Va?- (*+2) 16 = [a'- (r+ 2) 200
64 49 = 15= o(2x+ 1) ==
n

64 - 16 =48= (4x+4) The equation can be written as

15 2x+1 or x= X
y= 8 sin 2
48 4 X +4 3 |(1/3) (200/3)
Further, When t= 1, X=150 cm
15 15
=9 450
2x+1 (2/3) +1] y=8 sin 2 3
.

200
)=3

Now 64 =) or a=(V65 /3] = 8 sin 2 T 8sin 3TE

4 2

Maximum velocity=0a=3x(N65/3) =N6s] =-8 cm

 TRUE-FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A simple pendulum with a bob of mass m swings
with an angular amplitude of 40*. When its an
gular displacement is 20, the tension in the
string is greater than m g cos 20 (I.I.T. 84)
[Hint. The tension T in the string of length I
moving with velocity v at an angle 0 is given by
my
T= ng cos + 2. A second pendulum has a time period of
for =20°.
T(20) - mg cos 20° = m vll>0
T(20)> mg cos e.]
2. A conical pendulum of mass M and length L
moves with a steady speed v in circular path of
radius r. The angular momentum of the bob
about the point of support is MLv.
3. Mass is distributed throughout the compound
pendulum.
4. The ratio of maximum acceleration to the max
imum displacement of a particle performing
simple harmonic motion is equal to angular
velocity.
5. A body of mass m when hung from a long and
light spring, the spring stretches by 20 cm. The
period of vibration of the mass when pulled
down and released is ... Sec.
6. Aring of radiusR carries a uniformly distributed
charge +Q. A pointcharge -q is placed on the
axis of the ring at a distance 2 R from the centre
of the ring and released from rest. The particle
executes a simple harmonic motion along the
axis of thering. (I.I.T. 88)
7. A car is moving on a road when overtaken by a
bus is pulled towards the bus. (Roorkee 93)
[Hint. As the bus is moving faster than the car,
the pressure in the vicinity of bus will be lower
than the vicinity of car (Bernoulle's theoren).
Due to the pressure difference, the car is pulled
towards the bus.]
8. Two simple harmonic motions are represented
by the equations
X =5sin (2 Tt I + T/4)
Xy= 5V2 (sin 2 r t+ cos 2 r 1)
Their amplitudes are in the ratio 1:2.
(Roorkee 96)
[Hint. x1 =5 sin (2TI+ T/4) ...(i)
and =5V2 (sin 2 rt+ cos 2nI)
= 5V2.V2(sin 2 1(1N2) +cos 2 rn t(1N2))
- 10 [sin 2 t cos (r/4) + cos 2 t sin (T/4)]
= 10 sin (2 T1 + T/4) ...(ii)
So, their amplitudes are in the ratio 1:2.]
FILL IN THE BLANK TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In a conical pendulum, the tension in the string
has to be ... if the string is to be horizontal.
3. A spring of force constant Kis cut into three
equal parts, the force constant of each part will
be (IILT. 78)
4. A
mass M, attached to a spring,oscillates with a
period of two seconds. If the mass is increased
by 2 kg the period increases by one second.
Assuming the Hooke's law is obeyed, the initial
mass M was (I.I.T. 79)
5. Two simple harmonic motions are represented
by the equations yË = 10 sin (3 TI+ rI4) and
y,=5 (sin 3 t t +13 cos 3 T t). Their ampli
tudes are in the ratio of (I.I.T. 86)
[Hint.
Y2 =5 (sin 3 t +V3 cos 3 nI)
=5|2 cos 3 sin 3 t +2sin 3 cos 3 t
= 10 (sin 3 Tt t cos 3
+ cos 3 TI sin
= 10 sin| 3T1+2
6. All simple harmonic motions are periodic, but
allperiodic motions are not necessarily
7. The phase of an oscillator is determined by its ...
... and .. at time t= 0.
8. A block B lying on a frictionless horizontal
surface is connected to two coiled springs S and
S, as shown in fig. (11). If the force constants of
B
Fig. (11)
springs are k and ky respectively, the effective
force constant of comnbination is ....
 9. A block B lying on a frictionless horizontal
surface is connected to two spiral springs S and
S, havingforce constants k1 and k, as shown in
fig. (12). The effective force constant of com
bination is . .
S,
B
Fig. (12)
10. An object of mass 0-2 kg executes simpBe har
monicoscillations along X-axis with a frequency
of (25/) Hz. At the position x = 0-04 m, the
object has kinetic energy of 0-5 J and potential
energy of 0:4 J. The amplitude of oscillations is
... ... M. (1.I.T. 94)
[Hint. E-m o'A
A'-2 Elm o
O
Fill inthe Blank Type Questions
(1) Infinite, (2) 2sec, (3) 3K, (4) 16 kg, (5) 1:1,
(6) simple harmonic, (7) displacement, direction of
velocity, (8) (k; + k,), (9) k ky/(k + k), (10) 0-06.
SOLVEDEXAMPLES
Example 1. A body of mass 1 kg is
executing simple harmonic motion which is given by
X=60cos ( 100 t+T4) cm. What is the
() amplitude of displacement, (ii) Frequency,
(iii) initial phase, (iv) velocity, (v) acceleration,
(vi) maximum kinetic energy ?
Solution. The given equation ofS.H.M. is
x=6-0 cos(100 t+ Te/4) cm.
Comparing it with the standard equation of
S.H.M.,X= acos (ot+ ), we have
(i) amplitude a = 6-0 cm .
(i) frequency o= 100/sec.
(ii) initial phase = T/4
(iv) velocity v= o V(a'-=100V(36 - t
(v) acceleration =- ox=-(100) x=-10 x

A2_2 (KE. +P.E) 2 (0-5 + 0-4)

m (2 n n) 0-2 (2 >x 25/t) (vi) kinetic energy=m=mo'(a'-)
When x=0, the kinetic energy is maximum, i.e.,
2x 0:9
0-2 x (50)² (K.E.)max=mo'a?
2

A=
3 m =0-06 m.] =x1x 10 x (36
100
metre
50
= 18 joules.
ANSWERS
Example 2. A particle of mass 08 kg is
Objective type Questions executing simple harmonic motion with an

(1) d (2) a, b & c(3) b (4) d (5) c amplitude of 1-0 metre and periodic time 11/7 sec.
(6) a (7) b (8) c (9) a b&d(10) b Calculate the velocity and the kinetic energy of the
(12) d (13) d (14) c (15) b particle at the moment when its displacement is 0-6
(11) b
(20) d metre.
(16) c (17) a (18) b (19) a
(21) b (22) b (23) c&d(24) c (25) a Solution. We know that, v= 0V(a-y)
(26) a (27) b (28) c (29)c (30) d Further 0=2 r/T
(31)a (32) d (33) b (34) c (35) d
2T V(a'-y')
(36) d (37) b (38) b (39) a (40) d V=
T
(41)d (42) a (43) b (44) b (45) c 2x3-14
(46) b (47) d (48) b (49) C (50) b
(11/7)
Vi(10)-(0.61
(51) a&c (52) a (53) d (54) d (55) a, c
=3-2 m/sec.
(56) c. Kinetic energy at this displacement is given by
True-False Type Questions K=my'
(1) True, (2) True, (3) True, (4) False, equal to
square of angular velocity, (5) 09, (6) True, -;x08 x(3-2)?
acceleration is proportional to displacement and
directly opposite to it, (7) True, (8) True. =4-1 joule.
 Example 3. A person normally
stands on a platform which oscillatesweighing
60 kg Solution. The situation is shown in fig. (13). The
up and down components of T and T in upwards direction are
harmonically at a frequency 20 sec -1 and an
amplitude 5-0cm. Ifa machine on the platformgives -/2-e /2
the person's weight against time, deduce the
maximum and minimum reading it will show, take
&=10 mVsee?
Solution. Acceleration of the platform a = a'y Fig. (13)
Maximum acceleration
Tcos and Tcos . Hence the force acting on the ball
(A= Amplitude) =2Tcos
aax =(2 nv)'A (v=frequency) 2Fx
ma
=4 (3-14) (2)x 0-0S Vu '14 +
= 7-88 m/sec T=F and cos 9=
m (g+ amax) Vu4 +
Maximum reading = As x is small, x can be neglected from the
60(10 + 7-88) denominator.
10 = 107-3 kg 2 Fx 4 F
a=
m (/2) m l
Minimum reading = M(g-amax or a=- 0x where o=(4 Flml)
8
60 (10 -7-88) Here acceleration is directly proportional to the
= 12:7 kg.
10 negative of displacementx. Hence the motion is S.H.M.
Example 4. Aparticle of mass mis located in a 2T 2 ml
unidimensional potential field where the potential T= V4 Fim ) F
energy of the particle depends on the coordinate x as
U
() = Uo (1 - cos Cx); Uo and C are constants. Substituting the given values, we get
Find the period of small oscillationsthat the particle
performs about the equilibrium position. T=3-14x (4x10 (10)
Solution. Given that U(x) = Uo (1- cos Cx) 10
=0-2 sec.
We knowthat F=ma= dVo)
dx Example 6. Asimple pendulum consists of a
small sphere of mass m suspended by a thread of
dU)) -U, Csin Cx] length . The sphere carries a positive charge q. The
m dx
pendulum is placed in a uniform electric field of
Uc? strengthE directed vertically upwards. With what
a=- UoC [Cx]=- x(" sin Cx=C) period will the pendulum oscillate, it the
m m electrostatic force acting on the sphere is less than
Here acceleration is directly propotional to the the gravitational force? (Assume
that the
negative of displacement. So, the motion is S.H.M. oscillations are small). (IIT. 77)
Time period Tis given by Solution. Here the sphere carries a positive
2T 2T m
charge q and this is placed in electric field E. The
T= =2
V electrostatic force acting on the sphere in upward
V(U, C'im) direction will be Eq. Suppose m be the mass of the
sphere. The force of gravity on sphere will be mg which
Example 5. Find the period of smalloscillations acts in the downward direction. The net force on the
in a vertical plane performed by a ballof mass m = 40 sphere acting downwards will be mg-Eq. Ifa be the
g fixed at the middle of a horizontally stretched accelerationof the pendulum, then force is equal to n a,
string l= 10 min length. The tension of the string is hence,
assumed to be constant and equal to F= 10 N. ma=mg- Eq
 Eq Example 8. Calculate the period of small
or a=g
M oscillations of a hydromneter (fig. 15) which was

Hence T= 2 n
V a

=2n {e- (E qlm) ) A-x

Example 7. Determine the period of small
oscillations of a mathematical pendulum, i.e., a ball
suspended by a thread l= 20 cm in length, if it is
located in aliquid whose density is n=3 times less
than that of ball. The resistance of the liquid is to be
neglected.
Solution. The situation is shown in fig. (14). Let
upthrust
= Vpg
Fig. (15)
slightly pushed down in vertical direction. The mass
of hydrometer is m, the radius of the tube is r
and the
density of liquid is p. The resistance of the liquid is
assumed to be negligible.
Solution. The situation is shown in fig. (15). Let
x be the displacement of the hydrometer. Ther.
Force acting upward F =-A xpg
Now ma=-AxPg

a=:
Ap& |x=-o'x
m

Weight =Vag The motion is S.H.M.

2T
Fig. (14) T= =2T V =2 V
dand p be the density of ball and liquid respectively. (Apg
Then
T=2
T+ Vpg= Vdg or T=Vg (d-p) P8
IfA be the area of the ball andx, the displacement Example 9. A ballis suspended by a thread of
of the liquid, then length l at the point O on the wall, forming a small
ma=Axg (d-p) angle a with the vertical [fig. (16a)]. Then the thread
a=
Ag (d-p),Ag (d-p)
Ald

or a= B
ld T/4
Now, this represents S.H.M. The time period Tis T4 OC
given by B

T= 2T 2T
==21
ld (a) (b)
g (d-p)
V &(d-p)
ld
Fig. (16)
with the ball was deviated through small angle
I(np) (B > a) and set free. Assuming the collision of the
8(np-p) (". d=np) ball against the wallto be perfactly elastic, find the
oscillationperiod of such a pendulum.
ln (0-2 x 3 Solution. Asshown in fig.(16 b), the time period
=2x3-14 for one oscillation will be
&(n- 1)| 98x2
T
=1-1 sec. T'=*++!+1=+21 ...(1)
4 4
 where T=2n
Solution. Let AB be the initial length of the
...(2) spring as shown in fig. (17a). When a mass m, is
We know that = o sin Ot suspended, the spring is stretched to Ci.e., BC =x. Now
on further loading by a mass my, let the spring is
Here a = Bsin (g/) t stretched to a point Di.e., CD =y. We have
...(3)
xk= my & ...(1)
From eqs. (1).(2) and (3), we get
yk=m8 ...(2)
T'=I B When mass m, is removed, the spring starts
oscillating about the point C. It's motion is simple
T'=2 + Sin harmonic motion. The mass mz is executing simple
Example 10. A mass M attached to aspring harmonic motion. The time period Tis given by
oscillates with a period of 2 sec. If the mass is
increased by 2 kg, the period increases by one T=2 7/
second. Find the initial mass M assuming that
Hooke's law is obeyed. (I.I.T. 79) k
Solution. We know that The angular frequency ) =
M
T=2r
Amplitude of oscillation = CD =y=
where k=spring constant.
from eq. (2).
In first case, 2 =2 ...(1) Alternative treatment. In the initial equilibrium
condition, the equation of motion is given by
In second case, 3=2 ...(2) (mj + m)g=-k (r+y) ...(1)
Squaring of eq. (1) and (2) and then dividing (2) When misremoved, the equation of motion is
by (1), we have given by
9 M+2 2
=1+ my g=-kx (2
4 M M

Solving we get M=1-6 kg. Subtracting eq. (2) from eq. (1), we have
Example 11. Two masses m and m, are y=-m g/k .(3)
suspended together by a massless spring of spring
constantk as shown in fig. (17). When the masses are Thus, amplitude of vibration = -
4 negative sign shows that displacement is directed
towards mean position.
I-B
From eq. (2),
I-C m
k
D where or )= ...(4)

m
(a) (b) Example 12. Two springs A and B each of
length !, have a force constants k, and k2. Find the
Fig. (17) force constant k of the spring system connected as
in equilibrium, m, is removed without disturbing shown in fig.(18).
the system. Find the angular frequency and Solution, (a) Let x be the extension in each
amplitude of oscillation (1I.T. 81) spring. Hence
 Tension in A= k x Example 13. Find the frequency of small
oscillations of a thin uniform vertical rod of masS m
Tension in B= kI
mg=(k + k; )x ...(1) and length l hinged at the point 0 (fig. 19 a). The

4
mg.
(k)
(k,)A A B

o08000
(k;) (k;)
66866l66060
(k1 +ke)x
(a) (h)
(c)
(a) Fig. (19)
m combined stiffness of the spring is equal to k. The
mass of the spring is negligible.
(b)
Fig.(18) Solution. Adisplaced position of the rod through
If &be the spring constant of the combination,
an angle is shown in fig. (19 b).The displacement of
the spring is x. Let kË and kT be the stiffness of the
then
mg=kx ...2) springs respectively. Considering the torques acting on
the rod, we have
Fromeq. (1)and eq. (2)
(k + ky) xl cos + mg sin =Ia
k= (kËt ky ) ...(3) 2
(b) Let x and x, be the extensions in springs A When 9is small, cos = 1 and sin 9.
and Brespectively.
Total extension =I1+ X2 (kË +ky) xl+ mg9=
2
Ia
mg=k1X1 and mg=ky X, ..(4) Here I= (m 13) and =x/l or x=l0
mg and X= mg mgl m2
..5) Now(k; + k,) +
k 2
Solving it for ., we get
Now total extension = mg
kË
a=
3 (k1 + k) l+ (3 mg2)
1 1 ml
..(6)
k2
Hence the motion is S.H.M. The frequency of
The force constant k= ..(7) oscillation is given by
(x1 +xp )
From equations (6) and (7) 3 (k1 +ky) l+ (3 mg 2)|
kË k2 ml
k= ...(8)
m8
1 1 kË + ky
3 ki+(3 mg /2)|
kË )=
ml
(c) Let the extension in spring A is x, then the
Compression in string Bwill also be x. Therestoring Example 14. Consider a mass m on
force on the mass is aforce given byk, x. This forceacts frictionless table connected to fixed points A and B
towards left. Again a force k, xpushes themass to the by two springs of equal naturallength of negligible
left due to the compression of spring B. The net mass and spring constant k, and k, respectively. The
restoring force acting on the mass is(kË + ky )X. mass is displaced horizontally and then released.
.:. force constant of system=(kË + k2 ). What is the time period of the oscillation?
 Solution. The situation is shown in fig. (20). k
)=
M+ m
Sk S, k;
m +M
and time period T 2 .
k
(b) The acceleration of the blocks at
Fig. (20) displacement xfrom mean position
Letthe mass be displaced horizontally to position
C'. such that CC'= N.
(M+ n)
The spring S, is stretched through a distance x
mkx
and exerts aforce- kË along CA. Similarly. the spring Force on upper block ma=
S, is compressed through a distance x and exerts a force (M+ m)
This force is provided by friction of the lower block.
- k2 along BC If dvd be the instantancous
acceleration of the block, then from Newton's law .. Magnitude of frictional force = mklx
(M+ n)
(c) Maximum frictional force required for
dt' S.HM. on upper block
m kA
=-(K1 t k, ) x (M+ m)
(at extreme positions)
d'x (KË +kz )X=0 .(1)
But maximum frictional force = mg
di m
mkA
= umg
Eq. (1) represents a S.H.M. The frequency is (M+ m)
given by or M+m) g
kË + kz
Example 16. A particle of mass 0-1 kg is heid
between two rigid supports by two springs of force
m constants 8 N/m and 2 N/m. If the particle is
+ ky) ..(2) displaced along the direction of the length of the
springs, calculate its frequency of vibration.
Example 15. The friction coefficient between (Roorkee 87)
the two blocks shown in fig. (21) is and the Solution. Thesituation is shown in fig. (18c).
When the mass is displaced along the direction of
the length of the spring, one spring is compressed while
the other is extended but the force due to both the
m
k springs is in the same direction. Hence effective force
Constant
ro000000oM
k=k + k, =8 N/m+2 N/m =10 N/m.
The frequency of vibration is given by
Fig. (21) 1 10
horizontal plane is smooth. (a) If the system is 01
slightly displaced and released, find the time period. 0r V=
10 5
c/s
(b) Find the magnitude of the frictional force 2
between the blocks when the displacement from the Example 17. ln fig. (22), the spring has a force
mean position is x. (c) What can be the maximum constantk. The pulley is light and smooth, the spring
amplitude if the upper block does not slip relative to and the string are light.The suspended block has a
the lower block ?
mass mkg. If the block is slightly displaced verticaly
Solution. (a) For small anplitude, the two blocks down from its equilibrium position and released,
oscillate together. In thiscase, find theperivd of its vertical oscillations.
 Solution. Let in the equilibrium position, Xo be Solution. Let in equilibrium position, T be the
the extension in the spring. Then tension FÍ in the tensionin each string. The extension ineach string will
spring will be Fo = kxo be y= T/k. For translational equilibrium of the pulley
21=m g
or 2 ky=mg
y= (m g2 k)

Fig. (23)
So the string is extended by a distance (m g/2 k),
Fig. (22)
when pulley is in equilibrium. Let the pulley is
Further To = mg and 2 To =k Xo displaced through a distance x. The extension in the
Let x be the displacement of the mass m when it is strings will be 2 x.
slightly isplaced downward. Suppose T and F be the The energy of the system is given by 2
tension in string and tension in the spring respectively.
U=}1o+;m-mgx+;k m&+2
2k* X
1 1
Now there will be an additional extension (u/2) in the
spring. Then
+m v'+ +2kr
F=k(i0*) 8k

2T=kxo +k2 dU
(: system is conservative)
Now, =0
dt
2T=2 To +k, or 2 (T- T) =k, du
+4 kxv (: drldt = v)
dt
T- T, = k 4
Net restoring force on mass = -mg du 4 kx
or
=T-To=k 4 [(I/r 9+ m]
a=- 0x where o= 4k/|(lIr ) +m]
As net restoring force is proportional to
displacement and hence the motion is S.H.M. Its time T=2 r (r ) +m
4k
period Tisgiven by
T=2 n
m
=2 nX2
Example 19. A vertical U-tube of uniform
|(W4) cross-section contains water upto a height of 30 cm.
Show that if the water on one side is depressed and
T=4 then released, its motion up and down the two sides
of the tube is simple harmonic. Calculate its period.
Example 18. The pulley shown in fig. (23) has a Solution. Fig. (24) shows a U-tube of uniform
moment of inertia I about its axis and mass m. Find cross-sectional area A. Let the liquid is depressed
the time period of vertical oscillation of its centre of through a distance y in one limb. Then the water rises
mass. The spring has spring eonstant k and the through the same distance y in another limb.
2v.
The
string does not slip over the pulley. ditference of levels between two limbs will be
 The liquid now oscillates about the initial Solution. The difference of levels in the two
positions. The time period
ORIGINAL
of oscillation can be tubes is given by
calculated as follows: LEVEL
=X+ Xcos = x (1+ cos )
The change in pressure AP is given by
AP=x(1+ cos )p&
2y Force F= ma=- [x (1+ cos ) p g]S
-30
cm

a=
(1+ cos ) p g S|
m
x=- 0x ...(1)

where o ( + cos ) pgs

m
Fig. (24)
Excess of pressure on whole liquid Eq. (1)is the equation of S.H.M. It's time period
= (excess height) (density) (g) Tis given by
=2 yx 1 xg (: density of water= 1) 2T m
T=
Force on the liquid= Pressure x area of crosS section (1+ cos ) pgS
=2 ygA Substituting the given values, we get
Due to this force the liquid accelerates.
The mass of whole liquid in U tube 02
T=2x3-14
=Volume x density (1+ cos 30)(13-6x10')(98)(5x105)
=(2x30 A)× 1= 60 A = 0-8 sec.
Acceleration a= force 2 ygA_y&
Example 21. Suppose a tunnel is dug through
mass 60 A 30
the earth from one side to the other side along a
diameter. Show that the motion of a particle
a== o»y « displacement. dropped into the tunnel is simple harmonic motion.
Hence acceleration is directly proportional to Find the time period. Neglect all the frictional forces
displacement, so the motion is simple harmonic and assume that the earth has a uniform density.
motion. The time period Tis given by
G=667x 10-" Nm² kg2;
30 density of earth = 551x 10° kg m -3
T=
2121
=1-098 second
980 Solution. Fig.(26) shows a tunnel dug along the
diameter of the earth. Consider the case of a particle of
Example 20. Determine the period of
oscillations of mercury of mass m = 200 g poured
into a bent tube (fig. 25) whoseright arm forms an

Fig. (26)
mass m at a distancey trom the centre of theearth. There
will be a gravitational attraction of the earth on this
Fig. (25) particle due to the portion of matter contained in a
angle =30° with the vertical. The cross-sectional sphere of radius y. The mass of the sphere of radiusyis
area of the tube S = 050 cm. The viscosity of given by
mercury is to be neglected. M= Volume x density
 or
M=y'xd
(where d= density of earth).
This mass can be regarded as concentrated at the
centre of the earth. The force F between this mass and
the particle of mass m is given by
F=: GM m
Negative sign shows that the force is of attraction.
=2
0-002
10000 x(0-1 )×9.8
= 0-028 sec.
Example 23. A uniform horizontal plank is
resting symmetrically in a horizontal position on
two cylindrical drums, which are rotating about
their horizontal axes with equal and opposite
angular velocity see fig. (27). The distance between

=-Gx(;Tm)y -21-
Fxy
The force is directly proportional to the Fig. (27)
displacement, hence the motion is simple harmonic their axes is 2l and the coefficient of friction between
motion.
the plank and each cylinder is .
TmdG.
Here, the constant k=*
If the plank is displaced slightly from the
The time period, equilibrium position along its length, show that it
T=2nV(m/k) performs S.H.M. Find the value of l to be equivalent
to asecond pendulum.
3m 3
=27 4 T mdG =2rV |4 dG
Solution. Let x be the displacement of the plank
towards left. Now the center of gravity is also displaced
3x3-14 through x as shown in fig. (28).
5-51 x 10x6-67 x10-11 Kif-(+*)-R,
=42-2 minutes .
Example 22. A cubical body (side 0-1 m and
mass 0-002 kg) floats in water. It is pressed and then
released so that it oscillates vertically.Find the time G G
period. (Roorkee 89)
F
Solution. Force in displaced position mg mg
= Mg-p (d+x) Ag 2!
But Mg=pdAg Fig. (28)
Force =p dAg-p (dxx) A8 In displaced position,
=-pxAg RË +R=mg
The equation of motion is given by Taking momentsabout G', we get
M =-pAg x R,(l-x) =R (l +x)
d = (mg- R)(+ x)
Or or RË x2l= ng (l+x)
d M
This is a equation of S.H.M. whose time period T Now F =uR,=Lmg21(+x)
is given by
and mg(l-)
M F;=uRz= 21
=2n
pAg Thus FË>F
 Resultant frictional force towards left
=p+ dp PyAx neglectingYAxdp
Vo Vo
= F-F = PYAx
i: dp
Hence the motion is S.H.M. Its time period Vo
Again, Force = mass x acceleration = A dp,
T=2n
0f acceleration = Adp PYA'x
For a second pendulum T= 2 sec.
M MVo
or ac X.
2=2
or 7 &
This shows that piston executes simple harmonic
motion.
Example 24. An ideal gas is enclosed in a
vertical cylindrical container and supports afreely
a=- 0x where - Yp4'
moving piston of mass M. The piston and the M Vo
cylinder have equal cross-sectional area A.
Atmospheric pressure is Po and when the piston is in
equilibrium, the volume of the gas is Vo The piston
of
M Vo |=2f:
is now displaced slightly from the equilibrium where fis frequency of oscill ation.
position. Assuming that the system is completely
0solated from its surrounding, show that the piston 1
executes simple harmonic motion and find the M Vo
frequency of oscillation. (I.I.T. 81)
Solution. Here the system is completely isolated 1 + MglA) A')
from the surroundings,hence in the vessel there will be 2.T MVo
an adiabatic change.
The equation of adiabatic change is given by Example 25. A plank with a body of mass m
placed on itstarts moving straight up according to
py=constant, the law y= a(1 - cos o), where y is the
where y is the ratio of two specific heats at constant displacement from the initial position, @ =11s.
pressure and volume. Find:
Let the piston is moved down through a distance (a) the time dependence of the force that the body
x. In doing so, let the pressure increases fromp top +dp exerts on the plank if a = 4-0 cm, plot this
and volume decreases from Vo to Vo- dV. Hence, dependence;
pVo=(p+ dp) (Vo-dv)? ..(1) (b) the minimum amplitude of oscillation of the
plank at which the body starts falling behind
where p =Po+ MglA. the plank.
Solution. (a) y=a(1 - cos @)
Now P V= (p+ dp)
Vo dy =a 0sin
dt
o and dYao cos @
t
dV dt
or
p=(p+dp)|- Vo
Now F= m
(by Binomial theorem) d
= (p+ dp) (". dV= Ax)
Vo a o'
xdp
dp -PYAX_ YA =mg1+ Cos
=p+ Vo Vo
 The plot is shown in fig. (29). See fig. (30),
Flmg
1:5

1-0+ Icoso
0-5

(0f 1- lcos %

Fig.(29) Fig. (30)

(b)The body starts falling behind if From figure, we have
h=l(1- cos )
Of 0-0025 = 0-8 (2 sin,/2)
o cos 0t
(0-0025
sin (/2) =V 08×2 = 0-0393
amin = (:." cos OI= 1)
/2 =sin 0-0393=2-25
9-8
amin =0-08 m =8cm. =4-5°
(11) 0=4-5 sin ot
Example 26. Find the time dependence of the =4-5 sin 3-5 t
angle of deviation of a mechanical pendulum 80 cm Example 27. A simnple pendulum of length L
in length if at the initial moment the pendulum, and mass m is suspended in a car that is travelling
(a) was deviated through angle 3-0° and then set with a constant speed v around a circle of radius R. If
free without push; the pendulum undergoes small oscillations about its
equilibrium position, what will be its frequency of
(b) was in the equilibrium position and its lower oscillation?
end was imparted the horizontal velocity Solution. Here the car is an accelerated frame of
0-22 m/s.
reference. A fictitious force n v IR is to be introduced
0-8 as a centrifugal force as shown in fig (31).
Solution. (a)T= 2 =2n
9-8

4T
7

Now )=
2
T2T x7=3-5 rad/s. my²
T 4T
R
Given =3-0', = /2
= ,sin (o + )=3-0 sin (3:51+ T/2)
mg
=3-0 cos (3-5 1)
(b) At the end point, the kinetic energy is Fig.(31)
converted into pOtential energy. From figure,
S cos = Mg
;mu=mgh or h=v2g
and S sin =
h= (0-22)2 = 0-0025 m
2x9-8 S= m g*+ ...(1)
R
 When the pendulum is slightly displaced such Substituting the given values, we have
that it makes an angle (0 + de) with the vertical, then 2x 021
there will be a restoring force S sin de Sde =S x/L, T=2×3-14x/ 2-646 x 9-8
where x=Lde (linear displacement). = 0-78 sec.
Restoring force per unit displacement =S/L. Example 29. A point mass mis suspended at
m
Now, T=2n1V SIL ...(2) the end of a massless wire of length l and
cross-section A. If Y is the Young's modulas of
Substituting the values of S from equation (1) in elasticity for the wire, obtain the frequency of
equation (2), we have oscillation for the simple harmonic motion along the
vertical line. (I.I.T. 78)
mL
T=2 Solution. For suspended wire,
mg'+oR2
Stress = Restoring force F
Area A
=2n1
where F is the restoring force.
1 The longitudinal strain is given by
Frequency: L Longitudinal strain = Change in length_ A
Original length
Example 28. Find the period of small Stress FIA F.!
oscillations of amathematical pendulum of length Young's modulus,Y= Strain AUl A. Al
if its point of suspension O moves relative to the
Earth's surface in an arbitrary direction with a
constant acceleration a (fig. 32a). Caleulate that
We know that F = mass x acceleration = ma
-masYAA
Of

a=-(YAlm l ) x Al.
a
This shows that acceleration is proportional to Aland
opposite to it. Thus, the motion is S.HM.
B
(a)
Angular frequency, Q=
(b)
Fig. (32) YA
ml
period if l= 21 cm, a = g/2 and the angle between the
vectors a and g equals B= 120°. Alternate treatment. Fig. (33a) shows a
Solution. When the point of suspension moves massless wire of length . When a mass mis suspended
relative to the Earth's surface in an arbitrary direction,
we have to calculate the new value of g. Let it be g'.
g=Vg+d+2gacos(-B)
(a)
: When point of suspension moves in the forward
direction, the effect of the acceleration will be in
backward direction i.e., angle between a and g will be
(T-B) as shown in fig. (32b).]
g=Vg+(g14) +2gx x 8
x&,I V7 (b)
mg
-O
The time period of oscillation will be (c) Vmg
Fig. (33)
T=2r at its end, the force of gravity is mg. This force protuces
an extension Al in the wire as shown in fig. (33b).
 Stress Solution. Area of cross-section of the block
Now Y= mglA
Strain ( AUl) =tr=15 cm=15 x10 m
YA Al
mg= ...(1) Total weight of the block = (230 + 50)
= 280 gm =028kg.
If T be the tension in the wire in equilibrium
position, then Density of wood = 0.30 gm/c.c. = 300 kg/m
YA AI Density of water = 10° kg/m'
T=mg= ...(2)
When the cylinder depressed in water through a
If the wire is slightly pulled down through a small distance y,
distance as shown in fig. (33c) and then released the the restoring force = weight of water displaced
wire returns back due to tension in the wire. However, F=Aydg
due to inertia it does not stop at its mean position and = (15 x 10).10°.9-8.y newton
moves other side. Let at some instant ybe the distance
of the mass below the equilibrium position. The Restoring force per unit distance = F. k
extension of wire is (Al+ y). If T' be the tension in the
wire, we have =(15 x 10).10.9-8 newton/metre
=15 x 9-8 newton/metre
T'=YA(Al+)_m8 ( Al+ y) ...(3)
Hence frequency of oscillation is given by
YA mg 1 1 (1-5 x 9-8
2T 0-28
Resultant force acting on the wire =115 Hz (approximately).
=mg-T'= mg (Al+ y) Example 31. Two linear simple harmonic
motion of equalamplitude and frequency and 20
are impressed on a particle along the axes of x and y
=-mg.=
Al
...(4) respectively. If the initial phase difference between
them is /2, find the resultant path followed by the
The force is directly proportional to displacement particle. (Roorkee 85)
y, hence the motion is S.H.M.
Solution. The equation of motion of the particle
Time period Tof oscillation = 2 n in x and y directions are
...(1)
y=a cos (2 o1+/2)=-a sin 2 t ..(2)
where k=
From equation (1),
coS @t=xla
T=2n
sin ot= V(1- cos o)
But Al mgl from eqn. (2) =

YA
mgl From equation (2)
T=2 r
YAg y=-a.2 sin o t cos @
Substituting the vallues we have
Frequency of vibration = 11
T21 y=-2a
Example 30. A cylindrical wooden block of
cross-section 15.0 cm and mass 230 gm is floated
y=-2x
over water with an extra weight 50 gmattached to its
bottom. The cylinder floats vertically. From the
state of equilibrium, it is slightly depressed and ...(3)
released. If the specific gravity of wood is 0-30 and a
g=98mn per sec, find the frequency of oscillation This is the equation representing the resultant path
of the block. followed by the particle.