Index

Page numbers followed by t refer to table and f refer to figure.

2, 3, 6-triacyl-trehalose (TAT) 127 Amoxicillin 193t, 241t, 370

2, 3-diacyl trehalose (DAT) 127 Amoxicillin/clavulanate 321t, 324t, 436
adverse effects 223
A drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t
mechanism of action 223
Abacavir 456t, 466t
pharmacokinetics 223
Adenopathy 35
Amprenavir 456t, 468t
Adenosine deaminase 138, 491
Amyloidosis 60, 163
versus interferon-gamma 492
secondary 156
Adult respiratory distress syndrome 50
Anaerobic infection 78
AFB, sputum smear 452
Angular cheilitis 447
AIDS 39
Ankylosing spondylitis 157
endobronchial Kaposi’s sarcoma
Anthracofibrosis 58
(EKS) 60 Anti-tubercular drugs 370
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis doses
145 in new patients of tuberculosis
American trypanosomiasis 448 240t
Amikacin 14, 184, 191t, 250, 253, 370, in previously treated tuberculosis
321t, 324t, 482, 582 241t
adverse effects 198 effect on blood glucose level 477
management of 200 first line drugs 359, 584
contraindications 199 adverse drug reactions in 176t
CSF penetration 198 oral agents 321t, 324t
drug interactions fluoroquinolones 324t
loop diuretics 199 grouping of 379t
non-depolarizing muscle relaxants in drug resistant patients of TB,
199 common adverse effects 350t
penicillins 199 in MDR-TB 324t
hepatic disease 198 in previously treated patients of TB
mechanism of action 198 321t
metabolism 194 in renal insufficiency 359t
oral absorption 198 injectable agents 324t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 198 pharmacokinetics of 248
preparation and dose 194 second-line drugs 12, 14, 348, 371
renal disease 198 dosage 320
storage 198 oral bacteriostatic 324t
Aminoglycosides 14, 266 pediatric, dosing of 357t, 383t
Amniotic fluid 33 used for XDR-TB 380t
600 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

standard chemotherapy for newly keloid 394

diagnosed patient 243 koch’s phenomenon 393
WHO treatment categories and large or indolent ulcer 393
regimen for children 243t local abscess 393
Antidiabetic drugs 477 lupoid lesions 394
Antiretroviral drugs 456t mediastinal adenitis 395
for HIV infection 465 otitis media 395
fusion or entry inhibitors 466 tuberculids 394
integrase inhibitors 466 contraindications to 392
interaction with antitubercular drugs dose 391
465, 469 efficacy and safety 391
isoniazid interactions 471 routes of 391
protease inhibitors 466 site of vaccination 391
reverse transcriptase inhibitors 466 types of 391
non-nucleoside reverse Biguanides 477, 478
transcriptase inhibitors 466 Blastomycetes 141
nucleoside reverse transcriptase Blastomycosis 79
inhibitors 466 Bronchial biopsy 57
Arthus phenomenon 38 Bronchial brushing 57
Asbestosis 157 Bronchial cysts 157
Ascitic fluid, in tuberculosis 540 Bronchial lesions 43
Ascomycetes 141 Bronchial stenosis 56, 279
Aspergilloma 106, 157, 159 Bronchial washing 134
Aspergillosis 63, 79 Bronchiectasis 37, 43, 74, 78, 80, 143,
Aspergillus fumigatus 157 157, 159, 169, 279
Assmann infiltrates 41 post-tubercular 157
Atazanavir 468t Bronchitis 78
Atelectasis 59 chronic 80
Atypical mycobacteruim 578 Bronchoalveolar lavage 134, 141
Auditory nerve impairment 183 Bronchogenic carcinoma 55, 57, 79, 80, 83
Azithromycin 582, 584 Broncholith 38, 157
Bronchoplasty 61
B Bronchopleural fistula 101, 106
Bacille calmette-guérin 390, 548 Bronchopneumonia 34, 140
progressive disease due to 395 Bronchorrhea 54
recombinant 396 Bronchoscopic curettage 61
scar 18 Bronchostenosis 44
Bacillus subtilis 110 Brush biopsy 134
Bactec system 112, 318, 378, 452, 460,
494 C
Basidiomycetes 141 Calcification 160
BCG vaccination 92, 409, 485, 588 of lungs 156
complications 393 Calcified foci 36
abscess formation in regional Candidiasis 79
lymph node 394 Capreomycin 14, 184, 191t, 250, 253,
accelerated reaction 393 321, 324t, 350t, 370, 436, 482
confluent reaction 394 adverse effects 201
enlargement of lymph node 394 management of 202
erythema nodosum 395 contraindications 202
fever 395 CSF penetration 201

dose 200
drug interactions 201
mechanism of action and
metabolism 200
oral absorption 201
pregnancy/breastfeeding 201
preparation 200
renal disease 201
storage 201
Category I regimen 286, 289
Category II regimen 285, 288, 289, 293
Category III regimen 286
Category IV regimen 434
Cavernolith 157
Cavitation 141
CB-NAAT 434
CD4 446,454 458
CD4+T cells 445, 458
Cecum carcinoma 536
Chemokine receptor antagonists 455
Chlophedianol hydrochloride 87
Chronic lung disease 576
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
164
Chronic pneumonitis 74
Chronic respiratory failure 156, 164
Chronic TB case 290
Ciprofloxacin 249, 583
Clarithromycin 192t, 241t, 249, 321t,
582, 584
adverse effects 220
management of 220
distribution 220
excretion 220
drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t
drug interactions 220
hepatic disease 220
mechanism of action 220
pregnancy/breastfeeding 220
renal 220
Clavulanate
adverse effects 223
hepatic disease 224
pharmacokinetics 223
pregnancy/breastfeeding 224
renal disease 224
Clofazimine 191t, 241t, 249, 250, 253,
321t, 324t, 436, 583
adverse effects 218
management of 218
contraindications 218
Index 601
distribution 217
drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t
drug interactions 218
hepatic disease 218
mechanism of action and
metabolism 217
oral absorption 217
pregnancy/breastfeeding 217
preparation and dose 217
renal disease 217
storage 217
Codeine phosphate 86
Collar-stud abscess formation 513t
Colorimetric MB/bact system 452
Confirmed MDR-TB case 14
Consolidation 98, 141
Cor pulmonale, chronic 156, 164
Cord factor 127
Corticosteroids
dose and duration of 281
in HIV positive TB patients 281
in tuberculosis 276
antituberculosis drug induced
fever 280
control of severe drug
hypersenstivity reactions 277
genitourinary tuberculosis 280
miliary tuberculosis 279
pericardial tuberculosis 279
pleural effusion 278
pulmonary tuberculosis 278
seriously ill preterminal stage of
tuberculosis 277
treatment of BCG scar 280
tuberculosis of upper airway 280
tuberculous meningitis (TBM)
277
Cotrimoxazole 449
C-reactive protein (CRP) 493
Creatinine clearance 252
Crohn’s disease 536
Cross-resistance 322
Cryptococcal meningitis 452
Cryptococcosis 447
Cryptosporidiosis 448
Culture filtrate protein (CFP-10) 94
Cushing’s syndrome 83t
Cycloserine 14, 191t, 250, 321t, 324t,
360, 361, 370, 416, 434, 583
adverse effects 206
management of 208
602 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

adverse reactions 440 pyrazinamide 314

contraindications 207 rifampicin 314
distribution 206 streptomycin 314
dosages for MDR-TB 435t mechanism of 313
drug interactions 207 outcome of chemotherapy 315
mechanism of action and primary
metabolism 205 global 299t
oral absorption 206 India 304t
pregnancy/breastfeeding 206 types of 298
preparation and dose 206 in new cases 298
renal disease 206 in previously treated cases 298
storage 206 Drug resistant and multidrug resistant
Cytomegalovirus mycobacterium tuberculosis
tuberculosis 446 diagnosis of 315
bacteriological evidence 316
D clinical evidence 315
Darunavir 468t radiological evidence 316
DAT 127 treatment of 319
Delavirdine 456t, 467t Drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB)
Depotmedrox-progesterone 356 297, 313, 345, 427
Dextromethorphan hydrobromide 87 center 431, 433, 435
Diabetes 473, 474, 476, 477, 478 chemoprophylaxis 365, 405
Diabetes mellitus 345 committee, role in management of
Didanosine 456t, 457, 466t adverse reactions 440
Directly observed treatment See DOTS drug resistance in
Directly observed treatment plus See new cases 287
DOTS plus retreatment cases 287
Disseminated mycosis 448 Drug susceptibility testing 113, 301, 316,
District tuberculosis center 412 363
DNA microarrays 318 genotypic methods 114
DNA sequencing 318 methods for 433
DNA vaccines 398 phenotypic methods 114
DOTs 23, 253, 292, 297, 348, 408, 411, Ductus venosus 33
422, 428
DOTs plus 292, 325, 348, 370, 380, 423, E
427, 428, 431, 432, 433, 435 E. Coli 78, 140, 178
adherence 441 Early secretory antigenic target 6
program enrolment into 429 (ESAT-6) 94
treatment outcomes in 14 Efavirenz 456t, 457, 467t
treatment outcomes of Eisenmenger syndrome 79
cured 12 Elisa
died 12 dot 128
failure 12 sandwich 128
treatment completed 12 Emb A gene 180
Drug resistance Emb AB gene 314
acquired Empyema 101
global 299t Emtricitabine 466t
India 305t Endobronchial actinomycosis 59
genetic basis of Endobronchial tuberculosis 39
isoniazid 314 Endobronchial/transbronchial biopsy 135
 Index 603

Enfuvirtide 469t regimen for 436

Entry (fusion) inhibitors 455 duration of 436
Enzyme-linked immunospot (elispot) role of surgery 382
94 suspect 14
Epitope-based vaccines 398 treatment 378
Epituberculosis 37 monitoring of 380
Erythema nodosum (EN) 38 outcomes of 381
Ethambutol 60, 176t, 226, 240t, 249, 250, WHO response strategies for 385
251, 264, 266, 321t, 324t, 325, Extreme drug resistant tuberculosis
370, 416, 434, 454, 457, 582 (XXDR-TB) 14, 375, 387
adverse effects 180, 182, 440
management of 181, 182 F
contraindications 180, 182 Fast plaque TB 318
dosages for MDR-TB 435t Fetal nephrotoxicity 250
effect in pregnancy 180, 182 Fiberoptic bronchoscopy
overdosage 180, 182 drawback 136
preparation and dose 180, 182 indications 134
Ethionamide 191t, 202, 249, 250, 253, precautions 136
321t, 324t, 370, 434, 583 result 135
adverse reactions 440 specimen collected 134
Etravirine 467t with lavage 454
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis Fibrocaseous lesions 42
(XDR-TB) 14, 301, 309, 367, 368, Fibrosis 141
372, 444 Fine needle aspiration cytology 138
baseline evaluation First line oral agents 379t
blood sugar 380 Fluorescent MGIT 452
chest X-ray 381 Fluoroquinolones 14, 250, 251, 253,
complete blood count with 379t, 449
platelets 380 Forced expiratory volume 170, 171
HIV testing 381 Forced vital capacity (FVC) 170, 171
kidney function test 380 Foreign body aspiration 59
liver function test 380 Fosamprenavir 468t
pregnancy test 380 Fungal ball 156, 157
serum electrolytes 380 Fusion or entry inhibitors 467, 469t
surgical evaluation 381
thyroid function test 380 G
breastfeeding 384
contraception 385 Gastrointestinal perforations 535
control of 386 Genexpert MTB/RIF 291, 442
definition 374 Genotype MTB-DR assay 378
diagnosis 377 Ghon’s focus 34, 35
dots-plus 310 Gingivitis 447
epidemiology Global tuberculosis report 301
global 375 Goodpasture’s syndrome 79, 84t
India 376 Gordonae 578
factors responsible for 377 GYR A gene 314
follow-up schedule 381
HIV 382 H
in pediatric patients 383 HAART 455, 458, 465
in pregnancy 384 Haemophilus influenzae 140
management guidelines 378 Hematemesis 77t, 78
604 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Hemodialysis 252, 253 I

Hemoptysis 77, 77t Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
catamenial 80, 82t 80, 84t
causes of 157 IFN-G assays 95
diagnosis of 81 IGA 128
diagnostic clues in IGG 128
chest radiograph 84t IGM 128, 129
history 82t IMA-GFATM-RNTCP-PPM project 422
laboratory tests 84t Imipenem/cilastatin 193t, 241t, 321t,
physical examination 83t 324t, 370
essential 80 adverse effects 222
etiology of 78 hepatic disease 222
grades of 78 mechanism of action 222
in active pulmonary tuberculosis 81 pharmacokinetics 222
in healed pulmonary tuberculosis 81 pregnancy/breastfeeding 223
massive, definitive treatment 88 renal disease 222
mechanism of bleeding 80 Immune complex nephritis 50
mild to moderate, definitive Immune reconstitution inflammatory
treatment 88 syndrome 50
pathogenesis of 81 Immune reconstitution syndrome 458
recurrent 78 Immunoprecipitation tests 124
spurious 78 Impaired glucose tolerance 477
treatment of 85 Indinavir 457, 456t, 468t
Hepatic complex 33 INNO LIPA assay 378
Integrase inhibitors 455, 467, 469t
Hepatic granulomas 33
Interferon-gamma assays 94, 492
Hepatopulmonary syndrome 79
International Union Against
Herpes zoster 447
Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
High-dose isoniazid 324t
297, 403
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy See Intracranial space occupying lesions, in
HAART HIV-infected 452
Hilar lymph node enlargement 72 Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy 72
Histoplasmosis 157 Isoniazid (INH) 34, 60, 176t, 226, 240t,
HIV/AIDS 28, 588 248, 250, 251, 264, 266, 457, 582
coinfection with tuberculosis, ART adverse effects 175
recommendations 457 management of 176
drug resistant TB 459 contraindications 175
encephalopathy 447 drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t
revised WHO clinical staging of 446 drug interactions 175
voluntary counseling and testing 589 effect in pregnancy 175
HIV-associated immunosuppression high dose 436, 437t
588 induced hepatotoxicity 175
HIV-related pericardial effusion 451 induced neurotoxicity 175
HIV-related tuberculosis, induced psychosis 176
pharmacokinetic issues in 469 overdosage 175
HLA-DQB 474 peripheral neuritis 176
Horner’s syndrome 83t preparation and dose 174
Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DRB prophylaxis
474 for infant born to woman with
Hydatid cyst 79 active tuberculosis 484
Hypomycetes 141 in pregnant woman 484
Hypothyroidism 361 resistance 430

J special circumstances
Jugular venous pressure 165
K renal disease 211
Kanamycin 14, 184, 192t, 250, 253, 321t,
324t, 370, 416, 482
adverse effects 190, 192t
management of 194, 195t
adverse reactions 440
contraindications 193
CSF penetration 190
dosages for MDR-TB 435t
drug interactions
loop diuretics 193
nephrotoxic agents 193
nondepolarizing muscle relaxants
193
penicillins 193
hepatic disease 190
mechanism of action and
metabolism 189
oral absorption 190
pregnancy/breastfeeding 190
preparation and dose 189
renal disease 190
storage 190
Kaposi sarcoma 63, 79, 82t, 453
Kaposi sarcoma nodes 451
Klebsiella pneumoniae 78, 144
Klebsiella spp 140
Koch’s abdomen 54
Kyphosis 268
L
Lactate dehydrogenase 498
Lady windermere syndrome 52
Lamivudine 456t, 466t
LED fluorescence microscopy 115
Levofloxacin 192t, 249, 321t, 324t, 434
adverse effects 211
management of 212
contraindications 212
distribution 211
dosages for MDR-TB 435t
drug interactions 211
mechanism of action and
metabolism 210
oral absorption 210
preparation and dose 210
Index 605
hepatic disease 211
pregnancy/breastfeeding 211
storage 210
Line probe assay (LIPA) 114, 291, 318,
434
Linezolid 192t, 241t, 253, 321t, 324t, 370,
436
adverse effects 221
management of 221
drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t
hepatic disease 221
mechanism of action, distribution,
excretion 221
pregnancy/breastfeeding 221
preparation and dose 221
renal disease 221
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) 128
detection in urine 117
Listeria monocytogenes 396
Liver disease 345
Lobar hyperinflation 55
Lobectomy 61
Lobular pneumonia 41
Loefflers syndrome 142
Lopinavir 456t
Lopinavir/ritonavir 468t
Löwenstein-Jensen medium 117, 433
Luciferase receptors phages 318
Lung abscess 74, 144
Lung cancer 63, 74
Lung collapse 72
Lymphoma 63
M
M/XDR-TB 356, 357
general guidelines for the prevention
of 368
in breastfeeding 355
in children 356
in contraception 356
in diabetes mellitus 358
in liver disorders 358
in patients with psychosis 360
in pregnancy 354
in renal insufficiency 358
in seizure disorders 359
in substance dependence 360
606 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Macrolides 582 treatment default 438

Mantoux test 90 treatment failure 438
Maraviroc 469t treatment stopped due to adverse
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy 55 drug reactions 438
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, treatment stopped due to other
tubercular 99t reasons 439
Meningitis 10, 445, 447 Multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains
Mesenteric lymph node 535 314
Mesenteric tubercular lymphadenitis Multidrug resistant tuberculosis suspect
537 13, 429
MGIT mycobacteria detection system 112 criteria A 429
MHC-I antigenic peptide processing criteria B 429
prediction (MAPPP) 397 criteria C 429
Microscopic observation drug Multidrug resistant tuberculosis
susceptibility 116 (MDR-TB) 12, 13, 189, 290, 297,
Military infiltrates 55 298, 301, 363, 367, 428, 444
Military tubercles 495 adjuvant therapies 327
Military tuberculosis 130 adverse effects management of 348
Mitral stenosis 80 and diabetes 477
Mono- and poly- drug resistance, collapse therapy 327
suggested regimen for 323t control of
Mono- and poly- drug resistant-TB 356 DOTs 309
general principles for designing DOTs-plus 309
treatment regimen for 322 counseling 432
Mono-resistance 13, 297, 313 DOTs-plus 310
MOTT 487, 573 drug dosages and administration 434
Moxifloxacin 192t, 321t, 324t, 370, 436 duration of treatment 326
adverse effects 214 during pregnancy 483
management of 215 gene therapy 329
contraindications 214 general principles for designing
distribution 213 treatment regimens 322
drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t global 298, 302
drug interactions 214 HIV infection 306
mechanism of action and immunotherapy 328
metabolism 213 in children 364
oral absorption 213 India 303
pregnancy/breastfeeding 213 investigations during treatment 433
preparation and dose 213 laser therapy 328
renal disease 213 monitoring of
storage 213 progress during treatment 433
Moxifloxicin 583 treatment 327
Mulberry gingivitis 83t outcome of treatment 329
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis case pregnancy 481
confirmed 430 pre-treatment evaluation 432
treatment outcome prevalence of 298, 303
cure 438 risk factors of 308
death 438 role of steroids 329
still on treatment 439 smear and culture schedule during
transfer out 438 treatment 433
treatment completed 438 sources and causes of 308
 Index 607

suggested regimen for 326t N

surgery 327
treatment
duration 435
monitoring 346t
monitoring for adverse effects 347
pretreatment evaluation 346t
trends in 302
Myasthenia gravis 183
Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis
See MOTT
Mycobacterial culture, in diagnosis of
tuberculosis 110
Mycobacterial growth indicator tube
318
Mycobacterium abscessus 579, 584
Mycobacterium avium 91, 159, 451, 574
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
446, 574, 579, 580, 582
Mycobacterium bovis 93, 94, 161, 487,
535, 548
Mycobacterium chelonae 574, 581, 584
Mycobacterium flavescense 574
Mycobacterium fortuitum 451, 574, 584
Mycobacterium fortuitum-complex 574
Mycobacterium gastri 574
Mycobacterium gordonae 574
Mycobacterium intracellulare 91
Mycobacterium kansasii 574, 578, 579,
581, 583
Mycobacterium leprae 329
Mycobacterium malmoense 574
Mycobacterium marinum 581, 584
Mycobacterium phlei 573
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum 91, 581
Mycobacterium simiae 574
Mycobacterium smegmatis 573
Mycobacterium Spp 110
Mycobacterium terrae 574
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 92-95, 114,
115, 119, 121, 124, 174, 181, 183,
226, 314, 316, 329, 370, 397, 434,
442, 444, 445, 474, 487, 548
auxotrophs of 396
culture for 452
live attenuated mutants 396
Mycobacterium ulcerans, diagnostic
criteria 579
Mycobacterium vaccae 328
Mycobacterium xenopi 574, 581, 584
National Tuberculosis Control Program
410
revised 410
National Tuberculosis Institute 409
Native 38 KDA 126
Native Ag85b 126
Native proteins 126
Native-crystallin (2031C) B material 126
Necrotizing lesions 78
Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis 447
Nelfinavir 456t, 457, 468t
Neurotuberculosis 263
Nevirapine 456t, 457, 467t
Nodular lesions 42
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs) 455, 467
Nontubercular mycobacteria (NTM) 59,
92, 93, 573
classifications of
non-photochromogen 575
photochromogen 575
rapid grower 575
scotochromogen 575
clinical presentations 576
cultural characteristics of 577t
culture methods for 577
diagnosis 577
diagnostic criteria 579
features of 580
infections treatment 582
mode of infections 574
Nontubercular mycobacterial vaccines
397
Noscapine 87
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs) 455, 466
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NtRTIs) 467
O
Obstructive airway disease 156
post-tubercular
diagnosis 171
pathophysiology 169
treatment 172
Obstructive emphysema 38
Obstructive pneumonia 55
Ofloxacin 192t, 321t, 324t, 416
adverse effects, management of 217
608 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

contraindications 216 Pericardiectomy 269

distribution 215 Pericardiocentesis 269
drug interactions 216 Pericarditis 10, 242t, 277
mechanism of action and tuberculous 269
metabolism 215 Periodontitis 447
preparation and dose 215 Peripheral neuritis 175
special circumstances pregnancy/ Peritoneal dialysis 549
breastfeeding 215 Peritonitis 10, 242t, 277
storage 215 Peyer’s patches 536
Ofloxacin/levofloxacin, adverse Phlyctenular conjunctivitis 38
reactions 440 Pipazethate hydrochloride 87
OHA, in tubercular diabetics 477 Pleural effusion 10, 35, 39, 55, 101, 242t,
Open negative syndrome 161 265, 277
Oral antidiabetic drugs 478 bilateral 263
Oral bacteriostatic second line agents tubercular 130, 265
379t in elderly 529
Oral candidiasis 447 unilateral 263
Osler-Weber-Rendu disease 83t Pleural fibrosis 265
Ototoxicity 250 Pleural fluid tuberculous proteins 493
Papillomatosis 60 Pleural fluid
Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) 14, 192t, CD4 count 488, 489
248, 321t, 324t, 370, 434, 436 CD4 to CD8 ratio 488
adverse effects 209 cultures 494
adverse reactions 440 smears 494
contraindications 209 Pneumoconiosis 79
distribution 209 Pneumocystis spp 447
drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t Pneumocystis carinii 141, 446, 453
drug interactions 209 Pneumonectomy 61
mechanism of action and Pneumonia 59, 140
metabolism 208 eosinophilic 142
oral absorption 208 lobar 140
pregnancy/breastfeeding 209 suppurative 144
preparation and dose 208 Pneumopericardium 269
renal disease 209 Pneumothorax
storage 208 bilateral 135
spontaneous 156, 160
P Polymerase chain reaction single strand
PCR 121, 492 conformational polymorphism
in diagnosis of tuberculosis 121 (PCR-SSCP) 319
role in Polypeptides 14
diagnosis of drug resistance 122 Poly-resistance 13, 297, 313
extrapulmonary TB 122 Postprimary lesion 40
sputum smear-negative Post-tubercular bronchiectasis 156
pulmonary TB 121 Pregnancy
sputum smear-positive effect of tuberculosis 481
pulmonary TB 121 effect on tuberculosis 480
techniques 114 Primary complex 34, 35
Pediatric tuberculosis guidelines 422 Primary focus 34, 35
Peribronchial lymph nodes 278 Primary lesion 40
Pericardial effusion 263 Protease inhibitors (PI) 455, 467, 468t
 Index 609

Prothionamide 191t, 249, 250, 321t, Restriction fragment length

324t, 370
adverse effects, management of 205
distribution 203
mechanism of action and
metabolism 202
oral absorption 203
preparation and dose 203
special circumstances
adverse effects 204
contraindications 205
drug interactions 204
hepatic disease 203
pregnancy/breastfeeding 203
renal disease 203
storage 203
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 140
Pseudomonas spp 178
Pulmonary emboli, multiple 165
Pulmonary lesions 41
Pulmonary thromboembolism 79
Purified protein derivative (PPD) 90, 364
Pyomyositis 447
Pyrazinamide 34, 60, 81, 176t, 181, 226,
240t, 249, 250, 264, 266, 321t,
324t, 325, 370, 416, 457, 482
adverse reactions 440
dosages for MDR-TB 435t
Pyridoxine 250, 251, 360, 361, 435, 478,
483
dosages for MDR-TB 435t
drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t
vitamin B6 349
Q overdosage 179
Quantiferon-TB assay 94
R Rifamycins 582
Radioactive bromide particles test 138
Raltegravir 469t
Rasmussen’s aneurysms 42, 81, 157
Recombinant 38 KDA 125
Recombinant CFP-10 126
Recombinant malate synthase 126
Recombinant MPT51 (RV3803C) 126
Recombinant proteins 125, 125t
Recombinant TBF6 126
Relapsing polychondritis 60
Renal disease, end-stage 549
Renal insufficiency 345
polymorphism (RFLP) 306, 319
Restrictive lung disease 171
Retrobulbar neuritis 180
Revised national tuberculosis central
program (RNTCP)
achievements of 420
case definitions used in 417t
challenges for 424
diagnosis 412
impact of 424
problems of 425
treatment outcomes in 418t
treatment regimen
in category I 415, 419t
in category II 416, 419t
in category III 416, 419t
in category IV 416, 419t
type of cases
in chronic case 418t
in failure case 418t
in new case 418t
in relapse 418t
in transferred in 418t
Rhinoscleroma 60
Rifabutin 321t, 324t, 370, 582, 583
Rifampicin 34, 60, 81, 176t, 226, 240t,
250, 251, 264, 266, 434, 454, 477,
478, 582
adverse effects 179
management of 179
contraindications 178
drug interactions 178
effect in pregnancy 178
preparation and dose 178
resistance 430
nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs) 471
nucleoside/nucleotide analogs 469
protease inhibitor 470
Ritonavir 456t, 468t
RPO B gene 314
S
Saquinavir 456t, 468t
Sarcoidosis 59, 157
Scar carcinoma 156, 162
Septi-check method 113
610 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Serum antibody competition test (SACT) Thin layer agar culture (TLA) 116
124 Thioacetazone 81, 176t, 241t, 253, 321t,
Serum glutaryl oxalate transaminase 324t
254 adverse effects 185
Serum glutaryl pyruvate transaminase management of 185
254 contraindications 184
Skeletal tuberculous lesions 35 preparation and dose 184
Spot-TB assay 94, 95 Thioamides 14
Staphylococcal pneumonia 78 Thoracentesis 278
Staphylococcus aureus 140, 144 Thyroid disease 345
Stavudine 456t, 457, 466t Tipranavir 468t
Steven-Johnson syndrome 454 TNF-alfa 474
Streptococcus pneumoniae 140 Total drug resistant tuberculosis (TDR-
Streptomyces capreolus 200 TB) 14, 387
Streptomyces clavuligerus 223 Tracheal cartilage 54
Streptomyces griseus 183 Tracheal fistula 59t
Streptomyces mediterranei 178 Tracheitis 156, 159
Streptomycin 34, 60, 176t, 226, 240t, 249, Tracheobronchopathia
250, 253, 264, 321t, 324t, 434, osteochondroplastica 60
457, 482, 582 Transbronchial biopsy 72, 454
adverse effects 183 Triamcinolone 281
management of 184 Trimethoprim 365
congenital deafness 250 Tubercular empyema
contraindications 183 clinical features 505
effect in pregnancy 183 closed drainage 507
induced nephrotoxicity 184 decortication and thoracotomy 508
overdosage 183 diagnosis 506
preparation and dose 183 etiopathogenesis 504
Structure 412 open surgical drainage 508
Sublobar atelectasis 62 role of fibrinolytics 509
Subunit vaccines 397 thoracoplasty 509
Sulfamethoxazole 365 treatment 506
Sulfonylureas 477, 478 Tubercular fistula 538
Systemic lupus erythematosus 79, 84t Tubercular lymphadenitis
clinical features 512
T diagnosis 513
T spot-TB assays 94 epidemiology 511
TB/HIV coordination activities 423 FNAC 514, 516
TbF6 plus DPEP 127 medical treatment 515
Tenofovir 456t, 467t pathogenesis 512
Terizidone 321t, 324t, 370 staging of 513t
Thiacetazone 193t, 370, 454 surgical treatment 516
adverse effect 219 Tubercular lymphadenopathy, in elderly
management of 219 529
contraindications 219 Tubercular meningitis 130, 242t, 390
drug dosages for XDR-TB 437t in elderly 529
mechanism of action and Tubercular pleural effusion 487
metabolism 218 clinical manifestations 488
pregnancy/breastfeeding 219 diagnosis 489
preparation and dose 219 pathogenesis 487
renal disease 219
 Index 611

pleural fluid analysis 490 complications

tuberculin test 490 airway 106
Tuberculin 18, 41 pleural 106
Tuberculin reaction, classification of 92 vascular 107
Tuberculin skin test 49, 90, 403, 453, 482 congenital 33
interpretation of 92t signs 34
limitations of 93 control in India 408, 427
procedure 91 landmarks of 409
results cutaneous 263, 271
false-negative 93t defaulters 285
false-positive 93t definite case of 8
Tuberculoma 98 diabetes 473
Tuberculoprotein 37 disease 588
Tuberculosis (TB) 263, 284, 481 disseminated 49, 263, 445
abdominal 269 drug resistant 13, 28, 455
barium studies 539 endobronchial 43, 52, 134, 279
clinical features 534 actively caseating form 57
colonoscopy 542 bronchography 59
CT-scan 540 chest roentgenography 55
diagnostic criteria 543 computed tomography 56
enzyme linked immunosorbent differential diagnosis 59
assay (ELISA) 543 drug resistance in 63
fine needle aspiration cytology edematous hyperemic 57
(FNAC) 542 fiberoptic bronchoscopy 55, 57
gastroscopy 542 fibrostenotic 57
investigations 538 granular 57
laproscopy 543 in children 61
mantoux test 538 in geriatric age 62
medical treatment 543 in HIV patients 62
pathogenesis 533 natural history 54
peritoneal biopsy 542 nonspecific bronchitic 58
soluble antigen fluorescent nontuberculous mycobacteria 63
antibody (SAFA) 543 spirometry 56
surgical treatment 544 sputum examination 55
treatment of 543 treatment 60
ultrasonography 539 tumorous 57
active pulmonary 55 ulcerative 57
anal 538 endobronchitis 156, 159
and HIV 444 endometrial 567
annual risk of infection (ARI) 19 enobronchial pathophysiology 53
bone 263, 267 epidemiological survery methods
burden in India 24 cross-sectional survey 20
burden, WHO estimate of 28 longitudinal survey 21
chemoprophylaxis 402 extrapulmonary 9, 16, 36, 109, 130t,
limitations of 405 415, 417t, 450
primary 402 adjuvant corticosteroids in 455
secondary 403, 405 clinical diagnosis of 451
under revised national in elderly 529
tuberculosis central program investigations 452
404 nonsevere 263
612 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

pediatric 422 in elderly 527

seriously ILL 10 clinical features 528
severe 263 diagnosis 530
fallopian tube 567 investigations 530
fibrocaseous 42 treatment 531
fibrocavitatory 171 in pregnancy 480
gastrointestinal 271 diagnosis 481
genitourinary 270 treatment of 250
CT-sacn in 554 in renal transplant patients 550
cytoscopy 553 incidence of 20
in elderly 529 infection 588
in female 566 control in 587
in male 559 infiltrative 171
intravenous urography 552 intestinal 535
microbiological examination 552 joint 267
MRI in 555 lower lung field 69
percutaneous antegrade associated medical conditions 74
pyelography 553 chest roentgenography 72
plain radiograph 554 clinical features 70
polymerase chain reaction 554 fiberoptic bronchoscopy 72
retrograde pyelography 553 investigations 71
voiding cystourethrogram 553 management 74
global burden 22 pathogenesis 70
HIV impact on 445 prevalence 70
impact on HIV 446 sputum for acid-fast bacilli 71
in children 134, 518 symtoms and signs 71
category I 525t lymph node 263
category II 525t meningeal 263
category III 525t meningitis 452
category IV 525t miliary 10, 53, 134, 268, 390
clinical presentation of 520 center for disease control 50
diagnosis 520 classical 48, 49t
lymphadenopathy 520 clinical excellence 50
miliary tuberculosis 520 complications 50
pericardial effusion 520 cryptic 49, 49t
pleural effusion 520 diagnosis 49
revised diagnostic algorithm 523f in elderly 530
revised national tuberculosis Infectious Disease Society of
program (RNTCP) with DOTS America (IDSA) 50
522 National Institute for Health 50
RNTCP diagnostic algorithm 522f pathogenesis 47
RNTCP treatment categories and pathology 48
regimens 525t prevention 50
role of serology 130 revised national tuberculosis
spinal tuberculosis 520 control program 50
treatment 522 treatment 50
WHO treatment categories and milliary 98
regimen 524t mode of infection in 587
in diabetics mortality 30
clinical features and course of 475 rate 20
roentgenographic aspects of 476 ocular 270
 Index 613

of bones and joints, in elderly 529 reactivation 39

of cervix 567 rectal 538
of esophagus 534 recurrence
of kidney and urinary tract, diagnosis in HIV-negative 460
of 551 in HIV-positive 460
of ovaries 567 relapse 284
of penis and urethra 561 renal 548
of peritoneum 536 HIV-positive 551
acute tubercular peritonitis 537 insufficiency, dosing
chronic peritoneal tuberculosis recommendation for adult
537 patients 252t
chronic tubercular peritonitis 537 skeletal 268
subacute tubercular peritonitis spinal 263
537 survey method in
of prostate and seminal vesicle 560 bacteriological surveys 21
of stomach 534 tuberculin survey 21
of kidney 548 X-ray surveys 21
of ureter 550 suspect 8
of urinary bladder 551 treatment in
of vagina, vulva and bartholin gland HIV positive patients 454, 460
568 lactating woman 483
patients types 11 liver diseases 254
peripheral joint 263 pregnant woman 482
poor adherence to treatment 286
renal insufficiency 251
postchemotherapy era 409
upper respiratory tract 271
post-primary 33, 39, 40t, 44, 104
Tuberculostearic acid estimation 138
pathogenesis 40
Tuberculous bronchopneumonia 43
pathology 41
Tuberculous effusion
prechemotherapy era 409
natural history of untreated 496
prevalence 18, 19
treatment
primary 33, 34, 40t, 53, 54, 98, 100
category I 496
clinical features 36
category III 496
complications 37
corticosteroids 497
follow-up of 104
in adults 39 fibrinolytics 497
pulmonary 36, 44, 78, 80, 97, 134, surgery 498
169, 263, 264, 442, 447 Tuberculous endobronchitis 157, 277
complications of 156 Tuberculous enteritis 161
diagnosis of 448 Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis 560
diagnostic algorithm for 413f Tuberculous interstitial nephritis 549
differential diagnosis of 140 Tuberculous laryngitis 160
effect of diabetes 474 Tuberculous lung lesions 160
effect on diabetes 475 Tuberculous lymphadenitis 264
in elderly 528 Tuberculous meningitis 51, 266
in patients with HIV infection 129 Tuberculous pericarditis 455
role of surgery in 236 Tuberculous pleural effusion, response
smear-negative 10, 16, 245, 417t, to treatment 498
448 Tuberculous pleurisy 278
smear-positive 9, 16, 245, 417t, Tuberculous sinus 59t
448 Tumor necrosis factor alpha 493
614 Clinical Tuberculosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

V X
Vitamin K 251 Xpert MTB/RIF 319, 434

W Z
Wallgren’s timetable 35 Zalcitabine 456t, 466t
Wegener’s granulomatosis 60, 83t Zidovudine 456t, 466t
Wegener’s syndrome 84t, 307 Zygomycetes 141
WHO/IUATLD global project 298, 300,
301, 307, 317