Index

A Acanthamoeba (Continued) Acquired angioneurotic edema (AAE), 109

AABB Blood Donor History Questionnaire recommendations, 3067
(Version 1.3), 3353f-3354f therapy, 3067
AAC. See Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase; in vitro assays, 3067
N-acetyltransferases granulomatous meningitis, 1142
AAE. See Acquired angioneurotic edema keratitis, 1413, 3067
Abacavir, 1625-1626 recommendations, 3067
zidovudine, comparison, 1636-1637 ring infiltrate, 3065f
ABCD. See Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion laboratory diagnosis, 3066
ABCDEFG, dispensation, 2767 pathogenesis/pathologic findings,
ABD. See Amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD) 3063-3064
Abdomen species, life cycles, 3060f
anatomy/physiology, 936-938 trophozoite, presence, 3061f
oral/intravenous contrast medium, Accessory gene regulator (agr)
administration (computed tomographic ecologic/epidemiologic implication, 2243
scans), 957f regulatory network, 2243f
radiographs, information, 946 regulatory systems, 2242f
Abdominal angiostrongyliasis, 3240-3241 role, 2243
Abdominal cramps, 1285-1286 Accessory genes, 2060-2061
foodborne syndromes, 1287 ACE2. See Angiotensin converting enzyme II
occurrence, 1286 Acedapsone, 477
Abdominal disease, actinomycosis, 2867-2869 Acellular pertussis vaccines, 2626
Abdominal infections, 3446 usage, 161
clostridial infections, 2771 Achard, Emile, 1270
treatment, quinolones (usage), 431-432 Achlorhydria, 15-16
Abdominal pain, 1281-1282 ACHM. See American College of Hyperbaric
vaginal secretion, 1360 Medicine
Abdominal wall Achromobacter species, 2675
muscular rigidity, 946 Acidaminococcus, 2783
progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene, 1204f Acid fast, 209
Abiotrophia, 2355-2356 Acid-fast staining, usage, 2788-2789
ABLC. See Amphotericin B lipid complex Acid hydrolysis, resistance, 70
Ablecet. See Amphotericin B lipid complex Acid mantle, 26
ABLV. See Australian bat lyssavirus Acinetobacter baumannii
ABO blood groups, 3077 antimicrobial resistance, 2553-2556
Abortive poliomyelitis, 2074 clinical manifestations, 2553
ABPA. See Allergic bronchopulmonary community-associated infections, 2553
aspergillosis diagnosis, 2553
Abscesses pathogenesis, 2553-2556
diagnosis, 3479 sulbactams, impact, 275
drainage, 1219 Acinetobacter species
injection drug users, 3478-3479 aminoglycosides, 2556
microbiology, 3479 antimicrobial resistance, 2553-2556
splenectomy, usage, 2547f beta-lactam antibiotics, 2556
Absolute differences, 619 beta-lactamase inhibitors, 2556
Absorption, 252 class 1 integron, representation, 2556f
Absorptive villus tip cells, loss, 1255 clinical manifestations, 2553
ABSSSI. See Acute bacterial skin and skin combination treatment, 2556-2557
structures infections community-associated infections, 2553
ABthrax, 2399 epidemiology, 2552-2553
Acalculous cholecystitis, 965, 1568-1569 genomes, whole-genome phylogeny, 2554f
findings, subtleties, 965 health care-associated infections, 2552-2553
ultrasonographic visualization, 966f names, 2553t
Acanthamoeba, 3060-3061 pathogenesis, 2553-2556
clinical manifestations, 3064 penicillins, activity, 266t
cyst (brain tissue), 3061f polymyxins, usage, 2556
disseminated disease, 3067 prevention, 2557
animal models, 3067 resistance mechanisms, 2555f
clinical evidence, 3067 survival, ability, 2552
recommendations, 3067 therapy, 2556-2557
in vitro assays, 3067 Tigecycline/minocycline, usage, 2556
epidemiology, 3062-3063 transmission, prevention, 2557t
granulomatous amebic encephalitis trauma, 2553
animal models, 3067 ACIP. See Advisory Committee on Immunization
clinical evidence, 3067 Practices
Ac-LEHD-fmk, 3050-3051
Acne vulgaris
Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tetracyclines, impact, 328
tables. topical antibacterial treatment, 458
Acquired asplenia, 3463
Acquired bacterial resistance
mechanisms, 421-423
stepwise increasing resistance, occurrence,
421-422
Acquired complement deficiencies, complications,
113
Acquired hypoasplenia, 3463
Acquired immune deficiencies, 144
Acquired immunity (sepsis), 917t
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
118-119. See also United States
AIDS-associated opportunistic infections,
treatment, 1647t-1653t
AIDS-associated wasting, causes, 130
AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG), 1521,
1625
AIDS-defining conditions, 1484t
AIDS-defining illnesses, addition, 1491
AIDS-indicator diseases, 1491
AIDS-indicator infections, result, 1491
AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (AVEG),
1671
Asia, 1472-1473
assumptions, 1477
bacillary angiomatosis, 1208
blood transmission, 1495
brain MRI, 1579f
Caribbean, 1473-1474
cases, 1489f
geographic distribution, 1489-1490
reporting, increase, 1483
Central Asia, 1471
central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma,
1767-1768
children, 1492-1493
cholangiopathy (AIDS-related sclerosing
cholangitis), 966
clinical staging (WHO), 1543t
deaths, 1489f
demographic characteristics, 1489
development, probability, 1544t
diffuse infiltrates, 2956f
Eastern Europe, 1471
enteric pathogens, 1258t
epidemic, impact, 1479-1480
esophagitis, presence, 1251-1252
exposure categories, 1488-1489
extrapulmonary tuberculosis, relationship,
2811
fluconazole prophylaxis, 488
foscarnet, usage, 1745
gastrointestinal tuberculosis, presence, 2816
generalized lymphadenopathy, combination,
1234
genitourinary tuberculosis, presence, 2815
geographic distribution, 1490
global responses, 1480-1481
immune reconstitution, 2837f
incidence/prevalence (US), 1485-1486
infection (adults), 1485-1492
intestinal biopsy specimen, photomicrograph,
2834f
Latin America, 1473-1474
microsporidian infection, 3039-3040
Middle East, 1472
miliary tuberculosis, presence, 2812
mortality, 1492
I1
 I2
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
(Continued)
multicenter cohort study, AIDS development
(probability), 1544t
Index
multifocal sporotrichosis, 2923f
non-AIDS patients, microsporidian infection,
3039
non-US rates, 1497
North Africa, 1472
nutritional supplementation, usage, 130-131
pandemic, national responses (effectiveness),
1479
paracoccidioidomycosis, relationship, 2999f
patients
elbow, cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis
lesions, 2652f
therapy, 2924
PCP survival, 1654
persistent diarrhea, association, 1298
persons, characteristics (reports), 1489t
phobia, 1523
problem, size, 1469-1470
progression
behavioral cofactors, 1491
exogenous biologic, role, 1491
pulmonary tuberculosis, presence, 2800
risk, ART (introduction), 1547f
sexual transmission, 1493-1495
spleen, section, 2834f
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1471-1472
surveillance
evaluation studies, 1483-1484
United States, 1483-1485
survivors, 1489f
tissue transmission, 1495
toxoplasmosis, 3133-3135
transmission, modes, 1493-1497
trends, 1489
US cases, 1617f
visceral leishmaniasis, 3097
Western Europe, 1470-1471
Acral gangrene, display, 2611f
Acremonium falciforme (eumycetoma grain),
2931f
ACT. See Artemisinin combination therapy
ACTG. See Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Actin-based cytoskeleton, rearrangement, 86-87
Actinex, usage, 1802
Actinobacillus species, 2667-2670
Actinomyces-like organisms, 2784
Actinomyces meningitis, 1142
Actinomyces viscosus, 1940
Actinomyces viscosus (impact), 2866f
Actinomycetoma grain, 2932f
Actinomycosis, 1215
abdominal disease, 2867-2869
antibiotic therapy, 2872t
central nervous system disease, 2869
chest wall mass, 2867f
clinical manifestations, 2865-2866
diagnosis, 2870-2871
disseminated disease, 2870
endocarditis, 2867-2870
epidemiology, 2864-2865
etiologic agents, 2864
geographic boundaries, absence, 2865
hepatic-splenic actinomycosis, 2868f
intra-abdominal actinomycosis, right flank
(draining sinuses), 2868f
IUCD-associated pelvic actinomycosis, 2869f
macroscopic actinomycotic sulfur granules,
demonstration, 2871f
mediastinal disease, 2867-2870
musculoskeletal disease, 2869-2870
oral-cervicofacial disease, 2865-2866
pathogenesis/pathology, 2865
pelvic disease, 2869
pericarditis, 2867-2870
Actinomycosis (Continued) Acute care hospitals, CA-UTI prevention/
pulmonary infiltrate, chest radiograph/CT monitoring strategies, 3339t
image, 2867f Acute catarrhal bronchitis, 818
submandibular actinomycotic abscess, 2865f Acute Chagas’ disease
therapy, 2871-2872 diagnosis, 3113
thoracic disease, 2866 prevention, 3114
Actin, polymerization, 2200 Romaña’s sign, 3111f
state, 83 therapy, 3113-3114
Activated mast cells, 3052 Acute cholangitis
Activated protein C (APC), 589 suggestion, 965
Activating complement, CRP pathways, 916 therapy, 967
Activation-induced deaminase (AID), 42-43 Acute cholecystitis
Activator protein 1 (AP-1), production, 42 microbiology, 966t
Active antiretroviral therapy (ART), usage, 1483 pathogenesis, 965f
Active immunization Acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis, 774
programs, types, 156 clinical presentation, 779
usage, 156 pathogenesis, 777
Active surveillance, 150 Acute community-acquired pneumonia, 836-837
conducting, 150 white blood cell count, 836
hospital setting, 150 Acute community-acquired sinusitis,
Active tuberculosis microbiology knowledge (importance), 776
clinical manifestations, 2800t Acute complicated cystitis, treatment guidelines,
diagnosis, assays (comparison), 2789t 903
treatment, 343 Acute cough, 789
ACTs. See Artemisinin-based combination Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM),
therapies 1697
Acute acquired Toxoplasma infection (pregnancy), Acute diarrheal illness, complications, 1244t
3150-3151 Acute diffuse otitis externa (swimmer’s ear),
Acute adenovirus infections, 1789 occurrence, 768
Acute adult T-cell leukemia (acute ATL), 2049 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM),
Acute antiretroviral syndrome, 1548-1549 1144-1145
Acute axillary lymphadenitis, 1227 development, 1990
Acute bacterial arthritis, 1303-1310 evaluation, 1146
management, 1308-1310 viral encephalitis, comparison, 1146t
joint drainage, 1309 Acute disseminated Lyme disease, 1118
therapy, 1309-1310 Acute dysenteric syndromes, epidemiologic
Acute (mucopurulent) bacterial conjunctivitis, patterns, 1263-1264
1398 Acute enteric infection, complications, 1243-1244
treatment, 1398 Acute epididymitis, 2460
Acute bacterial dysentery, differential diagnosis, presentation, 2163
1264t Acute epiglottitis, laboratory tests, 786
Acute bacterial endophthalmitis, 1419 Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), 810
Acute bacterial epiglottitis, 765 development, 814
Acute bacterial gastroenteritis, antimicrobial first-line treatment, 814-815
therapy (role), 1245 mechanical ventilation, usage, 816
Acute bacterial meningitis systemic illness, absence, 816
adults, 1117 Acute febrile illness, assessment, 1281
antimicrobial therapy, 1123t Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s
Acute bacterial otitis media, rhinovirus (impact), syndrome), 1393
2117 Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), 2081, 2093
Acute bacterial parotitis, 802 neurologic complications, 2081-2082
Acute bacterial pneumonia, left lung infection, Acute focal bacterial nephritis, 906f
2966f Acute gastroenteritis (AGE), 2093
Acute bacterial prostatitis, 1382-1383 Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)
antimicrobial therapy, results, 1373 clinical features, 2307-2308
Acute bacterial sinusitis diagnosis, 2308
diagnosis/treatment guidelines, comparison, epidemiology, 2307
781t etiology, 2306-2307
oral antimicrobial agents, usage, 782t history, 2306
rhinovirus, impact, 2117 laboratory features, 2307-2308
Acute bacterial skin and skin structures infections origin, 2306
(ABSSSI), 381-382 pathogenesis, 2306-2307
quinupristin-dalfopristin, 392 pathologic characteristics, 2307
severity, 382 prevention, 2308
studies, 386 prognosis, 2308-2309
Acute bilateral cervical adenitis, 1227 therapy, 2308
Acute bronchiolitis Acute gonococcal conjunctivitis (adults), 2456f
pathogenesis, 807 Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, 1324
Acute bronchitis long bone metaphyses, involvement, 1324
clinical presentation, 807-808 Acute hematogenous PJI, 1329
diagnosis, 808 Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), 1395,
host factors, 807-808 2087-2088
microbial etiology, 806-807 clinical manifestations, 2088
pathogenesis, 807 complications, 2088
physical examination, 808 differential diagnosis, 2088
prevention, 808 epidemiology, 2087
suspicion, 808 laboratory diagnosis, 2088
therapy, 808 transmission, patterns, 2087-2088
viral/bacterial causes, 790t treatment/prevention, 2088
 I3
Acute hepatitis, 1827 Acute otitis media (AOM) Acute pneumonia (Continued)
complications, 1441-1442 bacterial pathogens pleural effusions, examination, 832
diagnostic approach, 1444t impact, 771 prevention, 845
prognosis, 1441 isolation, 769t pulmonary defenses

Index
yellow fever, association, 1444 chemoprophylaxis, 771 impairment, 826-827
Acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) Finnish children, PCV7 efficacy, 771t systems, 823-826
diagnosis, 2107 infectious agents, exposure (increase), 769 pulmonary host defenses, 825t
infection, course, 1442f management, 770-771 radiologic examination, 833-836
Acute hepatitis B virus (HBV), 1821, 1824 microbiologic results, 771 respiratory tract samples, examination, 829-831
management, 1828 occurrence, 769 serologic studies, 832-833
symptomatic acute hepatitis B, incidence, 1823f pneumococcal vaccines, 771-772 sputum examination, 829-831
virus infection, course, 1442f prevention, 771-772 therapy, 841-845
Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) respiratory virus vaccines, 772 urine studies, 832-833
clinical manifestations, 1914 surgical management, 772 viruses, causative agent, 824t
infection, representation, 1910f Acute pancreatitis (AP) Acute postcataract endophthalmitis, 1415-1416
treatment, 1924 antibiotics (early administration), support Acute progressive disseminated histoplasmosis,
Acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection (review article/guideline 2956
liver histology, 2137f recommendations), 977t treatment, 2961
therapy, 2140-2141 definitions, International Symposium on Acute Acute prostatitis, 2454-2455
time course, 1444f Pancreatitis, 971t Acute pulmonary exacerbation (APE), 874
Acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus, management, drugs, impact, 970t avoidance/reduction, 876
1411t infection Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis
Acute HIV infection background, 970 chest roentgenogram, 2953f
diagnosis, 1519 impact, 970-977 differential diagnosis, 2954
serologic tests (usage), 1490 significance, 970-971 treatment, 2960
Acute illness, HIV testing (relationship), 1519 infectious causes, 969 Acute pyelonephritis, 887
Acute inflammatory demyelinating mortality, relative risk (doubling), 970 CT scan, 908f
polyneuropathy (AIDP), 1584 probiotics, usage, 972-973 masslike lesion, 909f
Acute inflammatory enteritides, 1263 Acute pelvic inflammatory disease necrotizing papillitis (papillary necrosis),
Acute inflammatory responses, 87 clinical diagnosis, 1378 impact, 888f
Acute influenza A infection, bronchus management, 1378-1379 nitrofurantoin, impact, 448
(appearance), 2009f treatment, recommendation, 2460t technetium 99m glucohepatonate single-
Acute laryngitis Acute pericarditis photon emission CT scan, 911f
bacterial respiratory infections, association, 760 noninfectious causes, 1077t Acute regional lymphadenitis
causes, 760-761 physical finding, 1077 infecting agents, impact, 1228
diagnosis, cause, 761 Acute peripheral regional lymphadenitis, 1229 pyogenic bacteria, impact, 1226-1227
incidence, 760 Acute periprosthetic joint infection, 1330 Acute renal failure, rifampin (impact), 342
Acute lobar nephronia, 906f Acute peritoneal dialysis, 956 Acute respiratory disease (ARD), 1787, 2083-2084
Acute localized otitis externa, occurrence, 768 Acute pharyngitis, microbial causes, 754t outbreaks, 1790
Acute lung injury (ALI), 584 Acute-phase physiologic reactions, 714t Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 917
sepsis, relationship, 927 Acute-phase proteins. See Human acute-phase clinical diagnosis, 927
Acute lymphadenitis, 1226 proteins development, 1894
Acute lymphangitis, 1235 Acute-phase response, 713-714 onset, 927
Acute mediastinal lymphadenitis, 1227 Acute Physiological Assessment and Chronic SPHS, relationship, 2717-2718
Acute mediastinitis, 799, 1080-1088 Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), 930 Acute respiratory infections
causes, 1081t scores, 2522, 3025 Chlamydia trachomatis (association), 770
epidemiology/pathogenesis, 1080-1083 Acute Physiological Assessment and Chronic types, RSV (impact), 1954t
Acute melioidosis pneumonia, lung abscesses, Health Evaluation (APACHE) scores, 442, Acute respiratory tract infection, 161
2545f 606 children, 2578
Acute meningitis, 2432 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Acute retinal necrosis (ARN), 1425, 1425f
antimicrobial therapy, 1125t (APACHE), 2331 impacts, 1430
differential diagnosis, 1099t Acute pneumonia Acute retroviral syndrome
epidemiology/etiology, 1098-1104 adjunctive therapy, 845 differential diagnosis, 1549
initial management, 1123-1124 antibiotics, timing, 844 HIV testing, relationship, 1519
Acute meningococcal infection, rash, 734 antigen detection, 832-833 incidence, 1548
Acute meningococcemia, 737 antimicrobial therapy, 841-844 laboratory evaluation, 1548
Acute (usual) miliary tuberculosis, 2811 bacteria, causative agent, 824t symptoms/signs, 1548t
Acute mitral valve endocarditis, framework, 2264f bacterial pneumonia, chest radiograph, 834f Acute rheumatic fever (ARF), 758-759
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blood culture, 832-833 diagnosis, 2304-2305
diagnosis, 1696 causative agents, 824t epidemiology, 2302
myeloablative chemotherapy, 869f chest radiograph, 834f-835f incidence, 2302
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 144, 583-584 chest radiography, role (importance), 833 joints, involvement, 2303
Acute myocardial infarction, 2085 clinical evaluation, 827-836 prevention, 2305-2306
Acute nausea and vomiting (winter vomiting clinical practice guidelines, treatment/use prognosis, 2305
disease), 1256 (duration), 844-845 therapy, 2305
Acute necrotizing retinitis, 1722-1723 clinical stability, evidence, 844t Acute rhinosinusitis (treatment), antibiotics/
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Vincent’s diagnostic testing, 828-829 placebo contrast (meta-analyses), 781t
angina), 793-794, 2777 etiology, exposure history, 828t Acute rubella, exanthem (example), 1877f
Acute Nipah virus encephalitis, axial MRI expectorated sputum, gram-negative Acute salpingitis, fibrin deposits (laparoscopic
findings, 1977f coccobacillary forms, 830f confirmation), 1378f
Acute nongonococcal septic arthritis, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 831 Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever), 3219
pathophysiology, 1303-1304 fungi, causative agent, 824t malaria, distinction, 3083
Acute noninflammatory diarrhea history, 827-828 Acute simple gingivitis, treatment, 804
adults, 1256-1257 host defenses, 823-827 Acute sinusitis
differential diagnosis, 1260 iatrogenic manipulations, 826 bacterial etiology, 777t
treatment, 1257 lateral radiograph, 834f diagnosis, physical examination (usage
Acute-onset PJI, occurrence, 1330 lung biopsy, 832 limitation), 779
Acute opportunistic infections, ART pathogenesis, 823-827 endoscopic middle meatal culture, sinus
management, 1644 physical examination, 828 puncture (comparison), 776t
 I4
Acute sinusitis (Continued) Adefovir (Continued) Adjunctive therapy, high-dose dexamethasone
fungi, impact, 777 safety, 1451 (usage), 1278
histologic findings, 776 spectrum, 564 Adjuvants, 3517
Acute suppurative epitrochlear lymphadenitis, substrate, 1451 Adolescents
Index

1227 toxicity, 565 AIDS, clinical staging (WHO), 1543t

Acute suppurative lymphadenitis, 1227
Acute suppurative mediastinal lymphadenitis,
1227
Acute Toxoplasma gondii infection, serologic
screening/prophylaxis, 3151-3152
Acute toxoplasmosis, impact, 1768
Acute traveler’s diarrhea, 3574
Acute uncomplicated cystitis
fosfomycin, impact, 450
nitrofurantoin, impact, 448
Acute unilateral adenitis, pyogenic origin, 1227
Acute viral hepatitis, 1440-1445
clinical manifestations, 1440-1441
diagnosis, 1443-1444
differential diagnosis, 1444
laboratory features, 1441
prevention, 1445
treatment, 1444-1445
Acute viral meningitis, 2080-2081
clinical manifestations, 2080
differential diagnosis, 2081
laboratory diagnosis, 2080-2081
management/prognosis, 2081
Acute vomiting, 1242-1243
Acute watery diarrhea, 1243
Acyclovir, 546-551
action, mechanism, 546
chemical structures, 548f
clinical studies, 549-551
continuous infusion, 550
cytomegalovirus, 551
dosage adjustments, 549t
effectiveness, 1727
herpes simplex virus, 549-550
interactions, 548-549
intravenous acyclovir, tolerance, 549
mutagenic activity, 549
oral acyclovir, bioavailability, 548
pharmacokinetics, 548
regimens, 550
resistance, 546-548
VZV isolates, 548
spectrum, 546
toxicity, 549
uptake, 546
varicella-zoster virus infections, 550-551
viruses, 551
Acyclovir-resistant HSV isolates, prevalence, 546
Acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV infection
(treatment), intravenous cidofovir (usage),
553
Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), 101
ADA. See Adenosine deaminase
ADAMTS13 protein activity levels, reduction, 927
Adaptive immune responses
innate immune recognition, links, 60
mobilization, 3518
modulation, 100
Adaptive immunity
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 2185
spleen, 3462
ADCC. See Antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity; Antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity
Additivity, 255
Adefovir, 564-565
action, mechanism, 564
chemical structure, 564f
clinical studies, 565
elimination, 565
interactions, 565
oral bioavailability, 564
pharmacology, 564-565
resistance, 564
Adefovir dipivoxil ART, initiation (timing), 1635t
diester prodrug, 564 chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, infection,
dosage adjustments, 565t 2797-2798
usage, 1450-1451 HIV clinical staging (WHO), 1543t
ADEM. See Acute demyelinating HIV infection
encephalomyelitis; Acute disseminated epidemiology, 1616-1617
encephalomyelitis prevention, 1619
Adenitis syndrome, 1230 HIV prevalence rates, 1487
Adenocarcinomas, protection, 15 immunization practices, standards, 3551t
Adenosine deaminase (ADA), 851 meningococcal conjugate vaccines, 2443
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) vaccines, usage, 3546
conversion, 712 women, HIV infection, 1620
metabolism, 72-73 ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adrenal insufficiency
hydrolysis, 359-360 sepsis, 926
importation, 2156 septic shock, 929
Adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate Adrenals, paracoccidioidomycosis, 2999
(ATP-ADP) translocase genes, 2221 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, production
Adenoviral conjunctivitis, 1395 (increase), 33
Adenoviral keratitis, 1410 Adrenomedullin, production, 923
Adenoviruses, 1683 Adults
acute adenovirus infections, 1789 acute bacterial meningitis, 1117
capsid, schematic, 1788f acute gonococcal conjunctivitis, 2456f
central nervous system disease, 1790 acute noninflammatory diarrhea, 1256-1257
classification, 1788t acute respiratory infection (types), RSV
clinical syndromes, 1789-1790 (impact), 1954t
diagnosis, 1791 adjunctive corticosteroids, clinical studies,
epidemiology, 1789 1125-1127
gastrointestinal tract disease, 1790 adult-type (postprimary) pulmonary
gene therapy tuberculosis, 2799-2800
application, 1792 AIDS, 1485-1492
vector, 1792 clinical staging (WHO), 1543t
genitourinary tract disease, 1790 amantadine, clinical pharmacokinetic
HIV/AIDS patients, 1791 characteristics, 533t
host interaction, 1788-1789 aminoglycosides, dosing regimens, 316t
HSCT ART, initiation (timing), 1635t
recipients, 1790-1791 bacterial meningitis, 1117
relationship, 3435 suspicion, management algorithm, 1123f
immunocompromised patients, infections, bacterial septic arthritis, 1304t
1790-1791 Bordetella pertussis, 2623
immunofluorescence assay (IFA), usage, 1791 central nervous system infections,
infection antimicrobial agents (dosages), 1174t
impacts, 1789t cephalosporins, dosing regimens, 288t
transmission, 1789 Chlamydia pneumoniae studies, 2177t
ocular disease, 1790 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
particles, electron micrograph, 1788f Haemophilus influenzae colonization, 2576
pathogens, description, 1787-1788 chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, infection,
prevention, 1792 2797-2798
primary cellular receptor, 1788 CIED infections, management, 1045f
respiratory tract diseases, 1789-1790 disease, infant immunization (impact), 2325
solid organ transplant recipients, 1791 erythromycin levels, 362t
therapy, 1791-1792 genital/ocular infections, treatment, 2166-2167
vaccination vector, 1792 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical
vectors, 1670-1671 staging (WHO), 1543t
Adenovirus hepatitis, description, 1791 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Adenovirus pneumonia, smudge cell (lung biopsy infection, 1485-1492
specimen), 1792f antiretroviral agent usage, guidelines, 1601
Adherent neutrophils, scanning electron human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 1963-1964
micrographs, 82f human parvovirus B19 infection, proximal
Adhesins, 889-890 lower extremities (reticular rash), 1310f
Enterobacteriaceae, 2506-2507 imipenem, dose (recommendation), 296
immunogenic characteristic, 3 immunization
Adhesion molecules, expression (capability), 847 practices, standards, 3551t
Adiaspiromycosis (Emmonsia species), 3012 schedule, 3529f-3530f
agents, 3012 incision conjunctivitis, 1397
Adjunctive corticosteroids, 1124-1127 treatment, 1397
adults, clinical studies, 1125-1127 influenza, clinical characteristics, 1955t
experimental data, 1124 invasive pneumococcal disease, incidence,
infants/children, clinical studies, 1124-1125 2313f
Adjunctive dexamethasone invasive S. aureus infection, risk, 2259t
avoidance, 1125-1126 measles, occurrence, 1971
benefits, 1126-1127 meningitis, antimicrobial adults (dosages),
usage, 1127 1126t
Adjunctive glucocorticosteroid therapy, usage, 588 meningococcal conjugate vaccines, 2443

Adults (Continued)
native joint bacterial arthritis, empirical
therapy, 1309t
native valve infective endocarditis
(antimicrobial therapy), viridans
streptococci (impact), 2353t
necrotizing enteritis, 1268-1269
oculogenital disease, 2162-2167
pneumococcal vaccines, recommendations,
2326t
pneumonia, 2465
pneumonic plague, treatment (Working Group
on Civilian Biodefense recommendations),
2614t
protection, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
(usage), 2324f
rifamycins, pharmacokinetics, 341t
rimantadine, clinical pharmacokinetic
characteristics, 533t
RSV
clinical characteristics, 1955t
infection, 1953-1955
influenza, comparison, 1954t
Staphylococcus aureus (vancomycin therapeutic
monitoring), 2255
survival, pneumococcal bacteremia (impact),
2313f
traveling adults, special needs, 3566-3567
travel-related vaccines, 3561t
23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide
efficacy, 2325
usage, 2325f
uncomplicated gonorrhea, 2459-2460
urinary tract infection, 895-896
initial therapy, recommendations, 912t-913t
vaccines
immunization schedule, 3527f
usage, 3546-3547
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
cutaneous manifestations, 2048f
lymphoma/leukemia ATL, 2049
osteoclast proliferation/bone resorption, 2048f
peripheral blood lymphocytes,
photomicrographs, 2049f
subtypes, survival patterns, 2049f
therapy, 2051-2052
Advanced Medical Optics Complete Moisture
Plus (AMOCMP), 3063
ADVANCE trial. See Telaprevir
Adverse drug interactions, anti-infective agents
(involvement), 686t-707t
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), tetracyclines, 329
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP), 1834
chickenpox vaccination recommendations,
1736
vaccinia vaccination recommendations, 1697
AECOPD. See Acute exacerbations of COPD
Aedes aegyptii
geographic distribution, 171f, 1885f
vector, 1890-1891
Aedes albopictus, 1869, 1885
Aedes polynesiensis, 1885
Aedes triseriatus, 2025
AEDs. See Antiepileptic drugs
Aerobic actinomycetes, 211-212
epidemiology, 212
identification, 212
specimen collection/transport, 211
specimen processing/planting, 211-212
susceptibility testing, 212
Aerobic bacteria
aztreonam, activity (differences), 296t
carbapenems, activity (comparison), 295t
Aerobic gram-negative bacilli
cephalosporin in vitro activity, 283t
impact, 840-841, 1103, 1130-1131
Aerobic gram-positive organisms, linezolid (in
vitro susceptibility), 407t
I5
Aerodigestive tract infections, GNARs (impact), Airway
2777-2778 establishment, 787
Aeromonas maintenance, 787
isolation, 2671 microbiome, 14-15
Index
species, 2670-2672 obstruction, physiologic correlation, 820
Aeromonas hydrophilia myonecrosis, 1222 AKT, 85-86, 512
Aerosol, generation, 178-179 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Aerosolized aminoglycosides, usage, 320 abnormalities, 962-963
Aerosolized drug delivery, intravenous drug CTL responses, 1821
delivery (differences), 3330-3331 flare, 1450
Aerosolized ribavirin, usage, 541-542 increase, 1441
Affinity, 35-36 Albendazole, 519-520
definition, 35-36 bioavailability studies, 519-520
AFP. See Acute flaccid paralysis effectiveness, 1663
Africa oral administration, 519
females, condom use, 1476f oral bioavailability, food (enhancement), 520
HIV prevalence/incidence, 1471 pharmacokinetic profile, 520
patients, HIV infection, 1550 structure, 520f
African 278-2 trypanosomiases, treatment (drug Albumin-polysorbate media, usage, 2718
recommendation), 3120t Alcaligenes species, 2675
African-American women, sickle cell trait, 896 Alcohol abuse, 939
African arenaviruses, epidemiology, 2025-2026 Alcohols
African histoplasmosis, 2958 bactericide, 453
African horse sickness virus, 1850 usage, 3298
African sleeping sickness, pathogenesis/pathology, Aldosterone, ineffectiveness, 923
3117 Aleppo evil, 3098-3099
African tick bite fever (ATBF), features, 2201t Algal blooms
African tick fever, malaria (distinction), 3083 human illness, association, 3193t
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) sites/types, 3193f
clinical course, 3118-3119 ALI. See Acute lung injury
diagnosis, 3119 Alimentary tract
parasites, transmission, 3116-3117 dysbiosis, 3387-3388
Agammaglobulinemias, 46 gastrointestinal tract, impact, 3389
patients, chronic meningoencephalitis, 2087 host defense, 3387-3389
Agar diffusion method, 208 microbial microbiota, 3387
development, 208 mucosal barrier injury, 3388-3389
Agar dilution tests, 208 oral cavity, 3389
AGE. See Acute gastroenteritis Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV)
Agent-host relationship, 153 clinical features, 1897
Agents, 153-154 epidemiology, 1890
characteristics, 153 history, 1883
direct agent transmission, modes, 154 Allelic exclusion, 41-42
dosage forms, 649t Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA),
host, interaction (complexity), 154 876-877, 2895, 2900
indirect agent transmission, mechanisms, 155 diagnosis/management, criteria, 2900t
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 101, Allergic fungal sinusitis, maxillary/ethmoid sinus
111 mass (CT scan), 3008f
association, 1397 All-hazards medical countermeasure
drusen deposits, 111 preparedness, review, 188
Agglutination, 39-40 Allocation concealment, 610
Agglutinogen (AGG), 2623 Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (phases),
Aggregatibacter species, 2667-2670 infective events (sequence), 3386t
differential characteristics, 2582t Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
Aging isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), 1145
HIV infection, neurologic manifestations, Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
1587-1588 isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR),
process, manifestation, 32 1145
Aging HIV-infected youth, care, 1619-1620 Alphacoronavirus, 1928-1930
AGN. See Acute glomerulonephritis Alpha C protein, 2341
Agonist-dependent assembly model, 85f Alpha diversity, 12t
agr. See Accessory gene regulator Alpha-hemolytic streptococci, 2283f
Agranulocytosis, 507, 787 Alpha-thalassemias, hemoglobin synthesis
Agricultural animals, diseases, 3557-3558 disorder, 120
Agrobacterium species, 2679-2680 Alphaviruses
AHC. See Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis alphavirus-induced disease, pathogenesis
AHF. See Argentinian hemorrhagic fever (schematic diagram), 1871f
AHFV. See Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus clinical manifestations, 1871-1872
AHNAK, 2156 diagnosis, 1872-1873
AHU– autotype, 2457 encephalitis, 1870-1871
aHUS. See Atypical hemolytic-uremic encephalitis-causing alphaviruses, 1867-1869
syndrome clinical manifestations, 1871-1872
AIC246 (letermovir), 560 epidemiology, 1867-1870
AID. See Activation-induced deaminase genome examination, phylograms (usage),
AIDP. See Acute inflammatory demyelinating 1867f
polyneuropathy history, 1865-1866
Airborne precautions, 3288-3290 impact, 1869-1870
Airborne transmission, 155 infections, 1311
Air-contrast barium enema, usage, 3112f epizootic spread, mechanisms, 1869f
Airline-related morbidity, 3566 pathogenesis, 1870-1871
 I6
Alphaviruses (Continued) American Burn Association Aminoglycosides (Continued)
pathogens, 1866-1867 burn wound infection diagnosis guidelines, pharmacokinetics, 316-317
prevention, 1873-1874 3507t parameters, 316t
species, 1866t sepsis criteria, 3507t placental crossing, 227
Index

therapy, 1873-1874 American College of Hyperbaric Medicine pneumonia, 320

ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ACHM), treatment support, 592 prokaryotic ribosomes, binding, 313
Alternative agents, 597-603 American dog tick. See Dermacentor variabilis prophylaxis, 320-321
efficacy, 598t questing female, 3272f resistance, mechanisms, 313-314
Alternative-pathway C3 convertase American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical therapeutic drug monitoring, 259
generation, 97 Pathology (ASCCP) guidelines, 1609 three-dimensional structures, 312f
regulation, impairment (importance), 111 American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists transportation, 313
Alternative-pathway deficiencies, 107 (ASHP), 1087 urinary tract infections, 320
clinical aspects, 107 AMEs. See Aminoglycoside-modifying usage, 320-321, 2556
molecular aspects, 107 enzymes vestibular injury, 319
Alternative reading frame protein (ARFP), Amikacin, 472-473 vestibular toxicity, 319
1904-1905 adverse reactions, 473 in vivo PAE, 314
Altitude, sickness, 3566 antimicrobial activity, 473 Aminopenicillins, 272-273
Alveolar cyst disease, 3233-3235 pharmacokinetic parameters, 316t structure, 272f
Alveolus, antigen inhalation, 826 resistance, 473 Aminopeptidase N (APN), 1931
Amantadine, 531-534 usage, 473 Amithiozone (thiacetazone), 474, 477
action, mechanism, 531-532 Amino-acid sequences (Ambler classes), AML. See Acute myelogenous leukemia; Acute
clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics, 533t beta-lactamases (functional properties) myeloid leukemia
clinical studies, 534 correlation, 241f Amnesic shellfish poisoning, 3194
concentration, 531-532 Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC), action, AMOCMP. See Advanced Medical Optics
dosage regimens, 533t 242 Complete Moisture Plus
elimination, 532 Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), Amodiaquine (AQ), 499-500
ingestion, side effects, 533 242t clinical use, 500
interactions, 533 antibiotic resistance, 242 pharmacokinetics, 500
mutagenicity, absence, 534 developments, 243 structure, 499f
pharmacokinetics, 532-533 encoding, gene acquisition, 314 toxicity, 500
resistance, 532 presence, 2555 Amoxicillin, 273
spectrum, 531 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2522 clinical studies, 273
toxicity, 533-534 Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH()3’), recommendation, absence, 901
viruses, 534 distribution, 242 Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), 275
Amantadine hydrochloride, chemical structures, Aminoglycosides, 245, 475 AMPA. See Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
532f action, mechanisms, 312-313 isoxazolepropionic acid
Amantadine-resistant virus, selection, 532 activity (inhibition), urine (impact), 314 AMPAR. See Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-
AMB-D. See Amphotericin B deoxycholate adult dosing regimens, 316t 4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick), 3267f aerosolized aminoglycosides, usage, 320 AmpC beta-lactamases, chromosomial enzymes,
distribution, 2593 aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, proton 238
AMD. See Age-related macular degeneration motive (alteration), 244 AmpC enzymes, 238
Amdovirus, 1840 antibacterial activity, description, 314 Amphibionts, 76-77
Amebas, impact, 1104, 1122-1123, 1132 antibiotics Amphotericin B, 510
Amebiasis. See Intestinal amebiasis administration, clinical adverse reactions usage, 1018
antigen testing, 3057 (frequency), 317t Amphotericin B-based preparations, 479-484
asymptomatic intraluminal amebiasis, concentrations, achievement, 316 action, mechanism, 479
3053-3054 antimicrobial activity, 314-315 activity, spectrum, 479-480
colonoscopy/biopsy, 3057 bacteremia, 319-320 formulations, 480-484
culture, 3056-3057 beta-lactams, combination, 2333-2336 resistance, mechanisms, 479-480
diagnosis, 3054-3057 biologic activities, 313 Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD),
tests, sensitivity, 3056t chemical families/names/availability, 312t 2917
impact, 3053f chemical structure, 311f Amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD) (AMB-D),
metastatic amebiasis, 3054 chemistry, 310-312 480-483, 2890, 2917
pathogenesis, 3050 clinical indications, 319-320 acute reactions, 482
PCR testing, 3057 clinical nephrotoxicity, 318 administration, 482-483
prevention, 3058 clinical pharmacology, 315-319 chronic toxicity, 482
serologic tests, 3057 cochlear toxicity, 318-319 dosage, 483
stool ova/parasite examination, 3054-3056 combinations, study, 314-315 formulation, 480-481
therapy, 3057-3058 combination therapy, 315 lipid-associated formulations of amphotericin
Amebic colitis, 3054 cystic fibrosis (CF), 320 B, comparison, 484
Amebic diarrhea, 3054 dialysis modalities, 317 nephrotoxicity, 482
Amebic dysentery, 3054 dosage forms, 648t pharmacology, 481-482
Amebic infections, metronidazole treatment, drug allergy, 303 usage, 2905-2906, 3103
355 empirical therapy, efficacy, 319 Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) (Ablecet),
Amebic keratitis, clinical signs/symptoms, enterococci impermeability, 1035-1036 483, 2890, 2917
1413 experimental nephrotoxicity, 317-318 Ampicillin, 272-273
Amebic liver abscess, 3054 family, clinical use, 311t ampicillin-induced rash, example, 1759f
cases, location, 3053f high-level resistance (HLR), 2334 ampicillin-susceptible enterococcal IE,
clinical manifestations, 962 internalization, 317 aminoglycoside-sparing strategy, 1015
epidemiology/etiology, 960 intra-abdominal infections, 320 dosage, variation, 273
pleural involvement, 849 intracellular accumulation, mechanisms, 313 oral use, availability, 272-273
microbiology, 961 low-level aminoglycoside resistance, 313 recommendation, absence, 901
pathogenesis/pathophysiology, 960-961 megalin, binding, 317 usage, 1277-1278
therapy, 963-964 molecules, entry rate, 244 AMPLICOR M. tuberculosis Test, 2790
Amenamevir (ASP2151), 561-562 nephrotoxicity, 317-318 Amprenavir, clinical experience, 1630-1631
chemical structure, 561f risk factors, 318t AMPs. See Antimicrobial peptides
American Association for the Study of Liver nephrotoxic potential, 317 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 1586
Diseases (AASLD), 1833 neuromuscular blockade, 319 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like syndrome,
recommendations, 1448 ototoxicity, 318-319 1586
 I7
Anaerobes Anidulafungin (Eraxis) (Continued) Antibiotic resistance
anaerobic clinical infections, etiology, 2737 indications, 491 antibiotic-resistance gene, recombination
anaerobic human flora, comparison, 2737t pharmacology, 491 events/molecular spread (examples),
antimicrobial agents side effects, 491 236f

Index
effectiveness, 2742t usage, 491 antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 3305
ineffectiveness, 2742t Animal-associated bacterial communities, 5 control, 249-250
bone infections, 2740 Animal bites, 803, 3510-3512 mechanisms, 238-249
central nervous system infections, 2739 management, 3512 antimicrobial classes, 239t
clinical syndromes, 2737-2739 Animal models, hyperbaric oxygen (physiologic molecular genetics, 235-238
definition, 2736 effects), 591-592 Antibiotics
infections, 2738t Animals antimalarial activity, 508
mouth/head/neck, 2738-2739 diseases. See Agricultural animals; Domestic combinations, antibacterial effects, 230f
intra-abdominal infections, 2739 animals. diffusion rate, 243
joint infections, 2740 evolutionary tree, 716f inhibition, bypass, 247
pathogenic anaerobes, virulence factors, 2740t hepatitis E virus (HEV) intraoperative redosing, 3502
pelvic infections, 2739 experimental transmission, 2136 neonate dosage, 271t
pleuropulmonary infections, 2739-2740 infection, 2136 pharmacokinetic relationships, 255f
presence, 2736-2737, 2737t papillomaviruses, oncogenic potential, 1796 prophylactic efficacy, clinical trials, 1059
resistance, 2742t rabies, 1986-1987 S. aureus resistance mechanisms, 2254t
skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), clinical manifestations, 1989 timeline, 174f
2739-2740 retroviral infections, antiretroviral tolerance/resistance, 881
Anaerobic bacteremia, 2740 chemoprophylaxis (efficacy), 3370-3371 usage, 174-175
Anaerobic bacteria, 241 wounds, bacterial isolates (antimicrobial in vitro antibiotic susceptibility studies, 1061
carbapenems, activity (comparison), 295t susceptibilities), 3511t Antibodies
chloramphenicol, impact, 335 Anisakiasis, 3238-3239 antibody-mediated pathology, 45-46
drugs, impact, 949 clinical syndrome, 3239 antibody-producing B cells, 40
genera, 2782t diagnosis, 3239 classes, 34
tigecycline, impact, 332 laboratory findings, 3239 cleavage fragments, 35f
Anaerobic cellulitis, 1204 life cycle (marine mammals), 3239 cross-reactive antibodies, presence, 39
Anaerobic gram-negative anaerobic cocci, prevention, 3239 deficiency disorders, replacement therapy,
distribution, 2781 treatment, 3239 3544
Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, cephalosporin in Ankles, arthritis, 2923f discovery, 34
vitro activity, 283t Annular plaques, size variation, 2304f functional antibody, measurement, 38-40
Anaerobic infections Anogenital warts laboratory measurement, 38-41
antibiotic resistance, 2741-2743 colposcope, usage, 1799 mediation, 36-37
diagnosis, 2741 HPV, relationship, 1799-1800 molecules, composition, 35f
metronidazole, impact, 355 therapy, 1802-1804 monoclonal antibodies, 48
pathogenesis, 2740-2741 Anopheles gambiae, 3078 polyclonal responses, 38
treatment, 2741-2743 Anopheles quadrimaculatus, 3078 preparations, 48
Anaerobic organisms, penicillins (activity), 266t ANT. See O-nucleotidyltransferases production
Anaerobic streptococcal myonecrosis, 1222 Antagonism, 229 downregulation, 44-45
Anaerococcus, 2782 examples. See In vitro antagonism. kinetics, 38
Anaeroglobus, 2783 Anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, 754 proteolytic fragments, 35
Analgesics, 900 Anterior hypothalamus heat production, neuronal responses (influenza), 2010-2011
Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), 1800 firing rate (responses), 715f serum proteins, 34
Analytical research, 606 Anterior paraspinous abscess, sagittal MRI, 2980f structure, 34, 35f
Analytical study designs, types, 606 Anthrax. See Bacillus anthracis assay, 39f
Anaphylactoid reactions, 45 Anthrax vaccine absorbed (AVA), 2401 therapeutic uses, 47-48
Anaphylatoxins, 100 Anthropophilic dermatophytes, 2985 Antibody-coated HEV particles, detection,
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 1890, 2230 infections, 2986-2987 2132f
Anaplasma species, impact, 744-745 Antibacterial chemoprophylaxis, usage, Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Anaplasmataceae, medical/veterinary diseases, 3402-3404 (ADCC), 1769
2228t Antibacterial discovery, 881 Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Anaplasmosis, 744-745. See also Humans Antibacterial drugs, development, 444t-445t (ADCC), 37
clinical findings, 2197t Antibacterial host defenses, 876t promotion, 101
prevention, 2233 Antibacterial properties, 591-592 responses, 1692
questions/perspectives, 2197 Antibiotic allergy triggering, 37
target cells, 2197t approach, 298 Antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis,
tick-borne ehrlichioses, relationship, 3273 clinical manifestations, 298 cases, 1145
vectors, 2195t diagnosis, 299 Anti-carbohydrate recognition domain
Anastomotic aneurysm, 1048 drug challenge (drug provocation tests), 299 (anti-CRD), 3052f
Anatomic barriers, destruction, 3 drug desensitization, 299 Anticoagulants
Anatomic variability, 709 drug rash, eosinophilia/systemic symptoms, sepsis, 932
Anemia 298-299 therapy, 1063-1064
observation, 3075 drug tolerance, induction procedures, 299 Antienterococcal activity agents, efficacy, 949
pathophysiology, 3075 history, information (collection), 298 Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), usage, 1587
Anergic phenotype, 74-75 IgE-mediated (pseudoallergic) drug reactions, Antifungal agents. See Azole antifungal agents;
Aneurysm. See Mycotic aneurysms 298 Combination antifungals; Investigational
secondary infection, 1024 immediate drug reactions, 298 antifungal agents
Angioedema, clinical syndrome (production), 110 intradermal tests, 299 action, mechanisms, 482f
Angiogenesis, 591 management, 299 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 674t-676t
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1104, 1118, 1132 nonimmediate drug reactions, 298 structures, 480f-481f
meningitis, 1142 nonimmediate reactions, skin/in vitro tests, 299 Antifungal dosage forms, 650t
Angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), 1931 pathophysiology, 298-299 Antifungal drug therapy, amphotericin B (usage),
Angular cheilitis, 1550f prick tests, 299 1018
Anidulafungin (Eraxis), 491 skin testing, 299 Antifungal prophylaxis, usage, 3404-3405
candidiasis, 491 in vitro tests, 299 Antigen-antibody detection, fourth-generation
drug interactions, 491 Antibiotic prophylaxis, methods, 3502-3503 assays, 1511-1512
formulations, 491 Antibiotic-refractory Lyme disease, 2730 Antigenic C1-INH, levels (increase), 109
 I8
Antigenicity, 153-154 Antimicrobial administration, timing Antimicrobials (Continued)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 43, 60-61, 71 (importance), 3493f management program, organizational structure,
danger identification, 43-44 Antimicrobial agents 606f
impact, 43f-44f activity placebo, usage contrast (Kaplan-Meier curve),
Index

presence, 70 foreign bodies, impact, 229 781f

Antigens increase, 592 potency (pharmacodynamics), 255
antigen-binding cleft, formation, 41 administration, parenteral route, 232 prophylaxis, 156-157, 904
antigen-binding sites, generation, 41-42 adverse effects, 226 duration, evaluation, 1087
antigen-correct T cells, selection ability, 43 adverse reactions, history, 225 susceptibility, 903
antigen-specific antibodies anaerobic resistance, 2742t testing, 207-208
addition, 40 beta-lactams dilution methods, 207-208
solid-phase assay, 39f cross-reactivity, 300-302 synergism, 230-231
binding, 35-36 drug allergy, 300 agents, impact, 231
CD1 presentation, 58 carbapenems, drug allergy, 300 systems, operation, 89
detection, 203-204, 216, 830 cephalosporins, drug allergy, 300 therapy
dose, 3517 drug allergy, 300-303 acute meningitis, 1125t
exposure, 38 monobactams, drug allergy, 300 principles, 901
timing, 38 penicillins, drug allergy, 300 treatment, comparison, 608t
formation, mechanisms, 268f pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) use, philosophy, 605
measurement behaviors, 233 Antimicrobial stewardship, 605, 3291
assays, usage, 40 prophylaxis, 902 computer-assisted stewardship programs,
sandwich format, usage, 39f resistance mechanisms, 248t 608
polysaccharide (PS) antigens, 44f selection, 224-229 design/implementation, 609-610
processing, mechanisms, 55-58 serum concentration-time profile, simulation, educational strategies, 606
recognition, 95 258f enhancement, institutional program
signaling (amplification/suppression), serum/tissue/urine concentrations, 901 development (IDSA/SHEA guidelines),
co-receptors (usage), 42 surgical site infection pathogen isolates, 609t
stimulation, 42 resistance, 3494t feedback strategies, 607-608
stimulus, scarcity, 38 therapeutic concentrations, achievement, justification strategies, 607
T-cell-independent antigens, 44 228-229 multidisciplinary/multistrategy approaches,
tests, 204t usage, caution, 228 608
T-lymphocyte recognition, 54 Antimicrobial catheters, 3322-3323 prior-approval strategies, 607
Antigen-specific cellular responses, 2125 Antimicrobial-coated catheters, 3341 prospective audit strategies, 607-608
Antigen-specific T cells Antimicrobial combinations, 229-231 strategies, 605-608, 606t
identification, major histocompatibility administration, route, 232-233 Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs)
complex tetramers (usage), 68f adverse effects, 232 clinical outcomes, 608-609
quantification, 68 antagonism, 231-232 economic outcomes, 609
Antigen-specific T lymphocytes (quantification), clinical use, indications, 229-231 impact, 609
intracellular cytokine staining (usage), 68f costs, 232 outcomes, 608-609
Anti-HIV antibody, detection (serologic dosing regimen, 233 Antimonials, 510-511
techniques), 1509-1512 efficacy, dosages/evaluation, 232-233 Antimony, trivalent form [Sb(III)], 510-511
Anti-infective agent pharmacology polymicrobial infections, 229-230 Antimycobacterial agents
antifungal agents, 674t-676t resistant organisms, emergence (prevention), anti-infective agent pharmacology, 672t-674t
antimycobacterials, 672t-674t 230 structures, 464f-465f
antiparasitic agents, 676t-679t therapeutic drug monitoring, 233 Antimycobacterial dosage forms, 649t-650t
antiviral agents, 679t-680t therapy, in vitro results, 229 Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor
azalides, 664t-666t toxicity, decrease, 230 encephalitis, 1145
beta-lactams, 660t usage, inappropriateness (disadvantages), Antiparasitic agents, anti-infective agent
cephalosporins, 656t-658t 231-232 pharmacology, 676t-679t
chloramphenicol, 664t-666t Antimicrobial drugs Antiparasitic dosage forms, 650t-651t
fusidic acid, 668t control, 606 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome,
gram-positive agents, 668t development, 175 occurrence, 414
ketolides, 664t-666t doses/redosing intervals, 3500t Antipseudomonal penicillins, combinations,
lincosamides, 664t-666t presence, 3342-3343 231
macrolides, 664t-666t sepsis, 930-931 Antipyresis
metronidazole, 664t-666t usage, 605 pharmacologic/physical methods, direct
penicillins, 652t-654t Antimicrobial lock prophylaxis, 3322 comparisons, 719
polymyxins, 668t Antimicrobial lock therapy, 3318-3319 physical methods, 719
quinolones, 670t-672t Antimicrobial peptides (ADPs) Antipyresis, physical methods, 719-720
sulfonamides, 670t resistance, 2275 Antipyretic drugs, usage, 718
tetracyclines/glycyclines, 664t secretion, 27t-28t Antipyretic therapy, 717-720
trimethoprim, 670t Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), presence, administration, 718
urinary anti-infectives, 670t-672t 2275 benefits/risks, 718
Anti-infective agents Antimicrobial prophylaxis, 3321-3322 diagnostic considerations, 717-718
involvement, 686t-707t administration/redosing, timing, 3501-3502 indications, 718-719
pharmacodynamic effects, study methodology, duration, 3502 pharmacologic agents, 719
255-257 initial dose, timing, 3501-3502 Antiretroviral agents, 1622-1635
Anti-infective dose, serum concentration-time Antimicrobial resistance, 173-175 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 680t-682t
profile, 254f emergence, 355 inhibitory concentrations/therapeutic drug
Anti-infective responses (sepsis), 918 patterns, emergence, 173-174 monitoring recommendations, 261t
Antiinflammatory cytokines, 79-80 reduction, efforts, 174 treatment regimen, selection, 3371-3372
Anti-inflammatory drugs, meta-regression Antimicrobials usage, 3371-3373
analysis, 932 antimicrobial-modifying enzymes, guidelines, 1601
Anti-inflammatory responses (sepsis), 918-919 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2522 Antiretroviral-based prevention, 1476-1477
Anti-LOS IgG, presence, 102-103 formulary restriction strategies, 606-607 Antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis
Antimalarials gram-positive anaerobic bacilli susceptibility, biologic plausibility, 3370
pharmacokinetic properties, 496t 2785t efficacy, 3370-3371
prophylaxis/treatment, 3571 gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) rationale, 3370-3371
usage, 496f susceptibility, 2785t Antiretroviral dosage forms, 652t
 I9
Antiretroviral drugs APECED. See Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- Arenaviruses
co-administration candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy African arenaviruses, 2033-2034
rifabutin, usage, 471t APH. See O-phosphotransferases clinical manifestations, 2035-2036
rifampin, usage, 468t Aphthous stomatitis, 801 diagnosis, 2036

Index
exposure/outcome (correlation), early phase clinical variants, 801 epidemiology, 2033-2034
studies (usage), 260 Aphthous ulcers, 1230 human disease, relationship, 2032t
Antiretroviral pharmacodynamics, 260-261 impact, 801 microbiology, 2025
Antiretroviral pharmacokinetics/adverse events, mouth, 1548f New World arenaviruses, 2034
sex influence, 1613-1614 API Coryne system, 2374 nonhuman primates, 2034-2035
Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, 1834 API Rapid ID 32A system, 2674 Old World arenaviruses, 2034
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), 1425-1426, Aplastic anemia, 1844 pathogenesis, 2034-2035
1808-1809 chloramphenicol, impact, 336-337 prevention, 2036-2037
availability, 1544-1545 APN. See Aminopeptidase N rodents, 2034
CD4+ cell count, prognosis, 1545f Apnea, complication, 821 treatment, 2036-2037
change, 1639 APOL1 risk alleles, 1554 Arestvyr, development, 182
effectiveness, 1532-1533 Apollo disease, 1395 ARF. See Acute rheumatic fever
HIV-infected pregnant women, 1606 Apophysomyces elegans, 2909 ARFP. See Alternative reading frame protein
initiation, 1635-1638 Apoptosis Argentinian hemorrhagic fever (AHF), 2034
timing, 1635-1636, 1635t CD4+ T cells, relationship, 1535 Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp),
interruption, 1637-1638 tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis- 99
intrapartum prophylaxis, 1607 inducing ligand-mediated (TRAIL- Arms
introduction, 1547f mediated) pathways, 1535 cellulitis, Cryptococcus neoformans (impact),
laboratory monitoring, 1638t Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), mitochondrial 2943f
laboratory testing, 1638-1639 factor, 1114 mycetoma, Madurella mycetomatis (impact),
lamivudine, usage, 1826 Apoptotic cells 2931f
metabolic complications, 1614 complement-dependent phagocytic removal, ARN. See Acute retinal necrosis
protease inhibitors, combination, 1546-1547 101 ART. See Active antiretroviral therapy; Acute
receipt, 1559 elimination, alteration, 106 rheumatic fever; Antiretroviral therapy
regimens, selection, 1636t Apoptotic neutrophils, Trojan horse function, Arteether, 495
factors, 1636-1638 87-88 absorption, 497
toxicities, Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, Apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F), 252 Artemether, 495
1600 Appendicitis absorption, 497
Antiretroviral treatment response, sex differences, clinical manifestations, 982-983 Artemether-lumefantrine
1613 computed tomography, usage, 983 efficacy/safety, 504
Antiseptic agents, antimicrobial spectrum/ diagnosis, 983 registration, 504
characteristics, 454t epidemiology, 982 Artemisia annua
Antistaphylococcal penicillins, 272f microbiology, 982 aqueous extract, 597
Anti-streptolysin O, titration, 2285-2286 pathogenesis, 982 photograph, 599f
Antithrombin III, impact, 932 perforated appendicitis, study, 943 Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs),
Antitoxin, 34 peritoneal signs, 942 3078f
Antituberculous agents, mutational resistance/ suspicion, CT scan, 984f usage, 3086
action mechanism, 469t therapy, 983-984 Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), 497
Antituberculous drugs, 2802-2803 Applied clinical PK-PD, 257-261 Artemisinins
dosage modification, 465t higher-dose extended-interval dosing, clinical use, 497-498
first-line antituberculous drugs, 464-470 257-258 derivatives, 495-499
second-line antituberculous drugs, 472-474 A-proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), 42, 74 bioavailability, host factors, 497
Antiviral agents APTIMA HIV qualitative assay, 1521 structures, 497f
action, mechanism, 528-529 Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis Assay, 1362 malaria, severity, 498
activity, 528-529 APV. See Avian pneumovirus pharmacokinetics/dynamics, 497-499
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 679t-680t AQ. See Amodiaquine resistance, 498
combinations, 530 AQUAAT studies, 501 structures, 495-499
host defense modifiers, 529 Aqueous humor, 1388 toxicity, 498-499
inhibitory concentrations/therapeutic drug Arachidonic acid, enzymatic conversion, 128 Artemisinins (compounds)
monitoring recommendations, 261t Arboviral infections, elderly, 3463 cardiotoxicity, 498
pharmacodynamics, 530 Arboviruses, incidence, 1149f usage, 597
studies, 530 Arcanobacteria, 2378-2379 structures, 599f
resistance, 529-530 Arcanobacterium bernardiae, 2379 usage, 3087
therapeutic effectiveness, 532t Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, 2289, 2375, Artemotil, 495
usage, recommendations, 2016-2017 2378-2379 Arterial blood gas studies, necessity, 953
virus load assays, 530 growth, 757 Arterial injury, contamination, 1024
Antiviral dosage forms, 651t human infection, 2378-2379 Arterial lines, 3319-3320
Antiviral drugs, 1687-1688 microbiology, 2378 Arterial vascular supply, 1324
HSV/VZV/CMV resistance, 1711 pharyngitis, skin rash, 2378f Arterial wall
pharmacodynamics, 261 treatment, 2379 localized suppurative process, rarity, 1023
Antiviral susceptibility testing, 219-220 Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes, 2379 trauma, 1024
laboratory assays, 220 ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay, 1511 Artesunate
Antiviral therapy, candidates (AASLD), 1448 Arcobacter butzleri, 2485 absorption, 497
AOM. See Acute otitis media Arcobacter skirrowi, 2485 metabolism, 497
Aortic atherosclerotic aneurysms, infection Arcobacter species, clinical manifestations, Arthritis
(occurrence), 1025 2486t antimicrobial therapy, 2526
Aortic biprosthetic valve endocarditis, cusp ARD. See Acute respiratory disease beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2358
involvement, 1032f ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome Kawasaki disease, relationship, 3282
Aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis, extension, Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), Arthrobacter species, 2379
1032f 228, 252 Arthrocentesis, performing, 1308
AP. See Acute pancreatitis proportionality, 254-255 Arthropathy
APACHE. See Acute Physiological Assessment values, 294 occurrence, 438
and Chronic Health Evaluation; Acute matching, 256 parvovirus B19, impact, 1843
Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Area under the first-moment curve (AUMC), treatment, 2961
APE. See Acute pulmonary exacerbation 520 Arthroplasty, 1338
 I10
Arthropods
ectoparasites, 3244t
personal protection, 3565
phylum Arthropoda, taxonomy, 3244t
Index
Artificial hearts, usage, 1063
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), ligand-
activated transcription factor, 72
Arylsulfatase B, 91
Ascariasis, 3200-3202
clinical syndromes, 3201-3202
control, 3204
diagnosis, 3202
epidemiology, 3200-3201
life cycle, 3200
management, 3202
prevention, 3204
ASCCP. See American Society of Colposcopy and
Cervical Pathology
Ascending cholangitis, suggestion, 965
Ascending neuromuscular paralysis, clinical
differential diagnosis, 3278t
Aschoff, Ludwig, 2300
Ascites
management, 2400
presence, CT scan, 2754f
Ascitic fluid, parameters, 940
ASC-US. See Atypical squamous cells of unknown
significance
Aseptic meningitis, 1574-1575, 1852
genital HSV infection complication, 1720-1721
production, VZV (impact), 1157
ASGP-R. See Asialyloglycoprotein receptor
ASHP. See American Society of Health-Systems
Pharmacists
Asia
HIV/AIDS, 1472-1473
HIV, at-risk populations (prevention
programs), 1481f
HIV transmission, injection drug use (usage),
1473
Asialyloglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), 2449
ASP. See Acylation-stimulating protein
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
abnormalities, 962-963
increase, 1441
Aspergillosis
adjuvant therapy, 2906
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
(ABPA), 876-877, 2900
allergic manifestations, 2900
alternative primary therapy, 2905
Amphotericin B deoxycholate, usage,
2905-2906
antifungal agents, 2905-2906
antifungal resistance, 2903-2904
bone aspergillosis, 2903
caspofungin (candidiasis), impact, 491
cerebral aspergillosis, 2902-2903
clinical manifestations, 2900-2903
colonizing syndromes, 2901
combination antifungal therapy, 2906
cutaneous aspergillosis, necrotic skin lesion,
2903f
cutaneous infection, 2903
diagnosis, 2903-2904
disseminated infection, 2902
early pulmonary aspergillosis, halo sign,
2902f
echinocandins, usage, 2906
host defenses, 2899-2900
invasive aspergillosis, incidence/mortality,
2898t
invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2901-2902
invasive syndromes, 2902-2903
lipid amphotericin formulations, 2905
pathogenicity, 2899-2900
polyenes, usage, 2905-2906
prevention, 2906-2907
primary antifungal therapy, 2904-2905
Aspergillosis (Continued) Asymptomatic bacteriuria, 904
prophylaxis, 2906-2907 asymptomatic infection, contrast, 894
saprophytic colonization, 2900-2901 prevalence, 896
superficial aspergillosis, 2900-2901 Asymptomatic HTLV-1/HTLV-2 carriers, 2051
superficial syndromes, 2901 Asymptomatic infection, returning travelers,
therapy, 2904-2906 3575-3577
approach, 2906 Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis,
triazoles, usage, 2906 1383-1384
voriconazole Asymptomatic intraluminal amebiasis, 3053-3054
impact, 489 Asymptomatic male genital tract infection, 1384
usage, 2904-2905 Asymptomatic neurosyphilis, 2695-2696
Aspergillus impact, 2689-2690
angioinvasion, impact, 2899f Asymptomatic urethral gonococcal infection,
brain abscess, antifungal therapy, 1175 importance, 1353
impact, 2900-2902 Asymptomatic urethral infection, 1353
invasive syndromes, 2901-2902 Asymptomatic urethritis, detection, 1353
tracheobronchitis syndrome, occurrence, Asymptomatic Whipple’s disease (AWD),
2902 2420-2421
Aspergillus flavus, 2897, 2897f Atazanavir, 1631
Aspergillus fumigatus, 2896f adverse effects, 1631
Aspergillus niger, 2897-2898, 2898f boost, absence, 1631
Aspergillus species ATBF. See African tick bite fever
appearance, 2876f-2877f Atherosclerosis, 112
characteristics, invasive infection (association), Chlamydia pneumoniae (relationship),
2896t 2180-2181
clinical manifestations, 2900-2903 lesions, 1023
epidemiology, 2898-2899 Atherosclerotic aneurysms, infection (mortality
host defenses, 2899-2900 rate), 1026-1027
impact, 1166 ATL. See Adult T-cell leukemia
mycology, 2895-2898 Atopic dermatitis (clinical improvement),
pathogenicity, 2899-2900 probiotic lysates (usage), 20
Aspergillus terreus, 2897, 2897f Atopobium, 2784
Aspirated bacteria, carriage, 856 Atovaquone, 505-506, 517
Aspiration clinical use, 506
detection, isotope tracer technique (usage), impact, 1655
855-856 pharmacokinetics, 506
predisposition, factors, 848 potentiation, 506
Aspiration pneumonia, 839-840 structure, 506f
consideration, 833 Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone), 506
oral anaerobic bacteria coverage, importance, usage, 3085
433 Atrial septal defect, closure device treatment,
Asplenia 1055
acquired asplenia, 3467-3468 At-risk populations, probiotics (studies), 24t
acquired hypoasplenia, 3468 Attaching-effacing lesion, 1241
congenital asplenia, 3467 Attributable risk, calculation/relationship, 148f
functional hyposplenism, medical conditions, Atypical bacteria
3468t pathogens, role, 813
hyposplenia, risk factors, 3469t tetracyclines, impact, 325
hyposplenism, red cell findings, 3468f tigecycline, impact, 332
sepsis, clinical presentation, 3464 viral agents, association, 839
types, 3463 Atypical hairy cell leukemia, 2051
Asplenic patients Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS),
assessment, diagnostic tools, 3471t 110-111
educational information, 3473t pathogenesis, complement activation role, 114
sepsis study, 113
antibiotic management options, 3472t Atypical lymphocytosis, differential diagnosis,
epidemiology/risk factors, 3464 1764t
ASPs. See Antimicrobial stewardship programs Atypical measles, 1970
Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Atypical pneumonia, 2183
Response (ASPR), 183 C. pneumoniae (impact), 839
Association, 605-606 syndrome, 838-839
ASSURED criteria, 2702 Atypical squamous cells of unknown significance
Asteroid body, 2923 (ASC-US), 1797
Asthma Atypical tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium
bacterial/viral pathogens, implication, 14-15 complex (impact), 866f
Chlamydia pneumoniae AUC. See Area under the concentration-time
relationship, 2178-2180 curve
role, clinical studies, 2179t Augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanate), 275
rhinovirus, impact, 2117-2118 AUMC. See Area under the first-moment curve
Asthmatic bronchiolitis, 818 Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), 1984,
Astroviruses, 2128-2129 1992-1993
clinical manifestations, 2129 Autoimmune diseases, 74-75, 1764
diagnosis, 2129 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, occurrence, 1759
epidemiology, 2128-2129 Autoimmune myocarditis, cellular/molecular
intestinal contents, 2129f pathogenesis, 1069f
pathogenesis, 2129 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-
prevention, 2129 ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), 2885
therapy, 2129 Autoimmune uveitis, types, 1423
virology, 2128 Autonomic dysfunction, 926
 I11
Autonomously replicating viral replicons, 1909 Babesia microti (Continued) Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) (Continued)
Autophagy, defenses, 30 infection, 3168-3171 diagnosis, 2394-2397
Autoreactive antibodies, origin, 45-46 severity, 3170-3171 laboratory specimens, collection/transport,
Autoreactive clones, deletion, 42 inflammatory/immune response, 3169 2396t

Index
Autosomal-recessive activation-induced cytidine life cycle, 3167-3168 diagnostics, 2404-2409
deaminase deficiency, 139 microbiology, 3167-3168 edema, management, 2400-2401
Autosomal-recessive CD40 deficiency, 139 mild infection, 3171 epidemiology, 2392
AVA. See Anthrax vaccine absorbed parasite nucleic acid amplification, 3170 exposure, probability (assessment), 2407t
AVA BioThrax, 2401 pathogenesis, 3169 gastrointestinal anthrax, 2397
AVEG. See Acquired immunodeficiency phylogeny, 3168 therapy, 2399-2400
syndrome prevalence, 3166 immunotherapeutics, 2401
Avian influenza, 163-165 prevention, 3171 immunotherapy, 2408
H7N9, 161 regimens, alternatives, 3170-3171 infection control, 2408
Hong Kong outbreak, 163 risk factors, 3166-3167 inhalational anthrax, 2395-2397
Avian pneumovirus (APV), gene order/sequence serology, 3170 chest radiographs/CT scan, 2398f
(schematic representation), 1962f therapy, 3170-3171 signs/symptoms, 2405t
Avibactam (NXL104), 442 thin blood film, Giemsa stain, 3168f therapy, 2399-2400
Avidity, 35-36 tick acquisition, 3167-3168 inhalational exposure, clinical pathway, 2406f
index, 1523 tick bite, 3166 injection anthrax, 2395
measurement, 35-36 transfusion, 3166 intentional release, 1084
Aware BED, 1523 transplacental/perinatal transmission, isolates, antibiotics (MICs), 2400t
AWD. See Asymptomatic Whipple’s disease 3166 meningeal anthrax, therapy, 2399-2400
Axillary bubo, ulceration/eschar, 2611f transfusion, 3166 meningitis, intravenous triple therapy, 2399t
Axillary lymphadenitis, Mycobacterium transmission, modes, 3166 microbiology, 2392-2393
tuberculosis (impact), 2817f vacuolated intraerythrocytic ring forms, pleural effusion, management, 2400
Azalides 3275f prevention, 2401
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t-666t vertebrate host transmission, 3168 pulmonary anthrax, 2395-2397
dosage forms, 648t whole genome, 3168 remediation/decontamination, 2408-2409
Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning, 3194 Babesia species spores
Azithromycin, 366-370, 508, 882 classification, 3168 deposition, 2404f
action, mechanisms, 366 epidemiology, 3165-3167 postexposure prophylaxis, CDC
activity, 367 Europe, 3167 recommendations, 2407t
administration, 368 infection, 3169 release, 2403f
adverse reactions, 367-368 life cycle, 3168 site remediation, 2408t
antimalarial activity, 369-370 microbiology, 3167-3168 therapy, 2397-2401
antimicrobial activity, 366-367 morphology, 3168 vaccines, 2407-2408
availability, 366 therapy, 3170-3171 availability, 3526
base, 366f United States, 3167 preexposure/postexposure use, comparison,
chemistry, 366 Babesiosis, 501 2408t
clinical pharmacology, 367 allergic reactions, 502 world distribution, 2392f
derivation, 366 causal agents/clinical manifestations, 3275t Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
drug interactions, 368 diagnosis, 3169-3170 vaccination, 61-62
effectiveness, 369, 2166 exchange transfusion, 3171 vaccine, leprosy role, 2830
efficacy, 370 microscopy, 3169-3170 Bacillus species
oral bioavailability, 367 prevention, 3171 adherence properties, 2411
oral dose, 369 relapsing infection, persistence, 3171 central nervous system infections, 2412
preparations, 366 toxicity, 501-502 clinical manifestations, 2411-2413
regimen, IDSA recommendation, 344-345 BabyBIG, 2767 clinical syndromes, 2412t
usage, 1278, 1354 Baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21), 1975 commercial uses, 2411
uses, 368-370 Bacillary angiomatosis, 1208, 2652-2654 contamination, 2411
in vitro susceptibilities, 361t cutaneous lesion, histology, 2653f epidemiology, 2410-2411
AZLI. See Aztreonam lysine for inhalation diagnosis, 1208, 1553 eye infections, 2413
Azole antifungal agents, 485-490 HIV, relationship, 1553 food poisoning, 2411-2412
action, mechanism, 485 lesions, 1208 microbiology, 2410
Azole drug-drug interactions, 486t presence, 1553 muscle infection, 2413
Aztreonam Bacillary peliosis (BP), 2653 prevention, 2413
absorption, absence, 296 Bacilli, penicillins (activity), 266t pseudoinfection, 2411
activity, differences, 296t Bacillus abortus, 2584 respiratory infections, 2412
empirical usage, rarity, 296-297 Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), 3-4, 182 skin infection, 2413
impact, 296 anthrax meningitis, 2397 soft tissue infection, 2413
renal excretion, 296 antibiotics, 2405-2407 systemic infections, 2412
structure, 296f ascites, management, 2400 therapy, 2413
tolerance, 296 attack, aftermath, 188 Bacitracin, 459-460
Aztreonam lysine for inhalation (AZLI), 882 bacilli, long chains (Gram stain), 2393f action, mechanism, 459
Azure A staining, 78 bioterrorism agent, 2402-2404 activity, in vitro spectrum, 459
Azurophilic granules, 78-79 dissemination, 2402-2403 adverse effects, 459-460
history, 2402 clinical uses, 459
B usage, outbreak characteristics, 2403-2404 Back
B1 cells, 45 chanciform lesions, 1199 verrucous area, ulcerations (blastomycosis),
B19V. See Parvovirus B19 clinical manifestations, 1199 2967f
Babesia divergens (Europe), 3167 forehead location, 1199f verrucous lesion (blastomycosis), 2967f
Babesial infections, 3274-3276 pathogenesis, 1199 Background binding, 39
Babesia microti, 1890, 3165-3167 presumptive therapy, 1199 BACTEC, 2851
clinical manifestations, 3168-3169 clinical manifestations, 2394-2397 MGIT system, 2790
diagnosis, 3169-3170 colonies, appearance, 2393f usage, 2659
erythrocyte modification/rupture, 3169 corticosteroids, role, 2400-2401 Bacteremia, 1209-1210, 3391
first-line therapy, 3170 countermeasures, 2404-2409 aminoglycosides, usage, 319-320
geographic distribution, 3165-3166 cutaneous anthrax, 2394-2395 anaerobic bacteremia, 2740
incidence, 3166 oral antimicrobial therapy, 1200t beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2359
 I12
Bacteremia (Continued)
Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 2538
categorization, 929
ciprofloxacin/ofloxacin, effectiveness, 435
Index
clinical presentations, 2332
clostridial infection, 2771
continuation, 1025
device-associated bacteremia, risk factors, 3312t
elderly, 3456
GNAR bacteremia, 2776
group A streptococci, 2297-2298
Haemophilus influenzae, 1209-1210, 2579
Helicobacter cinaedi, 1210
incidence, 993t, 1059t
infections, subcutaneous abscesses, 1215
intravascular catheters, relationship, 3391
Kingella, 2469
Listeria monocytogenes, 2385
malaria, distinction, 3083
Moraxella catarrhalis, 2465
mucosa, damage (relationship), 3391
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 1209
Neisseria meningitidis, 1209
non-catheter-related bacteremia, 2536
nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, 2578
nontyphoidal Salmonella (association),
1279-1280
Pasteurella species, 2605
pneumococcal bacteremia, impact, 2313f
presence, 939, 1021
procedures, impact, 1060
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1209
risk, 1330
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, 1209
Salmonella species, relationship, 2565
sepsis, 923-924
Staphylococcus aureus, 1209
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2276-2280
therapy, 2566
transient bacteremia, 993
vancomycin, impact, 386
ventriculoatrial shunts, infection, 1189
viridans group streptococci, 2353-2354
Bacteremic illness, 2651-2652
Bacteria
blocking adherence, 37
cell density, 6-7
classification, 206t, 2234
detection, 198t-200t
antigen tests, 204t
nucleic acid-based tests, 205t
evolution, 2235-2236
immunization, 1058
killing, quinolone inhibition, 420
microscopic stains, 202t
multidrug-resistance mechanisms, 249
new causes, 2235
recovery, media selection, 203t
sensing, 916f
serologic identification, 207t
therapeutics, 2236
urovirulence, 888-890
Bacteria, identification, 204-207
antisera, usage, 207
biochemical methods, usage, 204-206
biochemical reactions, usage, 206t
genomic techniques, usage, 207
proteomic methods, usage, 207
Bacterial adhesins, role, 2263
Bacterial arthritis, 1302-1303
acquisition, 1303
adult native joint bacterial arthritis, empirical
therapy, 1309t
diagnosis, 1308
knee, 1305f
management, 1308-1310
mortality rates, 1303
patient, approach, 1308
predisposing factors, 1303t
Bacterial brain abscess, 1165-1166, 1173-1175
antimicrobial therapy, 1173-1174
empirical antimicrobial therapy, 1172t
surgical therapy, 1174-1175
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides, impact, 102
Bacterial conjunctivitis, 1398-1399
pathogenesis, 1398
Bacterial contamination, source, 1083
Bacterial diseases, Bartonella species (impact),
744
Bacterial diversity, 1
increase, 15-16
Bacterial DNA
identification, 1306
replication, quinolone inhibition, 420
Bacterial endocarditis, 740-741
skin lesions, 740
Bacterial enteric pathogens, drug resistance,
170
Bacterial epididymitis, 1375
Bacterial folic acid synthesis (metabolic
pathway), sulfonamides/trimethoprim
(action), 413f
Bacterial/fungal stains/cultures, collection/
transport guidelines, 193t-194t
Bacterial gastroenteritis
antimicrobial therapy, 1245t
self-limitation, 431
Bacterial infections
cancer patients, 3400-3401
disease mechanisms, 2235t
frequency, reduction, 1661
polymorphism, relationship, 2234-2235
time courses, variation, 2235t
variations, 2234
Bacterial inflammatory enteritides
definition, 1263
diagnosis, 1267-1269
epidemiology, 1263-1264
microbiology, 1264-1267
prevention, 1267-1269
therapy, 1267-1269
Bacterial intracranial abscess, HBOT (impact),
594
Bacterial keratitis, 1405-1408
antibiotic solutions, usage, 1406
contact lenses, collagen shields (usage), 1406
etiology, 1405
fluoroquinolones, fortified antibiotics
(comparison), 1407
geographic variation, 1405
gram-negative bacteria, 1405-1406
gram-positive bacteria, 1405
hospital admission, 1406
local/systemic administration, 1406
mycobacteria, 1406
pathogenesis, 1405
pharmacokinetics, 1406
supportive measures, 1408
therapy, 1406-1408
guidelines, proposal, 1407-1408
topical antibiotics, 1406
topical corticosteroids, usage, 1408
topical fluoroquinolones, usage, 1407
Bacterial lipoproteins, presence, 60
Bacterial lung abscess
antimicrobial therapy, 857-858
aspiration (detection), isotope trace technique
(usage), 855-856
bronchoscopy, usage, 858
chest radiographs, presentation, 858
classification, 855
clinical manifestations, 856-857
diagnosis, 857
admission chest radiograph, 857f
differential diagnosis, 857
microbiology, 856
pathophysiology, 855-856
penicillin, usage, 857-858
Bacterial lung abscess (Continued)
prognosis, 858
surgical intervention, 858
therapy, 857-858
duration, 858
response, 858
Bacterial meningitis, 1100-1103
adjunctive therapy, 1133-1134
aerobic gram-negative bacilli, impact, 1103,
1130-1131
anti-inflammatory agents, 1133
antimicrobial therapy, 1127-1131
bacteria, presence, 1103
blood-brain barrier, alterations, 1111-1112
cerebral blood flow, alterations, 1113-1114
cerebral edema, increase, 1112-1113
cerebrospinal fluid
examination, 1119-1120
findings, 1119t
characterization, 1108-1109
chemoprophylaxis, 1134-1135
chloramphenicol, impact, 335-336
diagnosis, 1119
episode, survival, 1101
etiology, 1100t-1101t
Haemophilus influenzae (impact), 1101-1102,
1128, 1134
intracranial pressure (ICP)
increase, 1112-1113
reduction, 1133-1134
intravascular survival, 1106-1107
Listeria monocytogenes (impact), 1102-1103,
1130
meningeal invasion, 1107-1108
mucosal colonization, 1105-1106
Neisseria meningitidis (impact), 1102,
1128-1129, 1134-1135
neuronal injury, 1114-1115
pathogenesis, 1105-1115
factors, 1106t
scheme, simplification, 1105f
pathogen-specific findings, 1117
pathophysiology, 1105-1115
scheme, simplification, 1105f
prevention, 1134-1137
problem, 1101
radiography, 1121
staphylococci, 1131
impact, 1103
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B
streptococcus), impact, 1103
Streptococcus pneumoniae (impact), 1102,
1129-1130
subarachnoid space
bacterial survival, 1108-1109
inflammation, 1110-1111, 1110t
surgery, 1134
suspicion, management algorithm, 1123f
symptoms/signs, 1116t
systemic invasion, 1105-1106
therapy
duration, 1131
principles, 1127-1128
underlying conditions, 1117
viral meningitis, differentiation, 1120-1121
Bacterial orbital cellulitis, differential diagnosis,
1437
Bacterial orchitis, 1385-1386
Bacterial overgrowth syndromes, 1260-1261
population, 1260-1261
Bacterial pathogenicity, regulation, 6-7
Bacterial pathogens
blood transfusion, 3356-3357
clonal nature, 4-5
implication, 14-15
infection, 224-225
isolation, 769t
meningitis factors, relationship, 1101t
resistance mechanisms, 247t-248t
 I13
Bacterial pericarditis Balamuthia (Continued) B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF),
development, 1077 therapy, 3067-3068 74
results, 1076 trophozoites, presence, 3061f B cell apoptosis, prevention, 933
Bacterial pneumonia in vitro assays, 3068 B-cell development, stages, 41t

Index
chest radiograph, 834f Balantidiasis, therapy (adult), 3189t B-cell dysregulation, 2702
impact, 1562 Balantidium coli, 3188-3189 B-cell follicles, 65
opportunistic infection, 1661 clinical manifestations, 3189 B-cell lymphoma, 1466
Bacterial polysaccharide capsule, importance, diagnosis, 3189 B-cell maturation, 41-45
1110 epidemiology, 3188-3189 B-cell receptor (BCR), antiapoptotic signal
Bacterial proliferation environment, 15 life cycle, 3188 transmission, 1762-1763
Bacterial prostatitis, diagnosis, 1373 therapy, 3189 B cells
Bacterial resistance trophozoite, 3189f control, 45
penicillins, 263-265 BALF. See Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid defects, 1536-1537
prevention, 257 BALT. See Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue T-cell defects, combination, 47
Bacterial respiratory infections, acute laryngitis BANA. See Benzoyl-DL-arginine naphthylamide elimination, 42
(association), 760 Banna virus (BAV), 1852 function, 134-138
Bacterial septic arthritis (adults), 1304t clinical features, 1852 HIV, interaction, 1536-1537
Bacterial skin infections, classification, 1195t epidemiology, 1852 humoral immunity, relationship, 139
Bacterial spaces, isolation, 1177 geographic range, 1852 impact, 43-44
Bacterial strains, gene encoding acquisition, 225 BAP. See Blood agar plate signals, requirement, 43f
Bacterial topoisomerase II, 246 Baraclude (Entecavir), 565-566 stimulation, 42
Bacterial toxins (severe sepsis), 924-925 BARDA. See Biomedical Advanced Research and T cells, signals/interactions, 42-43
Bacterial tracheitis, 765 Development Authority BCG. See Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), 13, 1365-1367, 1610 Bare below the elbows, mandate, 3288 BCR. See B-cell receptor
characterization, 2739 Baroreflex response, absence, 923 Beard, Candida folliculitis distribution, 2884f
clinical diagnosis, 16-17 Barrett esophagus, protection, 15 BEBOV. See Bundibugyo ebolavirus
diagnosis, 1366 Barrier contraceptives, usage, 1594 Bedaquiline (Sirturo), 2802
criteria, 1366, 1367t Barton, A.L., 2649 Bedside, molecular microbiology, 9-10
discharge, tissue coating, 1366f Bartonella bacilliformis, 2650-2651 Behçet’s syndrome, 1348, 1720-1721
epidemiology, 1366 Bartonella henselae, 2651-2655 meningitis, 1143
infection, association, 1376 atypical manifestations, 2655 Bejel (endemic syphilis), 2711-2712
oral metronidazole, usage, 1366-1367 background, 2654 Bell’s palsy, 1402
pathophysiology, 1366 culture, specimen collection/handling, 2658 Benedict test, usage, 226-227
symptomatic BV, treatment, 1367 differential diagnosis, 2656 Bensaude, Raoul, 1270
symptoms, 1366t direct examination, 2658 Benzimidazoles, 519-527
therapy, 1366-1367 encephalopathy, 2655-2656 antiparasitic effect, 519
treatment HIV-associated neurologic syndromes, Benznidazole, 513
Cochrane reviews, 19-20 2656-2657 adverse effects, 513
metronidazole/tinidazole/clindamycin, infections (solid organ transplant recipients), structure, 513f
approval, 355 2657 Benzoyl-DL-arginine naphthylamide (BANA),
vaginal infections, comparison, 1365 laboratory diagnosis, 2658-2660 803
variation, 16-17 musculoskeletal manifestations, 2655 Benzylpenicilloyl polylysine (PRE-PEN), skin
Bacterial virulence regulatory systems, examples, ocular manifestations, 2656 testing, 300
7t pathogenesis, 2657-2658 Bergeyella species, 2681
Bactericidal permeability-increasing (BPI) rifampin in vitro activity, 347 Berylliosis, 862
protein, 78-79, 89 smooth/verrucous colony types, 2659f Beta2-integrin-mediated cell-cell interaction,
presence, 1133 Bartonella quintana, 2651-2654 82-83
Bacteriologic statistics, 224-225 Bartonella species Beta2 integrins, activation, 82
Bacterium septicemia haemorrhagica, 2603 antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 2659-2660 Beta-carotene supplementation, 131
Bacterium tularense, 2590-2591 background, 2649 Betacoronaviruses, 163, 1929-1930
Bacteriuria, 3337-3338 bacteremia, 2661 Beta diversity, 12t
definitions, 3338t classification, 2649 Beta-glucan, recognition, 83
disappearance, 901 culture, 2658-2659 Beta-hemolysin, 2342-2343
management, 905-906 endocarditis, 2661 Beta-hemolytic streptococci, 1200, 2283f
nosocomial asymptomatic bacteriuria, 3343 human-pathogenic species arthritis, 2358
postpartum studies, 905 clinical manifestations, 2650-2657 bacteremia, 2359
relapse, 887 epidemiology, 2650 clinical manifestations, 2357-2359
Bacteroides, 16 identification, 2659 endocarditis, 2358-2359
gastrointestinal tract location, 2774-2775 impact, 744 epidemiology, 2357
immunomodulatory effects, 2775 molecular methods, 2660 group C streptococci
metabolic end products, 2776 neuroretinitis/neurologic disease, 2661 epidemiology, 2357
microbiology, 2773-2774 opportunistic infection, 1663 microbiology, 2356-2357
overview, 2773 potential, 2650t treatment, 2359-2360
pili/fimbriae location, 2776 prevention, 2660-2661 group G streptococci
symbiosis, 2774 recognition, 2650t epidemiology, 2357
Bacteroides fragilis, 2758 serologic testing, 2660 microbiology, 2357
BAFF. See B-cell activating factor therapy, 2660-2661 treatment, 2360
Baghdad boil, 3098-3099 Basal light zone, 43 groups C/G, 2356-2360
Baker’s cyst, formation, 2921f Baseline comparability, 608-609 infections, 2359
BAL. See Bronchoalveolar lavage Baseline imbalances, randomization, 610 Lancefield classification, 2285-2286
Balamuthia, 3061 Baseline oral temperatures, frequency meningitis, 2359
clinical evidence, 3068 distribution, 710f microbiology, 2356-2357
clinical manifestations, 3064-3065 Basidiobolomycosis, 2919 neonatal sepsis, 2359
cyst, brain tissue, 3061f Basilar skull fracture, 1135 osteomyelitis, 2358
epidemiology, 3063 BAV. See Banna virus pharyngitis, 2357-2358
laboratory diagnosis, 3066 Baylisascariasis, 3238 puerperal infection, 2359
life cycle, 3060f BBB. See Blood-brain barrier respiratory tract infections, 2358
pathogenesis/pathologic findings, 3064 BCC. See Burkholderia cepacia complex skin and soft tissue infection, 2358
recommendations, 3068 B-cell activating factor (BAFF), 42 treatment, 2359-2360
 I14
Beta-lactamases, 238-242 Biliary system (Continued) Bipolaris hawaiiensis sinusitis, T2-weighted MRI,
Ambler classification, 240t pathogenesis, 964-965 3008f
attack, site, 264f therapy, 966-967 Bipolar-staining bacilli, peripheral blood smear,
Bush-Jacoby-Medeiros functional classification Biliary tract disease, pain presentation, 965 2612f
Index

scheme, 240t Biliary tract infections, clostridial infections, Birds, pandemic viruses (emergence), 2006-2008
classification, 238, 264t 2772 Bismuth salts, usefulness, 2500-2501
contribution, 241-242 Biliary tree Bisphosphate-associated osteonecrosis, 2866
enzymes, variation, 284 disorders, 1568-1569 Bites
extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, 238-241 hepatic invasion route, 961 infections, 803, 1214. See also Animal bites;
functional properties, amino-acid sequences Bilirubin Human bites; Irradiation; Surgical
(correlation), 241f abnormalities, 962-963 wounds.
inhibitors, 2556 sulfonamides, competition, 226 wounds, management, 3513t
cephalosporins, combination, 291 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 176 Bithionol, 527
combinations, 274-276 Billroth II gastrojejunostomy, 942-943 Bivalent human poliovirus vaccine, 2077
Beta-lactams, 474, 476 BILN 2061 treatment, 1920 Bjorksten, Bengt, 2775
aminoglycosides, combination, 2333-2336 Binax NOW, 850-851 BK nephropathy, histologic appearance, 3449f
antibiotic resistance Bioactive lipids, 88 BK virus (BKV)
beta-lactamases, contribution, 241-242 Bioavailability, 252 BKV-associated diseases, 1812-1813
mechanisms, 242t Biochemical methods, 204-206 clinical manifestations, 1812
antibiotics, 2556 Biofilm, 12t detection, 1807-1808
cationic aminoglycosides, chemical Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 2535 diagnosis, 1812-1813
interaction, 312 dispersal, 2275 epidemiology, 1812
pneumococci, susceptibility (definitions), impact, 2277 hemorrhagic cystitis, 1812
2321t Biological agents therapy, 1813
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 626t material threat determinations, 179t nephropathy, 1812-1813
beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combinations, medical countermeasures, material threat histology, 1813f
synergism, 231 determinations, 186t-187t therapy, 1813
cross-reactivity, 300-302 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention pathogenesis, 1812
drug allergy, 300 (BTWC), 178 plasma PCR assay, 1813
impact, 2335t Biological weapons prognosis, 1813
penicillin-binding protein 2A affinity, clinician/health care system preparedness/ renal biopsy, 1812-1813
improvement, 2257 response, 185 renal system infections, 1812
resistance (expression), active efflux dispersal, 178 therapy, 1813
mechanisms (impact), 244 emergency use authorization, 188 ureteral stenosis, 1812
side chains, 301t history, 179-181 therapy, 1813
usage, 301f-302f summary, 180t urine PCR assay, 1812
Beta-proteobacteria, proportions, 14 laboratory systems, 184 Black piedra, 2994
Beta-thalassemias, hemoglobin synthesis disorder, medical countermeasures, 185-188 Black-tar heroin, usage, 2764
120 research/development, 185-188 Blackwater fever, 502, 3082-3083
Beth Israel criteria, 1003-1004 non-state actors, 181 Bladder
BF. See Boutonneuse fever preparation/response, 183-185 defense mechanisms, 892
BFP. See Bundle-forming pili proliferation/use, prevention, 179 irrigation, antimicrobials/saline (usage), 3342
BFT (enterotoxin), 2741 public health preparedness/response, 184 urine, presence, 898
BHF. See Bolivian hemorrhagic fever response (post-9/11), 183-184 Blastocystis hominis cysts, 3190f
BHI. See Brain heart infusion response (pre-9/11), 183 Blastocystis species, 3189-3190
BHIVA. See British HIV Association state actors, 179-181 clinical manifestations, 3190
BHK21. See Baby hamster kidney cells strategic national stockpile, 188 diagnosis, 3190
Bifidobacteria, 2783 threat/risk, assessment, 181-182 epidemiology, 3189-3190
Bifidobacterium catenulatum, 12 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 178 life cycle, 3189
Bifidobacterium longum, 12 Biologic false-positives (BFPs), 2701 therapy, 3190
Bilateral acute pyelonephritis, renal gallium-67 Biologic gradient, 153 Blastocystosis, therapy (adult), 3190t
scan, 910f Biology Blastomyces dermatitidis
Bilateral apical cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis, statistics, relationship, 148-149 chest wall mass biopsy, 2968f
chest radiograph, 2799f two-edged sword, 188-189 ingestion, alveolar macrophage (Wright’s stain),
Bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, 756 Biomaterials 2965f
example, 2693f adherence, 2274 lung biopsy, periodic acid-Schiff (usage), 2968f
Bilateral conjunctival injection, perilimbal maturation, 2274-2275 organism
sparing, 3281f Biomedical Advanced Research and Development giant cell, pyogranulomatous tissue response,
Bilateral hydroceles, presence, 3212f Authority (BARDA), 183 2968f
Bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, 1343 Bioprosthetic valves, homografts/heterografts, Gomori’s methenamine silver stain, 2968f
Bilateral interstitial pneumonitis, CMV (impact), 1031-1032 yeast phase, KOH preparation (usage), 2964f
1742f Biopsy specimens, immunohistochemical Blastomyces meningitis, 1141
Bilateral pulmonary tuberculomas, chest alterations, 112 Blastomycosis, 862, 1312
radiograph, 2800f Biosafety Level (BSL), 184, 2402 back
Bile level three (BSL-3), 212-213, 2402 verrucous area, ulcerations, 2967f
doxycycline concentration, impact, 324 level two (BSL-2), 208, 2402 verrucous lesion, 2967f
vancomycin penetration, 383 Biosurveillance Initiative, 184 clinical classification, 2965f
Biliary system Biosurveillance systems, 184-185 clinical manifestations, 2966-2971
acalculous cholecystitis, 965 Bioterrorism diagnosis, 2971
acute cholangitis, 967 agents, 3305 endemic areas, 2964f
AIDS cholangiopathy (AIDS-related sclerosing anthrax agent, 2402-2404 epidemiology, 2964-2965
cholangitis), 966 bioterrorism-related illnesses, potential, 155 facial verrucous lesion, 2967f
cholangitis, 965 CDC agents/disease categories, 159t geographic limitation, 1563
cholecystitis, 964-965 cutaneous anthrax, oral antimicrobial therapy, history, 2963
clinical manifestations, 965 1200t lateral knee, ulcerative lesion, 2970f
diagnosis, 965 prophylaxis, tetracyclines (usage), 328 left lung infection, 2966f
imaging studies, 965-966 Yersinia pestis, 2614 leg
infection, 964-967 Biotransformation, 254 ulcer, 2969f
microbiology, 966 BioWatch Program, 185 ulcerative lesion, 2969f
 I15
Blastomycosis (Continued) Blood transfusions (Continued) Booster immunizations, 2371
lesion, warty appearance, 2968f red blood cells, 3357 Borderline tuberculoid leprosy, skin lesions,
lung tissue autopsy, Gomori’s methenamine retroviruses, 3355 2823f
silver stain, 2968f scope, 3351-3352 Bordetella bronchiseptica, 5

Index
manifestations, occurrence, 2969 West Nile virus (WNV), 3355 Bordetella pertussis, 789
nares, verrucous lesion, 2969f Blood transfusion-transmitted bacteremia carrier state, 2622
organism, 2963-2964 (fatality), organisms (implication), 3357t cases (Canada), 2622f
pathogenesis, 2965-2966 Bloody diarrhea chemoprophylaxis, 2626-2627
perihilar mass lesion, 2966f fever minimum, 1286 children, 2622-2623
presentation, 2966 outbreak, 169 clinical presentation, 2622-2623
serodiagnostic tests, 2971 B lymphocytes complications, 2623
skin lesions, 2967-2969, 2970f expansion/functional differentiation, 1691 culture, 2623
soft tissue lesions, 2970f expression, 59 diagnosis, 2623-2624
treatment, 2972-2973, 2972t B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), 42 epidemiology, 2620-2622
ulcerative destructive lesion, 2969f BMI. See Body mass index health care workers, vaccination, 2626
ulcerative lesion, 2969f Bocaparvovirus, 1840 history, 2619
verrucous lesion, heaped-up margin, 2967f Boceprevir (BOC), 529 immunization, 2625
virulence, 2965-2966 action, mechanism, 570 infants/adults, 2623
Blebbing, 2434-2435 administration, 1921 molecular diagnosis, 2623-2624
Bleb-related endophthalmitis, 1416 chemical structure, 571f pathogen, description, 2619-2620
Blepharitis, causes, 1432-1433 clinical studies, 571-572 pathogenesis, 2620
Blepharoconjunctivitis, 1400 contraindication, 341-342 prevaccine era, 2620
causes, 1432-1433 interactions, 571 prevention, 2625-2627
Blind loop syndrome, 1300 pharmacology, 570-571 protection, 74
Blind studies, 610 resistance, 570 resurgence, issues, 2621
Blocking, 36-37 RESPOND-2 trial, 1461 serology, 2624
Blood spectrum, 570 supportive care, 2625
cells, 926 SPRINT 2 trial, 1461 susceptibility, 369
compartment, 926-927 therapy, 1462f vaccination schedules, 2626
components, agents (transmission), 3357-3358 toxicity, 571 vaccine era, 2620-2621
culture methods, 195t Body whole-cell vaccines, 2625
donor screening, HIV testing (usage), cell-to-cell spread, 2200 Borrelia burgdorferi, 1142, 1897
1521-1522 lice, 3248-3249 antibody titers, 2732f
exchange, 2439 microorganism entry, physical barriers, 26-29 causative bacterium, 3267f
groups, 119-120 piercing, infection, 2527 culture, usage, 2731
parasites, 220 sites, habitats/niches, 11-12 electron micrographs, 2726f
specimens, 192-195 size, dosage adjustment, 629 immune defense, 54
tests, 1330 surfaces, microbial flora, 3387f impact, 1104, 1122, 1132
Blood agar plate (BAP), usage, 757 temperature. See Normal body temperature. infection, 743
Bloodborne disease, protection, 3565-3566 circadian rhythmicity, 710 Borrelia recurrentis, 7
Bloodborne pathogens, transmission risk, increase, 710, 716 Borrelia relapsing fever, treatment, 2723t
3352-3356 Body mass index (BMI), 876 Borrelia species
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) obesity definition, 125 impact, 2722t
alterations, 1111-1112 Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, organism, 2721
antimicrobial agents, crossing, 228 and Exercise capacity (BODE), 811 Borrelioses. See Spirochetal infections
disruption, 1577 Boerhaave syndrome, 1081 Boston exanthem, 2082
penetration Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), 2034 Botfly, first-stage (instar) larva, 3257f
group B streptococci, study, 1108 Bone infections Botulism. See Clostridium botulinum
quinolones, impact, 436 anaerobes, impact, 2740 Bouillard, Jean-Baptiste, 2300
permeability, increase, 1112 injection drug users, 3481 Boutonneuse fever (BF), features, 2201t
Blood-containing agars, action, 2283 nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2850 Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV),
Blood-eye barrier, 1388 Pasteurella species, 2604-2605 1703
Bloodstream Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2525-2526 Bovine prion disease, forms, 2150
bacterial pathogens, invasion, 1068 quinolones, impact, 434 Bovine RSV (BRSV), 1949
invasion, occurrence, 1198 resistance, 1319 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE),
MAC entry, 2834 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 2537 2142
Bloodstream infection (BSI), 2520, 3445, 3457 Bone marrow Bowenoid papulosis, 1800
evaluation, 1034 derivation, 90-91 Bowen’s disease, 1800
health care-associated bloodstream infection, suppression BP. See Bacillary peliosis
2262-2263 chloramphenicol, impact, 336 BPF. See Bronchopleural fistula
management, 2263 impact, 228 BPI. See Bactericidal permeability-increasing
nosocomial bloodstream infection, 2262-2263 toxicity, 520 BPSV. See Bovine papular stomatitis virus
risk factors, 1052t transplant patients Bradykinin, 2116
spinal cord injury, relationship, 3457 maribavir, usage, 1746 generation, 923
Staphylococcus aureus, 2262-2263 mucocutaneous HSV-1 infection, 1724f Brain
Blood transfusions toxoplasmosis, 3132-3133 mass lesions, 1582-1583
bacterial pathogens, 3356-3357 Bones MRI
hepatitis A/E viruses, 3356 aspergillosis, 2903 AIDS/Toxoplasma encephalitis, 1579f
hepatitis B/D viruses, 3355 cement, 1329 HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder,
hepatitis C virus, 3355 destruction, spinal aspergillosis (radiograph), 1577f
herpesviruses, 3355 2903f primary CNS lymphoma, 1580f
HIV type 1, 3352 fractures (healing process), fluoroquinolones progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,
HIV type 2, 3352-3355 (effect), 1319 1581f
human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2, infarction, osteomyelitis (differentiation), phaeohyphomycosis, Cladophialophora sp.
3355 1325 (impact), 3007f
infection transmission, 3352t sporotrichosis, 2921f right frontal region, hypodense mass
non-A-E hepatitis, 3356 sterilization, antimicrobial therapy (duration), (T1-weighted axial MRI), 1179f
parvovirus B19, 3355 1319 right sigmoid sinus defects, gadolinium-
platelets, 3357 tetracyclines, impact, 329 enhanced T1-weighted images, 1184f
 I16
Brain abscess, 1138-1139 Brivudin, 551 Brucellosis (Continued)
anaerobes, metronidazole (impact), 1173 chemical structure, 551f studies, 1677
antimicrobial therapy, 1173t BRO-1/BRO-2/BRO-3, 2465 treatment, 327, 2587-2588, 2587t
high-dose intravenous agents, Broad-spectrum antimicrobials, empirical use, 10 doxycycline, usage, 347
Index

administration, 1174 Brodie’s abscess, 1326 Brudzinski’s sign, 1117

bacterial brain abscess, 1165-1166, 1173-1175 Bronchial cleft cysts, 802 Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), 46
empirical antimicrobial therapy, 1172t confusion, 1233 BSE. See Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
bacterial pathogens, isolation, 1165-1166 Bronchiolitis BSI. See Bloodstream infection
capsule, enhancement, 1170 acute course, 821 BSL. See Biosafety Level
case-fatality rates, 1165 agents, impact, 819t BTWC. See Biological and Toxin Weapon
chloramphenicol, impact, 335-336 apnea, acute complications, 821 Convention
clinical presentation, 1169-1170 aspiration, 821 Buboes
containment, host inflammatory response, 1168 clinical manifestations, 820-821 axillary bubo, ulceration/eschar, 2611f
diagnosis, 1170-1172 commonness, 819 femoral buboes, 2611f
epidemiology/etiology, 1164-1167 complications, 821 formation (isolated inguinal lymphadenitis),
excision, craniotomy (usage), 1175 dehydration, 820 1233
formation, 1167 diagnosis, 821 inguinal buboes, 2611f
bacterial virulence factors, role, 1167 epidemiology, 819 Bubonic plague, 2609
fungal brain abscess, 1166, 1175 etiology, 818-819 Buccal mucosa, ulceration, 801f
helminthic brain abscess, 1166-1167 histopathology, 820f Buccal spaces, 798
host defense mechanisms, 1168-1169 inflammation/necroses, 820f Budd, William, 1270
infection inflammatory changes, 820 Bulbar conjunctiva, multifocal ulceration,
host inflammatory response, 1168 pathophysiology, 819-820 1396
initiation, 1167-1168 prevention, 822 Bulbar paralytic poliomyelitis, 2075
natural history, 1168 prodrome, 820 Bull-headed clap, 2454-2455
initial management, 1172 ribavirin, usage, 822 Bullous impetigo, 1196-1197
injection drug users, 3489 supportive care, 821 clinical manifestations, 1196-1197
invasive aspergillosis, ring enhancement/ therapy, 821-822 localized SSSS, 2249f
edema, 2903f viral bronchiolitis, severity (factors), 820f presumptive therapy, 1197
left parietal brain abscess, CT image, 2740f Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 831, 867-868, Bullous skin lesions, 738
Listeria monocytogenes, 2386 2172 Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV), 1995
location, 1169 analysis, 869-870 Bundle-forming pili (BFP), 2510-2511
microbiology, 1165t fiberoptic bronchoscopy, combination, 1561 Bunyaviridae
Nocardia (impact), 1174 nasopharyngeal swabs, 14 antigenic relationships, 2025
Nocardia brain abscess, 2857f Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), 882 clinical manifestations, 2027-2028
pathogenesis, 1167-1169 Bronchogenic spread, 2799 consideration, 2028-2029
pathophysiology, 1167-1169 Bronchopleural fistula (BPF), 853 diagnosis, 2028
predisposing conditions, 1165t tuberculous empyema, relationship, 2814 disease, characteristics, 2026t
protozoal brain abscess, 1166-1167 Bronchopneumonia, infiltrate representation, ecology/distribution, 2025-2026
pyogenic/nocardial brain abscesses, imipenem 834f epidemiology, 2025-2027
(usage), 1173-1174 Bronchoscopy genetics, 2025
rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 1169 risk, 831 humans, transmission, 2026-2027
Staphylococcus aureus pathogen, 1172 usage, 858 microbiology, 2025
survival, neurologic sequelae (incidence), 1165 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) morphogenesis, 2025
symptoms/signs, 1169t collections, 825-826 prevention, 2028
thallium-201 single-photon emission computed Broth dilution susceptibility tests, 1011 structure, 2025
tomography (201TI-SPECT), 1172 Brown recluse house spider, necrotizing skin treatment, 2028
therapy, 1172-1175 lesion, 1205 Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 881,
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoal cause), 1166 BRSV. See Bovine RSV 2537-2538
Brain biopsy, 1140 Brucella adhesion, 2534
cytomegalovirus encephalitis, 1582 impact, 347 antimicrobial resistance, 2539
HIV type 1 associated neurocognitive disorder, meningitis, 1142 bacteremia, 2538
1576-1578 Brucella abortus (death), 102-103 bacterial factors, 2533-2535
primary CNS lymphoma, 1580 Brucella cetaceae, 2584 biofilm sensing, 2535
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Brucella melitensis, 2584 cell invasion, 2534
1582 Brucella pinnidiae, 2584 chronic infection/colonization, 2535
rationale, 1582-1583 Brucella suis, 2584 cystic fibrosis, respiratory tract infection,
Toxoplasma encephalitis, 1578 Brucellosis, 1429 2537
Brain heart infusion (BHI), 2334 cardiovascular system, 2586 drug therapy, 2539
Brainstem encephalitis (rhombencephalitis), 2386 characterization, 2585 epidemiology, 2535
Brain tissue clinical manifestations, 2585 genitourinary tract infection, 2538
Acanthamoeba cyst, 3061f complications, 2585-2587 genotypes, 2533
Balamuthia cyst, 3061f cutaneous lesions, 2587 hemophagocytic syndrome, 2537
Balamuthia trophozoites, presence, 3061f diagnosis, 2587 immune effector cells, damage, 2534
Naegleria fowleri trophozoites, 3060f epidemiology, 2584-2585 immunization, 2539
Sappinia trophozoites, 3062f gastrointestinal system, 2586 immunotherapy, 2539
Brazil, HIV percentage, 1474 genitourinary tract, 2586 intracellular milieu/survival, 2535
Breast implants, mastitis/infections, 2280 hematologic complications, 2587 joint infection, 2538
Breast milk, antimicrobial agents (presence), 227 hepatobiliary system, 2586 lung transplantation, 2537
Bretonneau, Pierre, 2366 history, 2584 multidrug-resistant bacteria, 2539
Brevibacterium casei, 2379 immune response, 2585 pathogenesis, 2534f
Brevibacterium species, 2379 microbiology, 2584 pneumonia, 2538
Bright, Richard, 2306 nervous system, 2585-2586 population
Brill, Nathan, 2217 ocular lesions, 2587 risk, 2535
British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines, pathogenesis, 2585 susceptibility, 2535
1598-1599 pregnancy, 2587 prevention, 2539
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy prevention, 2588 quorum sensing, 2535
Working Party on Infections in respiratory system, 2586-2587 skin structure, 2538
Neurosurgery, recommendations, 1190-1191 skeletal system, 2585 therapy, 2538-2539

Burkholderia pseudomallei
adjunctive therapy, 2549
clinical manifestations, 2544-2548
epidemiology, 2541-2542
Cadaveric kidney transplant, computed
tomography scan, 906f
CAEBV. See Chronic active EBV
CAF. See CD8+ T-cell antiviral factors
I17
Cancer patients (Continued)
central venous catheters, impact, 3398
colony-stimulating factors, usage, 3412-3413
empirical/preemptive antifungal therapy,

Index
etiology, 2541 Calcific deposits, origin, 2954 3410-3411
history, 2541 Calcific uremic arteriolopathy, 1205 febrile neutropenia
infection, natural history, 2543f Calcium alginate swab, usage, 1394 approach, 3407f
laboratory diagnosis, 2548 Calcofluor white stains, 2876, 2916 infection/uncomplicated clinical course, risk
pathogenesis, 2543-2544 Caliciviruses factors, 3407t
prevention, 2549 particles, fecal extract, 2123f patient, management, 3411f
therapy, 2548-2549 virology, 2123-2124 fungal infections, 3401-3402
transmission, 2542-2543 California encephalitis (CE) group, 1159-1160 granulocyte transfusions, usage, 3412
Burkitt’s lymphoma, 1762 California encephalitis (CE) viruses infections
risk, 1762 clinical manifestations, 2027 epidemiology/risk factors, 3397-3400
Burn infections, 1214 epidemiology, 2025-2026 etiology, 3400-3402
diagnosis, 3506-3507 humans, transmission, 2026-2027 genetic factors, 3398-3399
epidemiology, 3506 Calmette-Guérin bacillus vaccine, availability, prophylaxis, 3402-3406, 3403t
prevention, 3508 3526 resistant bacteria, risk factors, 3408t
treatment, 3507-3508 Calomys callosus, 2034 risk, high level, 3408-3409
Burn patients, Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2281 CAMP. See Christie, Atkinson, Munch, Peterson risk, low level, 3407-3408
Burns Campylobacter suspicion, clinician approach, 3396t
sepsis criteria (American Burn Association), enteritis, 1265-1266 infectious complications
3507t fecal specimen, Gram stain, 2491f proportions, 3398t
topical agents, application, 3508t infection, community-based surveillance, 149 rates, 3397t
Burn wounds outer membranes, 2488 treatment, 3406-3413
infection, diagnosis (American Burn resistance mechanisms, 2492t mucositis, 3397-3398
Association guidelines), 3507t species, clinical manifestations, 2486t neutropenia, 3397
infection prophylaxis, 457 Campylobacter fetus fever, presence, 3406-3411
Bursae, nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2850 infections, 2490 presence/absence, 3412f
Busacca nodules, 1423 pathogenesis, 2488f neutropenic patient, localized infection
Buschke-Löwenstein tumors, 1800 subspecies fetus (biologic/clinical (management), 3411-3412
BV. See Bacterial vaginosis characteristics), 2490t oncologic surgery, impact, 3400
BWC. See Biological Weapons Convention Campylobacter jejuni, 74 pathogens, impact, 3402
antibiotic resistance, 2491-2492 Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis, 3405
C bacteriologic studies, 2491 pneumonia, 3412
C1 activation, regulation, 97-98 biologic/clinical characteristics, 2490t primary antifungal prophylaxis, 3404
C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) clinical manifestations, 2489-2490 pulmonary cavitary lesions, 3412f
absence, 112 diagnosis, 2490-2491 secondary antifungal prophylaxis, 3404-3405
binding, 97-98 differential characteristics, 2486t treatments, 3412-3413
cleavage, 109 epidemiology, 2486-2487 vaccination, 3406
deficiency, 109-110 etiology, 2485-2486 venous access (presence), infectious
impact, 110 feces, direct examination, 2490-2491 complications (epidemiology/mean
dissociation, 97-98 fluoroquinolone resistance, 2492 values), 3399t
protein phenotypes, 110 gastroenteritis, treatment studies, 431 viral infections, 3402
C1q gram-negative appearance, 2486f Cancidas (Caspofungin), 490-491
addition, 41 immunity, 2488-2489 Cancrum oris, 800-801, 2738
binding, 37 infections, 1287, 2489 Candida
C1 trimolecular complex, 95 macrolide resistance, 2492 arthritis, 2887
C3, 93-94 pathogenesis, 2487-2488 balanitis, 2883
cleavage, 93 pathologic characteristics, 2487-2488 chorioretinitis, systemic therapy, 1420
occurrence, 93 prognosis, 2492-2493 diaper rash, 2884, 2884f
deficiency, 107-108, 110 resistance, emergence, 437 endocarditis, 2886
clinical aspects, 107-108 therapy, 2491-2492 endophthalmitis, 1417f
molecular aspects, 108 CA-MRSA. See Community-associated systemic therapy, 1420
deposition, 110 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus esophagitis, 1248-1250
forms, 97 CAMs. See Cell adhesion molecules autopsy appearance, 2882f
incorporation, 112-113 Canaliculitis, 1434 barium contrast esophagograms, 1249f
structure/activation, 96f Canarypox vectors, HIV-1 antigen expression, clinical manifestations, 2882
C3b-coated targets, phagocytes (attachment), 37 1670 folliculitis, 2883
C3b-containing convertases, 103 Cancer beard distribution, 2884f
C3b receptors, binding, 112-113 complement, relationship, 101 granuloma, example, 2885f
C3 convertase paracoccidioidomycosis, relationship, 3000 keratitis, 1412
accelerated decay, 98 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (clinical meningitis, 1141
activity, control, 98 manifestations/infection sites), 2536t paronychia/onychomycosis, 2884f
facilitated inactivation, 98 tuberculosis, relationship, 2802 peritonitis, 2892
regulation, 98 viruses, relationship, 1690-1691 plaques, presence, 2882f
spontaneous decay, 98 Cancer patients prophylaxis, 2889t
C4b-binding protein (C4BP), 98 abdominal infections, 3412 spinal osteomyelitis, 2887f
C4B null gene (C4bQ0), 104 antibacterial agents, usage, 3409t vaginitis
C4 deficiency, assessment, 104 antibacterial chemoprophylaxis, 3402-3404 clinical manifestations, 2882-2883
C5b-7 molecules, potential, 98 antibacterial treatment extension, 2883f
C5/C6 vertebral bodies, signal changes, 1322f duration, 3409-3410 Candida albicans, 73
C5, humanized monoclonal antibody modification, 3410 appearance, 2876f-2877f
(development), 111 antifungal agents, usage, 3409t epidemiology/ecology, 2880
C6 deficiency, 109 antifungal chemoprophylaxis, 3404-3405 fungemias, 1210
C8-deficient serum, infusion, 113 bacterial infections, 3400-3401 identification, 214
C9 incorporation/polymerization, inhibition, 99 biologic agents, usage, 3399-3400 impact, 786, 1198
C9 insertion/polymerization, 97 bloodstream infections, etiology, 3401f Candida glabrata yeast cells, appearance,
CABG. See Coronary artery bypass grafting catheter-related infection, 3411-3412 2876f-2877f
 I18
Candida infections, 2889 CAPD. See Continuous ambulatory peritoneal Cardiac conditions
cardiovascular system, 2892 dialysis; Continuous automated peritoneal correction, 1058
central nervous system, 2892 dialysis preexistence, 1060
clinical manifestations, 2881-2889 Capillariasis, 1300, 3241 Cardiac devices, 2277-2278
Index

deep organ involvement, 2885-2889 Capillary/obstructive bronchitis, 818 Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), 1072
echinocandins, usage, 2891 Capnocytophaga Lake Louise Criteria, 1072
empiric therapy, 2890t animal-associated Capnocytophaga (features), Cardiac muscle, Trypanosoma cruzi, 3110f
flucytosine, usage, 2891 2646t amastigotes, 1069f
gallbladder, 2887, 2892 bloodborne disease, 2646 Cardiac output, 922
immune defense pathways, 2881f clinical manifestations, 2645-2646 Cardiac suture line infections, 1055
intra-abdominal abscesses, 2892 diagnosis, 2647-2648 clinical manifestations, 1055
liver, 2887 epidemiology, 2646-2647 management, 1055
pathogenesis, 2880-2881 gliding motility, 2647f Cardiac toxicity, 2369
peritoneum, 2887 Gram stain, 2647f Cardiac transplantation, 1063
prophylaxis, 2889-2893 human-associated Capnocytophaga, 2646t Cardiobacterium species, 2672
spleen, 2887 human oral-associated species, 2645-2646 identification, MALDI-TOF-MS (usage),
treatment, 2889-2893, 2890t-2891t laboratory identification, 2647-2648 2672
vasculature, 2887-2888 ocular infections, 2646 Cardiothoracic surgery, mediastinitis,
Candida krusei (fluconazole resistance), 214 pathogenesis, 2645-2646 1081-1083
Candida species prevention, 2648 risk, increase, 1082
epidemiology/ecology, 2880 taxonomy, 2645 Cardiotropic viruses, spread, 1076
immunology, 2880-2881 therapy, 2648 Cardiovascular (CV) disease
impact, 1428 zoonotic species, infections, 2646 CMV infection, relationship, 1750-1751
morphology, gram stain (usage), 2880f Capnocytophaga canimorsus Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
opportunistic infection, 1659-1660 case-fatality rate, 743 (HOPE) study, 1750
pathogen, 2879-2880 dog bites, infection, 743 Cardiovascular (CV) failure, dehydration/
Candidate HIV-1 vaccines epidemiology, 2646-2647 electrolytic abnormalities (impact), 1857
adenovirus vectors, 1670-1671 infection, 742-743 Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices
DNA vaccines, 1671 Capreomycin, 472-473 (CIEDs), 1041-1044
envelope proteins, 1670 adverse reactions, 472 CIED-related endocarditis, mortality rate,
human trials, 1669-1672 availability, 473 1044
phase IIb efficacy studies, 1671-1672 dosage, 473 clinical manifestations, 1043
phase II clinical studies, 1671 drug interactions, 472 complications, 1044
phase III efficacy studies, 1671-1672 usage, 472 contamination, prevention, 1044
phase II studies, 1669t Capsid-binding agents, usage, 2120 diagnosis, 1043-1044
phase I studies, 1670-1671 Capsomeres, 1787-1788 echocardiography, role, 1044
poxvirus vectors, 1670 Capsular polysaccharides, 2775 epidemiology, 1041
synthetic peptides, 1670 Capsular polysaccharide synthesis (CPS), 962 management, 1044
types, 1666-1668 Capsule polysaccharides, Enterobacteriaceae, microbiology, 1042-1043
Candidemia 2504-2505 pie chart, 1043f
neutropenic patients, 2891-2892 Captopril, impact, 1073 pathogenesis, 1041-1042
non-neutropenic patients, 2891 CAR. See Coxsackievirus and adenovirus removal, 1043
seeding, 1417-1418 receptor risk factors, 1042
syndrome, 2888-2889 Carbapenemases, 238-241 Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices
Candidiasis, 743 Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), (CIEDs) infections
anidulafungin, impact, 491 293-296 diagnosis, 1043
cardiac candidiasis, 2886 adverse reactions, 294-295 history, 1042
caspofungin (candidiasis), impact, 491 antibacterial activity, 293-294 implantation guidelines, 1045f
chronic candidiasis syndrome, 2889 clinical use, 295-296 management, 1045f
chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, 2885, pharmacology, 294 positive blood cultures, 1043
2893 Carbapenems, 293 risk
CNS candidiasis, 2885 action, mechanism, 293 factors, 1042
cutaneous candidiasis syndromes, 2883-2885 activity, 294-296, 2742 increase, factors, 1042t
disseminated candidiasis antibiotics, core structure/substituents, 294f Cardiovascular (CV) infections, GNARs (impact),
predisposing factors, 2880t breakpoints, CLSI reduction, 293 2778
syndrome, 2888-2889 chemistry, 293 Cardiovascular (CV) risk, chronic odontogenic
fluconazole, impact, 487-488 drug allergy, 300 infection (association), 800
gastrointestinal candidiasis, 2882 extended/continuous infusion, 258-259 Cardiovascular (CV) syphilis, 2698
generalized cutaneous candidiasis, 2883 penicillins, cross-reactivity, 301 example, 2698f
micafungin, impact, 491-492 resistance, 293 Cardiovascular (CV) system
mucocutaneous candidiasis, 2893 increase, 2554-2555 brucellosis, 2586
mucous membrane candidiasis, 2882 Carbenicillin, 273 Candida infections, 2892
nonesophageal candidiasis, 2882 Carbohydrate metabolism, genes (expression), 16 Caribbean, HIV/AIDS, 1473-1474
ocular candidiasis, 2888, 2893 Carboxyl-terminal GPI anchor, 111 Carotid artery erosion, 799-800
perianal candidiasis, 2884 Carboxypenicillins, 273 rarity, 799-800
polyenes, usage, 2890 Carbuncles, 1198-1199 Carriage patterns, relevance, 11
respiratory tract candidiasis, 2885-2886 clinical manifestations, 1198 Carrier state, therapy, 2567-2568
systemic drugs, 2890-2891 deep-seated infections, 2261 Carrion, Daniel, 2650
triazoles, usage, 2890-2891 definition, 1198 Carrion’s disease, 2650
urinary candidiasis, 2892-2893 pathologic characteristics, 1198 Carter, R.F., 3059-3060
urinary tract candidiasis, 2886-2887 presumptive therapy, 1198-1199 Cartilage erosions, occurrence, 438
Candle wax drippings, 1423 Staphylococcus aureus, 2261 Cascade pathways, activation, 1107
Canine spaces, 798 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion Case-control studies, 150-151
Canonical pathogens, National Institute of molecules (CEACAMs), 2428 analysis, 151
Allergy and Infectious Diseases definition, CARD9, 2987 considerations, 151
11 function, 51-52 Case-fatality rate, 153
CAP. See Community-acquired bacterial Cardiac assist devices, usage, 1063 Case series, 150
pneumonia; Community-acquired Cardiac candidiasis, 2886 CASG. See Collaborative Antiviral Study Group
pneumonia Cardiac catheters, usage, 1062-1063 Caspase-1, activation, 9
 I19
Caspofungin (candidiasis), 490-491 Cat-scratch disease (CSD) (Continued) CD8
aspergillosis, 491 representation, 2654-2655 lymphocytes, apoptosis, 922
candidiasis, 491 resolution, 1235 T cells, 52-53
drug interactions, 490 right axillary lymphadenopathy, 2654f memory, generation/maintenance, 53

Index
formulations, 490 Cat-scratch disease (CSD) Bartonella henselae, CD8α deficiency, 61
indications, 491 2654-2655 CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated control,
mucormycosis, 491 atypical manifestations, 2655 2047f
pharmacology, 490 background, 2654 CD8+ T-cell antiviral factors (CAF), 1530-1531
side effects, 490 differential diagnosis, 2656 CD8+ T-cell numbers/function, dysregulation,
Catabolism, 93 direct examination, 2658 1536
Cat bite wounds, bacterial isolates, 3511t encephalopathy, 2655-2656 CD8+ T cells, 72
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection HIV-associated neurologic syndromes, CD4+ T cells, interaction, 53
(CA-UTIs) 2656-2657 frequency, increase, 53
antibiotics laboratory diagnosis, 2658-2660 HIV, interaction, 1536
management, 3344 musculoskeletal manifestations, 2655 responses, contraction phase, 53
selection, 3344 ocular manifestations, 2656 thymic selection, 63
bladder irrigation, antimicrobials/saline pathogenesis, 2657-2658 CD28 receptor, impact, 43f
(usage), 3342 Cauda equina syndrome, 1138 CD31, inclusion, 82
catheterization, reduction, 3339 Causation, 605-606 CD39, 74
cranberry products, 3342 Causative organisms, identification, 615 CD40-CD40L interactions, 44f
drainage bag, antimicrobial drugs (usage), CA-UTI. See Catheter-associated urinary tract CD40 ligand, binding (impossibility), 47
3342-3343 infection CD45RA differentiation marker, 1676
empirical management, 3344t Cavernous sinus CD59 deficiency, 111-112
indwelling urethral catheterization, alternatives, oblique section, 1183f CD73, 74
3340-3341 syndromes, 1436 CDAD. See Clostridium difficile-associated
infection control programs, 3338-3339 occurrence, 1436 diarrhea
measures, 3342 thrombophlebitis, 1436 CDI. See Clostridium difficile infection
meatal care, enhancement, 3342 diagram, 1435f CDRs. See Complementarity-determining
methenamine salts, usage, 3342 thrombosis, pansinusitis (association), 800f regions
monitoring strategies, 3339t Cavitary histoplasmosis, chest roentgenogram, CDT. See Clostridium difficile binary toxin
prevention, 3338-3343 2955f CDV. See Cidofovir
strategies, 3338t-3339t, 3342-3343 Cavitary lesion CE. See California encephalitis
prophylaxis, antimicrobial agents, usage, differential diagnosis, chest radiograph, 856t CEACAMs. See Carcinoembryonic antigen-
3341-3342 infectious/noninfectious causes, 857 related cell adhesion molecules
signs/symptoms, 3338t Cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis, treatment, CEE. See Central European encephalitis
systemic antibiotics, usage, 3341 2960-2961 Cefadroxil, structure, 278f
Catheterization CCA. See Chimpanzee coryza agent Cefazolin
condom catheterization, 3340 CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, 78 elimination, 288-289
indwelling urethral catheterization, alternatives, cccDNA. See Covalently closed circular DNA structure, 278f
3340-3341 CC-chemokines, 79-80 Cefdinir, 290
intermittent catheterization, 3340 CCHF. See Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever structure, 279f
reduction, 3339 CCR5, 1892 Cefditoren, 290
suprapubic catheterization, 3340-3341 binding, inhibitor, 530 structure, 279f
Catheters natural ligands, 1530-1531 Cefepime, structure, 280f
antimicrobial-coated catheters, 3341 32-base pair deletion, 1593 Cefixime, 290
antimicrobial-impregnated catheters, 1192 CCR7 (chemokine receptor), 43 structure, 279f
catheter-associated infection, prevention issues, CCRs. See Chemokine receptors Cefotaxime, 289
3323 CD1 monotherapy, 289-290
catheter-related infections, nontuberculous antigen presentation, 62 structure, 279f
mycobacteria, 2851 antigen processing/loading, cell biology, 58 Cefotaxime/ceftazidime-hydrolyzing (CTX-M)
catheter-related sepsis, suppurative family, 58 family, derivation/spread, 284
thrombophlebitis (absence), 1020 isoforms, intracellular trafficking, 59f Cefotaxime-M (CTX-M) beta-lactamases,
change, 3343 proteins derivation, 238
hub, contamination, 3311 single-pass transmembrane proteins, 58 Cefotetan, 289
implanted long-term catheters, infectious structure, 58 structure, 279f
complications, 3318t CD1b, structure, 58f usage, 804
insertion/maintenance techniques, 3341 CD4 Cefoxitin, 289
prevention strategies, 3341-3342 expression, monocytic cells (expression), structure, 279f
removal 1537 usage, 804
indications, 955-956, 955t lymphocytes Cefpirome, structure, 280f
prophylactic antimicrobials, usage, 3343 apoptosis, 922 Cefpodoxime
replacement, 3343-3344 counts, range, 1546f proxetil, 290
prophylactic antimicrobials, usage, 3343 T-cell counts, 1638 structure, 279f
Cationic aminoglycosides, beta-lactam antibiotics T cells, 50-52 Cefprozil, 289
(chemical interaction), 312 Th17 cells, discovery, 51 structure, 279f
Cationic proteins, isolation, 90 Th-cell subsets, paradigm, 52 Ceftaroline, structure, 280f
CATs. See Chloramphenicol acetyltransferases CD4+ cell apoptosis, prevention, 933 Ceftazidime, 289-290
Cat-scratch disease (CSD), 1229, 1428, 2661 CD4+ count, adjustment, 1547f structure, 279f
contact history, 1229 CD4+ memory T cells, depletion, 1534 Ceftibuten, 290
encephalopathy, pathogenesis, 2656 CD4+ T cells, 1534-1536 structure, 279f
hepatic involvement, CT image, 2655f apoptosis, 1535 Ceftobiprole, structure, 280f
injuries/papules, 2654f depletion, mechanisms, 1535-1536 Ceftriaxone, 289
left axillary cat-scratch disease lymphadenitis, destruction, increase, 1535 monotherapy, 289-290
development, 2654f direct infection, 1535 structure, 279f
lymphadenitis lymphocyte turnover, 1535 Cefuroxime, 289
MRI, 2655f production, decrease, 1535-1536 structure, 279f
pathologic findings, 2650 redistribution, 1536 Celiac sprue, 1300
neuroretinitis, 1428f responses, 1531 Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 34
manifestations, 2656f thymic selection, 63 Cell-associated enveloped virion (CEV), 1695
 I20
Cell culture
Chlamydia trachomatis developmental cycle,
2155f
direct immunofluorescence staining, 2176f
Index
HAV biology, 2098
Cell-free EBV DNA, detection, 1767
Cell-free supernatants, 20
Cell-mediated immune (CMI) function, global
indicators, 125
Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, 1666,
1736, 2544
primacy, 1691-1692
Cell-mediated immunity, 134-139
impact, 1952
lymphocytes/macrophages, impact, 825-826
Cell membranes
chemical constituents, 99
phospholipids, 312
targeting, perforin lyses (usage), 52-53
Cells
death, 87
entry mechanisms, 1686f
killing, 1687
lysis, 101
surface
determinants, involvement, 2243-2247
HIV-1 infection process, 2060f
Cellular immune system, microbial pathogenesis
(relationship), 61-62
Cellular immunity, 892-893, 2047-2048
host defenses, 3384-3386
Cellular pathogenesis, influenza, 2008
Cellulitis, 1200-1203. See also Streptococcal
cellulitis
anatomic structures, involvement, 2262
anatomic variants/predispositions, 1201t
cause, 1201
clinical manifestations, 1200-1202
clostridial anaerobic cellulitis, 1210-1211
crepitant cellulitis, 1204
Cryptococcus neoformans (impact), 2943f
cuff cellulitis, 1376-1377
environmental exposures, importance, 1202
episodes, recurrence, 1201, 1203
Haemophilus influenzae, 2579
infections, 1194
initial local care, 1203
preseptal cellulitis, 1434-1438
presumptive therapy, 1202-1203
processes, 1202t
seriousness, 1201
Staphylococcus aureus, 2261-2262
Cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 312
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)
Group EF-4, 2675-2682
groups, 2681-2682
Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory,
2681-2682
staging systems, comparison, 1543t
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
(CMS), 613
Central America, HIV epidemic, 1592
Central Asia, HIV/AIDS, 1471
numbers, estimation, 1592
Central European encephalitis (CEE), 1883
Central line-associated bloodstream infections
(CLABSIs)
antimicrobial catheters, 3322-3323
antimicrobial lock prophylaxis, 3322
antimicrobial prophylaxis, 3321-3322
occurrence, 3310
prevention, approaches, 3321-3323
Central nervous system (CNS)
abnormalities, 2230-2231
adjunctive therapy, 1095-1096
antimicrobial therapy, 1095
Candida infection, 2892
candidiasis, 2885
Central nervous system (CNS) (Continued)
CMV, impact, 1743
CMV infection, 1740
complications, occurrence, 1967
cryptococcosis, 2942
disease
actinomycosis, 2869
adenovirus, relationship, 1790
embolism, surgery (timing), 1038
gumma, 2697
invasion
blood-brain barrier, impact, 1104
meningeal pathogens, impact, 1107-1108
viremia, relationship, 1104
viruses, occurrence, 1104
JCV infection, histologic features, 1811f
lymphoma, 1767-1768
management, 1095-1096
mass lesions, 1578-1583
management, 1583f
mumps, symptoms/signs, 1116t
neuroimaging studies, 1094-1095
pathologic changes, 998
primary CNS lymphoma, 1580-1581
quinolones, impact, 437
side effects, 556
subacute PDH, relationship, 2957
surgical therapy, 1095
Toxoplasma gondii, 3129-3130
toxoplasmosis
clinical manifestations, 1169-1170
imaging studies, 3140f
tuberculosis (tuberculous meningitis),
2812-2813
clinical manifestations, 2812
pathologic features, 2812
therapy, 2812-2813
viral infection, occurrence, 1105
virus spread, 1105
Central nervous system (CNS) infections,
2080-2082, 2092-2093., 3447
anaerobes, impact, 2739
antimicrobial agents, dosages, 1174t
approach, 1145f
cerebrospinal fluid, tests, 1093t
clinical manifestations, 1091-1092
consideration, 1146
consolidation therapy, OPAT (usage), 616
elderly, 3457
fluid management, 1095-1096
glucose/protein, presence, 1093-1094
GNARs, 2777
injection drug users, 3488-3490
Listeria monocytogenes, 2385-2386
microsporidia, relationship, 3037-3038
Pasteurella species, 2605
rifampin, impact, 346
risk factors, 3488
seizures, occurrence, 1095
treatment, adjunctive modalities, 1095
Central venous catheters (CVCs)
care/maintenance, 3318
impact, 3398
implanted central venous catheters, care/
maintenance, 3318
infection, 2277f
long-term issues, 3317
parenteral nutrition issues, 3316-3317
short-term issues, 3315-3316
Cepacia syndrome, 2535, 2537
Cephalexin, structure, 278f
Cephalic tetanus, 2759
right facial paresis, 2759f
Cephalocaudal sequence, 108
Cephalosporins
action, mechanism, 281
activity, spectrum, 281
adverse effects, 287t
adverse reactions, 287-288
Cephalosporins (Continued)
allergy history, beta-lactams (usage), 302f
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 656t-658t
beta-lactamase inhibitors, combination, 291
chemistry, 278-280
classification, 280-281
clinical uses, 288-291
cross-reactivity, 287
distribution, 284
dosage forms, 628t
dosing adjustment, 286t
dosing regimens, 288t
drug allergy, 300
clinical manifestations, 300
desensitization, 300
diagnosis, 300
pathophysiology, 300
elimination, kidney (involvement), 286
first-generation cephalosporins, 288-289
structure, 278f
fourth-generation cephalosporins, 280f,
290-291
immunologically mediated reactions, 287
in vitro activity, 282t-283t
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-
active cephalosporins, 280f, 291
nonimmunologic hematologic/renal toxicities,
287
nucleus, structure, 278f
oral preparations, stability, 284
parenteral/oral cephalosporins, classification,
280t
pharmacokinetics, 279f
pharmacologic properties, 284-287
reaction (prediction), penicillin skin test
(usage), 287
resistance, mechanisms, 281-284
safety profile, 287
second-generation cephalosporins, 279f, 289
third-generation cephalosporins, 279f, 289-290
toxicities, 287-288
usage, 1278
Cephalothin, structure, 278f
Cephamycins, 289
Cepheid CT/NG GeneXpert rapid PCR test, 2161
Cerebral aspergillosis, 2902-2903
Cerebral blood flow, alterations, 1113-1114
Cerebral edema
increase, 1112-1113
noncontrast, CT scan, 1990f
Cerebral function (sepsis), 925
Cerebral malaria, pathophysiology, 3073-3074
Cerebral mycotic aneurysm, injection drug users,
3488-3489
Cerebral white matter, signal intensity increase
(T2-weighted MR image), 1122f
Cerebritis (encephalitis), 2386
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 1140
abnormalities, 3141
analysis, 1151-1152, 2922
bacterial DNA (detection), PCR assay (usage),
1189
drug concentrations, 284-286
examination, 1118-1120
results, 1154
HHV-6, detection, 1775
hypoglycorrhachia, presence, 1093-1094
India ink examination, 1094
India ink preparations, 2944f
inflammatory response, development, 1105
laboratory processing, 195-196
lactate concentrations, usefulness, 1120-1121
orthopoxvirus-reactive antibodies, presence,
1697
pleocytosis, 2074-2075
magnitude, variation, 1151
profile, 1151
protein concentration, elevation, 1094
removal/analysis, 1092

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Continued)
studies, supplementation, 1148
testing, results (abnormality), 1139
tests, 1093t, 1094
Cerebrospinal fluid penetration effectiveness
(CPE) score, 1577, 1577t
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt
antimicrobial agents
direct instillation, 1190
intraventricular administration, 1190-1191,
1190t
antimicrobial-impregnated catheters, 1192
antimicrobial prophylaxis, 1192
antimicrobial therapy, 1190-1191
duration, 1191
clinical features, 1188-1189
colonization, 1188
culture, 1189
diagnosis, 1189-1190
epidemiology, 1186-1187
etiology, 1188
external ventricular drains, periprocedural
prophylactic antibiotics (usage), 1192
hardware, removal, 1191
hematogenous seeding, 1188
infections, 2278-2279
bacterial etiologic agents, 1188t
clinical evidence, absence, 1189
identification, neuroimaging studies,
1189-1190
risk, increase (factors), 1187t
symptoms/signs, 1188
treatment, 1190-1191
treatment, vancomycin (usage), 387
insertion, protocol components, 1192t
interventions, combination, 1192
needle insertion, 1188
pathogenesis, 1188
prevention, 1191-1192
reimplantation, duration, 1191
removal, 1191
retrograde infection, 1188
therapy, 1190-1191
Cerebrum, purulent material (operative
photograph), 1180f
Cervical cancer screening guidelines, 1804t
Cervical CMV excretion, 1751-1752
Cervical epithelia, alternative pathway
complement components (production/
release), 2451f
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 1800
development, 1796-1797
Cervical lymphadenitis, 1227
Cervical lymphadenopathy, 3281-3282
Cervicitis, 1368-1369
diagnosis, 1368-1369
etiology, 1368
pathogenesis, 1368
therapy, 1369
types, 1368t
women, 2165
Cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA shedding, 1611
Cervicovaginal HIV shedding, decrease, 1611
Cervix
appearance, 1361f
evaluation, 1801
Cesarean section, protective efficacy, 1598-1599
Cessation of eating and drinking, 3082-3083
Cestodes. See Tapeworms
CEV. See Cell-associated enveloped virion
CFF. See Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
CFHRs, types, 110
CFQ-R RSS, 883
CFR. See Cumulative fraction of response
CFS. See Chronic fatigue syndrome
CFTR. See Cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator; Cystic fibrosis
transmembrane receptor
CGD. See Chronic granulomatous disease
I21
Chagas’ disease, 3109-3114 Chickenpox, 1732
acute Chagas’ disease, Romaña’s sign, 3111f childhood disease, 1732
cardiac muscle, Trypanosoma cruzi, 3110f clinical manifestations, 1733-1734
chronic Chagas’ disease, constipation immunocompromised patient, 1733-1734
Index
(air-contrast barium enema), 3112f neurologic complication, 1733
clinical course, 3111-3112 prevention, 1735-1736
diagnosis, 3113 therapy, 1735
epidemiology, 3110-3111 vaccine recommendations (ACIP), 1736
life cycle, 3109 Chigger mite, pruritic red bleb, 3256f
pathology, 3109-3110 Chiggers, 2194
prevention, 3114 Chikungunya (CHIK), 172, 1865
therapy, 3113-3114 arthritis, 1308
transmission, 3109 mouse model, 1871
Chalazion, 1432 epidemic, 1872
Chancre fever
formation, 2693 characterization, 1311
penile chancre, example, 2693f outbreak/spread, 1871
Chancre pia nique (example), 2711f virus, 744, 1429, 1869
Chancriform lesions, anthrax, 1199 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 1865
clinical manifestations, 1199 infection, mother-to-child transmission, 1872
forehead location, 1199f Childhood
pathogenesis, 1199 asthma, exacerbations, 1963
presumptive therapy, 1199 chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, infection, 2797
Chancroid diarrhea, cryptosporidiosis (developing
characterization, 2693-2694 countries), 3178-3179
cure, 1347 diarrhea/hospitalization, rotavirus (impact),
inguinal adenopathy, combination, 1230 169
lesions, 1343 immunization, 156
presentation, 2581 mycotic aneurysms, rarity, 1023-1024
Chancroidal herpes simplex virus lesion (penis), primary tuberculosis, 2798-2799
1720f tuberculosis, treatment, 2808
Changuinola virus, 1850 Children
Chaperones, 7 acute respiratory tract infections, 2578
Charcot-Leyden crystals, 3008 acute rubella, exanthem (example), 1877f
protein, 91 adjunctive corticosteroids, clinical studies,
Cheadle, Walter B., 2300 1124-1125
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), 140, 787 AIDS-indicator diseases, frequency, 1492-1493
Cheeks, facial erysipelas, 1200f AIDS, presence, 1492-1493
Chemical agents antibody deficiencies, 46
advantages/disadvantages, 3297t Bordetella pertussis, 2622-2623
HAV resistance, 2096-2097 cephalosporins, dosing regimens, 288t
Chemical burns, 1402 Chlamydia pneumoniae studies, 2177t
Chemical disinfectants, usage, 3298-3302 Clostridium difficile infection, 2749
Chemical inducers, cytochrome P450 drug- community-acquired pneumonia (treatment),
metabolizing isoenzyme organization, 685t antimicrobial agent (selection), 843t-844t
Chemical sterilants, 3297t croup, evaluation/management, 765t
Chemical weapons, use, 179 deaths, causes, 159f
Chemokine-mediated trafficking, 65 diarrhea-related deaths, 1862f
Chemokine receptor (CCR5), 29-30 fever of unknown origin, 723-724
co-receptor, 121 fifth disease, slapped-cheek appearance, 1843f
32-bp depletion, prevalence, 121 Finnish children, PCV7 efficacy, 771t
Chemokine receptors (CCRs), role, 119 gastrointestinal pathogens, attack rates, 1240
Chemokines, 2062 gonorrhea, 2460
defense, 29-30 Haemophilus influenzae colonization, 2576
interactions, 30 HAV vaccination, 2110
negativity, Duffy antigen receptor (usage), HIV infection, diagnosis, 1493f
3077 human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 1963
production, 72 infection, chest radiograph, 1963f
receptors, 121 immunization
role, 83 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, usage,
Chemoprophylaxis, 1134-1135 2324f
antiretroviral agents, usage, 3371-3373 practices, standards, 3551t
indications, 3374 infective endocarditis, prophylaxis, 1063
pregnancy, 3373 intravenous vancomycin, dose
recommendation, 1135 (recommendation), 384
source unknown exposures, 3374 lower extremities, multiple pyoderma lesions,
timing/duration, 3374 2292f
usage, rationale, 1134 malaria, intermittent presumptive treatment,
Chemosis (conjunctival edema), 1393 3086
Chemotactic stimuli, 83 mediastinitis, rates (reduction), 1083
Chemotaxis, defense, 29-30 meningitis, antimicrobial agents (dosages),
Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus 1126t
(CHIPS), binding, 103 meningococcal conjugate vaccines, 2443-2444
Chest nitrofurantoin, usage, 449
computed tomography scan, 1085f pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy,
infections, 3445-3447 2324-2325
wall mass biopsy, Blastomyces dermatitidis, praziquantel, safety, 526
2968f primary HSV gingivostomatitis, example, 1719f
CHG. See Chlorhexidine gluconate recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 1796
 I22
Children (Continued) Chlamydia trachomatis (Continued) Chloroquine (Continued)
rotavirus mortality, 1859f infection, 1396-1397, 1797, 2166 resistance, 499
RSV, infection, 1953 clinical characteristics, 2164t structure, 499f
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 2185f laboratory diagnosis, 2159-2161 toxicity, 499
Index

urinary tract infection, 894-895, 902 lymphogranuloma venereum, 2168-2169 usage, 3070-3071
structural/functional obstruction, absence, treatment, 2169 Chloroquine phosphate, usage, 3085
895 neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis, 2167 Chloroquine-sensitive (CQ-S) parasites, 499
vaccinations, catch-up schedules, 3521f-3525f nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), Chlortetracycline, derivation, 322
vaccines, usage, 3546 2159-2160 Cholangiopathy, 1568-1569
viral croup, neck (radiograph), 764f nucleic acid hybridization, 2160 Cholangitis, 965
viral meningitis, 1116 ocular associations, 1408 acute cholangitis, 967
visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 3095f pathogenesis, 2158 microbiology, 966t
Chimpanzee coryza agent (CCA), 1948 perinatal infections, 2167-2168 Cholecystitis, 964-965
China, HIV prevalence rate, 1472 prevention strategies, 2169-2170 acute cholecystitis, pathogenesis, 965f
Chin (scale), collarette (papular lesions), 2652f rapid tests, 2161 Cholelithiasis, 1568-1569
Chinese character palisading morphology, 2367 serology, 2161 Cholera. See Vibrio cholerae
Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for trachoma absence, 2473
Emergency Treatments, 597 clinical manifestations, 2161-2162 Cholestatic hepatitis E, characterization,
CHIPS. See Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. treatment, 2162 2137-2138
aureus WHO grading scheme, 2162t Cholestatic hepatitis, occurrence, 363
Chiron RIBA HCV 3.0 SIA, 1915 urogenital infections, 2162-2163 Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, 918
Chlamydia-associated reactive arthritis, 2164 clinical manifestations/sequelae, 2162f Chorioamnionitis, 1372
Chlamydiae men, 2163-2164 clinical presentation, 2646
forms, 2156 transmission patterns, 2162f Chorioretinitis
life cycle, 2175f women, 2164-2166 occurrence, 1722-1723
Chlamydial 60-kD heat-shock protein (cHSP60), Chloramphenicol, 334-337 toxoplasmic chorioretinitis, 3134f
2158 absorption, 334-335 Christie, Atkinson, Munch, Peterson (CAMP)
Chlamydial biology, 2155-2157 action, mechanism, 334 factors, production, 2340
Chlamydial conjunctivitis, 1396-1398 administration, 334 Chromobacterium species, 2672-2673
neonates, 1399 adverse reactions, 336-337 Chromobacterium violaceum, violet-black
Chlamydial infection, co-treatment, 2459-2460 anaerobic bacteria, interaction, 335 colonies, 2673f
Chlamydial keratitis, 1408 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t-666t Chromoblastomycosis
therapy, 1408 antimicrobial activity, 335 clinical manifestations, 2926-2927
Chlamydia pneumoniae, 789, 807 aplastic anemia, interaction, 336-337 dermal abscess, quadrate cluster, 2927f
antigen detection, 2176 bacterial meningitis, interaction, 335-336 diagnosis, 2927
antimicrobials, comparative in vitro activities, bioavailability, 334-335 epidemiology, 2925
2178t bone marrow suppression, interaction, 336 etiologic agents, 2925
asthma, relationship, 2178-2180 brain abscess, interaction, 335-336 feet, 2926f
atherosclerosis, relationship, 2180-2181 chemical structure, 334f lower leg, 2926f
cell culture, 2175-2176 clinical uses, 335-336 pathology/pathogenesis, 2925-2926
chronic diseases, 2180-2181 concomitant administration, 227 sclerotic bodies, 2926f
relationship, 2178 dosage forms, 648t therapy, 2927
clinical manifestations, 2178 dosing, 334 verrucous nodules, 2926f
epidemiology, 2177-2178 drug distribution, 335 Chromosomal mutants, selection, 421
history, 2174 drug-drug interactions, 337t Chronic active EBV (CAEBV) infection,
infection, 1397 drug elimination, 335 1760-1761
laboratory testing, 2175-2177 drug interactions, 337 Chronic anterior uveitis, CMV (impact), 1425
microbiology, 2174-2175 efficacy, 2438 Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis, 1398
multiple sclerosis, relationship, 2181 gram-negative bacteria, interaction, 335 treatment, 1398-1399
nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), gram-positive bacteria, interaction, 335 Chronic bacterial parotitis, 802
2176-2177 gray baby syndrome, interaction, 337 Chronic bacterial prostatitis, 1383
respiratory infection, adults/children (studies), hematologic toxicity, 336-337 Chronic bronchiectasis, 2832-2833
2177t infections, interaction, 336 Chronic bronchitis
role, clinical studies, 2179t neurologic side effects, 337 acute exacerbation, 2318
serologic testing, 2177 optic neuritis, interaction, 337 rhinovirus, impact, 2117
therapy, 2178-2181 organisms, interaction, 335 Chronic brucellosis, development, 1674
Chlamydia psittaci (implication), 1009 pharmacology, 334-335 Chronic candidiasis syndrome, 2889
Chlamydia trachomatis, 2-3 reactions, 337 Chronic colonization, 2535
adults resistance, mechanism, 336 Chronic diseases
genital/ocular infections, treatment, Salmonella infections, interaction, 336 cause/contribution, infectious agents
2166-2167 structure, 334 (examples), 160t
oculogenital disease, 2162-2167 usage, 1277-1278 Chlamydia pneumoniae, 2180-2181
antigen detection, 2160 Chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CATs), 336 relationship, 2178
antigenic diversity, 2157-2158 Chlorhexidine, antiseptic activity, 453 Chronic disseminated histoplasmosis, tongue
case rates, 2155f Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) ulcer, 2957f
cell culture isolation, 2160-2161 alcohol-based preparations, 453, 455 Chronic endophthalmitis, 1428
chlamydial infection, screening, 2169t bathing, 456-457 Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction
clinical manifestations, 2161-2169 CHG-impregnated washcloths, bathing usage, syndrome, 1674
cytologic diagnosis, 2161 457 Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 1674,
developmental cycle, 2155f preparation, 453 1760-1761
diagnostic tests, comparative performances, tolerance, 457 autonomic nervous system, role, 1676
2160t topical CHG washes, 454 CDC/NIH Consensus Conference definition,
genetic diversity, 2157-2158 Chlorine/chlorine compounds, usage, 3298-3299 1675t
immunity, 2159 Chloroguanide (Proguanil), 506-507 central nervous system, role, 1677
inclusion conjunctivitis, 2162 Chloroquine, 499 clinical manifestations, 1678
infant chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum disabling fatigue, symptom, 1678
chest radiographs, 2168f (evolution), 3071f epidemiology, 1675
infections, prevention/treatment, 2167-2168 clinical use, 499 etiology, 1675-1678
pneumonia, 2167 pharmacokinetics, 499 genome, role, 1677-1678

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (Continued)
genome-wide analysis, capacity, 1677
graded exercise therapy (GET), 1679
history, 1674-1675
idiopathic illness, outbreaks, 1675
immune system, role, 1676-1677
infection, role, 1676
infectious causes, 1675t
proposal, 1676
laboratory findings, 1678
management, 1678-1679
nonpharmacologic therapy, 1679
pathogenesis, 1675-1678
pharmacologic therapy, 1679
principles, 1678-1679
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
(SEER) Medicare registry, 1676
treatment, attempts, 1676
Chronic fibrocavitary pneumonia, 2978-2979
coccidioidomycosis, 2982-2983
Chronic/fibrosing mediastinitis, 1088-1089
Chronic foot infections, 1207
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 141-142
granulomas, occurrence, 141-142
staphylococcal liver abscess, presence, 142f
survival rate, 2672-2673
Chronic granulomatous lymphangitis, 1235
Chronic granulomatous monoarthritis,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (impact), 1313
Chronic hematogenous (late generalized)
tuberculosis, 2811-2812
Chronic hepatitis
histologic classification, 1445t
milk thistle, usage, 601-602
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), 1821, 1825
adefovir dipivoxil, usage, 1450-1451
agents, 1452
antiviral drugs
approval, 1453t
potencies, 1449t
selection, 1453-1454
clinical manifestations, 1447-1448
direct oral antiviral agents, 1449-1452
distinctions, 1446-1447, 1446t
entecavir, usage, 1451
infection, 1827-1828
interferon-based therapy, 1448-1449
lamivudine, impact, 1449-1450
management, 1828
issues, 1834
mortality, cause, 1826
pathophysiology/natural history, 1447
remissions, 567
telbivudine, usage, 1451-1452
tenofovir, usage, 1452
therapy, recommendations, 1452-1453
treatment, 1448-1452
agents, usage, 1830t
American Association for the Study of Liver
Diseases recommendations/guidelines,
1453t
patient selection, 1829t
treatment, absence (prognosis), 1825-1826
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)
antiviral resistance, 1923
B-cell lymphoma, 1466
boceprevir, usage, 1461-1463
clinical manifestations, 1458, 1914-1915
courses, 1443f
first-generation NS3-4A protease inhibitors,
usage, 1461-1463
genotype 1 chronic HCV infection, treatment,
1921f
HIV coinfection, 1465-1466
immune-complex disease, 1466
infection
retreatment, 1922
treatment, 1920-1921
liver transplantation, 1465
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Continued)
medications, 1920
pathophysiology/natural history, 1456-1458
patient populations, 1465-1466
pegylated interferon, treatment principles,
1459-1460
progression, variability, 1457
retreatment, 1924
ribavirin, treatment principles, 1459-1460
telaprevir, usage, 1461-1463
therapy, 1466
candidates, 1464-1465
clinical benefits, 1460-1461
histologic/clinical responses, 1919-1920
tailoring, 1460
treatment, 1458-1464, 1919-1924
adverse reactions, 1922-1923
boceprevir-based therapy, 1462f
history/progress, 1920
patient selection, 1924
recommendations, 1924
response indicators, 1921-1922
responses, 1919-1920
telaprevir-based therapy, 1462f
virologic responses, 1919
Chronic hepatitis D virus (HDV), 1455
clinical features, 1455
severity, 1455
treatment, 1455
Chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV), 1441
therapy, 2140-2141
treatment, 1467
Chronic herpes zoster ophthalmicus,
management, 1411t
Chronic infections, 46, 880-881, 2535
Chronic infectious arthritis, 1311-1314
Chronic inflammation, 74-75
Chronic inflammatory processes, 1269
Chronic liver disease, HAV (relationship), 2111
Chronic lymphadenitis, 1226
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, presence, 2527f
Chronic meningitis, 1139-1143
brain biopsy, 1140
clinical manifestations, 1139
diagnosis, 1139-1140
diagnostic tests, 1140t
differential diagnosis, 1140-1143, 1140t
history, 1139
imaging, 1139-1140
laboratory findings, 1140
physical examination, 1139
Chronic meningococcemia, 2435
rarity, 740
skin lesions, 1209
Chronic meningoencephalitis, 2087
clinical manifestations, 2087
prophylaxis/therapy, 2087
Chronic monarticular arthritis, 1314
infectious causes, 1312t
Chronic mononucleosis syndrome, 1760-1761
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, 2885, 2893
Mendelian susceptibility, 51
Chronic nonhealing noninfected wounds, topical
antibacterials (usage), 453-454
Chronic noninflammatory diarrhea, 1260
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
1953
acute exacerbations, 811
antibiotic therapy, 814-816
nonantimicrobial therapy, 814
prevention, 816-817
acute exacerbations, microbes (presence), 813
antibiotics
prophylaxis. See Steady-state COPD.
rationale, 814
selection, 814-816
therapy, duration, 816
causes, 810
clinical manifestations, 810
I23
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
(Continued)
diagnosis, 811
epidemiology, 810
Index
exacerbation, 2578
antibiotic treatment decision, flowchart, 815f
risk, 2576
inflammation, lower airway perpetuation, 812
lower respiratory tract infections, 2464-2465
microbes, presence, 812-813
mucosal inflammation, 811-812
nonantimicrobial therapy. See Steady-state
COPD.
pathophysiology, 811-813, 812f
radiology, 811
single-lung transplantation, 868f
spirometric classification, 811t
sputum sample, 2465f
stability, 812-813
stable-state patient-group category, 813t
treatment identification, 814
vaccination, 816-817
viral infection, therapy, 816
Chronic odontogenic infection, cardiovascular
risk (association), 800
Chronic oligoarticular arthritis, infectious causes,
1312t
Chronic organizing pneumonia (COP), 865f
Chronic osteomyelitis, antimicrobial therapy,
1321t
Chronic otitis externa, cause, 768
Chronic periprosthetic joint infection, 1330
Chronic PJI, 1329
Chronic pneumonia
acute myelogenous leukemia, myeloablative
chemotherapy, 869f
age/gender/race, 861-862
antigen detection assays, 867
antimicrobial agents, 871-872
atypical tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium
complex (impact), 866f
bronchoscopy, 872
causes, 860-861, 863
diseases, radiologic patterns, 864t-865t
chest radiographic studies, 863-865
clinical features, 863
contacts/habits/drugs, 862
COPD, single-lung transplantation, 868f
corticosteroids, 872
diabetes control, problem, 869f
diagnostic procedures, 863-871
diffuse pulmonary infiltration, radiographic
evidence, 871
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
867
epidemiology, 861-863
extrapulmonary involvement, evidence, 863
fever, 870f-871f
fibrosis, radiographic evidence, 871
initial laboratory studies, 863
invasive procedures, 869-870
localized infiltrates/cavitation, radiographic
evidence, 867-869
long-standing pulmonary sarcoidosis,
progressive exertional dyspnea, 868f
lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 866f
microbiologic agents, initial exposure, 862
miliary pattern, 867f
molecular probes, 867
nonproductive cough, 871f
occupation/hobbies, 862
productive cough, 870f
pulmonary blastomycosis, 867f
pulmonary tuberculosis, 866f
renal transplant, presentation, 871f
residence/travel, 862
signs, 863
small cell carcinoma upper lung, diagnosis, 872f
sputum, microscopic examination, 867
 I24
Chronic pneumonia (Continued)
status post renal transplant, 870f
studies, 863-871
surgery, 872
Index
symptoms, 863
syndrome, 860
causes, 861t
therapy, 871-872
underlying disease, 862-863
Chronic postcataract endophthalmitis, 1416,
1419-1420
Chronic progressive disseminated histoplasmosis,
2957
clinical findings, 2957
treatment, 2961
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
(CP/CPPS), 1383
causes, 1383
diagnosis, 1383
prostatic secretory dysfunction, association,
1381
Chronic pseudophakic endophthalmitis, 1416
Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, 2954-2955
laboratory findings, 2955
noncavitary chronic pulmonary disease, 2955
pathology, 2955
symptoms, 2954-2955
Chronic pulmonary therapies, recommendations,
875t-876t
Chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, 2797-2798
adolescence, infection, 2797-2798
adulthood, infection, 2797-2798
age, impact, 2797
apical localization, 2797
elderly, 2798
endogenous reinfection, exogenous reinfection
(differences), 2797
infancy/childhood, infection, 2797
intercurrent events, 2798
late hematogenous tuberculosis, 2798
pleurisy with effusion, impact, 2813
Chronic pyelonephritis, 887, 887f
chronic interstitial nephritis, 887
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis
(CRMO), 1324-1325
Chronic refractory ulcers, 1207
Chronic respiratory tract infections, 2525
Chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease, 2303f
Chronic rhinosinusitis, symptoms, 779
Chronic schistosomiasis, 3219-3220
Chronic sinusitis, 778
biofilms, 778
fungi, impact, 777
Chronic superficial skin ulcers, 1205-1207
Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection
barium swallow radiographic study, 3112f
chest radiograph, 3112f
Chronic urinary tract infection, 887
Chronic viral cardiomyopathy (CVC), 1074
Chronic viral hepatitis, 1445-1467
clinical manifestations, 1447-1448
epidemiologic considerations, 1446-1447
histologic features, 1448
natural history, 1447
pathophysiology, 1447
viral variants, distinctions, 1447
Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 2142, 2150
Chryseobacterium species, 2675-2676
cHSP60. See Chlamydial 60-kD heat shock
protein
Churg-Strauss syndrome, 840
Chytridopsidae, 3033
CI. See Confidence interval
cIAIs. See Complicated intra-abdominal
infections
Cicatricial pemphigoid, 1402
Cidofovir (CDV), 528, 552-553, 1745
action, mechanism, 552
clinical studies, 553
Cidofovir (CDV) (Continued) Class I antigen-processing pathway, 50-54, 56f
CMX0001, 553 Classical-pathway C3 convertase, generation,
effectiveness, 1745 94-97
interactions, 552 Classical-pathway deficiencies, 104-106
intravenous cidofovir, approval, 553 clinical aspects, 104-106
pharmacokinetics, 552 infectious diseases, 106
resistance, 552 immune disorders, 104-106
spectrum, 552 molecular aspects, 106
topical cidofovir gel, formulation, 553 Classic Whipple’s disease (CWD), 2419, 2421
toxicity, 552-553 diagnosis, 2422
CIEBOV. See Cote d’Ivoire ebolavirus Class II antigen-processing pathway, 57-58, 57f
CIEDs. See Cardiovascular implantable electronic Class II major histocompatibility complex, 55f
devices Class II transactivator protein (CIITA), 55
Cierny and Mader classification, 1318 Clavicle, osteomyelitis, 1325
Ciguatera fish poisoning, 3192-3193 Clavulanate, 274-275
Ciguatoxins, impact, 1288 adverse reactions, 275
CIITA. See Class II transactivator protein pharmacology, 274-275
Ciliary activity, congenital defects, 826 structure, 274f
CIN. See Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia therapeutic levels, production, 275
CIP/MET. See Ciprofloxacin/metronidazole Clean wounds, infection prophylaxis, 453-454
Ciprofloxacin Cleavage products, receptors, 99
activity, uniformity, 2413 Clenched-fist injuries, 2677, 3514
effectiveness, 435 Clethrionomys glareolus, 2026
exposure, 256f Clevudine, 569
impact, 256 chemical structure, 566f
usage, hypoglycemia (reports), 438 ClfA. See Clumping factors A
Ciprofloxacin/metronidazole (CIP/MET), impact, Clindamycin, 372-375, 508
976 absorption, properties, 374
Circadian rhythmicity, 710 action, mechanism, 372
CIRCI. See Critical illness-related corticosteroid activity, 373
insufficiency d increase, 374
Circulating blood, composition, 926 adverse reactions, 374
Circulating endotoxin, MAC (association), 109 antibacterial activity, 373
Circulating immune complexes, search, 41 antimicrobial activity, 372-373
Circulating neutrophils chemistry, 372
heterogeneity, 81 clinical pharmacology, 373-374
intracellular yeast cells, presence, 2959f derivation, 372
population, homeostasis, 80 drug interactions, 374
Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses effectiveness, 375
(cVDPVs), 2073-2074 half-life, 374
Cirrhosis, 939 preparations, 372
factors, 1913t primaquine, combination, 375
Cities Readiness Initiative (CRI), 184 quinine, combination, 375
Citrobacter resistance, mechanisms, 372
microorganisms, 2514-2516 usage, 1016
species, 2515 usefulness, 375
Citrobacter rodentium, 73 uses, 374-375
CJD. See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in vitro susceptibilities, 373t
CK-MB. See MB fraction of creatine kinase Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CL. See Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CLSI), 207, 474, 948-949
CLABSIs. See Central line-associated bloodstream carbapenem breakpoint reduction, 293
infections CLSI-recommended procedure, 212
Cladophialophora bantiana interpretive criteria, 207-208
appearance, 2876f-2877f standard, proposal, 220
hyphae, 3007f variables, standardization, 208
Cladophialophora sp., impact, 3007f Clinical diseases, adenoviruses (impact), 1789t
Clara (tryptase), 2001 Clinical nontuberculous mycobacteria disease,
Clarithromycin (Biaxin), 366-370, 477 2847
absorption, 367 Clinical outcomes
activity, 366 nutritional supplements, effects, 131-132
adverse reactions, 367-368 pharmacologic/nonpharmacologic factors, 253f
antimicrobial activity, 366-367 Clinical practice, clinical research (interaction),
base, 366f 605
chemistry, 366 Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS), 3327
clinical pharmacology, 367 impact, 616
derivation, 366 modification, 3327t
distribution, 367 Clinical research studies, communication, 605
drug interactions, 368 Clinical response, term (usage), 617
effectiveness, 369 Clinical specimens
moxifloxacin/gemifloxacin, comparison, 432 antigen tests, 204t
preparations, 366 bacteria
regimen, IDSA recommendation, 344-345 antigen tests, 204t
resistance, mechanisms, 366 detection methods, 198t-200t
uses, 368-370 fungi
in vitro susceptibilities, 361t antigen tests, 204t
Class 1 integron, representation, 2556f isolation, significance, 214
Class B metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), Zn2+ mycobacteria isolation, significance, 210
cation (usage), 240 nucleic acid-based tests, 205t
Class I major histocompatibility complex, 55f viruses/parasites, antigen tests, 204t
 I25
Clinical studies Clostridium botulinum (botulism) (Continued) Clostridium perfringens (Continued)
history, 605 prevention, 2767 pathogenesis, 2770
terms, defining, 605 spores, germination, 1290 toxins, production, 2770t
Clinical thermometry, 708-711 therapy, 2766-2767 treatment, 2770-2771

Index
Clinical trials, 152 transmitter release mechanism, components, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), 1285
confidence intervals, results (interpretation), 2764f Clostridium septicum Gram stain, 2771f
621f Clostridium difficile Clostridium species
design, 152, 621 clinical manifestations, 2750-2751 characteristics, 2768-2771
end points, 618 colitis, 1266 Gram-stain characterstics, 2769f
interpretation, examination points, 606t colonization resistance, mediation (indigenous Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
limitations, 152 microbiota mechanisms), 2746f cases/deaths, 2758f
Clinitest, usage, 226-227 endoscopic tests, 2751t cephalic tetanus, right facial paresis, 2759f
CL-K1. See Collectin 11 enteric pathogens, 1662 characteristics, 2757-2758
CLnr. See Nonrenal clearance epidemiology, 2747-2750 clinical manifestations, 2758-2760
Clofazimine (Lamprene), 476-477 gut microbiota, antibiotics (relationship), 2745 contamination, 47
action, mechanism, 477 historical overview, 2744-2745 culture, Gram stain, 2758f
adverse reactions, 477 lineages, virulence (alteration), 2747 diagnosis, 2760
antimicrobial activity, 477 pathogenesis, 2745-2747 epidemiology, 2757
availability, 477 pathologic manifestations, 2750-2751 generalized tetanus, management protocol,
derivation, 477 sporulation/germination, 2745 2760t
dosage, 477 stool diagnostic tests, 2751t history, 2757
pharmacology, 477 strain type, importance, 2749 injection drug users, 3489-3490
structure, 464f-465f, 477 toxigenic strains, 1242 neonatal tetanus, 2760f
usage, 477 toxins opisthotonus, 2759f
Clonal analysis, impact, 5 production, 2745 pathogenesis, 2758
Clonal deletion, 42 tests, 2751t prophylaxis, 2761-2762
Clonal population structure, impact, 5 virulence factors, 2745 risus sardonicus, 2759f
Clonorchiasis, 3222 027/BI/NAP1 strain, inferred global spread, therapy, 2760-2761
clinical manifestations, 3222 2748f trismus, 2759f
diagnosis, 3222 Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), wound management prophylaxis, 3542t
therapy, 3222 440, 1258, 2768 Closure device treatment, 1055
Clonorchis sinensis (egg), 3223f treatment, 440-441 Clothing, care, 1198
Closed fractures, 1338 Clostridium difficile-associated disease Clotrimazole, usage, 2893
Clostridial anaerobic cellulitis, 1210-1211. See development, 232 Clotting
also Nonclostridial anaerobic cellulitis incidence/severity, 169 cascade, factor XII, 96-97
clinical manifestations, 1210-1211 Clostridium difficile binary toxin (CDT), 2739 factors, sepsis (relationship), 927
differential diagnosis, 1211 Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea, acquisition, Cloxacillin sodium, availability, 272
etiologic agents, 1211 19 Clozapine, metabolism, 429
pathogenesis, 1210 Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), 29, 440-441, CLr. See Renal clearance
pathologic characteristics, 1210 587-588, 1266 CLSI. See Clinical and Laboratory Standards
presumptive therapy, 1211 cases, percentage (inpatient/outpatient status), Institute
Clostridial gas gangrene, left upper extremity, 2748f CLt. See Total drug clearance
1221f children, 2749 Clue cells, 1361
Clostridial infections, 2771-2772 community-associated CDI, 2748-2749 Clumping factors A (ClfA), 1030
abdominal infections, 2771 control, 2750 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
bacteremia, 2771 development, risks, 2749t repeats (CRISPR), 2426-2427
biliary tract infections, 2772 diagnosis, 2751-2752 CMI. See Cell-mediated immune
female genital tract infections, 2772 fecal microbiota transplants, 2754-2755 CMP-NANA. See Cytidine monophospho-N-
pleuropulmonary infections, 2772 first recurrence, 2754 acetyl neuraminic acid; Cytosine
Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene), 1204, fulminant CDI, 2753-2754 5′-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid
1220-1222, 2770-2771 health care-associated CDI, 2747-2748 CMR. See Cardiac magnetic resonance
clinical manifestations, 1220-1221 host response, 2746 CMS. See Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
development, 1220 LFF571, impact, 440 Services
diagnosis, 2770-2771 management, 2750f CMVE. See Cytomegalovirus encephalitis
importance, 2770-2771 mild/moderate level, 2753 CMVIG. See Cytomegalovirus hyperimmune
differential diagnosis, 1221 molecular epidemiology, 2749 globulin
empirical therapy, 1221-1222 multiple recurrences, 2754-2755 CMX001. See Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir
etiologic agents, 1221 prevention, 2750 CNF-1. See Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1
HBOT, usage, 593 attack sites, 2750f Coagulase-negative staphylococci, 381
impact, 2770 recurrence, 351, 615 causative role, 2278
laboratory findings, 1221 development, risk factors, 2749t impact, 2280-2281
left upper extremity, 1221f first recurrence, 2754 infections, therapeutic options, 2282
occurrence, 1220 multiple recurrences, 2754-2755 linezolid, impact, 408
pathogenesis, 1220, 2770 pathogenesis, 2747 microbes, 2273
pathologic characteristics, 1220 risk factors, 2749 non-Staphylococcus epidermidis species, 2281
treatment, 2770-2771 rifaximin, trials, 348 taxonomy, 2273t
Clostridial species, human disease (association), risk factors, 2749-2750 Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species
2769t severe complicated CDI, 2753-2754 (CoNS) infection, 325
Clostridia, spores (impact), 2770 severe level, 2753 Coagulopathy (sepsis), 921
Clostridium botulinum (botulism), 182 risk factors, 2749-2750 Coalescing lesions, 739
characteristics, 2764 surotomycin, impact, 440-441 Coartem, 498
clinical manifestations, 2765-2766 therapy, 2752-2755 COBAS Amplicor, 1740
diagnosis, 2766 outcome, monitoring, 2755 Cobblestone papillae, 1394
epidemiology, 2763-2764 severity/recurrence, basis, 2753t Coccidia, 3184-3190
history, 2763 Clostridium perfringens, 2770-2771 Coccidioidal meningitis, 2979-2980
human botulism, symptoms/signs, 2765t α-toxin production, 591-592 Coccidioides immitis
infant botulism, repetitive nerve stimulation, diagnosis, 2770-2771 diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates, CT scan,
2766f food poisoning, 2771 2979f
pathogenesis, 2764-2765 incubation period, 2771 opportunistic infection, 1660-1661
 I26
Coccidioides meningitis, 1141 Collaborative Antiviral Study Group (CASG), 1151 Common cold (Continued)
Coccidioides posadasii (opportunistic infection), Collagenase, 91 viral pathogens, 750
1660-1661 Collectin 11 (CL-K1), deficiencies, 107 viruses, 749t
Coccidioides species clinical aspects, 107 zinc, usage, 600-601
Index

appearance, 2876f-2877f molecular aspects, 107 Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), 78

geographic location, 1563 Collectins, recognition, 30 Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 47,
Coccidioidomycosis Collectin surfactants, impact, 28 587
anterior paraspinous abscess, sagittal MRI, Colloidal cyst, MRI, 3232f possibility, 139
2980f Colon Common warts (verrucae vulgaris), 1798
cases (Arizona/California), 2977f mucosal thickening, CT scan, 2754f Community
chronic fibrocavitary pneumonia, 2978-2979 post-transplantation lymphoproliferative community-onset bacteremia, S. aureus
clinical manifestations, 2977-2980 disease, 1762f (relationship), 2262
coccidioidal infection rates, 2975-2976 Colonic bacteria, surotomycin/vancomycin HIV infection, prevention, 1498-1501
coccidioidal nodule, cavitation, 2978f (antimicrobial profiles), 441t intervention trials, 152
complement-fixing antibodies, usage, 2981 Colonic epithelium, superficial destructive structure, 12t
control, 2976-2977 process, 1264-1265 Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia
culture, 2980-2981 Colonic organisms, presence, 944 (CAP), 330
diagnosis, 2980-2981 Colonic resection, usage, 988 Community-acquired coryneform infections,
diffuse pneumonia, 2982 Colonization, 880-881, 892 2374t
diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates, CT scan, microorganisms, establishment, 1-2 Community-acquired gastrointestinal infection,
2979f resistance, 1 clinical syndromes, 1243t
direct examination, 2980-2981 Colony-stimulating factor (CSF), 581-585 Community-acquired LD, outbreaks
disseminated coccidioidal infection, ulcerative role, 3405 (investigation), 2639
lesion, 2980f usage, 3412-3413 Community-acquired lung abscess (microbiology
early respiratory infection, 2977-2978 Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), 1161, specimens), transthoracic aspiration (usage),
early uncomplicated infections, 2982 1851-1852 856
endemic intensity, dermal hypersensitivity clinical features, 1852 Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), 1304,
mapping, 2976f epidemiology, 1851 2253-2254
enzyme-linked immunoassays, 2981 laboratory/diagnostic findings, 1852 Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), 2525
epidemiology, 2975-2976 therapy, 1852 aerobic gram-negative bacilli, 842-844
extrapulmonary dissemination, 2979-2980, 2983 Colorectal surgery, prophylaxis (considerations), cefotaxime/ceftriaxone, usage, 290
geographic limitation, 1563 3501 children (treatment), antimicrobial agent
geographic range, 2975 Coltiviruses, 1851-1852 (selection), 843t-844t
histopathology, 2976 Comamonas species, 2676-2677 ciprofloxacin/ofloxacin, impact, 432-433
HIV complication, 1661 Comamonas testoseroni, 2676 empirical therapy, 289
host defenses, 2976-2977 Combat-related osteomyelitis, 2526 empirical treatment, 290-291
immunodiffusion tests, 2981 Combination antifungals, 492 laboratory findings, 2405t
latex tests, 2981 Combination therapy older adults, 837
management, 2981-2983 monotherapy, differences, 3330 oral antibiotic therapy, 844
mycelial (saprobic) growth, 2975 in vitro results, 229 presentation, 836
mycology, 2975 Combination vaccines, 3549-3550 signs/symptoms, 2405t
paracoccidioidomycosis, 2995 FDA-licensed combination vaccines, 3550t telithromycin, administration, 372
pathogenesis, 2976-2977 Combinatorial diversity, 41 therapy, 828-829
prevention, 2983 Commensals, 76-77 treatment
pulmonary cavity, 2978, 2982 bacteria, relative distributions, 14 antimicrobial agent, selection, 843t
pulmonary nodules, 2978 microbiota, members, 2781-2782 guidelines, 368-369
right lung, coccidioidal cavity (mycetoma), pathogen, discrimination, 73 Community-acquired prosthetic valve
2978f Common cold, 2117 endocarditis, 1030
serologic testing, 2981 attack rate, 749 Community-acquired respiratory coronaviruses,
skin testing, 2981 clinical manifestations, 750 1905
spherule (parasitic) growth, 2975 clinical significance, 748 clinical manifestations, 1908
therapy, 2982-2983 complications, 750 pathogenesis, 1907
tissue, spherule (photomicrograph), 2975f cough, 749-751 Community-associated CDI, 2748-2749
tube precipitin antibodies, usage, 2981 differential diagnosis, 750 Community-associated methicillin-resistant
Coccidiosis, 1300 echinacea, usage, 601 Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), 741
Cocci, penicillins (minimal inhibitory epidemiology, 748-749 Community-based strategies (disease prevention/
concentrations), 265t etiology, 748 control), 155
Cochlear toxicity (aminoglycosides), 318-319 factors, 749 Community-based surveillance
Cochliomyia hominivorax, 3256f immunity, 749 qualities, 150
Cockcroft-Gault equation, 631 laboratory findings, 750 systems, efficiency, 150
Coding polymorphisms, observation, 121 nasal congestion, 750 Comparison
Coeliac Affection, The, 1297 pathogenesis, 749-750 control group, usage, 606-607
Co-formulated with emtricitabine (FTC/TDF), pathogens, knowledge, 748 groups, selection, 607
usage, 1612 physical findings, 750 Compensatory anti-inflammatory responses, 919
Cognate antigenic peptide, recognition, 43f prevention Complement, 37
Cohort studies, 151 interventions, 749 activation, 37, 93-97, 100
Colanic acid, 2496 vitamin C, usage/trials, 126, 751 regulation, 97-99
Cold agglutinins remedies, 751 role, 114
bedside test, 2188f rhinorrhea, 750-751 sepsis, 921
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (relationship), 2185 seasonal incidence, 748-749 activity (regulation/mediation), plasma/
Colds (clinical features), experimental virus sneezing, 751 membrane proteins (impact), 98t
infection (impact), 1913t sore throat, 750-751 amplification, 98
COLEC11 mutations, 107 symptomatic therapies, 750 cancer, relationship, 101
Colistin, 882 symptoms cascade, 95f
chemical structure, 402f pathogenesis, 749 component, 35f
Colitis, 75. See also Amebic colitis; treatments, 750t catabolism, 93
Pseudomembranous colitis therapy, 750-751 components
fecal leukocytes, methylene blue stain, 1264f transmission, 749 concentration, fluctuations, 93
ulcerative colitis, 75 treatment, 600-601, 750 quantity, measurement, 41

Complement (Continued)
deposition effects (modulation), bacterial
capsular polysaccharides (impact), 102
disease states, 112-113
disorders
evaluation, 113-114
treatment, 113-114
distribution, 93
evasions mechanisms, redundancy, 103
fixation, 39-40
assays, sensitivity, 40
local production/activation, 100-101
metabolism, relationship, 101
pathophysiologic roles, 104-106
plasma proteins, 94t
proteins, families, 100
regulation, 98
reticuloendothelial system, relationship, 112
synthesis, 93
term, usage, 93
usage, 101
Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs),
34
Complementary DNA (cDNA), 86
high-throughput random sequencing, 9
synthesis, 1622
Complementary genetic properties, interactive
group, 2
Complement deficiency
meningococcal disease, relationship, 108-109,
2435-2437
molecular basis, 104
patients, infection prevention, 114
prevalence, relationship, 103f
states, 103-112, 105t
incidence, 103-104
knowledge, 114
Complement-mediated functions, 100-101
Complement-mediated immunity, 144
Complement-mediated lysis, 40
Complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis, 100
Complement receptor 1 (CR1), adherence, 3073
Complement receptors (CRs), 99-100
categories, 99
types, 98
Complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins
(CRASPs), 102
Complement regulatory proteins, deficiencies,
109-112
Complement system
activation, 1106-1107
linchpin, 93-94
microbial interactions, 101-103
Complicated aortic PVE, 1039
Complicated infectious mononucleosis,
corticosteroids (usage), 1768-1769
Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs),
332, 936
organisms, 943t
treatment, agents (recommendation), 948t
Complicated skin and skin structure infections
(cSSSIs), treatment, 330, 332
Complicated urinary tract infections, 887
management, 903
nitrofurantoin, impact, 448
Complicated vulvovaginal candidiasis, 1365
Computerized physician order entry (CPOE), 608
Concanavalin-glycine-thymol agar, usage, 2945
Concentration-dependent killing agents, 256
Concurrent control groups, 607
Condom
catheterization, 3340
effectiveness, 1498-1499
intravaginal pouches (female condoms), 1499
rate, 1475-1476
usage, benefits, 1499
use, 1476
Condylomata acuminata, prevalence rate, 1796
Condylomata lata, 737, 2689
Confidence interval (CI)
impact, 620-621
upper/lower bounds, 621
usage, 606f, 610
Confirmatory trials, subgroup analyses (impact),
621-622
Conformational epitopes, 36
Confounding, 610
Congenital asplenia, 3463
Congenital CMV infection, 1751
Congenital disease, toxoplasmosis (treatment
regimens), 3150t
Congenital IgA deficiency, 46
Congenital immunodeficiencies, 135t-137t
Congenital infection, fetus/newborn, 3144-3147
Congenital rubella
infants, 1878
manifestations, 1877t
signs/symptoms, classification, 1877
syndrome, 1877-1878
Congenital syphilis (CS), 2705-2708
clinical signs, 2699t-2700t
perineal region, ulceration, 2707f
scaling annular rash, 2707f
Congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection, 3152
Congenital toxoplasmosis, 3135-3137, 3151
prenatal diagnosis, 3152t
Congestive heart failure (CHF), 1032, 1068
management, 1073
Conidiobolomycosis, 2919
Conjugated polysaccharide vaccines, dependence,
44
Conjugate vaccines, 44f
impact, 114
Conjunctiva
anatomy/physiology, 1392-1393
clinical presentation, 1393-1394
components, 1392-1393
corneal involvement, 1394
history, 1393
membranes/pseudomembranes, 1394
physical examination, 1393
Conjunctival edema (chemosis), 1393
Conjunctival follicles, 1394
Conjunctival hyperemia, 1393
Conjunctival injection/discharge, 1404
Conjunctival papillae, 1393-1394
Conjunctival phlyctenules/granulomas, 1394
Conjunctivitis, 1388, 1392
acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, 1395
adenoviral conjunctivitis, 1395
adult inclusion conjunctivitis, 1397
bacterial conjunctivitis, 1398-1399
chlamydial conjunctivitis, 1396-1398
discharge, 1393
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, 1395
fungal conjunctivitis, 1400
herpes simplex conjunctivitis, 1395
itching, 1393
laboratory evaluation, 1394
meningococcal disease, 2436
neonatal conjunctivitis, 1399
parasitic conjunctivitis, 1400
Parinaud’s oculoglandular conjunctivitis,
1399-1400
vaccinia conjunctivitis, 1396
variola (smallpox) conjunctivitis, 1396
viral conjunctivitis, 1394-1396
viral etiologies, 1396
visual acuity, 1393
Conjunctivochalasis, 1393
CoNS. See Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
species
Consolidation therapy, OPAT (usage), 616
Constitutional disease/wasting, 1549
Constrictive pericarditis, 1077
Contact lenses, 1403
collagen shields, usage, 1406
Contact precautions, 3290
I27
Contaminated open fracture, osteomyelitis
(impact), 1321-1322
Contiguous foci, subcutaneous infections,
1214-1215
Index
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD)
hazard (peritonitis), 942
peritonitis, catheter removal (indications), 955t
recipients, skin flora (alterations), 954
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD), vancomycin administration, 384
Continuous automated peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD), 306
Continuous-infusion regimens, 258-259
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT),
306, 384-385
Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration
(CVVHDF), 384-385
usage, 389
Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD),
384-385
usage, 389
Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH),
384-385
patient impact, 1622
usage, 389
Contraception (women), 1612-1613
Control group, usage, 606-607
Control programs, development, 156
Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, 139
COP. See Chronic organizing pneumonia
COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
Copper penny macules/plaques, 737
Co-receptors, usage, 42
Core RNA (C RNA), 1818
Cornea
anesthesia, 1403
conjunctiva, involvement, 1394
edema, 1404
infiltrate, 1404
neovascularization, 1404
scrapings, 1407
transplant, 1412
Corneal opacity (CO), 1397
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG),
1081-1082
Coronary artery stents, 1052-1053
Coronaviruses (CoVs)
clinical manifestations, 1908
community-acquired respiratory coronaviruses,
1905
clinical manifestations, 1908
pathogenesis, 1907
Coronavirinae, phylogenetic relationships,
1905f
epidemiology, 1905-1907
gastrointestinal coronaviruses, 1904
clinical manifestations, 1909
epidemiology, 1906-1907
laboratory diagnosis, 1935
genetic analyses, 163
history, 1928-1930
human coronaviruses, genome organization,
1906f
laboratory diagnosis, 1934-1935
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
(MERS-CoV), 146
epidemiology, 1931-1932
laboratory diagnosis, 1935
neurologic syndromes, 1909
pathogenesis, 1907
pathogens, description, 1904-1910
prevention, 1935
respiratory coronaviruses, 1904
laboratory diagnosis, 1934
SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV, 1908
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),
1904
 I28
Coronaviruses (CoVs) (Continued) Cowpox, 1700-1701 Cranial subdural empyema
strain 229E, 1908f clinical manifestations, 1700-1701 diagnostic procedures, 1178
strain HCoV-229E, 1905f COX. See Cyclooxygenase operative photograph, 1180f
therapy, 1935 Coxiella burnetii (Query fever), 3272 surgical therapy, goals, 1178-1179
Index

toroviruses, 1904
Coronavirus-like particles (CoVLPs), 1930
Correctional facilities, tuberculosis (spread),
2794
Correlation, 605-606
Corticosteroids
administration, 1735
role, 2400-2401
usage, 872
Corynebacteria (diphtheroids), impact, 1007
Corynebacterium (commonness), 14
Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. afermentans,
2376
Corynebacterium auris, 2376
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria), 762,
2289, 2373-2380. See also Cutaneous
diphtheria
annual incidence (United States), 2367f
bacterial confirmation, pharynx (example),
2369f
clinical manifestations, 2368-2370
diagnosis, 2370
epidemiology, 2367-2368
history, 2366-2367
impact, 753
invasive disease, 2370
pathogen, 2367
pathogenesis, 2368
pharyngeal tonsil, involvement, 2369f
prevention, 2371
respiratory tract diphtheria, 2369-2370
sites, 2370
therapy, 2370-2371
toxoid, availabiilty, 3526-3532
Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum, 2376
Corynebacterium jeikeium, 2377
microbiology, 2377
pathogenicity, 2377
Corynebacterium minutissimum, 2376
Corynebacterium propinquum, 2377
Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, 2377
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, 2375
Corynebacterium striatum, 2375-2376
Corynebacterium ulcerans, 2375
Corynebacterium urealyticum, 2377-2378
microbiology, 2377
pathogenicity, 2377
treatment, 2377-2378
Corynebacterium xerosis, 2375
Coryneform bacteria, 2373-2380
community-acquired coryneform infections,
2374t
distribution, 2373
medical relevance, 2375t
microbiology, 2374-2375
nonlipophilic fermentative corynebacteria,
2375-2376
nosocomial infections, 2374t
taxonomy, 2374
Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analyses,
1061-1062
Co-stimulatory molecules, provision, 43
Costochondritis, 2887
CoSyntropin, usage, 926
Cote d’Ivoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV), 1995
Co-trimoxazole, 2210-2211
Councilman bodies, 1891
Councilman, William, 3047
Couples voluntary counseling and testing
(CVCT), usage, 1501-1502
Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA),
1817-1818
CoVs. See Coronaviruses
Cowper’s glands, infections, 2454-2455
Cowper, William, 774
blood transfusion transmission, rarity, 2209 survival rates, 1180
cause, 327-328 Craniotomy, usage, 1179-1180
clinical manifestations, 2210-2216 CRASPs. See Complement regulator-acquiring
endocarditis, 1018, 2212-2214 surface proteins
bioprosthetic valve leaflet, 2213f CRB-65, 841
cardiac valve, analysis, 2214f CrCl. See Creatinine clearance
clinical manifestations, 2212 CRE. See Carbapenem-resistant
definition, 2213t Enterobacteriaceae
diagnosis, 2212-2213 C-reactive protein (CRP)
incidence, 2212-2214 decrease, 882
mitral valve, 2212f detection, 1121
treatment, 2213-2214 function, 713-714
vegetation, transmission electron levels, elevation, 812
micrograph, 2209f pathways, 916
epidemiology, 2208-2209 Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 631
features, 1008-1009 Crepitant cellulitis, 1204
follow-up studies, 2212 Crepitant (nonclostridial) myositis, 1222
hepatitis, 2214 Crepitant soft tissue wounds, differential
history, 2208-2209 diagnosis, 1212t
human transmission, 2209 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 2145
immunocompromised host, 2215 agent, inactivation, 3305
incidence, 2209 genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases, 2146-2147
laboratory findings, 2210 iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 2149-2150
manifestations, 2215 MRI appearance, 2151f
neurologic manifestations, 2214-2215 sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD),
outbreaks, 2209 2145-2146
outcome, 2210 variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 2147-2149
pathogen, 2208-2209 CRI. See Cities Readiness Initiative
pathogenesis, 2209-2210 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
pneumonia clinical manifestations, 2027
diagnosis, 2212 epidemiology, 2026
open lung biopsy specimen, humans, transmission, 2027
photomicrograph, 2212f CRISPR. See Clustered regularly interspaced short
radiographic manifestations, 2211f palindromic repeats
treatment, 2210-2212 Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
post-Q fever fatigue syndrome, 2215 (CIRCI), 926, 932
pregnancy, 2215 Critical items, 3294-3295
prevention, 2215-2216 Critically ill patients
radiologic findings, 2210 nutritional supplementation, impact, 130
risk reduction, 2216 treatment, initial therapy, 229
self-limited febrile illness, 2210 CRMO. See Chronic recurrent multifocal
vaccination, 2215 osteomyelitis
vascular infection, diagnosis (criteria), 2213t CRMS. See Cystic fibrosis
zoonotic sources, 2206-2207 Crohn’s disease, 75
Coxsackievirus, 735-736 Cross-reactive antibodies, presence, 39
differential diagnosis, 2086-2087 Cross-sectional surveys, 151
epidemiology, 2086 Croup. See Viral croup
hepatitis, 2086 cases, seasonal occurrence, 763f
management, 2087 clinical manifestations, 764
newborn, 2085-2087 diagnosis, 764-765
pathophysiology, 2086 differential diagnosis, 764-765
patient description, 969 epidemiology, 763
pneumonia, 2086 etiology, 763
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), evaluation/management, 765t
usage, 1070 history, 762
Coxsackievirus B-3 (CVB3), 1070 home therapies, ineffectiveness, 765
virulence, increase, 1071 hospital admissions, decline, 762-763
Cox’s organism. See Rickettsia diaporica incidence, 762-763
CP/CPPS. See Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic neck, radiograph, 764f
pain syndrome nomenclatures, 762
CPE. See Cerebrospinal fluid penetration obstruction, noninfectious causes, 765
effectiveness; Clostridium perfringens outcome, 766
enterotoxin pathophysiology, 763-764
CPIS. See Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score physiologic abnormalities, 764f
CPOE. See Computerized physician order radiographic findings, 764
entry seal’s bark, 764
C polysaccharide cell wall antigen, presence, subglottic obstruction, 763
833 therapy, 765
CPS. See Capsular polysaccharide synthesis trachea, hourglass/steeple sign, 764
CQ-S. See Chloroquine-sensitive upper respiratory tract infection, impact, 787
CR3, function, 2450-2451 virus, infection, 763
Crab lice (pediculosis pubis), 3248 CRP. See C-reactive protein
Cranberry products, usage, 3342 CRRT. See Continuous renal replacement therapy
Cranial epidural abscess, management, 1181 CRs. See Complement receptors
Cranial nerve palsies, 1117 Cryptic miliary tuberculosis, 2811-2812
 I29
Cryptococcal arthritis, 1313 Cryptosporidiosis (Continued) Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption),
Cryptococcal capsular antigen, serum assays, diagnosis, 3179-3180 3239
832-833 stool sample demonstration, 3180f Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), 510, 3098-3101
Cryptococcal meningitis, 1575-1576 epidemiology, 3174-3176 diagnosis, 3101

Index
encapsulated yeast, cytospin preparation, HIV infection, 3179 epidemiology, 3100
2944f host response, 3177-3178 immunology, 3100-3101
fluconazole, impact, 488 immunity, 3177-3178 pathogenesis, 3100-3101
lateral cerebral ventricles, CT scan, 1139f immunocompetent individuals (developed treatment, 3104-3105
treatment strategies, 2946-2947 countries), 3178 options, criteria, 3104t
Cryptococcal nodule, 2941f management, 3180-3182 Cutaneous lesions
Cryptococcal pneumonia parasites, 3173-3174 brucellosis, 2587
lung tissue, Alcian blue stain, 2944f pathology/pathogenesis, 3176-3177 types, 1203
presence, 1563 prevention, 3182 Cutaneous melioidosis, 2546f
presentation, 2942f Cryptosporidium species right forearm, 2546f
Cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen, titer impact, 1257 Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, Exphiala
monitoring, 1660 intracellular forms, intestinal biopsy, 3176f jeanselmei (impact), 3008f
Cryptococcomas, CT scan, 2942f life cycle, 3174f Cutaneous syphilitic gumma, 2698f
Cryptococcosis malnutrition, relationship, 3179 Cutaneous tuberculosis, 2817
body sites, 2944 opportunistic infection, 1662-1663 Cutaneous warts
central nervous system, 2942 parasites, 3173-3174 clinical manifestations, 1798-1799
clinical manifestations, 2940-2944, 2941t pathology/pathogenesis, 3176-3177 cryotherapy, usage, 1801-1802
example, 1554f Crypts of Lieberkühn, Paneth cells (location), therapy, 1801-1802
eyes, 2943 28-29 types, 1798
lungs, 2940-2942 CS. See Congenital syphilis Cuterebra species, first-stage (instar) larva, 3257f
pathogenesis, 2940 CSD. See Cat-scratch disease Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, presence, 2637
prostate, 2943 CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid; Colony-stimulating CV-A6 strain, 2083
skin, 2942-2943 factor CVB3. See Coxsackievirus B-3
Cryptococcus cSSSIs. See Complicated skin and skin structure CVC. See Chronic viral cardiomyopathy
amphotericin B resistance, 1660 infections CVCs. See Central venous catheters
ecology, 2936-2937 Ctenocephalides felis, 2221 CVCT. See Couples voluntary counseling and
epidemiology, 2937-2938 CTFV. See Colorado tick fever virus testing
fluconazole resistance, 1660 CTL. See Cytotoxic T cells cVDPVs. See Circulating vaccine-derived
genetics, 2935 CTLA-4. See Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4; polioviruses
history, 2934-2935 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 CVID. See Common variable immunodeficiency
identification, 2935-2936 CTLs. See Cytotoxic T cells CVVH. See Continuous venovenous
life cycle, 2935 CTX-M. See Cefotaxime-M hemofiltration
meningitis, differential diagnosis, 1140-1141 CTX prophage, 2465 CVVHD. See Continuous venovenous
mycology, 2935-2936 C-type lectin-like receptor (CLR) family, 53 hemodialysis
taxonomy, 2935 C-type lectin receptors, 59-60 CWD. See Chronic wasting disease; Classic
Cryptococcus gattii, 2935 Cuff cellulitis, 1376-1377 Whipple’s disease
capsule, 2938-2939 Culex pipiens, 1889 CXC-chemokines, 79-80
ecology, 2936-2937 Culex quinquefasciatus, 1889 CXCR1/CXCR2 (G protein-coupled receptors), 83
identification, 2935-2936 Culex taeniopus, 1868 CXCR4, 2062
life cycle/genetics, 2935 Culex tarsalis, 1868 co-receptor, 1507
serotypes B/C, 2936-2937 Culiseta melanura, 1868 receptor, HIV (binding), 1608
Cryptococcus hominis, 2934-2935 Culture (specimens), 202-203 surface expression, 80
Cryptococcus neoformans Bartonella henselae, 2658 Cyanobacteria exposure syndrome, 3194
antigen detection, 2945 Culture-negative endocarditis, 1009, 1018 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
appearance, 2876f-2877f causes, 1009t increase, 918
body sites, 2943-2944 Culture-negative osteomyelitis, 1326 transfer, 74
capsule, 2938-2939 Culture-negative prosthetic valve endocarditis, Cyclic neutropenia, 787
cultures, 2944-2945 1037 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibition,
ecology, 2936-2937 therapy, AHA suggestion, 1037t 1114-1115
epidemiology, 2937-2938 Culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, Cyclooxygenase (COX) variants, 719
forehead ulcer, 2943f drug-susceptible organisms (impact), 2803t Cycloserine, 473
high-temperature growth, 2939 Culture-positive severe sepsis, infection sites, 923f action, mechanism, 473
host responses, 2939-2940 Culturette device, usage, 1394 adverse reactions, 473
identification, 2935-2936 Cumulative fraction of response (CFR), availability/dosage, 473
immune reconstitution inflammatory expression, 952 derivation, 473
syndrome (IRIS), 2944 Cupriavidus species, 2679 pharmacology, 473
infections, predisposition, 2937t CURB-65, 841 structure, 464f-465f
laboratory diagnosis, 2944-2945 Curvularia geniculata (eumycetoma grain), 2931f usage, 473
life cycle/genetics, 2935 Cutaneous anthrax, 2394-2395 Cyclospora, 3184-3186
management, 2945-2947 clinical/MRI appearance, 2394f clinical manifestations, 3185
melanin, 2939 oral antimicrobial therapy, 1200t diagnosis, 3185-3186
microscopic examination, 2944 therapy, 2399 epidemiology, 3185
opportunistic infection, 1660-1661 Cutaneous aspergillosis, necrotic skin lesion, infection, result, 1290
pathogenicity, 2938-2939 2903f life cycle, 3185
factors, 2939 Cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis lesions, 2652f oocysts, visualization, 3186f
prevention, 2948 Cutaneous candidiasis syndromes, 2883-2885 therapy, 3186
prognosis, 2947-2948 Cutaneous diphtheria, 1203-1204 Cyclospora cayetanensis (occurrence), 168
radiology, 2945 clinical manifestations, 1203 Cyclosporiasis, therapy (adult), 3186t
serotypes A/D/AD, 2936 differential diagnosis, 1204 Cyclosporine, usage, 1748
treatment strategies, 2946-2947 laboratory findings, 1204 Cynache trachealis, 762, 785
in vitro drug analysis, 2946 presumptive therapy, 1204 CYP2C19, genetic polymorphism, 507
Cryptosporidia, 3184-3190 Cutaneous HPV infections, types, 1795 CYP3A4, antimicrobials (impact), 429
Cryptosporidiosis, 1300 Cutaneous infection CYP3A4-inhibiting drugs, usage, 1607
clinical manifestations, 3178-3179 dark-walled fungi, impact, 3007t CYP enzymes, 254
clinical trials, 515 swimming pool granuloma, 1235 factors, 254
 I30
Cysteine proteinases, 3051 Cytidine monophospho-N-acetyl neuraminic acid Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Continued)
Cysticercosis, 3231-3233 (CMP-NANA), synthesis, 102 retinitis, 1426
Cysticercus cellulosae myositis, 1224 Cytochrome P-450 3A4 isoenzyme system diagnosis, 1658, 1743
MRI, 3232f (inhibition), quinupristin-dalfopristin example, 1743f
Index

Cysticercus cellulosae myositis (cysticercosis), (impact), 392-393 foscarnet, usage, 1745

1224 Cytochrome P-450 (CYP 3A4), inhibition, 2839 Sacramento Area Latino Study in Aging, 1750
Cystic fibrosis (CF), 874 Cytokines solid-organ recipient drug resistance, 1750
acute pulmonary exacerbations, 876t activity, presence, 40 syndrome, 1749
airways, bacterial proliferation environment, cytokine-producing mononuclear leukocytes, transmission source, 1741
15 enumeration, 40 treatment
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis expression, 346 intravenous cidofovir, usage, 553
(ABPA), diagnosis/management criteria, genes, 120-121 intravenous foscarnet, usage, 556
2900t impact, 920-921 vaccines, 1752
aminoglycosides, usage, 320 induction, 2296 valganciclovir, impact, 1744-1745, 1747
antimicrobial therapy, 882 production, dysregulation, 1538-1539 viral load, 1643
azithromycin, 882 receptor pathways, interaction, 143f international standard values, 1741
bacteria, 881-882 relationships, complexity, 713 Cytomegalovirus encephalitis (CMVE), 1156,
Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 881 release, 833 1582
chronic pulmonary therapies, responses, study, 945 brain biopsy, 1582
recommendations, 875t-876t therapeutic agent role, 1539 clinical presentation, 1582
clinical disease, acute pulmonary exacerbations, Cytolysis, occurrence, 3050-3051 imaging studies, 1582
876-877 Cytomegalic inclusion disease virus, 1738 laboratory investigations, 1582
cystic fibrosis-related lung disease, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 215, 735-736, 1156, management, difficulty, 1582
pathogenesis, 877 1707, 3380-3381 treatment, 1582
cystic fibrosis-related metabolic syndrome antibodies, detection, 219 Cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin
(CRMS), 874 antiviral therapy, 1744-1747 (CMVIG), 587
cystic fibrosis-specific antibiotic treatment assays, 1740 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
approaches/dosing, 882-883 cidofovir, impact, 1745 acquisition, donated organs (impact), 1748
exacerbation (study), proteomics (usage), 878 clinical isolates, antiviral drugs (cross- AIDS patients, 1743-1744
FEV1 percentage, 880f resistance), 1745-1746 cardiovascular disease, relationship, 1750-1751
fungal disease, impact, 882 CMV-associated progressive polyradiculopathy, cervical CMV infection, pregnancy, 1752t
G551D Observational Study (GOAL), 884 treatment, 1586 congenital CMV infection, 1751
infection control, 884 CMX001, impact, 1747 intranuclear/cytoplasmic inclusions, 1711f
inhaled antibiotics, impact, 882 complications, 1742 maribavir, usage, 1746
lungs cultivation, 1741 occurrence, 928
bacteria, presence, 878f Digene Hybrid Capture Assay, 1740 pregnancy, 1751-1752
transplantation, 884 disease problems, 3448-3449
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus impact, 1556-1557 transplantation patients, 1747-1750
(MRSA), 879-880 late-onset CMV disease, 1749 treatment, maribavir (usage), 1746
microbiome, 877-882 prevention, 1747, 1749 Cytoplasmic bacterial pathogens, protective
nonantibacterial-based treatments, 883-884 DNA immunity, 62
nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), detection, PCR (usage), 1740 Cytoplasmic NADPH, oxidation, 85-86
881-882 laboratory-developed tests (LTDs), Cytoplasmic oxidase components, docking, 86
pathogens, 878-881 1740-1741 Cytoplasmic pathogens, 62
persistent MRSA cultures, 880f polymerase, map, 1746f Cytosine 5’-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 880-881 D+/R- serostatus, 1750 acid (CMP-NANA), 2449-2450
respiratory tract infection, Burkholderia cepacia esophagitis, 1250 Cytoskeletal rearrangements, 8
complex, 2537 foscarnet, usage, 1745 Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF-1), 890
respiratory viruses, 882 ganciclovir Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), 73-74
Staphylococcus aureus, 878-879 impact, 1744 expansion, absence, 1769
STAR-CF study, 880 resistance, 1744-1745 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
STAR-TOO trial, 880 genome encoding, 1739 HIV response, 1529-1530
therapy, 882-884 hepatitis, rarity, 1749 responses, 1536
TOPIC study, 883 HSCT, impact, 1748-1749 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4),
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF), 874 immunosuppressive therapy, 1748 44-45
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance impact, 1425, 1568, 1742f expression, 54
regulator (CFTR) infected/exposed personnel, management, interactions, 74
gene, 874 3381 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4
lining epithelial cells, absence/dysfunction, interstitial pneumonia, 1742 (CTLA-4), 2997-2998
877 intracellular phosphorylation, clinical isolates
modulators, 883-884 (usage), 1744f D
mutations, 874 investigational antiviral agents, 1746-1747 DAAs. See Direct-acting antivirals
usage, 88-89 isolation, 1741 Dacron carotid patches, 1055
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor (CFTR) kidney transplantation, 1749-1750 clinical manifestations, 1055
gene, causative mutations, 123 laboratory diagnosis, 1739-1741 management, 1055
Cystic hygroma, 802 letermovir, impact, 1746-1747 Dacryoadenitis, 1433-1434
Cystitis, 901 liver transplantation, 1749 Dacryocystitis, 1434
occurrence, 430 mononucleosis, 1741-1742 Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 1434
symptoms, 902 neuroinvasive disease, treatment, 1156 DAF. See Decay-accelerating factor
Cystoisospora belli, 3186-3187 nosocomial transmission Dalbavancin, 399
clinical manifestations, 3187 mechanisms, 3380-3381 Dalfopristin. See Quinupristin-dalfopristin
diagnosis, 3187 prevention, 3381 chemical structure, 391f
epidemiology, 3186 risk, 3380 Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs),
immature oocysts, 3187f opportunistic infection, 1658-1659 72
life cycle, 3186 pathogen, description, 1738-1739 Danger spaces, 799
therapy, 3187 patient description, 969 Dapsone, 476
Cystoisospora species, opportunistic infections, PCR assay, usage, 1710 absorption, 507
1662-1663 pol gene, sequencing, 1745 action, mechanism, 476
Cystoisosporiasis, therapy (adult), 3187t primary infection, 1738 administration, 1655

Dapsone (Continued)
adverse reactions, 476
antimicrobial activity, 476
availability/dosage, 476
derivation/structure, 476
pharmacology, 476
structure, 464f-465f
usage, 476
Daptomycin, 393-397, 2256
action, mechanism, 393
administration/dosages/infusions, 383t
adverse reactions, 395-396
antimicrobial activity, 393-394
bactericidal activity, 1321
chemical structure, 393f
clinical pharmacokinetics, 394-395
clinical uses, 396-397
distribution, 394-395
dosages, adjustment (absence), 395
drug dosage/administration, 395
drug interactions, 395-396
elimination, 394-395
endocarditis, interaction, 396-397
enterococcal infections, interaction, 397
FDA-approved/EUCAST-approved breakpoints,
394
gastrointestinal symptoms, 395
MICs, 2336
monotherapy, 1335
nonsusceptibility, emergence, 394
pharmacodynamics, 394-395
resistance, 394
S. aureus bacteremia, interaction, 396-397
skin infections, relationship, 396
soft tissue infections, interaction, 396
staphylococcal osteoarticular infections,
relationship, 397
susceptibility, reduction, 2256
in vitro resistance, development, 394
DARC. See Duffy antigen receptor for
chemokines
Dark-walled fungi, 3006-3009
cutaneous/subcutaneous infections, 3007t
Darmbrand, 1268-1269
DART. See Development of Antiretroviral
Therapy
Darunavir, 1632
administration, 1632
antiviral efficacy, 260
POWER study, 1632
DAS181 (Fludase), 534-535
molecular model, 535f
DAT. See Diphtheria antitoxin
Daughter cells (identical twins), 70, 71f
Daycare centers
diarrhea, 1258-1259
pertussis, 2627
DCM. See Development of chronic myocarditis
DCML. See Dendritic cell, monocyte B, and NK
lymphoid; Dilated cardiomyopathy
DCR. See Dacryocystorhinostomy
DCs. See Dendritic cells
DC-SIGN. See Dendritic Cell-Specific
Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing
Non-integrin
Deaths, causes, 159f
de Baillou, Guillaume, 2300
DEC. See Diethylcarbamazine
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), 98
Dectin-1, 60
Decubitus ulcers, 1205-1207
Deep biopsy, 2931
Deep cervical fascia (posterior/anterior layers),
lateral pharyngeal/retropharyngeal/
prevertebral spaces (relationship), 794f
Deep dermaphyte infections, 2990
Deep dermaphytosis (unilateral lymphedema),
Trichophyton rubrum infection (impact),
2990f
Deep fascial space infections, 797-799
extension pathways, 794f
Deep neck space lymphadenitis, 1227
Deep organ involvement (Candida infection),
2885-2889
Deep plantar warts (verrucae plantaris), 1798
Deer tick. See Ixodes scapularis
Deescalating therapy, tailoring therapy
(differences), 3331
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), 178
Defensins, antimicrobial peptides, 89-90
Degranulation, 86-87
cytoskeletal rearrangement, 87
products, delivery, 88
Dehiscence
presence, 1031f
radiopaque contrast medium, oral
administration, 937f
Dehydropeptidase I (DHP-I), 293
location, 294
Delacoronavirus, 1928-1929
Delavirdine, 1627
Delayed-appearing urticaria, 296
Delayed intradermal tests, 299
Delayed (variant) tuberculin reactivity, 2796
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), 138, 3093
Delftia species, 2676-2677
Delhi boil, 3098-3099
Delta virus, injection drug users, 3487
Dendritic cell, monocyte B, and NK lymphoid
(DCML) deficiency, 144
Dendritic cells (DCs), 50
derivation, 60-61
dysfunction, 1537
HIV, relationship, 1537
infection, 61
infectious virus retention, 1527-1528
Toll-like receptors, engagement, 100-101
Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion
molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin
(DC-SIGN), 30, 1526, 1537, 1866
Dendritic keratitis. See Herpes simplex virus 1
Dengue, 171-172
epidemic activity, increase/expansion, 171-172
epidemiology, 1885-1886
history, 1882
pathogenesis, 1891-1892
prevalence, 1068
prevention/therapy, 1899-1900
reports, 1068
travel considerations, 3571-3572
vaccine
development, challenge, 171
travel considerations, 3565
virus, 219
Dengue fever
clinical features, 1893-1894
differentiation, 1894
malaria, distinction, 3083
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), 171
cases, occurrence, 1885
clinical features, 1893-1894
clinical spectrum/pathophysiology/
classification, 1892f
DHF-DSS, clinical features, 1894
frequency, increase, 1892
pathogenesis, 1891-1892
prevention/therapy, 1899-1900
Dengue virus (DENV), 1882
types, 1885
vertical transmission, 1894
Dental caries, 803-804
microorganisms, impact, 787
Dental procedures
IE antibiotic prophylaxis, regimens, 1062t
injury prevention, 3366-3367
Dentoalveolar infections, 793
treatment, principles, 788
DENV. See Dengue virus
I31
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
DNA-binding proteins, 2242-2243
agr regulatory framework, 2243f
Sar regulatory network, 2243f
Index
gyrase
gram-negative bacteria action site, 246
GyrA subunit, mutation, 421
necessity, 246
hybridization methods, 5
integration elements, 237-238
oligonucleotide microarray methods, 1861
rearrangement, 41-42, 41f
sequencing-based studies, 16
vaccines, 1668, 1671
viral genomes, unmethylated CpG
dinucleotides (presence), 1686-1687
Dependoparvovirus, 1840
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA),
role, 1593
Dermabacter andersoni, 1851
Dermabacter hominis, 2379
Dermacentor-transmitted rickettsiosis, 2196
Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)
female, 3272f
types, 2727f
Dermal abscess, quadrate cluster
(chromoblastomycosis), 2927f
Dermal-epidermal junction, 112
Dermanyssus gallinae (female red chicken poultry
mite) [dorsal aspect], 3257f
Dermatomal distribution, herpes zoster, 1552f
Dermatopathic lymphadenitis (lipomelanotic
reticuloendotheliosis), 1226
Dermatophyte mycetoma, 2929
Dermatophytosis (ringworm), 2985-2992
age incidence, 2987
anthropophilic dermatophyte infections,
2986-2987
black piedra, 2994
clinical manifestations, 2987-2990
deep dermaphyte infections, 2990
deep dermaphytosis (unilateral lymphedema),
Trichophyton rubrum infection (impact),
2990f
dermatophytes, 2985
Id reactions, 2990
impact, 2990
dermatophytic organisms, classification,
2986t
epidemiology, 2985-2987
geophilic dermatophyte infections, 2986
laboratory diagnosis, 2990-2991
Malassezia infections, 2993
pathogenesis, 2987
pityriasis versicolor, 2993
scalp ringworm, Microsporum canis (impact),
2989f
Scytalidium infections, 2992
therapy, 2991-2992
tinea capitis, 2989-2990
Trichophyton/Microsporum species (impact/
distribution), 2987t
tinea corporis, 2988
Trichophyton erinacei (impact), 2988f
tinea cruris, 2988
tinea faciei, 2989
Trichophyton rubrum (impact), 2989f
tinea imbricata, 2988-2989
early lesions, 2989f
tinea manuum, 2989
tinea nigra, 2994
tinea pedis, 2988
treatment, 2991t
white piedra, 2994
zoophilic dermatophyte infections, 2985-2986
Desacetylcefotaxime, elimination half-life, 286
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis/fasciitis,
1081
Descriptive research, 606
 I32
Descriptive study, 149
Desert rheumatism, 2977
Desfluoroquinolones (garenoxacin), identification,
420
Index
Designer probiotics, 24
Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV),
1367-1368
characteristics, 1368t
diagnosis, 1367-1368
diffuse mucosal erythema, 1368f
etiology, 1367
pathogenesis, 1367
superficial mucosal erosions, 1368f
therapy, 1368
vaginal wet preparation, 1368f
Detuned ELISA, usage, 1523
Developed countries
cryptosporidiosis (immunocompetent
individuals), 3178
GI infections, occurrence/scope, 1238-1239
hepatitis E virus (HEV), presence, 2135
Developing countries
cryptosporidiosis, childhood diarrhea,
3178-3179
GI infections, occurrence/scope, 1238
hepatitis E virus (HEV), presence, 2134-2135
poliomyelitis
presence, 2078
vaccines, usage, 2077-2078
pretravel office visit, structured approach,
3560t
vaccines, consideration, 3560-3561
Developing reagent, 39
Development of Antiretroviral Therapy (DART),
1834
Development of chronic myocarditis (DCM),
1072
Device-associated bacteremia
differentiation, factors, 3314t
insertion, 3320-3321
microbiology, 3313t
postinsertion, 3321
prevention, 3320-3323
risk factors, 3312t
vascular catheters, impact, 3320
Device-related infections, microbiology, 3313
Device-specific issues, 3315-3320
DFA. See Direct fluorescent antibody
DFMO. See Difluoromethylornithine
DGI. See Disseminated gonococcal infection
D-glutamic acid, 2495-2496
DHA. See Dihydroartemisinin
DHF. See Dengue hemorrhagic fever
DHFR. See Dihydrofolate reductase
DHP. See Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine
DHP-I. See Dehydropeptidase I
DHPS. See Dihydropteroate synthase
Diabetes, control (problem), 869f
Diabetes mellitus, 2088-2089
foot ulcer risk, increase, 1323t
osteomyelitis, 1323-1324
Diabetic foot infection, cellulitis, 1203
Diabetic foot ulcerations, 1205-1207
HBOT indication, 592-593
Diabetic foot ulcers, infection (antibiotic
treatment), 1207
Diabetic ulcers, 1207
Diagnosis, 607
Diagnostic-related group (DRG) models, 613
Diagnostics, availability, 609
Dialysate, appearance, 954-955
Dialysis
antibiotic dosage change, 267t
catheter infections, topical antibacterial
prophylaxis, 455-456
recipients, peritonitis (prognosis), 955
setting
HBV transmission, 3348
HCV transmission, 3349-3350
Diaper rash, 2884
Candida diaper rash, 2884f
Diarrhea. See Amebic diarrhea; Traveler’s diarrhea
acid-fast stain, 1258
acute noninflammatory diarrhea (adults),
1256-1257
acute watery diarrhea, 1243
amebiasis, impact, 3053f
bloody diarrhea, fever minimum, 1286
chronic noninflammatory diarrhea, 1260
Cryptosporidium (impact), 1257
Escherichia coli pathotypes, impact, 2509t
foodborne syndromes, 1288
HIV-infected patients, 1257-1258
HSCT, relationship, 3428-3429
infectious diarrhea, diagnosis, 1245f
invasive diarrhea, 1243
nonbloody diarrhea, occurrence, 1286
nutritional status, interplay, 1238
occurrence, 1285-1286
persistent diarrhea, 1243, 1286-1287
rotavirus, impact, 1255-1256
survival, interferon (IFN-γ) levels (impact),
3053f
treatment, 1257
weanling diarrhea, 1255
Diarrheal disease, 168-170
causes, 168
global pattern, 170
viruses, impact, 169
Diarrheal illness, pathogens (impact), 168
Diarrhea, zinc (usage), 600
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 3194
Diarylquinoline bedaquiline (TMC207) (Sirturo),
impact, 474
DIC. See Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Dicloxacillin sodium, availability, 272
Didanosine, 1625
area under the curve (AUC) decrease,
methadone (usage), 1625
Dideoxynucleotides, usage, 1625
Diencephalon, signal increase (T2-weighted
MRI), 1990f
Dientamoeba fragilis infection, treatment, 512
Dietary reference intakes (DRIs), 125
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), 525
Diffuse colitis, fecal leukocytes (extraction),
2572f
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, 3101
treatment, 3105
Diffuse erythema
erythroderma, 928
rash, 738
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome-
associated neuropathy, 1586
clinical presentation, 1586
electrophysiologic studies, 1586
nerve biopsy, 1586
treatment, 1586
Diffuse panbronchiolitis, 366
Diffuse pneumonia, coccidioidomycosis, 2982
Diffuse pulmonary infiltration, radiographic
evidence, 871
Diffuse rash, 738
Diffusible signaling factor (DSF) molecule, 2535
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), 1094
Diflucan (fluconazole), 487-488
Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), 513
Digene Hybrid Capture Assay, 1740
DiGeorge syndrome, 63
cause, 139
Digoxin bioavailability (increase), erythromycin
(impact), 363
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), 495
Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP),
toleration, 502
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), 247
inhibition, 3079
inhibitors, 506-507
Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), 246-247
encoding, 3027
inhibitors, 507
Dihydrotestosterone levels, depression, 1549-1550
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 1066, 2085
development, 2086
presence, 1067
Diloxanide, 515-516
action, mechanism, 515-516
Diloxanide furoate, luminal amebicide, 515
Dilution methods, 207-208
Dilution tests, quantitative tests, 208
Dimeric immunoglobulin A (IgA), presence, 70
Dimorphic fungi, features, 2875
Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), allergic
sensitization, 1802
DIOS. See Distal intestinal obstructive syndrome
Dipeptydyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), 1931
Diphtheria. See Corynebacterium diphtheriae
cutaneous diphtheria, 2370
respiratory tract diphtheria, 2369-2370
Diphtheria and pertussis (DTaP), 2761
Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), 2370-2371
Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) vaccines,
immunization coverage (infants), 2622f
Diphtheritic otitis, 770
Diphtheroid prosthetic valve endocarditis,
1036-1037
Diphtheroids (corynebacteria), impact, 1007
Diphyllobothrium latum, 3229
eggs, 3230f
Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis, 2425-2426
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), 1461
Direct agent transmission, modes, 154
Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing, 2395,
2624
Directly observed therapy, short-course (DOTS)
programs, 2784
Direct nerve damage, Mycobacterium leprae
(impact), 2822
Direct oral antiviral agents, 1449-1452
Direct organism detection
aerobic actinomycetes, 211
mycobacteria, 209
Direct viral cytotoxicity, role, 1070
Dirofilariasis, 3241
Disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs), 185
Diseases, 117-119
cohort studies, 151
control, 155-157
risk/feasibility/cost/effectiveness, assessment,
155-156
strategies, 155
defining, 147-148
events, examples, 159t
host factors, impact, 154t
laboratory screening, U.S. Blood Collection
Centers, 3354t
manifestation, 618
occurrence, measures, 148
pathogens, impact, 3
pathologic effects (travel), 3572f
prevention, 155-157
mucosal immunology, impact, 76
risk/feasibility/cost/effectiveness, assessment,
155-156
strategies, 155
primary prevention, 156-157
progression (susceptibility), genetic factors
(impact), 160t
radiologic patterns, 864t-865t
reporting, 3550
risk
assessment, 155-156
measure, 148
secondary prevention, 157
states
complement, 112-113
oral microbiota, associations, 13
 I33
Diseases (Continued) Disseminated Nocardia farcinica infection, skin Dothienteritis, 1270
surveillance, 149-150 lesion, 2858f Double-layered subviral particle (DLP), 1855
susceptibility, genetic factors (impact), 160t Disseminated nocardiosis, pulmonary nodules, Double-locus Spa-Clfb typing, 2241
tertiary prevention, 157 2857f Double-passive thymocyte, 63

transmission, surfaces (role), 3305-3306
travel-related diseases, worldwide distribution,
3560t
Disinfectants
chemical disinfectants, 3298-3302
high-level disinfectants, 3297t
Disinfection, 3304
adequacy, chemical germicides (usage),
3305-3306
alcohol, usage, 3298
approach, 3294-3298
chemical disinfectants, 3298-3302
chlorine/chlorine compounds, usage,
3298-3299
glutaraldehyde, usage, 3299
health care equipment/surfaces, disinfection,
3298-3302
hydrogen peroxide, usage, 3299-3300
improvement, 3306
iodophors, usage, 3300
issues, 3305-3308
methods, 3295t-3296t
ortho-phthalaldehyde, usage, 3300-3301
pasteurization, usage, 3301
peracetic acid (peroxyacetic acid), usage, 3301
phenolics, usage, 3301
quaternary ammonium compounds, usage,
3301
ultraviolet (UV) light, usage, 3301-3302
Disseminated candidiasis
cutaneous lesions, 2883-2884
macronodular lesions, 2884f
predisposing factors, 2880t
syndrome, 2888-2889
Disseminated CMV disease, frequency, 1552
Disseminated coccidioidal infection, ulcerative
lesion, 2980f
Disseminated cryptococcosis, impact, 1554
Disseminated disease
actinomycosis, 2870
cutaneous manifestations, 3576f
Nocardia species, 2857
nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2850
Disseminated enteroviral infections, 1735
Disseminated fusariosis, treatment, 3009
Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), 740,
2456-2458
clinical manifestations, 1306
cutaneous lesions, 2457f
gonorrhea, 2460
occurrence, 1307
Disseminated infection
cutaneous lesions, Fusarium moniliforme
(impact), 3009f
laryngeal histoplasmosis, complication, 761
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),
2433
occurrence, 921
presence, 946
suspicion, 927
Disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), 3101
Disseminated MAC disease, 2833
clinical presentation, 2836-2837
diagnosis, 2838
host immunity, 2834-2835
immune reconstitution, 2837f
node excision, histologic section, 2837f
intestinal biopsy specimen, photomicrograph,
2834f
lymph node, CT scan, 2837f
pathogen, 2833-2834
regimens, 2841t
spleen, section, 2834f
treatment, 2841
Disseminated mucormycosis, 2915-2916
Disseminated strongyloidiasis, prevention, 3206
Distal esophagus
microbiome, presence, 15
protection, 15
Distal intestinal obstructive syndrome (DIOS),
877
Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN),
1584-1585
clinical presentation, 1584
electrophysiologic studies, 1584
human immunodeficiency virus, association,
1584
laboratory investigations, 1584
nerve/skin biopsy, 1584-1585
Distribution, 252-254
DIV. See Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis
Divalent cations, foscarnet chelation, 556
Diversity, 12t
Diverticulitis, 986-988
clinical manifestations, 987
colonic resection, usage, 988
conservative medical therapy, 988
diagnosis, 987
epidemiology, 986
microbiology, 987
pathogenesis, 986-987
therapy, 987-988
treatment, agents/regimens (usage), 987t
DL. See Disseminated leishmaniasis
DLP. See Double-layered subviral particle
DMATs. See Disaster medical assistance teams
DMEs. See Drug-metabolizing enzymes
DMPA. See Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNCB. See Dinitrochlorobenzene
Docosahexaenoic acid, production, 83
Docosanol, 553
Dodeca RNA virus, 1851
Dog bites
infection, 743
wounds, bacterial isolates, 3511t
Dogs
bladder defense mechanisms, 892
visceral larva migrans (VLM) (toxocariasis),
life cycle, 3237
Dolutegravir, 1635
dose-ranging phase IIb study, 1635
Domestic animals, diseases, 3557-3558
Domestic pediatric HIV infection, challenges,
1618-1619
Donated organs, CMV infection acquisition,
1748
Donor-derived infections, problems, 3450-3451
Donovanosis, 2664
active lesions, 2665f
scraping, 2666f
causative organism, biology, 2664
clinical manifestations, 2664-2665
diagnosis, 2665-2666
early lesion, 2665f
epidemiology, 2664
geographic distribution, 2664
late lesions, 2665f
therapy, 2666
Doripenem
activity, 294
comparison, 295t
formulation, 294
therapeutic equivalence, 296
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal loss,
demonstration, 1584
Dose refinement, considerations, 259
Dosing
guidelines, 626-627
regimen (antimicrobial combinations), 233
Index
Double-stranded RNA, presence, 1676
Doxycycline, 508, 525
administration, 324
dosing, 324, 326-327
usage, 327
DQ8 peptide-binding pocket, 72
Dracunculiasis, 3210-3211
clinical manifestations, 3210
control, 3210-3211
diagnosis, 3210
epidemiology, 3210
eradication, 3210-3211
life cycle, 3210
therapy, 3210
Dracunculus medinensis (skin emergence), 3210f
Drainage bag, antimicrobial drugs (presence),
3342-3343
DRESS. See Drug rash with eosinophilia and
system symptoms; Drug reaction with
eosiniophilia and systemic symptoms
Dressings, care, 1198
DRG. See Diagnostic-related group
Droplet precautions, 3290
Drotrecogin-alfa, FDA approval, 589
Drug addicts, infective endocarditis, 1000
Drug-drug interactions, 629
chloramphenicol, 337t
metronidazole, 356t
tetracyclines, 330t
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), 254
Drug rash with eosinophilia and system
symptoms (DRESS), 298-299, 302
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic
symptoms (DRESS), 735
Drugs
challenge (drug provocation tests), 299
contraindications, 299
desensitization, 299
protocols, establishment, 299
drug-food interactions, metronidazole, 356t
drug-induced pancreatic inflammation/
dysfunction, occurrence, 1571
drug-induced pulmonary disease, 862
drug-induced thrombocytopenia, 502
drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection, risk (increase), 2793t
drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2792-2793
commonness, 1492
therapy, 2806
inducers, cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing
isoenzyme organization, 685t
inhibitors, cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing
isoenzyme organization, 684t
intolerance, induction procedures, 299
metabolism, phase I/II reactions, 254
resistance, 9-10
substrates, cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing
isoenzyme organization, 684t
tolerance, induction procedures, 299
transporters
localization, substrates/inducers/inhibitors,
685t
role, 252-254
Drusen deposits, 111
Drusenfieber (glandular fever), 1754
Dry-type infection, 2988
DSF. See Diffusible signaling factor
DSPN. See Distal sensory polyneuropathy
DTH. See Delayed-type hypersensitivity
DTP3. See Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis
DTRA. See Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), usage,
1614
Dual-NRTI backbone, usage, 1636-1637
Dual-use research of concern (DURC), 189
 I34
Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC)
negativity, 3071, 3077
Duffy blood group negative, presence, 120
Duffy-negative blood group, Plasmodium vivax
Index
protection, 117
Dumb (paralytic) rabies, 1989
Duncan’s disease (X-linked lymphoproliferative
disease), 47
Duodenal ulceration, 2498
Duodenum, Candida plaques (presence), 2882f
DURC. See Dual-use research of concern
DWI. See Diffusion-weighted imaging
DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Dying, probability, 27f
Dysbiosis, 3387-3388
Dysentery. See Amebic dysentery
causes, 1267
Dysesthesias, 1342
Dysfunctional bleeding, occurrence, 1611
Dysgonomonas species, 2673-2674
Dyslipidemia, 1614
Dyspnea, occurrence, 798-799
Dysuria
acute onset causes, frequencies, 899f
complaint, 1354
description, 1352-1353
E Ecthyma, 1199, 2292
EA-A71 encephalitis, 2081
EAEC. See Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Ear infections
GNARs, impact, 2777
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2527-2528
simple otitis externa (swimmer’s ear), 2527
Ear lobomycosis, 3012f
Early-onset GBS disease (prevention),
intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis
(indications/nonindications), 2346t
Early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis,
1029-1030, 1038
acquisition, 1039-1040
Early postinterventional PJI, 1329
Early postprimary pleurisy with effusion, 2813
Early Pseudomonal Infection Control (EPIC)
study, 880
Early pulmonary aspergillosis, halo sign, 2902f
Early syphilis, 2703-2704
Early T1-weighted gadolinium enhancement
(EGE), 1072
Early virologic response (EVR), absence, 1460
EARS-Net. See European Antimicrobial
Resistance Surveillance Network
EASL. See European Association for the Study of
the Liver
East African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
clinical course, 3119
comparison, 3118t
epidemiology, 3118
malaria, distinction, 3083
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), 1865
prevention, 1873
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), 219,
1159, 1865
isolation, 1873
nonspecific symptoms, 1159
Eastern Europe, HIV/AIDS, 1471
numbers, estimation, 1592
Eberth, Karl, 1270
EBNA. See Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen
Ebola fever, 182
virus characterization, 1995-1996
Ebola hemorrhagic fever, epidemiology, 1996-1997
Ebola virus (EBOV), 172-173, 1686
clinical manifestations, 1997
countermeasures, 1998
detection, 173
diagnosis, 1997
outbreaks, 173
pathogenesis, 1997-1998
Ebola virus (EBOV) (Continued) Ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytotropic
prevention, 1998 ehrlichiosis) (HME) (Continued)
treatment, 1998-1999 comparison, 2231t
EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus course, 2231
ECGF. See Endothelial cell growth factor diagnosis, 2231-2232
Echinacea, usage, 601, 751 differential diagnosis, 2231
Echinocandin antifungal agents, 490-492 epidemiology, 2229-2230
Echinocandins, usage, 2891, 2906 etiology, 2228-2229
Echinococcal cystic lesions, WHO-IGWE morula, 3273f
classification, 3234f pathogenesis/pathology, 2230
Echinococcosis, 3233-3235 peripheral blood smear, 2228f
Echinococcus granulosus infection, studies, 520 prevention, 2232
Echinostomiasis, 3224 signs/symptoms, 2230-2231
Echoviruses, 735-736 treatment, 2232
clinical manifestations, 2086 Ehrlichia muris (impact), 2231-2232
diagnosis, 2086-2087 Ehrlichia muris-like bacterial agent (EMLA), 2232
differential diagnosis, 2086-2087 Ehrlichia species, impact, 744-745
diseases (newborn), 2085-2087 Ehrlichiosis. See Humans
hepatitis, 2086 clinical findings, 2196, 2197t
management, 2087 diagnosis, 2196
pathophysiology, 2086 Ehrlichia ewingii (impact), 2231-2232
pneumonia, 2086 Ehrlichia muris (impact), 2231-2232
ECMPs. See Extracellular matrix proteins emerging diseases, 2194
Economy, globalization, 1477 epidemiology, 2194-2196
EcoRI-digested plasmids, agarose gel, 250f history, 2194
ECP. See Eosinophil cationic protein pathophysiology, 2194
ECs. See Elite controllers prevention, 2233
questions/perspectives, 2197
clinical manifestations, 1199 target cells, 2197t
lesions, 1199 treatment, 2196-2197
Ecthyma gangrenosum, 1209 Ehrlich, Paul, 93
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, presence, 2527f EIA. See Enzyme immunoassay
infection, 2527 Eicosapentaenoic acid
lesions, 740 enzymatic conversion, 128
necrotic blister, usage, 928 production, 83
Ectonucleoside triphosphate EIEC. See Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase-1), 74 8-Aminoquinolines, 504-506
Ectoparasites, 1400 Eikenella species, 2677
diseases, epidemiology, 3243 EKC. See Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
ectoparasite-borne diseases/injuries, Elastase neutrophil expressed (ELANE) gene,
mechanisms, 3243 mutations, 140
taxonomy, 3243 Elbow
Ectoparasitoses, clinical manifestations, 3244t bare below the elbows, mandate, 3288
Ectopic pregnancy (women), 2165-2166 cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis lesions, 2652f
Eculizumab Pseudallescheria boydii olecranon bursitis, 3005f
monoclonal antibody, C5 binding, 588 Staphylococcus aureus cellulitis, 2262f
usage, 111-112 Elderly persons
Eczematized skin lesions, superinfection, 1203 antimicrobial considerations, 3464
Eczema vaccinatum, occurrence, 745 arboviral infections, 3463
Edema, management, 2400-2401 bacteremia, 3462
EDTA. See Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, 2798
Education (infections), 3290 CNS infections, 3463
EEE. See Eastern equine encephalitis fever of undetermined origin, 3463
EEEV. See Eastern equine encephalitis virus fever of unknown origin, 724
EEV. See Extracellular enveloped virion final diagnosis, 725t
EF-4 bacteria, presence, 2674 immunization, 3464
Efavirenz (EFV), 1627 infections, prevention, 3464
preference, 1627 infectious diarrhea, 3462-3463
side effects, 1627 infective endocarditis, 3462
usage, 1598-1599 meningitis, 3463
EFE. See Endocardial fibroelastosis pneumonia, 3460-3461
Effectiveness, assessment, 155-156 pressure sores, 3461-3462
Effector functions, antibody mediation, 36-37 progressive lower lobe disease, 2800
Efficacy, dosages/evaluation, 232-233 rabies vaccine, 3464
Efflux pumps, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2522 septic arthritis, 3463
Eflornithine, 513-514 skin infections, 3461-3462
structure, 513f tuberculosis, 3461
toxicity, 514 urinary tract infection, 896
treatment failures, 513-514 yellow fever vaccine, 3464
EFV. See Efavirenz zoster vaccine, 3464
EGE. See Early T1-weighted gadolinium Eldernet study, 16
enhancement Electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities,
Eggerthella, 2784 1152
EHEC. See Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Ehrlichia canis, 2227 (ESI-MS), 510
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytotropic Elek test, 2370
ehrlichiosis) (HME) ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
clinical/laboratory abnormalities, 2230t ELISPOT. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
clinical manifestations, 2230-2232 spot; Enzyme-linked immunospot

Elite controllers (ECs), 1523, 1531-1532
studies, 1531
Elizabethkingia meningosepticum colonies,
example, 2676f
Elizabethkingia species, 2675-2676
Elvitegravir, 1634-1635
fixed-dose-containing product, 1634-1635
EM. See Erythema migrans; Erythema multiforme
EMB. See Endomyocardial biopsy; Eosin-
methylene blue
Embolic events, 1032
Embolic lesions, meningococcal disease, 2434f
Embolic skin lesions (Janeway spots), 2264f
Embryologic cysts, infection, 802
EME. See Enhanced magnification endoscopy
Emergency System for Advance Registration of
Volunteer Health Professionals, 185
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), 2614
Emetic toxin, 2412
EMLA. See Ehrlichia muris-like bacterial agent
emm genotyping, 2286-2287
Emmonsia pasteuriana, 3012
Emmonsia species (adiaspiromycosis), agents,
3012
Emphysematous pyelonephritis, 904f
rarity, 906
Employee health, 3291
Empyema
antimicrobial therapy, 852
bronchopleural fistula (BPF), 853
clinical manifestations, 849
closed chest tube drainage, 852-853
definition, 832
drainage, 852-853
surgical intervention, 853-854
fibrinolytic therapy, 853
fluid, presence, 850f
imaging studies, 849
laboratory diagnosis, 850-851
loculated empyema, D-shaped mass, 850f
microbiology, 848-849
change, 848
pathophysiology, 847-848
presence, 850f
symptoms, duration (impact), 853
treatment, 851-854
success, 853
tuberculous empyema, 2814
uncomplicated effusions, 852
Emtricitabine, 569, 1625
chemical structure, 566f
ENA-78. See Epithelial neutrophil-activating
peptide-78
Enanthems, 738-739
Encapsulated bacteria, impact, 3432
Encephalitis, 1091-1092, 1138, 2081, 2093. See
also Flaviviruses; Herpes simplex virus; Viral
encephalitis
antibody studies, 1151-1152
California encephalitis group, 1159-1160
cerebritis, 2386
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, 1151-1152
clinical approach, 1144-1152
clinical manifestations, 1148
cytomegalovirus (CMV), 1156
diagnostic studies, 1152
diagnostic tests, 1148-1152
electroencephalography, 1152
encephalitis-causing alphaviruses, 1867-1869
clinical manifestations, 1871-1872
encephalopathy, comparison, 1146t
Epstein-Barr virus, 1156
etiologic agents, epidemiology/risk factors
basis, 1147t
herpes simplex virus, types 1/2, 1152-1155
herpesviruses, 1152-1157
human herpesvirus type 6, 1157
management, 1152
Murray Valley encephalitis, 1901
I35
Encephalitis (Continued) Endophthalmitis (Continued)
neuroimaging, 1148-1151 injection drug users, 3490
pathogenesis, 1870-1871 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2279
pathogens, impact, 3358-3359 symptoms, occurrence, 1416
Index
patient evaluation, 1145 therapy, 1419-1421
polymerase chain reaction, 1151-1152 treatment, systemic antibiotics (ineffectiveness),
ranking recommendations, Infectious Diseases 1419
Society of America (IDSA)-U.S. Public viridans group streptococci, 2354-2355
Health Service Grading System, 1154t visual outcome, 1421
Rocio encephalitis, 1901-1902 vitreous aspirate/vitrectomy, 1419f
type A encephalitis, 1882-1883 Endoribonuclease III, 2243
varicella-zoster virus, 1155-1156 Endoscopes, reprocessing, 3304
viral encephalitis, acute disseminated Endoscopic middle meatal culture, sinus puncture
encephalomyelitis (comparison), 1146t (comparison), 776t
viral etiologies, 1152-1162 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Encephalitozoon hellem (impact), 3038f (ERCP), 969, 1569
Encephalitozoonidae, microsporidia, 3039-3040 dilatation demonstration, 966
Endemic dimorphic mycoses/yeasts, 1207-1208 usage, 966
Endemic melioidosis, 2542 Endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF), 2730
Endemic syphilis (Bejel), 2711-2712 Endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule
Endemic treponematoses (ESAM), 82
clinical manifestations, 2710-2712 localization, 81f
diagnosis, 2712 Endothelial NOS (eNOS), role, 1114-1115
epidemiology, 2710 Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), 920
organisms, 2710 Endothrix infections, 2989
public health management/control strategies, Endotoxemia (sepsis), 924
2713 Endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (endotoxic LPS),
therapy, 2712-2713 2775
Endobronchial tuberculosis, 2800 Endotoxin, modulation, 93
Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE), 1945 Endovascular infection, 2536
Endocarditis, 2651-2652. See also Bacterial subacute PDH, 2957
endocarditis; Coxiella burnetii; Infective End points, 617-618
endocarditis End-stage chronic hepatitis D, liver
actinomycosis, 2867-2870 transplantation (prognosis), 1455
anaerobic bacilli, impact, 1017 End-stage renal disease, 2808
beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2358-2359 Enfuvirtide, 1633
Candida endocarditis, 2886 Engerix-B, 1445
clinical findings, 999t Enhanced magnification endoscopy (EME),
clinical presentations, 2332 sensitivity, 1300
daptomycin, impact, 396-397 ENL. See Erythema nodosum leprosum
Enterobacteriaceae, impact, 1017 Entamoeba histolytica
Kingella, 1007, 2469 acquired immunity, 3052
Pasteurella species, 2605 activated mast cells, impact, 3052
penicillin-sensitive streptococcal endocarditis, adherence, 3050
1011-1013 bacteria, role, 3051
prevention, interventions, 1058-1059 cell biology, 3049
Pseudomonas species, impact, 1017 cell-mediated response, 3052
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2277 clinical manifestations, 3053-3054
streptococci, impact, 1013-1015 complement-mediated lysis, 3052
treatment, 2961 cysteine proteinases, 3051
options, 1011t-1012t cytolysis, 3050-3051
quinolones, usage, 436 diagnosis, 3054-3057
therapeutic alternatives, vancomycin- diarrhea (survival), interferon (IFN-γ) levels
resistant Enterococcus faecalis (impact), (impact), 3053f
2334f epidemiology, 3052-3053
vancomycin, impact, 386 genome structure, 3049
Endocardium, bacterial adherence (inhibition), genotypes, 3048
1059 host cells, trogocytosis-like killing, 3050f
Endocytic cathepsin proteases, requirement, host resistance, leptin (role), 3051
1686 immune response, 3051-3052
Endogenous antipyretics, 714-716 immunity, 3051-3052
Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis, 1417 infection (immunity), immunoglobulin A (IgA)
diagnosis, 1417 anti-carbohydrate recognition domain
Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis, 1417- (association), 3052f
1418, 1420 innate immunity, 3051-3052
funduscopic photograph, 1390f intestinal epithelial cells, 3052
Endogenous infection, 153 life cycle, 3048-3049
Endogenous ocular candidiasis, 2888 diagram, 3048f
Endometritis (women), 2165 metabolism, 3049
Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response,
importance, 1072 3052
usage, 1067 natural killer cells/natural killer T cells, impact,
Endophthalmitis, 1388, 1415 3052
categories, 1415-1418 pathogenesis, 3050-3051
pathogens, presence, 1416t phagocytosis, 3051
diagnosis, 1418-1419 signal transduction mechanisms, prediction,
vitreous culturing, 1418 3049f
eye infection, 2528 Entamoeba species, 3048
hypopyon, illustration, 1416f organism, 3048-3049
 I36
Entecavir (Baraclude), 565-566 Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), 1269, Enterococci (Continued)
action, mechanism, 565-566 2513 phenotypic differentiation, 2329t
chemical structure, 566f emergence, 2513 presence, 1005
clinical studies, 566 infection, diagnosis, 2513 taxonomy, 2329-2330
Index

dosage adjustments, 566t Enterobacter aerogenes, 2515 therapy, 2333-2338

interactions, 566
pharmacokinetics, 566
preclinical toxicity testing, 1451
resistance, 566
spectrum, 565-566
toxicity, 566
usage, 1451
Enteral nutrition, total parenteral nutrition
(contrast), 130
Enteramoeba histolytica macrophage functions,
modulation, 3051f
Enteric bacteria
pathogens, relationship, 16
toxins, 1242t
Enteric Campylobacter species, infection,
2490
Enteric diseases, surveillance, 1294
Enteric fever, 1243, 1270-1279
abdominal pain, 1281-1282
adjunctive therapy, 1278
ampicillin, usage, 1277-1278
azithromycin, usage, 1278
blood culture, 1276
burden/distribution, 1272
cephalosporins, usage, 1278
chloramphenicol, usage, 1277-1278
chronic carriage, 1278-1279
clinical manifestations, 1274-1276
complications, management, 1278
culture-based diagnostics, 1276
diagnosis, 1276-1277
differential diagnosis, 1279-1280
disease, acquisition, 1273
epidemiology, 1272-1273
etiologic agents, 1271-1272
fluoroquinolones, usage, 1278
gastrointestinal complications, 1275-1276
genomic features, 1271-1272
host factors, 1273
illness, severity, 1275
infection, susceptibility, 1273
infectious diseases, differential diagnoses,
1280t
intestinal pathology, 1274, 1274f
local pathology, 1274
malaria, distinction, 3083
management, 1277-1279
metastatic pyogenic complication, 1276
neurologic complications, 1276
pathogenesis, 1273-1274
peripheral eosinophilia, 1281-1282
prevention, 1279
relapse, treatment, 1278-1279
serologic tests, 1276-1277
supportive care, 1278
therapy, 2566
treatment, antibiotics (usage), 1277t
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, usage,
1277-1278
waterborne transmission, molecular
epidemiologic studies, 1273
Enteric gram-negative bacillary prosthetic valve
endocarditis, 1037
Enteric infections
contaminated food, impact, 1239
control, 1246
diagnostic approach, 1244
prevention, 1246
therapy, 1244-1246
Enteric pathogens, opportunistic infections,
1662
Enteric RNA hepatitis viruses, 1445-1446
Enteritis, GNARs (impact), 2778
Enteritis necroticans, 1268-1269
Enterobacter cloacae, 2515
Enterobacteriaceae
adhesins, 2506-2507
capsule polysaccharides, 2504-2505
enteropathogenic E. coli, 2510-2512
enterotoxigenic E. coli, 2510
epidemiology, 2503
Escherichia coli, 2508-2514
cells, transmission electron micrographs,
2506f
flagellae, 2505
genera/species, 2504t
inner membrane, 2503-2504
iron acquisition, 2507-2508
lipopolysaccharide, 2504
capsules, 2508
macrolide antibiotic resistance, 371
organisms, 2508-2516
outer membrane, 2504
penicillins, activity, 266t
peptidoglycan cell wall, 2504
periplasmic space, 2504
pili, 2505-2506
plasmids, 2508
properties, 2503-2508
quinolone-resistant strains, emergence, 437
secretion systems/toxins, 2507
structural/surface antigenic features, 2503-2506
surface polysaccharides, 2504-2505
virulence factors, 2506
in vitro susceptibility, surveillance, 314
Enterobacterial cell, architecture, 2505f
Enterobacterial LPS, virulence factor, 2496
Enterobacter microorganisms, 2514-2516
Enterobacter sakazakii, 2515
Enterobacter species, 2515
Enterobiasis, 3206
clinical syndromes, 3206
diagnosis, 3206
epidemiology, 3206
life cycle, 3206
management, 3206
Enterococcal disease, clinical presentations,
2332-2333
Enterococcal endocarditis (treatment),
vancomycin (usage), 386
Enterococcal infections
antienterococcal antimicrobials, usage,
2337-2338
antimicrobial resistance, 2333-2338
daptomycin
impact, 397
usage, 2336
epidemiology, 2331-2332
glycopeptides, usage, 2336
lipoglycopeptides, usage, 2336
therapy, 2333-2338
Enterococcal infective endocarditis, full-course
aminoglycoside therapy (alternatives), 1015
Enterococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis,
1035-1036
Enterococcal species, isolation, 2330t
Enterococci, 379
aminoglycoside, impact (inability), 1035-1036
antimicrobial resistance, 2333-2338
colonization, 2330-2331
genomics, 2330-2331
glycopeptide-resistant strains, 1014
historical remarks, 2328-2329
impact, 347
infective endocarditis cases, nonendocarditis
bacteremia cases (ratio), 994t
linezolid, efficacy, 2336-2337
microbiology, 2329-2330
virulence, 2330-2331
Enterococcus faecalis
isolates, Gram staining/scanning electron
microscopy, 2329f
strains, double beta-lactam combinations
(impact), 1036
Enterocolitis
CMV, viral impact, 1572
differential diagnosis, 1571-1572
Enterocytozoonidae, microsporidia, 3039
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)
diarrhea, 1265
infection, treatment, 2513
serotypes, 1254t
strains, 2512-2513
reservoir, 2512
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), 1263-1265,
2513, 2570
serotypes, 1265t
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), 1241,
1269
Enterobacteriaceae, 2510-2512
formation, 8f
infection
diagnosis, 2512
histopathologic characteristic, 2510-2511
transmission electron micrograph, 2511f
serotypes, 1254t
strains, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)
strains relationship (Venn diagram), 2512f
Enteropathogens, asymptomatic passage, 1244
Enteropathy (tropical sprue), epidemiology, 1297
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Enterobacteriaceae, 2510
frequency, traveler’s diarrhea, 1259t
Enterotoxigenic isolates, Escherichia coli serotypes
(appearance), 1254t
Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC),
326-327
colonization factor antigens, 1241
heat-labile enterotoxin, 1242
strains, 1257, 2500-2501
Enterotoxins, 2250
Enteroviral exanthems, 2082
Enteroviral infections
age/socioeconomic status, 2068-2069
communicability, period, 2070
epidemiology, 2068-2070
genomic sequencing, 2070
illness, incidence, 2069-2070
immunity, 2067-2068
immune response, 2068
incidence, 2069-2070
incubation period, 2070
laboratory diagnosis, 2070
molecular epidemiology, 2069
natural infection, viral mutation, 2068
nucleic acid amplification, 2070
pathogenesis, 2067-2068
prevention, 2070-2071
serology, 2070
transmission, 2069
treatment, 2070-2071
viral isolation, 2070
Enteroviral meningitis, 1142
Enteroviruses, 1098, 1161, 2066-2071
A71 infections, 2089
cell membrane receptors, 2067t
encephalitis, occurrence, 1161
etiologic role, 2088-2089
infection, diagnosis, 1119
molecular biology, 2066-2067
nonpoliovirus enteroviruses, 1161
physical characteristics, 2066
 I37
Enteroviruses (Continued) Epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae pyogenic liver Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 755, 1156, 3381-3382
poliovirus, 1161 abscess, microbiology, 962 antibodies, 1765t
serotypes, 2069t Epidemic louse-borne typhus, 327 autoimmune diseases, 1764
viral meningitis, 1115-1116 Epidemic parotitis, 1942 BCRF1 protein, homology, 1757-1758

Index
virology, 2066-2067 Epidemic typhus, 182 Burkitt’s lymphoma, 1762
Entomophthoramycosis, 2918-2919 clinical laboratory findings, 2219t chronic active EBV infection, 1760-1761
agents, taxonomic organization, 2910t clinical manifestations, 2219t clinical manifestations, 1758-1764
basidiobolomycosis, 2919 Epidemiologic analysis, goals, 146-147 CSF PCR assay, 1657
conidiobolomycosis, 2919 Epidemiologic influenza, nonvirologic indexes culture, 1766
diagnosis, 2919 (correlation), 2004f description, 1755-1756
differential diagnosis, 2919 Epidemiologic methods, determination, 149 DNA, PCR, 1151
prevention, 2919 Epidemiologic studies EBV-associated hemophagocytic
therapy, 2919 classification schemes, 149t lymphohistiocytosis, 1761
Entry inhibitors, 1632 component, 147 EBV-associated malignant diseases, 1761-1764,
approval, 1633t design, 147 1762t
chemical structure, 1633f methods, 146-149 EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis,
Entry mediators, human virus usage, 1684t-1685t types, 149-152 manifestations, 1758t
Enveloped virion (EV), 1695 Epidermal cysts, infection, 1208 EBV-specific antibodies, 1765-1766
dissemination, 1695-1696 Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, HPV encephalitis, 1156
Enveloped viruses, 1685 (relationship), 1799 epidemiology, 1756-1757
Envelope glycoproteins, 2059-2060 Epididymitis, 1384-1385 gastric carcinoma, 1764
Envelope proteins, 1667, 1670 acute epididymitis, 2460 genome, detection, 1580
Envenomation, 1202 follow-up, 1385 growth transformation, 1755-1756
env gene, 2033-2034 men, 2163 hepatic histologic features, changes, 1758
Environmental hygiene, 3291 HIV type 1 infection, presence, 1386 histopathologic findings, 1758
Environmental triggers, 74 nonspecific bacterial epididymitis, 1384-1385 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 1762-1763
ENV precursor gp160, usage, 1513-1514 sexually transmitted epididymitis, 1385 host immune response, 1757-1758
Enzootic VSV, epidemiology, 1981-1982 Epididymo-orchitis, 1852, 1944 HSCT, relationship, 3435
Enzymatic aminoglycoside resistance, Epidural abscess, 1180-1182 identification, 1755
achievement, 242 clinical features, 1180-1181 immunoglobulin levels, association, 46
Enzymatic inhibition, 238-243 diagnosis, 1181 infected/exposed personnel, management, 3382
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) epidemiology/etiology, 1180 infection, 139, 735-736
methodologies, 1346 management/outcome, 1181-1182 clinical expression, 1758
usage, 1957, 2660 ventral/dural epidural space, rim-enhancing incidence, 1756-1757
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), soft tissue (T1-weighted sagittal images), problems, 3450
38-39, 1292, 1504 1181f laboratory abnormalities, 1766
assays, usage, 1509 Epigallocatechin gallate, 602 laboratory diagnosis, 1764-1766
formats, 219 structure, 602f latent gene expression, patterns, 1756t
indications, 1008-1009 Epiglottitis, 2432 latent infection, 1755-1756
methodology, false-negative results, 1512 antibiotic therapy, 787 life cycle, 1755
technical advancements, 1504 causes, 786 lymphoproliferative disease, 1761-1762
usage, 224, 1816 clinical manifestations, 786 lytic infection, 1756
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT), diagnosis, 786-787 malignant diseases, 1764
40 differential diagnosis, 787 multiple sclerosis, 1764
Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, disappearance, 785-786 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 1763-1764
67, 67f enlargement (thumb sign), 786 nosocomial transmission
association, 2011 epidemiology/etiology, 785-786 prevention, 3382
EORTC. See European Organization for Research Haemophilus influenzae type b, 2578-2579 risk, 3381
and Treatment of Cancer initial management, 787 opportunistic infections, 1659
Eosin-methylene blue (EMB), usage, 2569 laboratory tests, 786 oral hairy leukoplakia, 1770
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), 91 lateral neck radiographs, 786 pathogenesis, 1757-1758
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), 91-92 medical care, 787 PCR assay, usage, 1710
Eosinophilia, 298-299, 438 pathophysiology, 786 physical properties, 1755
association, 92 prevention, 787-788 post-transplantation lymphoproliferative
parasitic causes, 3577t swelling, schematic/endoscopic views, 786f disease, 1762f
Eosinophilic dermatitis, HIV (relationship), therapy, 787 presence, 1425
1553f Epithelial barrier, loss, 801f prevention, 1770
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, 3241 Epithelial cells, 824 public health impact, 1757
Eosinophilic meningitis, 3239-3240 chlamydiae, life cycle, 2175f public health measures, 1770
Eosinophilic pneumonias, 840 responses, 71 seroconversion, 1757
Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, 1198 surface, EPEC interaction, 8f serum antibody prevalence, 1756
Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), 91 Epithelial defect, 1404 shedding, frequency, 1755t
Eosinophils, 90-92 Epithelial layer, T lymphocytes, 66 signs/symptoms, 1758t
granules, recognition, 92 Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 spread, methods, 1757
human eosinophils, 91f (ENA-78), 91 targeted therapy, 1769-1770
support, 91 Epithelial neutrophil-activating protein-78 transmission
Eotaxin-1, 91 (ENA-78), 847 mechanisms, 3381-3382
EPCR. See Endothelial protein C receptor CXC chemokine, 848 source, 1741
EPEC. See Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Epithelial receptors, 889t vaccines, 1770
Ephemerovirus, 1984 Epithelium, moisture absorption, 768 goals, 1770
EPIC. See Early Pseudomonal Infection Control Epitope viral load, 1766
Epidemic diarrhea (newborn nurseries), conformational epitopes, 36 Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA), 1757
1253-1255 definition, 36 EPT. See Expedited partner therapy
Epidemic influenza, 2004 linear epitopes, 36 Equivalence hypothesis, 607
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), 1395, Epitrochlear nodes, lymphatic drainage, 1227 Eradication therapy, 2549
1410 Epizootic VEE infection, clinical manifestation, failure, reasons, 2549
differential diagnosis, 1410 1872 Eraxis (andiulafungin), 491
seriousness, 1790 Epizootic VSV, epidemiology, 1981 ERCP. See Endoscopic retrograde
viability, 1789 EPO. See Eosinophil peroxidase cholangiopancreatography
 I38
ERIG, 1991-1992 Erythromycin ribosome methylation (erm) gene, ETB. See Exfoliative toxin B
erm. See Erythromycin ribosome products, 245 ETEC. See Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia
methylation Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 1800 coli
Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica, 2883 Erythrovirus, 1840 E test, 208
Index

example, 2883f ESAM. See Endothelial cell-selective adhesion Ethambutol (EMB), 469-470, 475, 2791
Ertapenem molecule action, mechanism, 469
activity, comparison, 295t ESBLs. See Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases adverse reactions, 470
differences, 296 Escape mutants, generation, 1666 antimicrobial activity, 469
formulation, 294 Escherichia albertii, 2513-2514 availability, 470
Erysipelas, 1199-1200, 2293-2294. See also Facial Escherichia coli (E. coli), 11 derivation, 469-470
erysipelas ampicillin resistance, 241-242 dosage, 470
clinical manifestations, 1199-1200 binding, 889-890 drug interactions, 470
differential diagnosis, 1200 cells, transmission electron micrographs, 2506f pharmacology, 469-470
painfulness, 1200 discovery, 2088 resistance, 469
peau d’orange appearance, 2262 enteropathogenic/uropathogenic types, 6 structure, 464f-465f, 469-470
presumptive therapy, 1200 enterotoxigenic serotypes, 1254-1255 usage, 470, 2802
saphenous venectomy limb, 2293f extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli, 2508-2510 Ethanol metabolism (disulfiram-like effect),
Staphylococcus aureus, 2261-2262 multidrug-resistance AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, metronidazole (impact), 356
Erysipeloid lesion, appearance, 278f structural model, 249f Ethionamide (Trecator-SC), 473, 477
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 2294 O157:H7 action, mechanism, 473
clinical manifestations, 2416 illnesses, 1289 adverse reactions, 473
epidemiology, 2415-2416 impact, 168-169 availability, 473
microbiology, 2415 O157 outbreaks, 1289 derivation, 473
pathogenesis, 2416 pan-genome, 3-4 dosage, 473
prevention, 2416-2417 pathotypes, 2513-2514 pharmacology, 473
therapy, 2416-2417 cellular adherence patterns, 2511f resistance, 473
Erythema infectiosum, 736-737 sepsis, 1849 structure, 464f-465f
parvovirus B19, impact, 1843 serotypes, appearance (increase), 1254t Ethmoid sinusitis, orbital abscess (complication),
Erythema migrans (EM), 2725 small bowel colonization, 1298 783f
acute-phase sera, Western blots, 2733f strains Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),
bull’s eye rash, 3270f classification, 1254 215-216, 220
skin lesion, 2728f Shiga-like toxin expression, 1-2 Ethylene oxide “gas” sterilization, 3303-3304
Erythema multiforme (EM), 736 Escherichia species, 2513-2514 Etravine, 1628
classification, 736 ESI-MS. See Electrospray ionization mass administration, 1628
HSV infections, association, 1719 spectrometry placebo-controlled trials, 1628
target lesions, 736 ESKAPE, 2515 resistance, 1628
Erythema nodosum, causes, 737t Esophageal candidiasis EUA. See Emergency Use Authorization
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), 2825f diagnosis, 1249 Eubacterium, 2784
Lepra type 2 reactions, 2826-2827 endoscopic appearance, 1249f, 1568 European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
therapy, 2829 systemic host factors, 1248-1249 Network (EARS-Net), 2521
Erythema, presence, 801f Esophageal-gastric anastomosis (dehiscence), European Association for the Study of the Liver
Erythematous papulovesicular bite lesions radiopaque contrast medium (oral (EASL), 1833
(European oak leaf gall mite), 3258f administration), 937f European Committee on Antimicrobial
Erythrasma, 1205 Esophageal infection, management, 1250-1252 Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), 304,
topical antibacterial treatment, 458 Esophageal perforation 948-949
Erythrocyte G6PD deficiency, 120 chest radiographs, 1084 European oak leaf gall mite (erythematous
Erythrocyte modification/rupture, 3169 mediastinitis, 1081 papulovesicular bite lesions), 3258f
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 1305 occurrence, 1081 European Organization for Research and
Erythroderma, 928 treatment, advancement, 1086 Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), 582
Erythromycin, 359-366 Esophageal perforation-induced mediastinitis, Eustachian tube, anatomic/physiologic
action, mechanisms, 359 1086 dysfunction, 769
activities, 362 Esophageal processes, etiology, 1567-1568 EV. See Enveloped virion
display, 361 Esophagitis Evaluation of Subcutaneous Proleukin in a
adult serum levels, 362t acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, Randomized International Trial (ESPRIT),
adverse reactions, 363 1251-1252 586
allergic reactions, 363 causes, 1251t Event detection, 183
anti-inflammatory activities, 362 clinical manifestations, 1248 Event epidemiology, 183
antimicrobial activity, 360-362 etiologic agents, 1248-1250 Evidence, independent confirmation, 609
base, 359f etiology, 1249t EVR. See Early virologic response
chemistry, 359 suggestion, 1568 Exanthems, 2082-2083
clinical experience, 364 therapy, considerations, 1250-1251 classification, attempt, 738-739
clinical pharmacology, 362-363 treatment, 1251t cutaneous manifestations, 2083
derivation, 359 Esophagus, 15 definition, 735
distribution, 362-363 aphthous (idiopathic) ulceration, 1250 herpetiform exanthems, 2082-2083
drug inactivation, 360 Candida plaques, presence, 2881f impact, 734-735
drug interactions, 363 disorders, 1567-1568 Kawasaki disease, 3280-3281
macrolides, impact, 364t ESPRIT. See Evaluation of Subcutaneous morbilliform exanthems, 2082
effectiveness, 1354 Proleukin in a Randomized International petechial exanthems, 2083
microbial entry, decrease, 359-360 Trial roseoliform exanthems, 2082
pathogens, in vitro susceptibilities, 360 Espundia (mucosal leishmaniasis), 3099f rubelliform exanthems, 2082
pertussis, early treatment, 364-365 ESR. See Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Exanthem subitum
polymerase chain reaction methods, 360 Essential Drugs List (WHO), 522 example, 1773f
preparations, 359 Established periodontitis, 804 impact, 1773-1774
resistance, 243 Estrogen-deficiency vaginitis, 1369 Exclamation mark hairs, presence, 2990
mechanisms, 359-360 diagnosis, 1369 Exercise-induced arterial desaturation, absence,
target site alterations, 360 etiology, 1369 3023
usage, 1347 pathogenesis, 1369 Exfoliative toxin A (ETA), 741, 1197, 2237
uses, 363-366 therapy, 1369 Exfoliative toxin B (ETB), 741, 1197, 2237
in vitro susceptibilities, 361t ETA. See Exfoliative toxin A Exfoliative toxins, 2249
 I39
Exogenous Candida endophthalmitis, 1418, 1420 Exudative 65-1 pleural effusion, differentiation, Falsifiability, 605
Exogenous infection, 153 851t Famciclovir, 553-555
Exogenous ocular candidiasis, 2888 Exudative, term (usage), 2795 action, mechanism, 554
Exogenous retrovirus, presence, 2042-2043 Eyach virus (EYAV), 1852 clinical studies, 554-555

Index
Exomes, sequencing, 123 Eye infections, 2528 dosage adjustment, 554t
Exon skipping, 106 Bacillus species, 2413 interactions, 554
Exophytic cutaneous wart, human papillomavirus, endophthalmitis, 2528 oral absorption, 554
1797f keratitis, 2528 oral famciclovir, initiation, 554-555
Exophytic genital warts, 1800 types, 1388 pharmacokinetics, 554
Exotoxins, impact, 587 Eyelids resistance, 554
ExoU, 2520 anatomy, 1392-1393, 1432 spectrum, 553-554
ExoY, 2520 blastomycosis, 1433f suppression, 555
Expanded Program on Immunization, 2078 infections, 1432-1433 toxicity, 554
ExPEC. See Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli marginal blepharitis, photograph, 1433f Familial Mediterranean fever, 1202
Expectorated sputum physiology, 1392-1393 Fasciitis, Staphylococcus aureus, 2261-2262
acid-fast bacilli, 830f Eyes Fasciola hepatica (egg), 3223f
gram-negative coccobacillary forms, 830f abbreviations, 1389t Fascioliasis, 3222-3224
gram-negative rods, 830f anatomy, 1388 clinical manifestations, 3223
gram-positive cocci, clusters, 830f anterior portion, diagram, 1433f diagnosis, 3223-3224
presence, 829f candidemic seeding, 1417-1418 therapy, 3224
Expedited partner therapy (EPT), 2461 coats, 1388 Fasciolopsiasis, 3224
Experimental infective endocarditis, 1061 cryptococcosis, 2943 Fas-mediated apoptosis, 1535
Experimental studies, 152 diagram, 1389f Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), 2142, 2146-2147
Exposure, host factors (impact), 154t funduscopic view, 1390f Fatal melioidosis
Extended-infusion regimens, 258-259 HSV infections, 1722-1723 large pulmonary abscess, CT scan, 2545f
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), 208, intraocular pressure (IOP), 1389 pneumonia, left upper lobe consolidation,
238-241, 894, 2522 low vision, measurement, 1389 2545f
inhibition, 442 ophthalmologists, notes (understanding), Fatal septicemia melioidosis, pustules, 2545f
Extended-spectrum triazoles, impact, 2906 1388-1391 Fat hypertrophy, 850f
Extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis ophthalmology examination, 1389-1391 Fat-saturated T2-weighted oblique coronal image,
(XDR-TB), 463 pain, 1393, 1404 2586f
isolates, 467 pathologic changes, 998 Fat-soluble vitamins, nutrient role, 125-126
multidrug regimens, 472 pinhole visual acuity, 1389 Fatty acids
External canal, microbial flora, 768 protection, 29 immunity role, 127-128
External cooling, 718 radiologic studies, 1430 presence, 1299
External iliac artery, involvement, 1025 reactivation ocular toxoplasmosis, funduscopic Fc-Fc interactions, inhibition, 101
External proteins, 1667 photograph, 1391f FcγRIIB, interaction, 44-45
External validity, 605 toxoplasmosis, 3130 FcγRII immunoglobulin receptor, studies, 119
External ventricular drain visual acuity, 1389 FCN3. See Ficolin-3
arrangement, 1187f Fc pieces, 34-35
periprocedural prophylactic antibiotics (usage), F pepsin digestion, 35f
1192 F(ab′)2 pieces, 34-35 Fc receptors, characteristics, 37t
Extra-anatomic bypass, 1051 Fab pieces, 34-35 FDG. See F-fluorodeoxyglucose
revascularization, 1050 Face Feasibility, assessment, 155-156
Extracapillary compartment, sampling, 255-256 fascial spaces, 793f Febrile gastroenteritis, Listeria monocytogenes,
Extracellular bacteria, 62 space infections, 797-798 2387
Extracellular complement-binding protein (Ecb), Facial cellulitis, 1201 Febrile morbidity, plot, 3493f
103 Facial erysipelas Febrile neutropenia
Extracellular dextran, production, 2352 cheeks/nose bridge, 1200f approach, 3407f
Extracellular enveloped virion (EEV), 1695 lesion, demarcation, 2293f infection/uncomplicated clinical course, risk
Extracellular enzymes, 2533 Facial furuncles, presence, 800 factors, 3407t
Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb), Facial palsy (Lyme meningitis), 2733f patient, management, 3411f
103 Facial spaces, 787 vancomycin, impact, 387-388
Extracellular matrix, 81 Facial verrucous lesion, blastomycosis, 2967f Febrile patients, initial office approach, 3573-3574
Extracellular matrix proteins (ECMPs), 2997 FACS. See Fluorescence-activated cell sorting Febrile rashes, epidemiology, 733
Extracellular microbicidal activity, 90 Factitial disease (self-induced abscesses), 1214 Febrile response
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Factor H-binding domain, 103 harm, potential, 717
85-86 Factor H binding protein (fHbp) (fHBP), 102, hypothetical model, 714f
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 2439 2428 Febrile vesicular pustular rash illness, differential
Extracutaneous sporotrichosis, 2921-2922 Factor H deficiency, 110-111 diagnosis (smallpox confusion), 1699t
multifocal extracutaneous sporotrichosis, 2922 clinical aspects, 110-111 Fecal leukocytes
Extragenital lesions, 1721 Factor H-like protein (FHL-1), 101 examination, 1264
Extragenitourinary tract infections, 2682 Factor H modulation, 98 extraction, 2572f
Extrahepatic biliary ductal dilation, 1569 Factor H-related proteins (FHRs), 110 methylene blue stain, 1264f
Extraintestinal amebiasis, radiographic/pathologic Factor XII (Hageman factor), 109 Fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs), 2754-2755
features, 3056f gain-of-function mutations, 96-97 results, 2755f
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), 2500, Facultative anaerobes, metronidazole Feces, direct examination, 2490-2491
2508-2510 susceptibility, 350 Feedback strategies, 607-608
Extraluminal source (device insertion site), FADD-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme Feet
contamination, 3311-3312 (FLICE), 1778 chromoblastomycosis, 2926f
Extrapulmonary blastomycosis, skin/soft tissue Failure, term (usage), 617 elephantiasis, 3212f
manifestations, 2970f Fallopian tubes intertrigo, 2526
Extrapulmonary dissemination, 2979 explant epithelial cells, Neisseria gonorrhoeae Kaposi sarcoma, 1779f
Extrapulmonary infections, 2640 interaction (schematic representation), lobomycosis, 3012f
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 1313, 2810-2817 2447f mycetoma, 2930f
AIDS, relationship, 2811 Fallopian tubes, serosal surfaces (laparoscopic soles, diffuse vasodilation, 3281f
treatment, comments, 2811 confirmation), 1378f tungiasis, 3259f
Extrarenal obstruction, impact, 893 False croup, 762 ulcers, risk (increase), 1323t
Extrinsic proteases, 96-97 False-negative TEE, occurrence, 1032 femABC genes, 2246
 I40
Females. See Women F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), accumulation, 1331 FLICE. See FADD-like interleukin-1β-converting
condom use (Africa), 1476f FHA. See Filamentous hemagglutinin enzyme
female genital tuberculosis, 2815-2816 FHL-1. See Factor H-like protein Flight or fight reaction, 917
genital tract, infections, 2343-2344 FHRs. See Factor H-related proteins FLISA. See Fluorescence-linked immunosorbent
Index

clostridial infections, 2772 Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 831 assay

lower female genital tract, infection, 2450-2451 usage, 2801 Flower cells, 2048
red chicken (poultry) mites, 3257f Fiber protein, 1787-1788 Flucloxacillin, 272
urogenital tract, GNARs (presence), 2775 Fibrinolytic therapy, 853 Fluconazole (Diflucan), 487-488
Femoral buboes, edematous swelling/erythema/ Fibrosing mediastinitis, 1088-1089, 2817 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
desquamation, 2611f Fibrosis prophylaxis, 488
Fetus detection, failure, 1916 candidiasis, 487-488
congenital infection, 3144-3147 radiographic evidence, 871 cryptococcal meningitis, 488
infection right upper lobe, pulmonary cavity, 2979f drug interactions, 487
hydrops fetalis/miscarriage, parvovirus B19 Ficolin-3 (FCN3), deficiency, 106-107 formulations, 487
(impact), 1844 necrotizing enterocolitis, association, 106-107 indications, 487-488
red blood cell turnover, 1842 Fiebig III-positive HIV RNA, 1519 mycoses, 488
rubella vaccination, effects, 1879 Fiebig II-positive HIV RNA, 1519 pharmacology, 487
Fever, 1281-1282 Fiebig I-positive HIV RNA, 1519 preterm neonates, prophylaxis, 488
acute-phase response, 713-714 Fifth disease, slapped cheek appearance, 1843f prophylaxis (neutropenic patients), 488
adaptive role, clinical data, 716-717 Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), 2620 side effects, 487
alphaviruses Filarial diseases/infections, 3211t Flucytosine, 484-485
clinical manifestations, 1872 Filarial lymphangitis, 1230 action, mechanisms, 484
impact, 1869-1870 Filariases, 3211-3214 administration, 484-485
antimalarial prophylaxis/treatment, 3571 lymphatic filariasis, 3211-3213 dosage, 484-485
antipyretic therapy, 717-720 FilmArray, usage, 216-219 formulation, 484
beneficial effects, 716 Filoviruses, 744 pharmacology, 484
causes, 726t, 1281t infections, 1996f, 1998 resistance, 484
examples, 722t natural history, 1997 Fludase (DAS 181), 534-535
clinical thermometry, 708-711 outbreaks, locations, 1996f Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)
defervescence (mediation), IL-10 (impact), 716 Filterable agent, 748 sequences, 1146
elderly, 3463 Filterable virus, 2073 signal intensity, 1151
endogenous antipyretics, 714-716 Fimbriae (FIM), 889, 2620 Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)
epidemiology, 3568-3570 Finegoldia, 2782 images, usage, 1810
exposures, 3570 Fine needle aspiration (FNA), diagnostic Fluid-phase C3 tickover model, 97
external cooling, 718 sensitivity, 971 Fluid resuscitation, goals, 931
generation, 713 Finger, sporotrichosis, 2921f Flukes
history, 3570-3571 Finnish children, acute otitis media (PCV7 infections, prevention, 3225
ileocecitis, 1281 efficacy), 771t intestinal flukes, 3224
imaging studies, 728 First-episode primary genital herpes, 1719 liver flukes, 3222-3224
immunization history, 3570 First-generation cephalosporins, 288-289 lung flukes, 3224-3225
invasive diagnostic procedures, 728-729 structure, 278f Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), FITC-
laboratory investigations, 727-728 First-line antituberculous drugs, 463-470 conjugated polyclonal/monoclonal antibody,
mediators, 1224 Fistula First Project, 1051-1052 usage, 2700
medications, impact, 3571 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (gonococcal Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
mesenteric adenitis, 1281 perihepatitis), 939 analysis, 139
occurrence, 1286 5-HT2A receptor, presence, 1808 Fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay
origin, 3390-3391 Fixed-drug eruptions, 1348 (FLISA), usage, 38-39
patterns, 724f, 726-727 Fixed tissue phagocytes, responsibility, 41 Fluoroquinolones
risk-benefit considerations, 716-717 Flagellae, Enterobacteriaceae, 2505 Actinobacter resistance, 2555
suppression, study, 718 FLAIR. See Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery C. jejuni resistance, 2492
terminology, 708 FLAs. See Free-living amebae development, 1407
therapeutic trials, 729-730 Flat smallpox, 1698 drug allergy, 302
therapy, 729-730 Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), FAD- fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme, impact,
thermoregulation, 711-713 dependent electron transferase, 84 422
upper limit, regulation, 715 Flaviviruses fluoroquinolone-resistant gonococci,
verification, 726-727 adaptability, 1884 emergence, 225
voriconazole, impact, 489 clinical features, 1893-1897 fortified antibiotics, comparison, 1407
Fever of too many origins, 730 encephalitis, 1892-1893 guidelines list, 903
Fever of undetermined origin, elderly, 3463 pathogenesis, 1892-1893 mycobacteria activity, 423
Fever of unknown origin (FUO), 721 prevention/therapy, 1900-1901 parenteral administration, 952
causes, 725t epidemiology, 1884-1891 resistance, increase, 429-430
children, 723-724 geographic distribution, 1882f target site protection, 247
definitions, 721 heterologous reactions, 1898 tolerability, 437
diagnosis, 726-729 history, 1882-1884 usage, 1278, 2802
diagnostic evaluation, 727t infections, 1901-1902, 1902t in vitro activity, insufficiency, 1130
elderly persons, 724 diagnostics, schema, 1898f fMLF. See N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylaline
final diagnosis, 725t importance, 1882 FMTs. See Fecal microbiota transplants
etiologic categories, frequency, 723f laboratory diagnosis, 1897-1898 FNA. See Fine-needle aspiration
formal definition, 721 pathogenesis, 1891-1893 Focal central nervous system
history, 726 pathogens, 1884 infections, detection, 1095
infants, 723-724 prevention, 1889 syndromes, 1092
infections, diagnostic clues (examples), 729t therapy, 1889 Focal hepatic tuberculosis, 2816
physical examination, 727 Flavobacterium species, 2677 Focal infections, therapy, 2566-2567
physical findings, examples, 728t Flavocytochrome b558, surface expression Folate
prognosis, determination, 730 (increase), 81 antagonists, 506
returned travelers, 724-725 Fleas dosage forms, 649t
subtypes, definitions/features, 722t flea-transmitted infectious diseases, 3258t deficiency, 127
terminology, 721 infestations, 3257 immunity role, 127
FFI. See Fatal familial insomnia Flexner, Simon, 2441 usage, impairment, 414
 I41
Follicular dendritic cell apoptosis, prevention, Forehead Francisella tularensis (tularemia) (Continued)
933 anthrax, chancriform lesion, 1199f prevention, 2600-2601
Folliculitis, 1197-1198 ulcer, HIV host (Cryptococcus neoformans), rapid diagnostic tests, 2598-2599
Candida (impact), 1198 2943f recovery, requirements, 2595

Index
Candida folliculitis, 2883 Foreign bodies secondary skin manifestations, 2598
hot tub folliculitis, 2526 infections, rifampin (role), 345-346 serologic diagnosis, 2599
Malassezia folliculitis, 2993 presence, impact, 229 subspecies, holarctica (LVS), 2601
Staphylococcus aureus, 2261 Formyl peptide receptor (FPR), 103 subspecies, novicida infections, 2598
Fomites, role, 1796 Forschheimer’s spots, 1877 surgical treatment, 2600
Fomivirsen, 528, 555 Fosamprenavir, 1630-1631 survival, 2594
administration, 555 adverse effects, 1631 therapy, 2599-2600
indication, 555 Foscarnet, 528, 555-557, 1745 transmission, 2594
Food action, mechanism, 555 vaccination, 2601
contamination, impact, 1292 chemical structure, 552f virulence, 2592
illnesses (transmission), pathogens (impact), clinical studies, 556-557 phenotypic correlates, 2592
1285t dosage reduction, 556t Free-living amebae (FLAs)
poisoning, 2250 Foscarnet-resistant mucocutaneous HSV clinical characteristics, 3065t
Bacillus species, 2411-2412 infection (treatment), intravenous clinical manifestations, 3064-3065
Clostridium perfringens, 2771 cidofovir (usage), 553 diagnosis, 3065t
supply, centralization, 1283 interactions, 556 epidemiology, 3062-3063
Toxoplasma gondii contamination, 1287 pharmacokinetics, 556 laboratory diagnosis, 3065-3066
Foodborne botulism, development, 2765 resistance, 555-556 microbiology, 3065t
Foodborne diseases spectrum, 555 organisms, 3059-3062
clinical features, 1284-1289 toxicity, 556 overview, 3059
control, 1295t trisodium phosphonoformate, 555 pathogenesis/pathologic findings, 3063-3064
enteric disease, surveillance, 1294 Fosfomycin (Monurol), 449-450 presence, 3062
epidemiologic assessment, 1291-1292 action, mechanism, 449 prevention, 3068
epidemiology, 1289-1292 acute uncomplicated cystitis, interaction, resources, 3068
etiology, 1288t 450 therapy, 3066-3068
food production systems, monitoring, 1294 adverse effects, 450 treatment, 3065t
foods, impact, 1288t, 1289-1290 antimicrobial activity, 449 Free-living organism, genome sequence, 5
geographic location, usage, 1291 dosing, 450 French Disease, 2685
laboratory diagnosis, 1292-1293 indications, 450 Fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), usage, 1082
outbreaks pharmacology, 449-450 Frontal sinuses, development, 774-775
CDC report, 1284t usage, 450 Front-loaded regimens, 258
surveillance systems, establishment, 151 4-Aminoquinolines, 499-504 FTA-ABS test, 2702
paralysis, 1286 Four-drug therapy, 1637 FTC/TDF. See Co-formulated with emtricitabine;
pathogenesis, 1284-1289 Fournier’s gangrene, 1213 Oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
postinfection syndromes, 1287 Fourth-generation cephalosporins, 280f, fumarate
prevention, 1294-1296, 1295t 290-291 Full-course aminoglycoside therapy, alternatives,
protection, 3565 hydrolysis, 2554-2555 1015
seasonality, 1291 Fowler, J.K., 2300 Fulminant CDI, 2753-2754
season/geographic predilection, 1288t Fowler, Malcolm, 3059-3060 Fulminant HBV, outbreak, 1824-1825
spectrum, expansion, 1283 FOXP3, expression, 52 Fulminant hemorrhagic pneumonia, Panton-
systemic illness, 1287 FPI. See Francisella pathogenicity island Valentine toxin-producing Staphylococcus
Foodborne fluke infections, prevention, 3225 FPR. See Formyl peptide receptor aureus (impact), 2248f
Foodborne gastroenteritis, outbreaks, 1239 Fracastorius, Hieronymus, 2217 Fulminant hepatitis, 1441, 1824-1825
Foodborne illnesses, therapy, 1293-1294 Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI), 2592 Fulminant hepatitis C virus (HCV), clinical
Foodborne infection, vulnerable populations, Francisella philomiragia, 2591 manifestations, 1914
1290-1291 infections, 2598 Fulminant meningococcal septicemia, 2432f
Foodborne listeriosis, dietary recommendations, Francisella species, 2592-2593 Fulminant meningococcemia, 924
2389t characterization, 2591t Fulminant myocarditis, defining, 1073
Foodborne outbreaks Francisella tularensis (tularemia), 182, Fumagillin, 493
components, 152 3272-3273 Functional antibody, measurement, 38-40
food-specific attack rates/stratified analysis, age/gender cases, 2593f Functional hyposplenism, medical conditions,
usage, 1291t antibiotic prophylaxis, 2601 3468t
nonfoodborne transmission, 1290 antibiotic treatment, 2599-2600 Functional metagenomics, 12t
Foodborne syndromes bioterrorism event Functional phagocyte NADPH oxidase, settings,
abdominal cramps, 1287, 1289 antibiotic prophylaxis, 2601 85-86
diarrhea, 1288-1289 clinical recognition, 2598 Fungal arthritis, 1311-1313
microbial agents/toxins, impact, 1284-1287 therapy, 2600 therapy, 1313
mushroom poisoning syndromes, 1288-1289 cases (United States), 2593f Fungal brain abscess, 1166, 1175
nausea, 1287 clinical classification, 3273t Fungal conjunctivitis, 1400
neurologic symptoms, 1288 clinical manifestations, 2595-2598 Fungal disease, impact, 882
nonbacterial toxins, impact, 1287-1289 complications/outcome, 2598 Fungal endocarditis, 1018
paresthesias, 1288 cultures/pathology, 2598 Fungal endophthalmitis, 1417-1418, 1420-1421
vomiting, 1287-1289 debility, 2598 Fungal extracellular proteins, 2997
Foodborne toxoplasmosis, acquisition, 1290 diagnosis, 2598-2599 Fungal infections
Food-drug interactions, tetracyclines (impact), distribution, 2593 cancer patients, 3401-3402
330t epidemiology, 2593-2594 diagnosis, 1581
Food-specific attack rates, usage, 1291t history, 2590-2591 empirical therapy, 491
Foot-spa disease, 2849 immunity, 2595 urinary tract infections, 904-905
Forced expiratory volume after 1 second (FEV1), immunotherapy, 2600 Fungal infective endocarditis
811 incidence, 2593-2594 antifungal therapy, 1018
percentage, 880f investigational diagnostic assays, 2599 cure rate, 1008
Forced vital capacity (FVC), 811 microbiology, 2591-2593 Fungal keratitis, 1412-1413
Forearm, New World screwworm fly pathogenesis, 2594-2595 clinical presentation, 1412
larva/maggot (exit site wound), pneumonia, chest radiograph, 2597f therapy, 1412-1413
3256f pregnant/immunosuppressed patients, 2600 options, limitation, 1412-1413
 I42
Fungal meningitis, etiologic agents, 1166
Fungal mycotic aneurysms, rarity, 1026
Fungal osteomyelitis, 1326
Fungal pathogens, combinations (impact), 231
Index
Fungal peritonitis, 955
Fungal pneumonia, impact, 1563
Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis, 1037
Fungal sinus disease, types, 777t
Fungal urinary tract infection (fungal UTI),
3344-3345
Fungemias, 1210
Fungi, 212-214
appearance, 2876f-2877f, 2878t
balls, aspergillus (impact), 2900-2901
clinical significance/isolation, laboratory
categorization, 213t
clinical specimens, 2876
cryptic species, 2874
dark-walled fungi, 3006-3009
detection
antigen tests, 204t
nucleic acid-based tests, 205t
dimorphic fungi, features, 2875
direct organism detection, 213
epidemiology, 214
identification, 214
changes, 2874
DNA sequence, usage, 2874
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
time-of-flight, usage, 2874
isolation, significance, 214
microscopic appearance, 2875-2876
microscopic stains, 202t
pathogenic fungi, features, 2874-2875
recovery, media selection, 203t
safety issues, 212-213
serology, 214
species, 3014t
specimen collection/transport/processing,
213
susceptibility testing, 214
terminology, 212
tissue stains, 2875-2876
FUO. See Fever of unknown origin
Furious (encephalitic) rabies, 1988-1989
Furuncles, 1198-1199
clinical manifestations, 1198
definition, 1198
occurrence, 1198
pathologic characteristics, 1198
presumptive therapy, 1198-1199
Staphylococcus aureus, 2261
Furunculosis, management, 1198
Fusarium keratitis, 1412
Fusarium moniliforme (impact), 3009f
Fusarium species, 3009
Fusidic acid
action, mechanism, 304
activity, spectrum narrowness, 304
administration, 306
adverse reactions, 307, 307t
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 668t
antimicrobial activity, 304
clinical indications, 307
clinical uses, 307
detection, 306
dosing, 306
pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, 306
resistance, 304-306
mechanisms, 304
mediation, 304
structure, 304
therapy
clinical indications/dosing
recommendations, 307t-308t
dosage/administration mode, 306t
penetration, 306t
in vitro activity, EUCAST criteria, 305t
Fusion protein, 1942
Fusobacterium
microbiology, 2774
overview, 2773
symbiosis, 2774
FVC. See Forced vital capacity
G Gastroenteritis, 1238
G6PD. See Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
G551D Observational Study (GOAL), 884
GABABR1. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid B
receptor
GAE. See Granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Gaffky, Georg, 1270
gag gene, 2033-2034
Gag proteins, 2058-2059
production, 2039
GAGs. See Glycosaminoglycans
Galactose N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (Gal/
GalNAc lectin)
binding, 960-961
detection, 963
Gallbladder
acalculous cholecystitis, ultrasonographic
visualization, 966f
Candida infection, 2887, 2892
disorders, 1568-1569
Galleria mellonella, 2331
GALT. See Gut-associated lymphoid tissues
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
GABAergic warm-sensitive neurons, impact,
713
structure, comparison, 294
Gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor
(GABABR1), 1145
Gammacoronavirus, 1928-1929
Gamma heavy chain, subclasses, 36
Gamma-hemolytic streptococci, 2283f
Gamma interferon-inducible lysosomal
thioreductase (GILT), 57-58
Ganciclovir (GCV), 557-559
chemical structures, 548f
clinical improvement, 559
clinical studies, 559
dosage adjustments, 558t
interactions, 558
intravenous administration, 558
myelosuppression, 558
oral bioavailability, 558
oral ganciclovir
prophylaxis, 559
usage, 1747
pharmacokinetics, 558
resistance, 557-558, 1744-1745
rarity, 557
short-term ganciclovir administration, 559
spectrum, 557
toxicity, 558-559, 1658-1659
virologic responses, 559
Gangosa, example, 2712f
Gangrene
Meleney’s gangrene, Gram-stained specimen,
2738f
presence, 967
Gangrenous cellulitis (infectious gangrene),
1204-1205, 1209
differential diagnosis, 1206t
immunocompromised hosts, 1204-1205
Gangrenous stomatitis (noma), 800-801
Gardnerella species, 2682
Gardnerella vaginalis culture, 1366
GAS. See Group A streptococcus
Gas gangrene. See Clostridial myonecrosis
Gastric acidity, 1240
Gastric cancer risk, 2498
Gastric carcinoma, 1764
Helicobacter pylori, 2498
Gastric cardia, protection, 15
Gastric helicobacters, 2501
Gastric inflammation, CMV (impact), 1568
Gastric lymphoma, 2498
Gastric microbiome, study, 15-16
Gastric outlet obstruction, 141-142
Gastric ulceration, 2498
Gastritis, location, 1568
Gastroduodenal ulcers, location, 1568
commonness, 1239
eosinophilic gastroenteritis, 3241
Salmonella species, relationship, 2565
viral pathogens, impact, 1256t
Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), 1567
protection, 15
suggestion, 1568
Gastrointestinal anthrax, 2397
therapy, 2399-2400
Gastrointestinal candidiasis, clinical
manifestations, 2882
Gastrointestinal conditions, studies, 19
Gastrointestinal coronaviruses, 1904
clinical manifestations, 1909
epidemiology, 1906-1907
laboratory diagnosis, 1935
Gastrointestinal diseases, 2093-2094
enteroviruses, role, 2088
microsporidiosis, 3041-3043
probiotics, usage, 602-603
Gastrointestinal disorders, probiotics
(helpfulness), 20
Gastrointestinal infections, 3446
acute enteric infection, complications,
1243-1244
acute vomiting, 1242-1243
acute watery diarrhea, 1243
adherence/attachment, 1241
age, impact, 1240
behavioral/environmental factors, 1239
clinical syndromes, 1242-1244
cytotoxins, 1242
enteric fever, 1243
enterotoxins, 1242
gastric acidity, 1240
genetic determinants, 1240
host factors, 1239-1240
immunocompromise, 1240
inoculum size, 1241
intestinal microbiome, impact, 1240
invasion, 1241-1242
invasive diarrhea, 1243
microbial factors, 1241-1242
neurotoxins, 1242
nutritional status, 1240
occurrence/scope
developed countries, 1238-1239
developing countries, 1238
pathogens, association, 1239
persistent diarrhea, 1243
physical barriers, 1240
seasonal pattern, 1239
toxins, 1242
treatment, quinolones (usage), 431-432
treatment, TMP-SMX (usage), 415-416
Gastrointestinal mucormycosis, 2915
Gastrointestinal pathogens, attack rates, 1240
Gastrointestinal system, brucellosis, 2586
Gastrointestinal tract, 15-16
aztreonam, absorption (absence), 296
Bacteroides presence, 2774-2775
cephalosporins, adverse reactions, 287-288
disease, adenovirus (impact), 1790
enterococci, presence, 1005
infection, 3389, 3392
cytomegalovirus (CMV), impact, 1743-1744
microsporidia, 3036
injury, sepsis (relationship), 927-928
specimens, 197-201
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis, 1269, 2816
diagnosis, 1269
presence, 2816
 I43
GATA2 deficiency, 144 Genital mycoplasmas GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate
GATA3, expression, 50 clinical manifestations, 2191-2192 Ghana, monkeypox origin, 1699
Gaucher’s disease, 1325 epidemiology, 2190-2191 Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, 736-737
GBS. See Group B streptococcus laboratory diagnosis, 2192-2193 Giardia lamblia

Index
GCN. See Granule cell neuronopathy microbiology, 2190 clinical manifestations, 3157-3158
GCV. See Ganciclovir Mycoplasma genitalium, 2192 diagnosis, 3158
GDH. See Glutamate dehydrogenase Mycoplasma hominis, 2192 epidemiology, 3155-3156
Gelatinase taxonomy, 2190 immune response, 3156-3157
granules, 79 therapy, 2193 pathogen, description, 3154-3155
investigation, 89 ureaplasmas, 2191-2192 pathogenesis, 3156-3157
Gelatinous edema, appearance, 1199 Genital specimens, 201 therapy, 3158-3159
Gemifloxacin, clarithromycin (comparison), 432 Genital tract trophozoite, 3155f
Generalized cutaneous candidiasis, 2883 HIV infection, 1594 Giardiasis, 1300
infant, 2883f lower female genital tract, infection, prevalence, 1260
Generalized lymphadenitis 2450-2451 prevention, 3159-3160
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, reactivation, occurrence, 1717 symptoms, 3157t
combination, 1234 ulceration, noninfectious causes, 1494-1495 therapy, 515
systemic infections, association, 1230 upper female genital tract, infection, treatment, 3159t
Generalized lymphadenopathy, manifestation, 2451-2452 Giardia species, typing, 3155t
1233-1234 Genital ulcer disease Gilchrist’s disease, 2963
Generalized tetanus, 2759 causes, 1345t GILT. See Gamma interferon-inducible lysosomal
management protocol, 2760t women, 1611 thioreductase
Generalized vaccinia, 1697 Genitourinary prostheses, infections, 2280 Gingiva
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, 19, 20t Genitourinary system, brucellosis, 2586 acute/chronic inflammation, 793-794
General paresis, MRI, 2697f Genitourinary tract necrosis, 793-794
Generic names, 626t abnormalities, 1385 Gingival disease, aspiration-prone patient, 857
Genes, 122-123 defense, 29 Gingivitis, 793-797
identification disease, adenovirus (relationship), 1790 commonness, 141
approaches, 116-117 Genitourinary tract infections HIV, relationship, 1551
isolation/characterization, 2 Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 2538 GISA. See Glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus
Gene therapy microsporidia, 3036-3037 GISRS. See Global Influenza Surveillance and
adenovirus vector, 1792 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 2537 Response System
lentiviral vectors, usage, 1522-1523 tetracyclines, impact, 327 GITR. See Glucocorticoid-induced TNF
studies, HIV testing (usage), 1522-1523 Genitourinary tuberculosis (renal tuberculosis), receptor-related protein
Genetic abnormalities, 226-227 2815 Glanders, 182, 2549-2550
Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases, 2146-2147 clinical manifestations, 2815t clinical manifestations, 2550
Genetic human prion disease, 2143f presence, 2815 epidemiology, 2549-2550
Genetic linkage, search, 116 Genome etiology, 2549
Genetic relatedness, study, 5 genome-length RNAs, 1909 history, 2549
Geneva Protocol, 179-180 replication, 1686-1687 laboratory-acquired glanders, abscesses (CT
GeneXpert MTB/RIF real-time assay, 2791 screening, broad-based nonselective scan), 2550f
Genital herpes, clinical course (pregnancy), approaches, 9 laboratory diagnosis, 2550
1725-1726 Genome-wide association study (GWAS), pathogenesis, 2549-2550
Genital HIV shedding, vaginal Lactobacillus 116-117, 923 prevention, 2550
species (association), 1593-1594 leprosy susceptibility study, 118 therapy, 2550
Genital HPV infections, occurrence, 1795-1796 Genomic analyses, 2-3 transmission, 2549-2550
Genital HSV infection, 1719-1721 usage, 6 Glandular tularemia, 2595-2596
aseptic meningitis, 1720-1721 Genomic DNA, 9 Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), 1154-1155
complications, 1720-1721 Genomic islands. See Staphylococcus aureus Glaucoma, 1404
extragenital lesions, 1721 Genomic profiling, 9-10 GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals (GSK), 505
HIV infection, interactions, 1723-1724 Genomic storm, 919 Global-based strategies (disease prevention/
reactivation, 1721 Genotype 1 chronic HCV infection, treatment, control), 155
frequency, 1722 1921f Global Burden of Disease Study, 1238
recurrence, 1722 GenoType MTBDR assay, 340 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, 1479
sacral radiculopathy, 1720-1721 Genotypic assays Global Influenza Surveillance and Response
superinfection, 1721 development, 220 System (GISRS), 175-176
transverse myelitis, 1720-1721 drawback, 220 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung
Genital infections, treatment (adults), 2166-2167 Gen-Probe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Disease (GOLD) guidelines, 814
Genital lesion Direct test, 850-851 Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
clinical manifestations, 1342-1345 Gentamicin (GOARN), 175-176
duration, 1345 gentamicin C1a, three-dimensional structures, Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI), 2620
dysesthesias, 1342 312f Global Plan for Artemisinin Resistance
epidemiology, 1345-1346 high-level resistance, 314 Containment (GPARC), 498
example, 1344f MIC/MBC level, 314 Global Public Health Intelligence Network
HIV patients, 1345-1346 pharmacokinetic parameters, 316t (GPHIN), 176
infectious causes, 1342t regulatory approved doses, 257 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), decrease, 1626
laboratory testing, 1346-1347 treatment, 315 Glomerulonephritis, 2306-2309
location, 1342 Geophilic dermatophytes, 2985 clinical features, 2307-2308
lymphadenopathy, 1342-1343 infections, 2986 diagnosis, 2308
management issues, 1347-1348 German measles. See Rubella virus epidemiology, 2307
morphology, 1343-1345 Germ free, 12t etiology, 2306-2307
nonvenereal causes, 1342t Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) history, 2306
nonvenereal genital lesions, 1348 T cells, expression, 54 laboratory features, 2307-2308
origination, 1341, 1348 Gerstmann-Straüssler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome, pathogenesis, 2306-2307
pain, 1342 2142, 2146 pathologic characteristics, 2307
presentation history, 1341-1342 Gestation prevention, 2308
recurrence, history, 1342 teratogenicity, risk, 1605 prognosis, 2308-2309
systemic symptoms, 1342 toxoplasmosis acquisition, 3146f therapy, 2308
therapy, 1347 Gestational syphilis, 2705 Gloves, usage, 3288
 I44
Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related Gonococcal infection Gram-negative anaerobic rods (GNARs)
protein (GITR), 53 pathobiology, 2449-2452 (Continued)
Glucocorticoids, administration, 1073 rectal gonococcal infection, 2455 infections, 2776-2778
Glucocorticosteroids, 588-589 Gonococcal outer membrane, illustration, 2447f surgical treatment, 2779
Index

immunomodulatory agents, study, 588-589 Gonococcal perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis intra-abdominal infections, 2778
usage, 872 syndrome), 939 medical differentiation, techniques/properties,
Glucose Gonococcal PID, curing, 430 2774t
fermenters, 2667-2682 Gonococcal proctitis, 1267 oropharyngeal infections, 2777
intolerance, 1614 Gonococcal urethritis, 1351-1352 peritonitis, 2778
metabolism, disturbances, 429 incubation period, 2454f salivary gland infections, 2777
production, increase (rationale), 919 purulent discharge, 1352f skeletal infection, 2776-2777
sepsis, relationship, 926 purulent exudates, 2455f skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), 2777
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) Gonococci thoracic infections, 2777-2778
deficiency, 120, 3026 inhibition, 2447 treatment, 2778-2779
geographic distribution, 120 isolation, 102-103 urogenital tract infections, 2778
hemolysis, provocation, 226 Gonorrhea Gram-negative bacilli
Plasmodium falciparum, 3076-3077 acute epididymitis, 2460 fusidic acid resistance, 304-306
presence, 2201-2202 cases/rates, 2453t pink-pigmented gram-negative bacilli, 2680
GLUT-1, 2040-2041 children, 2460 strains, emergence, 1130-1131
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), 2752 chlamydial infection, co-treatment, 2459-2460 Gram-negative bacteria, 1007, 1405-1406
algorithms, impact, 2755 clinical spectrum, 1351 antibiotic resistance, 249
Glutaraldehyde, usage, 3299 condoms/microbicides, usage, 2461 chloramphenicol, impact, 335
Glutathione from glutathione disulfide (GSSG), disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), 2460 model exemplification, 241
regeneration, 85 distribution, 2453f nomenclature/names, 2668t
Glutathione reductase-catalyzed regeneration, incidence, 2452f penicillin activity, 273f
85-86 distribution, 2452f tetracyclines, impact, 325
Glycan shielding, 1666 intracellular gram-negative diplococci, 2458f tigecycline, impact, 332
Glycerol, evaluation, 1134 pelvic inflammatory disease, 2460 Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, antagonists,
Glycolipid antigens, CD1 presentation, 58 pharyngeal infection, 2455-2456 932
Glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) pregnancy, 2456 Gram-negative bacterial envelopes, schematic
strains, 388 prevention strategies, 2461 representation, 2244f
Glycopeptides, 378-390 sex partners, management, 2461 Gram-negative enteric bacilli, involvement, 1086
full resistance, 2255 spectinomycin, relationship, 320 Gram-negative MDROs, frequency (increase), 441
intermediate resistance, 2255 symptoms, 1352 Gram-negative pathogens, combination therapy/
S. aureus (relationship), 2255 transmission, 2453 monotherapy (differences), 3330
usage, 2336 treatment options, 2459t Gram-positive agents, anti-infective agent
Glycopeptide-susceptible enterococcal species, uncomplicated gonorrhea (adults), 2459-2460 pharmacology, 668t
impact, 2335t single-dose treatment, 2459 Gram-positive anaerobes, metronidazole
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 97 urethral exudate, 1350f susceptibility, 351
Glycosphingolipases, specificity, 889 Good bugs/bad bugs, 75 Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli, antimicrobials
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) GPAC. See Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (impact), 2785t
anchor, 111 GPARC. See Global Plan for Artemisinin Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC),
GPI-linked FcγRIII receptor, absence, 111 Resistance Containment 2782-2783
moiety, 2143 GPHIN. See Global Public Health Intelligence Anaerococcus, 2782
Glycylcycline Network antimicrobials, impact, 2785t
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t GPI. See Global Pertussis Initiative; clinical significance, 2782
drug/food interactions, 330-334 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol commensal microbiota, 2781-2782
usage, 322 G protein-coupled receptors, 83 Finegoldia, 2782
GM-CSF. See Granulocyte-macrophage Graded exercise therapy (GET), 1679 microbiologic aspects, 2784
colony-stimulating factor Graft-enteric erosions, 1048 Murdochiella, 2783
GMS. See Gomori’s methenamine silver Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 3427-3428 Parvimonas, 2782
GNARs. See Gram-negative anaerobic rods exacerbation, 584 Peptoniphilus, 2782-2783
Gnathostomiasis, 3240 Gram-negative aerobic bacilli, classification, Peptostreptoccus, 2783
clinical manifestations, 3240 2669t taxonomy, 2781-2782
diagnosis, 3240 Gram-negative anaerobes, metronidazole treatment, 2784-2785
differential diagnosis, 3240 susceptibility, 350 Gram-positive bacteria, 241, 381, 1405
life cycle, 3240 Gram-negative anaerobic cocci, 2783 chloramphenicol, impact, 335
prevention, 3240 Acidaminococcus, 2783 tetracyclines, impact, 325
treatment, 3240 Anaeroglobus, 2783 tigecycline, impact, 331-332
Gnotobiotic, 12t Megasphaera, 2783 Gram-positive bacterial envelopes, schematic
Gnotobiotic lambs (intestinal contents), astrovirus Negativicoccus, 2783 representation, 2244f
(presence), 2129f Veillonella, 2783 Gram-positive cocci, cephalosporins (in vitro
GOAL. See G551D Observational Study Gram-negative anaerobic rods (GNARs) activity), 282t
GOARN. See Global Outbreak Alert and aerodigestive tract infections, 2777-2778 Gram-positive nonsporulating anaerobic cocci,
Response Network antibiotic sensitivity, 2779t 2783-2784
GOLD. See Global Initiative for Chronic antibiotic therapy, 2779 Actinomyces-like organisms, 2784
Obstructive Lung Disease associations, 2778 Atopobium, 2784
Golden Triangle, 1472 bacteremia, 2776 bifidobacteria, 2783
Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) stain, cardiovascular infections, 2778 Eggerthella, 2784
2967-2969 central nervous system infection, 2777 Eubacterium, 2784
Gonococcal arthritis, 1306-1308 discovery, 2773 lactobacilli, 2783
clinical features, 1307-1308 disease, 2778 Mobiluncus, 2784
occurrence, 1307 ear infections, 2777 Olsenella, 2784
pathogenesis, 1307 enteritis, 2778 Propionibacterium, 2783
Gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome, enzymes/toxins, 2776 Gram-positive surface proteins, anchoring, 2246f
differential diagnosis, 2457 female urogenital tract location, 2775 Gram stain, 2876
Gonococcal cervicitis, purulent endocervical Gram stains, 2774f Granule cell neuronopathy (GCN), 1809
exudate, 2455f history, 2773 Granule components, release, 84
Gonococcal endocarditis, 1017-1018 host immune response, 2776 Granulicatella, 2355-2356
 I45
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), Group B streptococcal vaccines, 2346-2347 HACEK group, 1018, 2582
581-584, 2940 Group B streptococcus (GBS), 17 bacteria, 1017
adverse effects, 583-584 bacterial virulence factors, 2342-2343 HACEK organisms, 1007, 2677
benefit, absence, 583 diagnosis, 2345 impact, 2670

Index
randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 581-582 early-onset disease (prevention), intrapartum HACEK prosthetic valve endocarditis, 1036
transcriptional factor modulation, 78 antibiotic prophylaxis (indications/ HAE. See Hereditary angioneurotic edema
usage, 582 nonindications), 2346t Haemaphysalis species, 1890
indication, 581-582 female genital tract, infections, 2343-2344 Haemophilus ducreyi, 2581
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating host factors, 2343 clinical manifestations, 2581
factor (GM-CSF), 78, 91, 584-585 invasion, 2342 diagnosis, 2581
adverse effects, 584-585 meningitis, 2345 epidemiology, 2581
benefit, absence, 932-933 osteomyelitis, 2344 example, 1346f
G-CSF, clinical equivalence, 584 pathogenic mechanisms, adherence, 2342 immune response, 2581
Granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMPs), 78 presence, 1005 pathogen, description, 2581
Granulocytes prevention, 2346-2347 pathogenesis, 2581
host defenses, relationship, 3384-3385 primary bacteremia, 2343-2345 therapy, 2581
maturation, 79 reports, 2340 Haemophilus influenzae, 1209-1210, 2575-2581
Granuloma inguinale resistance, description, 360 adhesins, 2576t
example, 1344f treatment, 2345-2346 biofilms, 2577
lesions, 1343 Group C streptococci biogroup aegyptius, 2581
Granulomatosis infantiseptica, 2385 epidemiology, 2357 biotypes, 2576
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), 3059 microbiology, 2356-2357 cephalosporins, in vitro activity, 282t
Granulomatous conjunctivitis, Parinaud’s treatment, 2359-2360 epidemiology, 2576
oculoglandular syndrome, 2655f Group G streptococci H. haemolyticus (distinction), 2575
Granulomatous keratic precipitates, 1423, 1424f asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage, 2357 immunity, 2577
Granulomatous lymphadenitis, nondiphtheria epidemiology, 2357 immunoprophylaxis, 1135-1136
corynebacteria (impact), 1229 microbiology, 2357 impact, 1101-1102, 1128, 1134
Granulomatous prostatitis, 1384 treatment, 2360 infant immunization, 785
Grassi, Battista, 3071 Groups nontypeable/type b strains, features, 2576t
Graves’ exophthalmopathy, 1402 baseline comparability. See Study. otitis media, effusion, 2577
Gray baby syndrome, chloramphenicol (impact), differences, calculation, 619-620 pathogen, description, 2575-2576
337 subgroup analyses, 621-622 pathogenesis, 2576-2577
Green nail syndrome Growth factor independent-1 (GFI-1), 78 pneumonia, 830f
P. aeruginosa (impact), 2526f Growth-regulated oncogene α (GROα), 91 serotypes, 2576
skin and soft tissue infections, 2526 GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA assay, 1511 Haemophilus influenzae type b, 2577
Green tea extract, usage, 602 GSK. See GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals active immunization, 2580-2581
Group A streptococcal necrotizing myositis, GSS. See Gerstmann-Straüssler-Scheinker bacteremia, localized disease (absence), 2579
1219-1220 Guanarito virus (GTOV), 2031 cellulitis, 2579
Group A streptococcus (GAS) Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), GDP-bound state, chemoprophylaxis, 2580
antimicrobial therapy, 2297 86 clinical manifestations, 2578-2579
bacteremia, 2297-2298 Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) conjugate vaccines, 2580t
dialysis, 2297 GTP-binding regulatory proteins, 3020 usage, 348
disease, 754 intracellular pools, disturbances, 1688 diagnosis, 2579
electron micrograph, 2286f Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ases, localization, epiglottitis, 2578-2579
extracellular products, 2287 82 invasive infections, 2577
fluid resuscitation, 2297 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 74, 1115-1116 meningitis, 2578
growth, 2283f Campylobacter jejuni infection, impact, 1287 pneumonia/empyema, 2579
hemoperfusion, 2297 CMV complication, 1742 polysaccharides, 44
identification, 755 Guinea pig, keratoconjunctivitis, 2570f septic arthritis, 2579
intensive care unit management, 2297 Gumma, description, 2689 therapy, 2580-2581
intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), 2297 Gummatous (late benign) syphilis, 2698-2699, vaccine, 3532
management, 2297 2704 Haemophilus species, 2581-2582
M serotypes, 2301t Gum recession, display, 138f cases, 1007
pathogen, description, 2286-2287 Gut clinical manifestations, 2582
pathogenesis, 754 malignant/inflammatory lesions, 2332 differential characteristics, 2582t
somatic constituents, 2286-2287 microbiome, shift, 17 pathogen, description, 2581-2582
source control, 2297 Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), 1533 therapy, 2582
transmission (military barracks), 2288f replication, 1526 Hafnia alvei, 2515-2516
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis Gut microbiota Hafnia microorganisms, 2514-2516
antimicrobial therapy, 758t alterations, 17 Hageman factor (factor XII), 96-97, 109
clinical/epidemiologic findings, 757t antibiotics, relationship, 2745 HAI. See Hemagglutination inhibition; Histologic
diagnosis, assistance, 756 GVHD. See Graft-versus-host disease Activity Index
prevention, antimicrobial therapy (avoidance), GWAS. See Genome-wide association study Hair, dermatophytes (infection), 2991
758 Gynecologic examination, specimens, 1361t HAIs. See Health care-associated infections
therapy, goal, 758 Gynecologic postoperative infections (treatment), Haiti, cholera cases, 2473f
Group B streptococcal arthritis, 2344 intravenous antibiotic regimens (usage), Hajj pilgrimage, 2444
Group B streptococcal endocarditis, 2344 1375t Halofantrine, 503
Group B streptococcal infections Gynecologic surgery clinical use, 503
clinical manifestations, 2343-2345 cuff cellulitis, 1376-1377 drug-drug interactions, 503
conditions, 2343t osteomyelitis pubis, 1377 metabolism, 503
infants, 2344 pathogenesis, 1376 decrease, ketoconazole (impact), 503
manifestations, 2345 pelvic abscess, 1377 pharmacokinetics, 503
recurrent invasive group B streptococcal surgical site infection, 1376-1377 toxicity, 503
infection, 2345 Halophilic vibrios, 2483
skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), 2345 H HALT-C Trial, 1460-1461
Group B streptococcal pneumonia, 2344 H5 viruses, impact, 2007 HAM. See Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-
Group B streptococcal sepsis, risk factors, 1005 H7 viruses, impact, 2006-2007 associated myelopathy
Group B streptococcal urinary tract infection, H9 viruses, impact, 2007 Hamster scrapie, drowsy strains, 2145
2345 Haber-Weiss reaction, 89 HAND. See Human immunodeficiency virus
 I46
Hand Health care-associated infections (HAIs) Helicobacter pylori (Continued)
crusted scabies infestation, dorsal view, 3251f historical background, 3286 metabolic disorders, 2499
hygiene, 3287-3288 nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2849-2850 microbiology, 2494-2495
plague, acral gangrene display, 2611f prevention, 1058 pathology/pathogenesis, 2496
Index

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), 736-737, reduction, surface decontamination positivity, age-specific prevalence, 2495f
2082-2083 (effectiveness), 3306 receptor expression, 71
CV-A6 strain, 2083 topical antibacterial prophylaxis, 456-457 therapy, 2500-2501
EV-A71, impact, 2082f Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP), 838, indications, 2500
Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFM), 756 3325-3326 treatment regimens, 2500t
Hansen, Gerhard Henrik Armauer, 2819 syndrome, 827-828 upper GI tract pathologic lesions, association,
Hansen’s disease (leprosy), 1429, 2819 Health care-associated prosthetic valve 2497t
Hantaan (HTN) virus, 2025 endocarditis, 1030 Helicobacter species, clinical manifestations, 2486t
clinical infection, 2027 Health care-associated salmonellosis, rarity, 2562 Helminthic brain abscess, 1166-1167
Hantaviruses, 744, 2025 Health care setting Helminthic meningitis, 1104, 1122-1123
clinical manifestations, 2027-2028 Acinetobacter species, transmission prevention, amebas, impact, 1104, 1122-1123, 1132
epidemiology, 2026 2557t Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1123, 1132
humans, transmission, 2027 HIV transmission, 1496 Helminths
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), 2028 occupational HIV exposure, management, biology, 3196
HAP. See Hospital-acquired pneumonia 3367-3368 control, 3198
Haplorchiasis, 3224 postexposure prophylaxis, secondary HIV epidemiology, 3196
Harms, measurement, 610 prevention, 3369-3375 host-parasite relationship, 3196-3197
HAT. See Human African trypanosomiasis Health care workers infections
HAV. See Hepatitis A virus HCV transmission, 1918 clinical syndromes, 3238t
Hawaii virus-induced disease, light micrograph, HIV exposure, seroconversion (characteristics), diagnosis, 3197-3198, 3197t
2125f 3363 drugs, usage, 520t
Haycocknema perplexum infection, 3210 HIV infection, epidemiologic/laboratory treatment, 3197-3198
HBAT. See Heptavalent botulinum antitoxin follow-up, 3364t pathogenesis, 3196-3197
hBD. See Human beta-defensins infection, management, 3368-3369 prevention, 3198
HbE. See Hemoglobin E pertussis vaccination, 2626 Helper T (Th) cells
HBeAg. See Hepatitis B e antigen Heart accumulation, 71
HbF. See Hemoglobin F (HbF) block, 1032 importance, 74
HBIG. See Hepatitis B immune globulin chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease, 2303f subsets, 51f
HBL. See Hemolysin BL failure, prosthetic valve dysfunction (impact), plasticity, 52
HBMEC. See Human brain microvascular 1037-1038 Helper T-follicular (Tfh) cells, 52
endothelial cells late gadolinium enhancement MRI, 1072f Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), 1876
HBO. See Hyperbaric oxygen muscle, toxoplasmosis, 3130 Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein,
HBOT. See Hyperbaric oxygen treatment pathologic changes, 997 1942
HBoV. See Human bocaparvovirus prosthetic heart valves, usage, 1063 Hemagglutin (HA) protein, 2060
Hbps. See Hemin binding proteins transplantation Hemangioma, 1208
HbS. See Hemoglobin S mediastinitis development, risk, 1083 Hemarthrosis, impact, 1309
HBsAg. See Hepatitis B surface antigen recipients, 3442-3443 Hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis, 2888f
HCAP. See Health care-associated pneumonia toxoplasmosis, 3132 Hematogenous infection, prevention, 1339
HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma Heartland virus, 2029 Hematogenous seeding, 1188
HCMV. See Human cytomegalovirus Heart-lung transplantation recipients, 3443-3444 Hematopoiesis
hCoV. See Human coronaviruses Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) disruption, 1536
HDAg. See Hepatitis delta antigen study, 1750 spleen, 3462-3463
HDCV. See Human diploid cell rabies vaccine Heat-killed probiotics, usage, 20 Hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1
HDV. See Hepatitis delta virus Heat shock protein (HSP) gene, 2858 (HCLS-1), associated protein X-1, 140
Head Heavy chain rearrangement, 42 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), 78
anaerobic infections, 2738-2739 Heck’s disease, 1800 recipient, toxoplasmosis, 3132-3133
CT scans, 1121f Heist, George D., 2441 transplant recipients
infections, 802-803 HEK cells, transfection, 3051 bilateral medial temporal lobe involvement
microbiologic considerations, 789-791 HEL. See Human diploid embryonic lung (MRI), 1775f
Streptococcus anginosus, 2364 Helicase-primase inhibitors, 561-562 candidal infections, prophylaxis, 492
lice, 3248 Helicobacter cinaedi, 1210, 2485 oseltamivir treatment, 539
mediastinitis, 1081 Helicobacter fennelliae, 2485 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT),
suppurative infections, initial empirical Helicobacter pylori 583
antimicrobial regimens, 796t-797t acute acquisition, 2497 adenovirus, impact, 3435
Health care asthma, relationship, 2499 Aspergillus (impact), 3436-3437
equipment/surfaces, disinfection, 3298-3302 biochemical characteristics, 2495t bacterial infections, 3432-3433
personnel, iatrogenic HIV transmission, clinical consequences, overview, 2499 Candida (impact), 3436
3363-3365 colonization chemotherapy, 3426
personnel, occupational HIV clinical consequences, 2496-2499 cytomegalovirus (CMV)
infection risk, assessment, 3361-3362 disease states, association, 2497f impact, 3433-3434
transmission, 3361-3365 persistence, 2497 infection, management, 3434t
providers, sharing (difficulties), 185 diagnosis, 2499-2500 diarrhea, 3428-3429
Health care-acquired hepatitis modalities, 2499t encapsulated bacteria, impact, 3432
bloodborne transmission, 3347-3350 discovery, 15 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 3435
fecal-oral transmission, 3347 duodenal ulceration, 2498 fungal infections, 3436-3437
historical background, 3347 ecologic importance, 15-16 graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 3427-3428
status, 3347-3350 epidemiology, 2495-2496 hemorrhagic cystitis, 3427
Health care-acquired MRSA, 2253-2254 esophageal diseases, 2498-2499 hepatitis, impact, 3428
Health care-acquired pneumonia, 2524-2525 gastric carcinoma, 2498 herpes simplex virus, relationship, 3433
treatment, antimicrobial agent (selection), 843t gastric lymphoma, 2498 human herpesvirus 6, 3435-3436
Health care-associated bloodstream infection, gastric ulceration, 2498 human leukocyte antigen matching, 3427
2262-2263 H. pylori-induced gastritis, 75 immune system reconstitution, methods,
Health care-associated CDI, 2747-2748 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 3437-3438
Health care-associated (nosocomial) fever of 2499 immunoglobulin replacement, 3438
unknown origin, 725 infection, antibiotic therapy, 15-16 impact, 1734, 1748-1749
 I47
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) Hemorrhagic fevers, 3276t Hepatitis A virus (HAV) (Continued)
(Continued) Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), health care settings, 2105
infection 2027-2028 history, 2095
natural history, 3432-3437 Puumala virus, 2028 host range, 2098-2100

occurrence, order, 3431t
prevention, 3427
risks, reduction (measures), 3432
intracellular bacteria, 3433
irradiation, 3427
late risk period, 3431-3432
molds, impact, 3437
mycobacteria, impact, 3432-3433
myeloablative HSCT, immunosuppression
patterns, 3429-3432
nonmyeloablative HSCT, immunodeficiency,
3432
nonmyeloablative transplantation, 3427
opportunistic infections, phases, 3430f
osteomyelitis, 3429
parasitic infections, 3437
parvovirus, 3436
patients, BK viruria/hemorrhagic cystitis
(disposition), 1812
Pneumocystis (impact), 3436
pneumonia syndromes, 3428
preemptive cytomegalovirus (CMV) therapy,
initiation (screening schedule), 3433t
rash, 3429
recipients, 1964
clinical syndromes, 3427-3429
recipients, adenoviruses
disease rates, 1790-1791
relationship, 1790-1791
respiratory viruses, 3435
techniques, 3426-3427
vaccination, 3437-3438
schedule, 3438t
varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 3434-3435
veno-occlusive disease (sinusoidal obstruction
syndrome), impact, 3427
viral infections, 3433-3436
viridans group streptococci, impact, 3432
yeasts, impact, 3437
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains, 2875,
3006-3007
Hemin binding proteins (Hbps), 2657-2658
Hemodialysis patients, osteomyelitis, 1325
Hemodialysis prosthetic vascular grafts,
1051-1052
clinical manifestations, 1051
epidemiology, 1051
management, 1051
prevention, 1051-1052
Hemodynamic monitoring, usage, 3320t
Hemoglobin AS (HbAS), 120
Hemoglobin C (HbC), 3076
presence, 117
Hemoglobin E (HbE), 3076
variant, 3076
Hemoglobin F (HbF), 3076
Hemoglobin gene variants, 120
Hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex, 2428
Hemoglobin S (HbS), 3076
heterozygosity, 3076
Hemoglobinuria, 3082-3083
Hemolysin BL (HBL), 1285
Hemolysins, 2247-2248, 2498
Hemolytic anemia, CMV complication, 1742
Hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, 1211
occurrence, 1211
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), 588, 2512
Aeromonas enterocolitis, association, 2671
characterization, 110, 1243
development, 1265
outbreak, 169
Hemophagocytic syndrome, Burkholderia cepacia
complex (relationship), 2537
Hemorrhagic cystitis, 1812
impact, 3427
Hemorrhagic smallpox, 1699
Hemostasis, spleen, 3462-3463
Henderson-Paterson bodies, 1704
Hendra virus, 170, 1686, 1978-1979
classification, 1979
clinical manifestations, 1979
diagnostic tests, 1979
epidemiology, 1978-1979
intermediate hosts, 1979
laboratory abnormalities, 1979
particles, 1974
pathology, 1979
prevention, 1979
reservoirs, 1979
therapy, 1979
virology, 1974-1975
Henipaviruses, emergence, 1975
Henle-Koch postulates, 9
HEp-2 cell, Salmonella Typhimurium (scanning
electron micrograph), 2562f
Hepatic abscess, infection route (frequency),
961t
Hepatic artery, hepatic invasion route, 961
Hepatic disease, causes, 1569t
Hepatic dysfunction, sepsis (relationship), 928
Hepatic encephalopathy, indications, 19-20
Hepatic failure, antituberculous drugs (dosage
modification), 465t
Hepatic fibrosis, 1913-1914
noninvasive blood markers, 1916-1917
Hepatic filter, impairment, 918
Hepatic function
host factors, 227-228
meningitis, antimicrobial agents (dosages),
1126t
Hepatic gluconeogenesis, precursors, 919
Hepatic insufficiency, quinolones (dosage
adjustments), 428
Hepatic invasion routes, 961
Hepatic metabolism, 428
rifampin/rifamycins, impact, 227
Hepatic-splenic actinomycosis, 2868f
Hepatitis. See Acute hepatitis; Chronic hepatitis;
Coxiella burnetii
CMV complication, 1742
impact, 3428
infection, 3446-3447
injection drug users, 3486-3488
nosocomial hepatitis, transmission rates/
interventions, 3348t
perihepatitis, 2456
risk factors, 3486-3487
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 153
active immunization, 2109
agents, 1442
antigenic composition, 2098
biologic properties, 2096-2100
biology, 2098
bloodborne transmission, 2100
blood/plasma-derived product recipients, 2111
blood transfusions, 3356
characteristics, 2098
child care centers, 2104
children, vaccination, 2110
chronic liver disease, 2111
classification, 2096-2100
clinical manifestations, 2106
complications, 2106
disease control strategies, 2110-2111
endemicity, 2101
epidemiology, 2100-2105
United States, 2102-2104
fecal-oral transmission, 3347
foodborne transmission, 2100, 2105
genome, 2097-2098
Index
illicit drug users, 2104
vaccines, 2110
immunity, 2107
inactivated HAV vaccines, doses/schedules
(recommendations), 2109t
incidence (United States), 2102f
age groupings, 2103f
race/ethnicity classification, 2103f
reports/adjustments, 2102f
incubation period, 2105
infection
clinical/virologic/serologic events, 2100f
endemicity patterns, world map, 2101f
risk, increase (vaccination), 2110-2111
sources, 2104
worldwide patterns, 2101f
injection drug users, 3487-3488
institutions, 2104
international travel, 2105
international traveler vaccines, 2110-2111
laboratory diagnosis, 2107
management, 2107
men who have sex with men, 2104-2105
vaccines, 2110
outbreaks, vaccinations (impact), 2111
particles
assembly, 2097-2098
electron micrographs, 2096f
passive immunization, 2108-2109
pathogenesis, 2105-2106
pathology, 2105-2106
person-to-person transmission, 2100
physical/chemical agent resistance, 2096-2097
physiochemical properties, 2096-2100
polyprotein cleavage, 2097f
postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), 2109-2110
recommendations, 2108t
preexposure prophylaxis, 2110
recommendations, 2108t
prevaccine era, 2102-2103
prevention, 1445, 2107-2109
recommendations, 2109-2111
prophylaxis, 3544
proteins, 2097-2098
risk factors (United States), 2104f
RNA genome, organization, 2097f
schools, 2104
strains (relationship), VP1-2A region sequence
(impact), 2099f
structure, 2096
studies, nonhuman primates (usage), 2100
surface structure, cryoelectron micrograph,
2096f
symptoms, 2106
therapy, 2107
transfusions, 2105
transmission, modes, 2100
vaccination, 1834
vaccines, 2103-2104
availability, 3532-3533
elderly, 3464
HBV vaccine combination, travel
considerations, 3561
preexposure use, recommendations, 2110t
travel considerations, 3560-3561
variation (age/race/ethnicity/region), 2104
vertical transmission, 2100
viral assembly, 2097f
viral diversity, 2098
viral replication site, 2105
waterborne transmission, 2100, 2105
worldwide disease patterns, 2100-2102
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), 1446
Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), 1445
preparation, 3544
 I48
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Continued) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Continued)
detection, 1827 prognosis, 1823-1826 genotypes, 1908
escape mutants, 1837 proteins, 1817f geographic distribution, 1908
particles, structure, 1816f replication, 1819 importance, 1460
Index

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 215, 563-569, 735-736 activity, 1570 laboratory assessment, 1915
active immunization, 1834-1835 distinctions, 1446 HBV, coinfection, 1827
adefovir, usage, 1830 measures, 1828 HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma,
agents, 1442-1443, 1831 pathway, 1820f development, 1914
optimal use, 1452 serologic tests, interpretation, 1827t HCV-associated membranoproliferative
antiviral agents, therapeutic effectiveness, 564t structure, 1816f glomerulonephritis, 1908-1909
assembly, 1819 surface antigenemia, global prevalence, 1822f hepatic fibrosis, 1913-1914
attachment, 1816 telbivudine, usage, 1830-1831 noninvasive blood markers, 1916-1917
background/classification, 1815-1816 tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, usage, 1831 hepatocellular carcinoma, 1914
biology, 1816 transcription, 1817-1819 histologic features, 1457
bloodborne transmission, 3347-3349 translation, 1819 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
epidemiology, 3347-3348 transmission, 1442 coinfection, 1458, 1924-1925
exposure, incidence, 3348 modes, 1823t pathogenesis, 1925-1926
interventions/management, 3349 rates, 1823 treatment trends, 1926
reports, 3348-3349 transplantations, impact, 1827 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) impact,
vaccine acceptance rates, 3349 treatment, 1448-1452 1925
blood transfusions, 3355 patient selection, 1829 humoral immunity, 1911-1912
clinical manifestations, 1447-1448, 1823-1827 pregnancy, 1834 impact, 1456
coinfection, 1443 vaccination incidence, 1918-1919
combination therapy, 1831 efficacy, 1835-1836 injection drug users, 3487
contacts, screening/vaccination, 1834 elderly, 3464 innate immunity, 1910-1911
course, 1824f indications, 1835 interferon-α, 1920
dialysis setting, 3348 vaccines interferon-based treatments, 1923
distinctions, 1446-1447 availability, 3533 interferon-sparing treatment, 1923-1924
DNA level, 1447 dose regimens, 1835 λ1 interferon, 1920
DNA polymerase, YMDD motif (point doses/schedules, 1835t laboratory assessment, 1915-1917
mutations), 567 response, durability, 1836 laboratory testing, 1915-1916
DNA reappearance, 1832 travel considerations, 3561 liver biopsy, 1916
entecavir, usage, 1830 viral genome, 1816-1817 liver disease, staging (approach), 1917
entry, 1816 viral hepatitis, distinctions, 1825 liver staging, 1916-1917
epidemiologic considerations, 1446-1447 viral resistance, 1831-1832 radiographic tests, 1917
epidemiology, 1822-1823 viral transcripts, map, 1817f maternal-infant transmission, 1919
changes, 1823 worker-to-patient transmission, 3348 medications, 1920
extrahepatic manifestations, 1826 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 119, 1815 natural history, 1910-1914, 1925
genome organization, 1817f clevudine, usage, 569 variation, 1456-1457
global seroprevalence rates, 1823t persistence, 122 nontranslated RNA segments, 1905
HAV vaccines, combination (travel prevention, 1834-1837 nosocomial transmission, 1918, 3350
considerations), 3561 screening/diagnosis, 1827-1828 NS2 proteins, 1906-1907
HBE-negative mutants, 1825 tenofovir, clinical studies, 568-569 NS5A targeting drugs, 1920
HBx, regulatory protein, 1819 vaccination, relationship, 1827 nucleoside/nucleotide polymerase inhibitors,
HCV, coinfection, 1827 viral/laboratory markers, 1448, 1448t 1920
hepatocellular carcinoma, 1822 virologic markers, onset, 1442-1443 overview, 569
surveillance, 1834 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 215, 569-575, 1904. See p7 proteins, 1906-1907
hepatotropism, 1816 also Chronic hepatitis C virus; Fulminant pathogenesis, 1910-1914
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hepatitis C virus percutaneous transmission, 1918
coinfection, 1833 agents, 1443 phylogenetic trees, 1908f
relationship, 1826 animal models, 1909-1910 polyprotein, 1905-1906
immunosuppressive therapies, recipients, 1833 anticipated interferon-based treatments, 1923 postexposure prevention, 1924
injection drug users, 3487 antiviral agents, therapeutic effectiveness, 564t preexposure prevention, 1924
interferon, usage, 1829 antiviral targets, 1920 prevalence, 1917-1918
isolated anti-HBC, 1828 arthritis, impact, 1311 prevention, 1445, 1924-1926
lamivudine, usage, 1829-1830 autonomously replicating viral replicons, 1909 protease inhibitors, 1920
life cycle, 1818f bloodborne transmission, 3349-3350 quasispecies variation, 1908
liver transplantation, 1832-1833 exposure, incidence, 3347 replication, 531, 1907
impact, 1826-1827 management, 3350 schematic diagram, 1906f
management, 1828-1834 reports, 3349-3350 suppression, NS5A inhibitors (usage),
morphogenesis, 1819 seroprevalence, 3349 1466
natural history, 1820-1822, 1826-1827 blood transfusions, 3355 ribavirin, 1920
nosocomial transmissions, 3348-3349 cellular immunity, 1912 ribonucleic acid (RNA)
nucleoside/nucleotide chronic infection, progression, 1444 detection, 1443, 1915-1916
analogues, usage, 1829 classification, 1904 reduction, achievement (failure), 1462
therapy, 1832 coinfection replication, nonstructural proteins
treatment, virologic response, 1832t commonness, 1570 (involvement), 1907
overview, 563-564 epidemiology, 1925 screening
pathogenesis, 1820-1822 dialysis setting, 3349-3350 patient identification, 1916t
pathophysiology/natural history, 1447 disease progression, 1912-1914 serology, 1915
patient description, 969 ELISA tests, 219 seroversion, 1926
patient-to-worker transmission, 3348 epidemiology, 1917-1919, 1925 sexual transmission, 1918-1919
perinatal transmission, prevention, 1836 experimental models, 1909-1910 solid tumor transplantation, 3350
phylogenetic trees, 1908f 5’UTR, 1905 structural proteins, 1906
polymerase protein, components, 1819 genetic diversity, 1908 subtypes, prevalence (world map), 1909f
postexposure immunoprophylaxis, 1836 genome-length RNAs, 1909 tests, clinical application, 1916
precore mutants, 1825 genome, organization, 1904-1910, 1905f therapy, histologic/clinical responses,
prevalence, 1824t genotype 1 chronic HCV infection, treatment, 1919-1920
prevention, 1445 1921f transmissibility, enhancement, 1925
 I49
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Continued) Hepatitis E virus (HEV) (Continued) Herpes simplex (Continued)
transmission, 1918-1919 immunoprophylaxis, 2140 infection, 1343f
biologic basis, 1918 incubation period, 2136-2137 keratitis, antiviral medications, 1411t
cofactors, 1919 laboratory diagnosis, 2139-2140 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 216, 1067,

Index
treatment molecular tests, 2139-2140 3376-3377
consideration, 1570 molecular virology, 2131-2132 acyclovir, impact, 549-550
responses, 1919-1920 neurologic complications, 2139 asymptomatic viral shedding, schemata,
sofosbuvir regimens, 1464t pathogenesis, 2136-2138 1717f
trends, 1923-1924 pathology, 2137-2138 cell infection, intranuclear inclusions, 1711f
viral persistence, 1910-1912 prevention, 1445, 2140 cervicitis, 1720f
viral polyprotein, organization, 1905f replication cycle, 2137f cervicovaginal swab isolation, 1726
viral tropism, 1908-1909 sanitation, 2140 chancroidal lesion (penis), 1720f
virions serologic tests, 2139 chemoprophylaxis, 1658
electron micrographs, 1905f solid-organ transplant recipients, 2138-2139 clinical/virologic shedding pattern, DNA
properties, 1904 strains, genetic diversity, 2134f polymerase chain detection, 1718f
virologic responses, 1919 therapy, 2140-2141 description, 1713-1714
virus (propagation), cell cultures (usage), 1909 transmission modes, 2135-2136 diseases
worker-to-patient transmission, 3349 viral replication, 2137 severity, viral/host factors (impact),
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, 583 virus, 2131-2136 1717-1718
acute HCV infection, representation, 1910f Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection spectrum, 1718
antiretroviral therapy, impact, 1925 animals, 2136 encephalitis, 1723
cirrhosis, factors, 1913t clinical cases, worldwide distribution, 2133f detection, clinical hallmark, 1723
clinical manifestations, 1914-1915 diagrammatic representation, 2136f diagnosis, suggestion, 2081
extrahepatic manifestations, 1915 severity, average, 2138 presentation, 1154
liver fibrosis, grading systems (comparison), sources/routes, 2135f prognosis, factors, 1155
1916t Hepatitis viruses epidemiologic studies, 550
natural history, 1912f infection, characteristics, 1441t epidemiology, 1714-1716
prevalence, world map, 1909f unrelated DNA/RNA viruses, 219 esophagitis, 1250
spontaneous resolution, genome-wide Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) eye infections, 1722-1723
association study (Manhattan plot), scanning, 929 ganglionic immunity, 1716
1911f Hepatobiliary system, brucellosis, 2586 genital tract reactivation, occurrence, 1717
treatment response, factors, 1921f Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatic- genome, 1713-1714
Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), 1837 associated protein (HIP/PAP), innate stability, 1714
HDAg-encoding mRNA, 1837f response, 28-29 high-level viral replication, occurrence, 1716
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), 1837-1838 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 1445, 1822 impact, 1425
agents, 1443 clinical manifestations, 1915 infected/exposed personnel, management,
antigenomic RNA, schematic structure, 1837f hepatitis C virus, relationship, 1914 3377
bloodborne transmission, 3350 incidence, increase, 1823 innate immune response, role, 1717
blood transfusions, 3355 occurrence, rarity, 1458 keratitis, 1722-1723
clinical manifestations, 1838 risk, increase, 1442-1443 latency, molecular features, 1714
coinfection, 1443 surveillance, 1834 long-term suppression, 550
diagnosis, 1455 Hepato-iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scanning, mucosal immunity, 1716-1717
epidemiology, 1838 usage, 965-966 nosocomial transmission
genomic RNA, schematic structure, 1837f Hepatorenal failure, 1289 mechanisms, 3376
pathogenesis, 1838 Hepatotoxicity, HIV-related medications prevention, 3376-3377
prevention, 1445 (association), 1571 risk, 3376
RNA genome replication, 1837-1838 HePC. See Hexadecylphosphocholine opportunistic infection, 1657-1658
RNA replication model, proposal, 1837f Heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT), 2767 pathogenesis, 1716-1718
treatment, 1838 Herd immunity, 2022 viral/host factors, impact, 1717-1718
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 1443 introduction strategies, 2443 PCR assay, usage, 1710
acute HEV Hereditary angioedema, 109-110 penciclovir-resistant variants, 554
infection, liver histology, 2137f Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HAE), 109 pneumonitis, 1723
therapy, 2140 genetic basis, 110 pregnancy acquisition (prevention), antiviral
acute infection, 2138 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler- agents (usage), 1726
animals, experimental transmission, 2136 Weber-Rendu syndrome), 1167 primary infection, 1716
antibody-coated HEV particles, detection, Herpangina, 2083-2084 primary ocular involvement, 1395
2132f clinical manifestations, 2083 recurrence, schemata, 1717f
antigenic composition, 2133-2134 differential diagnosis, 2083-2084 recurrent orolabial HSV infections, 550
antigenic domains, 2132f example, 2083f replication, 1714
blood transfusions, 3356 Herpes. See Neonatal herpes serostatus, 1724t
chronic HEV therapy, 2140-2141 Herpes B virus structure, 1713-1714
chronic infection, 2138-2139 clinical manifestations, 1784 therapy, 1411
classification, 2132-2133 description, 1783 transmission, 1716
clinical manifestations, 2138-2139 diagnosis, 1785 transmission rates, maternal HSV serologic
complications, 2139 epidemiology, 1783 status. See Neonatal herpes simplex
developed countries, 2135 exposure, laboratory diagnosis, 1784 virus.
developing countries, 2134-2135 history, 1783 ulcer, 1343f
epidemiology, 2134-2135 pathogenesis, 1783-1784 vaccine, development, 1729
extrahepatic manifestations, 2139 postexposure evaluation, 1784-1785 valacyclovir, impact, 549-550
fecal-oral transmission, 3347 oral acyclovir/ganciclovir, usage, 1784 viral genomes, latency, 1714
genetic variation, 2133 recommendations, 1785t viral keratitis, 1408-1409
genome organization, 2132f prevention, 1785 viral replication, reactivation process, 1714
geographic distribution, 2133 prophylaxis, 1784-1785 virion, structure, 1709f
HEV-specific IgG, detection, 2139 therapy, 1785 Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), 1152-1155,
history, 2131 Herpes gladiatorum, 1722 1715
HIV, coinfection, 2139 Herpes simplex acquisition, per-contact probability, 1724t
host range, 2136 conjunctivitis, 1395 blepharitis/conjunctivitis, 1722-1723
immune response, 2138 esophagitis, 1250f dendritic keratitis, 1722f
immunity, 2140 example, 1552f seroprevalence, evaluation, 1726-1727
 I50
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), 1152-1155, 1715 Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), 1410 Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis)
infection clinical manifestations, 1410 (Continued)
global seroprevalence, 1715f management, 1411t example, 1554f
primary genital HSV type 2 infection Herpetic whitlow, 1722 fungal culture, 2958-2959
Index

(vulva), 1720f Herpetiform aphthous ulcers, 801 granulomas, 2952

meningitis, 1119 Herpetiform exanthems, 2082-2083 histochemical identification, 2959
patient description, 969 HERS. See Human immunodeficiency virus histoplasmin reactivity, 2950f
prevalence, 1715 Hertel’s exophthalmometer, 1436 history, 2949
risk factors, 1715-1716 usage, 1388 HIV infection complication, 1660
seroprevalence, evaluation, 1726-1727 Heterophile antibodies, 1764-1765 immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS),
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, 1343f. See absorption, effect, 1765t relationship, 2962
also Orofacial HSV infection; Pregnancy presence, 1765 impact, 1554
acyclovir, effectiveness, 1727 Heterophile-negative infectious mononucleosis, innate immunity, 2951-2952
agammaglobulinemic patients, 1718 1768 laboratory tests, 2959
antiviral chemotherapy, 1728t-1729t cause, 1768 lung granuloma, 2952f
confirmation, 1726 Heterophyiasis, 3224 mycelial phase, 2951f
counseling, 1729 Heteroploid cell lines, 216 mycology, 2950-2951
diagnosis, 1726-1727 HEV. See Hepatitis E virus ocular histoplasmosis, 2957-2958
genital HSV infection, 1719-1721 Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (CMX001), 553, opportunistic infection, 1660-1661
immunocompromised hosts, 1724-1725 1747 pathogenesis, 2951-2953
orofacial HSV infection, 1718-1719 Hexadecylphosphocholine (HePC), 511-512 prevention, 2962
prevention, 1729 Hexon protein, 1787-1788 prophylaxis (immunocompromised persons),
problems, 3448 HFM. See Hand-foot-mouth disease 2962
recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infections, HFMD. See Hand-foot-and-mouth disease rarity, 1312
1721-1722 HFRS. See Hemorrhagic fever with renal serology, 2959
subclinical/asymptomatic viral shedding, 1722 syndrome treatment, 2959-2962, 2960t
therapy, 1727-1729 HGA. See Human granulocytic anaplasmosis yeast cells, 2951f
Herpesviridae HHV. See Human herpesvirus Histoplasma meningitis, 1141
classification, 1707 HibMenCY-TT, 2443 Histoplasmoma, 2954
clinical syndromes, 1708-1709 HIDA. See Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid; treatment, 2960
diagnosis, 1709-1710 Hepato-iminoacetic acid Historical control groups, 607
epidemiology, 1708 Hidradenitis suppurativa, 1208 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus
genome structure, 1707 Staphylococcus aureus, 2261 HIV-1. See Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
immunity, 1709 HIES. See Hyperimmunoglobulin E-recurrent HIV-2. See Human immunodeficiency virus type 2
oncogenesis, 1709 infection syndrome HIVAN. See Human immunodeficiency virus
pathogenesis, 1708 Higher-dose extended-interval dosing, 257-258 HKU1, 1929-1930
prevention, 1711 High-flux membranes, 389 HLA-A. See Human leukocyte antigen-A
proteins, 1707 High-level aminoglycoside resistance, presence, HLA-B27, prevalence, 1356
therapy, 1711 230-231 HLA-DM, 57-58, 62
virus High-level disinfectants, 3297t HLA-DO, 62
latency/reactivation, 1707-1708 High-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR), report, HLA-DR, 1538
replication, 1707 230-231 HLAs. See Human leukocyte antigens
Herpesvirus, 1098-1100, 1116, 1152-1157 High-level resistance (HLR), 2334 HLGR. See High-level gentamicin resistance
biologic features, 1708t Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HLR. See High-level resistance
blood transfusions, 3355 1743 HMBG. See High-mobility group box
classification, 1707 Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), 163, HME. See Ehrlichia chaffeensis; Human
clinical isolates, acyclic nucleosides/nucleotides 535 monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
(in vitro inhibitory concentrations), 548t Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1), 161 HMG-CoA. See 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
clinical syndromes, 1708-1709 High-mobility group box (HMBG), 917 coenzyme A; Hydroxymethylglutaryl
diagnosis, 1709-1710 transcription factor, 920 coenzyme A
epidemiology, 1708 High-mobility group nucleosome-binding-1 HMGNB-1. See High-mobility group
gene encoding, 1709 protein (HMGNB-1), 917 nucleosome-binding-1 protein
genome structure, 1707 High-performance liquid chromatography HMP. See Human Microbiome Project
humoral immunity, 1709 (HPLC), 2960-2961 hMPV. See Human metapneumovirus
immunity, 1709 High-throughput DNA/RNA sequencing HN. See Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
impact, 1708-1709 technologies, usage, 11 HOCl. See Hypochlorous acid
infections, 743-744 High-titer respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells,
antiviral agents, usage, 547t immune globulin, usage, 772 1762-1763
features, 1710t Hilar lymph nodes, swelling, 2172 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 1762-1763
interferon, impact, 578 HIP/PAP. See Hepatocarcinoma-intestine- mixed cellularity, 1763f
latency/replication, 1707-1708 pancreas/pancreatic-associated protein Hollow fiber model system, 255-256
oncogenesis, 1709 Hippocrates, antimicrobial substance usage, 224 Homeland Security Presidential Directive-21
pathogenesis, 1708 Hippuric acid, impact, 900 (HSPD-21), 183
prevention, 1711 Histamine, secretion, 92 Homeless shelters, tuberculosis (spread), 2794
proteins, 1707 Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, 1233 Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), 1922
replication, 1707 Histologic Activity Index (HAI), 1445t Homeostatic networks, microbiota (role), 76-77
seroepidemiology, 1710t Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis), 1567. Home setting, hospitalization, 615-616
spread, 1708 See also Progressive disseminated Homosexual men, cohort studies (value), 151
symptomatic disease, 1708 histoplasmosis; Pulmonary histoplasmosis Hong Kong pandemic, 2005-2006
therapy, 1711 adaptive immunity, 2952 Hookworm, 3203
Herpesvirus B, 1157 African histoplasmosis, 2958 clinical syndromes, 3203-3204
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), 1777 antigen detection, 2959 diagnosis, 3204
Herpes zoster, 1732 appearance, 2876f-2877f epidemiology, 3203
clinical manifestations, 1734 complications. See Primary histoplasmosis. infection, prevention/control, 3204
conjunctivitis, varicella (relationship), delayed-type hypersensitivity, 2952-2953 life cycle, 3203
1395-1396 diagnosis, 2958-2959 management, 3204
incidence, 1658 diagnostics, 2958t Hordeolum, 1432
lumbar dermatome, 1734f disease, spectrum, 2953t Hormones, production (increase), 33
occurrence, 1732 ecology/epidemiology, 2949-2950 Horse red cell agglutinins, persistence, 1765
 I51
Hortaea werneckii, 2994 Host-pathogen interaction Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) (Continued)
Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia, 2524 host factors, impact, 32-33 description, 1772
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), 840-841 metabolic changes, 32 detection, 1775
IV ciprofloxacin/ofloxacin, impact, 433 Hot hand-foot syndrome, 2526 emergency department visits, percentages, 1773f

Index
nonventilated patients, 2524 Hot tub folliculitis, 2526 encephalitis, treatment, 1157
risk factors, 3326 Hot tub lesions, 2527f epidemiology, 1772
telavancin, impact, 399 HPA. See Hybridization protection assay; exanthem subitum, 1773-1774
ventilated patients, 2524 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal fever/rash, association, 1774
Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP), 185 HPAI. See Highly pathogenic avian influenza healthy people, laboratory diagnosis, 1775
Hospitals HPeVs. See Human parechoviruses history, 1772
days, median number, 3328t HPLC. See High-performance liquid HSCT, relationship, 3435-3436
diarrhea, 1258 chromatography immunocompromised host, infection,
epidemiologist, infection role, 3292 HPP. See Hospital Preparedness Program 1774-1775
resistance (alteration), antimicrobial HPS. See Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome immunocompromised persons, laboratory
stewardship programs (impact), 609 HPTN. See Human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis, 1775
tuberculosis, spread, 2793-2794 HPV. See Human papillomavirus infantile fever, 1773
waste, control, 3306-3308 HRIG, 1991-1992 infectious mononucleosis, 1774
Host, 154. See also Human hosts HRS. See Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg eosinophilic intranuclear/cytoplasmic
agents, interaction (complexity), 154 hRSV. See Human respiratory syncytial virus inclusions, 1774f
barriers, breaching (inherent ability), 2-3 HRV. See Human rhinovirus laboratory diagnosis, 1775
cellular processes, subversion, 8-9 HSCT. See Hematopoietic stem cell neurologic symptoms, 1774
colonization, 153 transplantation nosocomial transmission
genetic effect HSPD-21. See Homeland Security Presidential prevention, 3382
approaches, 116-117 Directive-21 risk, 3382
magnitude, 116-117 HSV. See Herpes simplex virus opportunistic infections, 1659
genetic factors, 1531 HTIG. See Human tetanus immune globulin pathogenesis, 1772-1773
health/disease, microbiome (impact), 20 HTLV. See Human T-cell lymphotropic virus PCR assay, usage, 1710
host-agent relationship, 152-155 HTN. See Hantaan seizures, 1773
immune system, 154 Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) (sleeping therapy, 1775
intestinal tract, rotavirus-mediated effects, sickness), 513 transmission, mechanisms, 3382
1255 diagnosis, 3119 viral infections, problems, 3447-3448
metabolism, impact, 17 epidemiology, 3117-3118 Human herpesvirus 7 (HH7), 743-744, 1707,
nutritional status, 132 parasites, transmission, 3116-3117 1776, 3382
pathogen access, 3 prevention, 3120 blood samples, percentages, 1773f
responses, initiation, 916f therapy, 3119-3120 clinical manifestations, 1776
viral infection susceptibility, genetic basis, 1690 treatment, 514 description, 1776
virus, interaction, 1688-1692 Human beta-defensins (hBD), 792 epidemiology, 1776
stages, 1688t Human bites, 803, 3513-3514 history, 1776
Host cells management, 3514 laboratory diagnosis, 1776
attachment, mediation, 1682 wounds, bacterial isolates (antimicrobial nosocomial transmission
dependent relationships, establishment, 9 susceptibilities), 3511t prevention, 3382
fate, manipulation, 8 Human bocaparvovirus (HBoV), 1840 risk, 3382
invasion, 36-37 Human brain microvascular endothelial cells opportunistic infections, 1659
surfaces, discrimination, 99 (HBMEC), 1107 pathogenesis, 1776
surface, signaling events, 7-8 Human caliciviruses, 2122 therapy, 1776
Host defenses, 62 Human colon complementary DNA (cDNA), 86 transmission, mechanisms, 3382
alimentary tract, 3387-3389 Human coronaviruses (hCoV), 162-163, 818 Human herpesvirus 8 (HH8) (Kaposi sarcoma
alteration, antimicrobial agents (impact), 229 genome organization, 1906f herpesvirus)
anaerobes, resistance, 945 respiratory pathogen, 1928 impact, 57
cellular immunity, 3384-3386 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), 1067, 1738 infection, problems, 3449-3450
concomitant infection, 3390 Human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV), 1991 Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
concurrent illnesses, 3390 Human diploid embryonic lung (HEL) cells, 2119 (KSHV), 1707
contributions, 917t Human enteroviruses opportunistic infection, 1663-1664
deficiencies, components, 3384-3390 classification, 2067t Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See Men;
granulocytes, impact, 3384-3385 RNA homology, usage, 2067t Occupational HIV; United States; Women
humoral immunity, 3384-3386 host range, 2067t accessory genes, 2060-2061
increase (sepsis), 932-933 Human glanders, types, 2550 acute HIV infection (diagnosis), serologic tests
integument, physical barrier, 3386-3390 Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), 2230, (usage), 1490
macrophages, 3385 2232 acute retroviral syndrome, 1548-1549
mechanisms, 1168-1169 clinical/laboratory abnormalities, 2230t angular cheilitis, 1550f
microbial evasion, 90 comparison, 2231t antibodies
modifiers, 529 epizootiology, 2229-2230 serologic screening tests, false-positive/
nutritional status, 3390 peripheral blood smear, 2229-2230 false-negative results, 1512
organ dysfunction, 3390 prevalence, 327 testing, 1501-1502
platelets, role, 3386 prevention, 2232 antigen-antibody detection, fourth-generation
respiratory tract, 3389-3390 signs/symptoms/course, 2232 assays, 1511-1512
spleen, 3386 treatment, 2232 antigens (screening), serologic techniques
Host factors, 154t, 225-229 Human herpesvirus (HHV) (usage), 1511
age, 226 clinical syndromes, 1710t anti-HIV antibody, detection (serologic
antimicrobial agents, adverse reactions division, 1713 techniques), 1509-1512
(history), 225 gene encoding, 1707 antiretroviral-based prevention, 1476-1477
genetic/metabolic abnormalities, 226-227 subfamilies, divisions, 1707 Asia, 1472-1473
infection site, 228-229 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), 735-736, 743, bacillary angiomatosis, relationship, 1553
pregnancy, 227 1157, 1707, 1772-1775, 3382 bacterial pneumonia, impact, 1562
renal/hepatic function, 227-228 antigen, detection, 1775 B cells, 1536-1537
Host immune response blood samples, percentages, 1773f blood transmission, 1495
boosting, 3029 clinical manifestations, 1773-1775 care, linkage, 1519
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 1757-1758 complications, 1774 care programs, impact, 1478-1479
factors, 1531-1532 congenital infection, 1774 Caribbean, 1473-1474
 I52
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Continued)
CD4+ T cells, 1534-1536
depletion, mechanism, 1535-1536
Index
responses, 1531
CD8+ T cells, 1536
cell entry, 1526
cell-to-cell transmission, 1527f
cellular immune responses, 1529-1531
Central Asia, 1471
clinical staging (WHO), 1543t
coinfection, 1454-1455, 1465-1466
Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease, 467t
combination prevention, 1477
confirmatory assays, 1513-1517
predictive rate, 1509f
constitutional disease/wasting, 1549
co-receptor usage, determination, 1639
counseling, 1501-1502
guidelines, 1502
cryptococcosis, example, 1554f
cryptosporidiosis, 3179
cytokines, 1538-1539
cytomegalovirus disease, impact, 1556-1557
cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 1529-1530
demographic characteristics, 1489
demography, 1477
dendritic cells (DCs), 1537
dermatomal distribution, herpes zoster, 1552f
detection
algorithms, 1516f-1517f
inability, 1504
screening/confirmation strategies, 1518-1519
dissemination, 1526-1528
distal sensory polyneuropathy, association, 1584
drug resistance testing, 1639
dysfunctions, induction, 1534
Eastern Europe, 1471
ELISA assays
patient material, saliva (usage), 1511
patient material, urine (usage), 1511
usage, 1509
ELISA formats (simple/rapid tests), 1510-1511
elite controllers, 1523, 1531-1532
endocrine abnormalities, 1549-1550
entry, 1622-1635, 1632f
envelope glycoprotein, 2059-2060
gp120, 1526
eosinophilic dermatitis, relationship, 1553f
epidemic
global summary, 1469t
serologic monitoring, 1486-1488
eradication, strategies, 1533-1534
exposure, vaginal/anal intercourse, 1497
female commercial sex workers (prostitutes),
1487
female-to-female sexual transmission, 1591
fungal pneumonia, impact, 1563
gender, relationship, 1477-1478
genetic organization, 2058
genital lesions, 1345-1346
generalized lymphadenopathy, 1234
gingivitis, 1551
HCV coinfection, pathogenesis, 1925-1926
health care setting transmission, 1496
health care worker exposure, evaluation, 3368
hepatic disease, causes, 1569t
hepatitis B virus (HBV)
coinfection, 1458, 1833
relationship, 1826
hepatitis C virus (HCV), coinfection,
1924-1925
pathogenesis, 1925-1926
treatment trends, 1926
herpes simplex, 1552f
heterosexual contact cases, 1488
heterosexual transmission, 1592-1595
heterosexual transmission, condoms
(effectiveness), 1498-1499
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Continued)
HEV, coinfection, 2139
high-risk behaviors, condom rate, 1475-1476
histoplasmosis, example, 1554f
HIV-associated CMV ventriculoencephalitis,
1156
HIV-associated dementia, 1537
HIV-associated fever of unknown origin,
etiology (disease establishment), 727t
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), 1554
manifestations, 1554
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
(HAND)
brain MRI, 1577f
diagnosis, 1576
drug combination, establishment, 1578
HIV-associated neuropathies, 1584-1586
HIV-associated PCNSL, overall survival (OS)
rate, 1580-1581
HIV-contaminated blood, transfusion, 1475
HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS),
1608
HIV-immunosuppressed patients, 1552
HIV-infected adolescents, opportunistic
infection prophylaxis (discontinuation/
restarting indications), 1653t-1654t
HIV-infected adults
antiretroviral agents, usage (guidelines),
1601
opportunistic infection prophylaxis,
discontinuation/restarting (indications),
1653t-1654t
HIV-infected health care personnel, patient
treatment investigations, 3364
HIV-infected host, Cryptococcus neoformans,
2943f
HIV-infected patients/people
central nervous system symptoms/signs,
diagnostic approach/management
algorithm, 3143f
death, incidence, 1546f
deterioration, PCP treatment, 3025t
diarrhea, 1257-1258
famciclovir suppression, 555
genital lesions, 1345-1346
HCV diagnosis, 1926
HCV treatment, 1926
opportunistic diseases (diagnosis), CD4
lymphocyte counts (range), 1546f
opportunistic diseases, development
(probability), 1545
opportunistic infections, incidence, 1547f
paracoccidioidomycosis, 3000
PGL development, 1549
protease inhibitors, usage, 1546f
saliva, probability, 1494
selection, 1926
serologic testing, 1926
sporotrichosis, clinical manifestations,
2922-2923
T cells, manifestation, 1534
HIV-infected providers (management), Society
for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
recommendations, 3369t
HIV-infected women
cervical disease progression, risk, 1609
childbearing age, preconception counseling/
care, 1596
fertility desires/intentions, factors, 1612t
management issues, 1614-1615
PID causes, 1610-1611
postpartum follow-up, 1608
vaginal infections, 1610-1611
HIV-infected youth
care refusal/low adherence, 1619
HIV diagnosis, disclosure, 1619
pediatric care model/adult care model,
transition, 1619-1620
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Continued)
HIV-negative patient, multicentric Castleman
disease, 1781f
HIV Outpatient Study, 1547f
HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) study
HPTN 052, 1606
HIV-related bacterial pneumonia, pathogen
(identification), 1562
HIV-related fever of unknown origin, 726
HIV-related medications, hepatoxicity
(association), 1571
HIV-related opportunistic infections
impact, 1571
management, 1643
HIV-specific immune responses, 1528-1531
HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), 1671
home collection/testing, 1524
host genetic factors, 1531
host immune response factors, 1531-1532
humoral immune responses, 1529
relationship, 1532
humoral responses, 1507
immune reconstitution syndromes, 1556-1557
immunofluorescence, usage, 1515-1517
incidence
duration (estimation), HIV testing (usage),
1523-1524
estimates, 1485
United States, 1485-1486
indirect immunofluorescence, usage,
1515-1517
infected health care workers, management,
3368-3369
injection drug use, impact, 1559-1560
integrase, 2059
interferons, impact, 578
isolates, genetic diversity, 1529
Kaposi sarcoma, relationship, 1553, 1553f
latent reservoirs, 1532-1533
late testers, 1642
Latin America, 1473-1474
life cycle, 2055-2057
long terminal repeat (LTR), 2061-2062
long-term nonprogressors (LTNP), 1531-1532
lymphoid tissues, 1534
macronutrient supplementation, 131
male circumcision, impact, 1476
malignancies, 2063-2064
metabolic abnormalities, 1549-1550
micronutrient supplementation, 131
Middle East, 1472
monocytes/macrophages, 1537
morbidity/mortality (decrease), ART (usage),
1594
mother-to-child transmission, factors, 1597t
mucous membranes, viral infections, 1552
Multi-Spot ELISA test, 1515
musculoskeletal conditions, association, 1587
natural killer cells, 1537
non-B HIV-1 types/subtypes, detection,
1520-1521
nonoccupational exposures, 1640
North Africa, 1472
Norwegian scabies, example, 1554f
nosocomial transmission, 1475
nuclear transport/integration, viral proteins
(requirement), 2057f
nucleic acid detection
hybridization/amplification assays, usage,
1512-1513
PCR, usage, 1484-1485
nutritional supplementation, usage, 130-131
occupational exposures, 1640
ocular complications, 1555
opportunistic processes, history, 1559
oral candidiasis (thrush), 1550f
oral hairy leukoplakia, 1551
p24 antigen, detection, 1548-1549

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Continued)
pancreatitis, relationship, 969-970
parasitic pneumonia, impact, 1564
particle agglutination (PA) assays, 1509
pathogen, 2057-2058
patients
Kaposi sarcoma, 1779f
PML MRIs, 1810f
tuberculosis, treatment, 2807
pericardial effusions, reports, 1556
perinatal diagnosis, 1521
HIV (relationship), 1598
perinatal transmission, 1495-1496. See also
Women.
decrease, combination antiretroviral
regimens, 1601
increase, 1494
prevention, 1501
reduction, antiretroviral drugs
(mechanisms), 1601
reduction, antiretroviral drugs (usage),
1600-1601
risk factors, 1597-1599
risk increase, 1599
periodontitis, 1551
persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, 1549
phylogenetic trees, 1908f
Pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia (PCP),
impact, 1561-1562
Pneumocystis pneumonia, HRCT scan, 3024f
pol gene products, 2059
postexposure chemoprophylaxis, clinical trials,
3371
post-test counseling, 1519
preexposure prophylaxis, 1639
pregnant HIV-infection women
management, 1601-1608
medication, absence, 1606
presentation, influenza season, 1564
prevalence, 1470f
rates, 1469, 1487
U.S. rates, 1485-1486
prevention, 1477
antiretrovirals, effectiveness, 1499
HIV testing, role, 3368-3369
impact, 1478-1479
programs, at-risk populations (Asia), 1481f
secondary HIV prevention, 3369-3375
problem, size, 1469-1470
programs, investment, 1479
progression
rate, differences, 1490-1491
sex differences, 1613
progressive disseminated histoplasmosis,
relationship, 2956
protease, 2059
provider-based HIV testing, 1517
pulmonary complications
differential diagnosis, 1559-1560
epidemiology, 1558-1559
illness, tempo, 1559
immunosuppression, clinical/laboratory
stage, 1559
Pneumocystis prophylaxis, receipt/type,
1559
pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma, biopsy
confirmation (chest CT), 1564f
quantitative assays, availability, 219
rapid testing methods, sensitivity, 1510
receptors, 1526
expression, 71
recipient partner susceptibility, 1494-1495
replication cycle, 1623f
resources, availability (UNAIDS estimates),
1480f
reverse transcriptase, 555, 2059
Rhodococcus equi pulmonary/disseminated
infection, chest CT, 1562f
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Continued)
RNA detection, transcription-mediated
amplification/hybridization protection
assay (usage), 1513f
scabies, relationship, 1554
screening
assays, 1509-1513
nonserologic techniques, 1512-1513
strategies, 1510f
seborrheic dermatitis, relationship, 1553f
secondary HIV prevention, postexposure
prophylaxis, 3369-3375
serologic tests/testing, 868-869, 1495
seroprevalence surveys, 1486
seroreactivity, 1509
serostatus-discordant couples, study, 1593
sexual behavior, impact, 1475-1476
sexual transmission, 1493-1495
prevention, 1498-1500
risk factors, 1593t
skin, viral infections, 1552
smoking, impact, 1559-1560
social context, 1477
soluble CD8+ T-cell-secreted factors, 1530-1531
source partner infectiousness, 1494
source unknown exposures, chemoprophylaxis
(usage), 3374
spread
dynamics, 1474-1478
influence, determinants, 1475-1478
stigma/discrimination, 1478
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1471-1472
surveillance (U.S.), 1483-1485
surveillance database (CDC), iatrogenic
transmission (detection), 3364
testing, 1478f, 3374
acute retroviral syndrome/acute illness,
relationship, 1519
blood donor screening, relationship,
1521-1522
categories, 1507t
diagnostics, expansion, 1505
FDA-approved formats, 1509t
guidelines, 1502
idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia, relationship,
1523
initiation, 1517-1518
occupational exposure, 1523
pregnancy/delivery, 1521
role, 3368-3369
transplantation, tissue procurement, 1522
usage, 1521-1523
test performance definitions/derivations, 1508t
tissue transmission, 1495
travelers, 3566-3567
treatment, 1477
trends, 1473f
tuberculosis
clinical presentation, 1562-1563
presence, 2798
Type 1, blood transfusion, 3352
Type 2, blood transfusion, 3352-3355
vaccines. See Candidate HIV-1 vaccines.
usage, 3548
vertical transmission, 1495
viral enzymes, 2059
viral fusion, 2059-2060
viral load, 520
decrease, combination antiretroviral
regimens, 1601
viral pneumonia, impact, 1563-1564
viral regulatory genes, 2060-2061
viral transmission, 2055-2057
viremia, effects, 1538
virion structural proteins, 2058-2062
virus-cell fusion, 2060
virus-cell interaction, 1527f
virus-host interactions, 2062-2063
I53
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Continued)
virus regulation, 2061-2062
weight loss/wasting, relationship, 130-131
Index
Western blot
protein detection, 1515f
usage, 1513-1515
Western blot A, 1514f
Western Europe, 1470-1471
window period, 1507-1508
women
antiretroviral therapy, metabolic
complications, 1614
vaginal infections, 1610-1611
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis
adolescent/adult annual rates, 1485f
disclosure, 1619
implementation, 1517-1519
test setting/consent/pretest counseling,
1517-1519
two-stage screening/confirmation strategy,
1504
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease
cytokine production, dysregulation, 1538-1539
nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2850
progression, 1539
variation, 1544
rheumatologic findings, 1551
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure
chemoprophylaxis, CDC/U.S. Public Health
Service recommendations, 3372t
management, 3372t
chemoprophylactic treatment, CDC/U.S.
Public Health Service
recommendations, 3372t
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection,
118-119
acquisition/transmission, likelihood, 1493
adults, 1485-1492
association, 1069
cardiac manifestations, 1555-1556
cases, epidemiologic purposes, 1505
CDC classification system, 1542
children, diagnosis, 1493f
circumstances/populations, 1519-1524
classification, 1542
clinical manifestations, 1490-1492, 1545,
1547-1557
clinical staging (WHO), 1542t
community prevention, 1498-1501
complication
coccidioidomycosis, 1661
histoplasmosis, 1660
control issues, patient triage, 1560
cryptosporidiosis, 3179
cutaneous manifestations, 1551-1554
cytokines, therapeutic agent role, 1539
detection, laboratory methods, 1507-1517
diagnosis, background/perspective, 1504-1506
diagnostic terminology/performance
characteristics, 1506
diagnostic tests, 1560-1561, 1561t
direct/indirect effects, 1533f
dissemination, 1526-1528
documentation, 1519
duration (estimation), HIV testing (usage),
1523-1524
elite control, mechanisms, 1532t
environmental exposure, impact, 1643
epidemiology, 3490
drug use epidemiology, impact, 1591
factitious HIV infection, 1523
Fiebig stages, diagnosis, 1519
genital HSV infection, interactions, 1723-1724
guidelines/recommendations/regulation,
advances, 1504-1506
HCV, impact, 1925
hematologic manifestations, 1556
heterosexual contact, 1487
 I54
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
(Continued)
heterosexual risk (Thailand), 1529
history, 1541-1542
Index
HIV elite controllers, 1523
immune dysfunction, 1534-1537
immune responses, 1666
immunologic classification (WHO), 1543t
impact, 1600
infection/dissemination, 1528f
injection drug users, 3490
laboratory science, advances, 1504
latent tuberculous infection, treatment,
2809-2810
leprosy, impact, 2830
local epidemiology, 1560
long-term nonprogression, mechanisms, 1532t
lymphoid tissues, 1533
mortality, 1492
musculoskeletal complications, 1551
Mycobacterium avium complex disease, impact,
1556
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (impact), 1556
natural history, 1543-1547
antiretroviral therapy, effect, 1546-1547
therapy, absence, 1544f
neoplastic/noninfectious pulmonary
complications, 1564-1565
neurologic manifestations, temporal trends/
aging, 1587-1588
nongynecologic malignancies, 1608
non-U.S. rates, 1497
occupational HIV infections, U.S. health care
workers, 3362f
opportunistic processes, 1608
opt-out CDC guidelines, 1506
oral candidiasis, 1550-1551
oral disease, 1550-1551
oral lesions, 1551
oral ulcers, 1551
past residence, 1560
pathogenesis, immune activation (role), 1538
pathogens, 1561-1565
perinatal HIV infection, adult complications,
1620
persons, historical/projected numbers, 1618f
pneumonia, vaccine protection, 2325-2326
pregnancy, impact, 1599-1600
pregnant women, antiretroviral therapy, 1606
PrEP/PEP, 1503-1504
prevalence, 1488
prevention, 3490
problems, 3450
profile, 1508f
prognosis, 3490
progression rate, population-based studies,
1545
pulmonary aspergillosis, occurrence, 1563
pulmonary diseases
causes, 1559t
radiographic appearance, 1560t
radiographic findings, 1560
rapid testing methods, 1505
regulatory/distribution issues, 1524-1525
renal disease, 1554-1555
reservoirs, 1532-1534
risk
factors, 3362-3363
HIV detection algorithms, 1516f-1517f
salmonellosis, relationship, 2565-2566
spectrum/progression, 1490-1491
staging system, 1542t
surveillance case definition, 1484t
syphilis serologic tests, 2702
test efficacies, determination, 1506
therapy, 3490
tuberculin skin testing, 2796
tuberculosis, relationship, 1491-1492
varicella-zoster virus, impact, 1557
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
(Continued)
viral hepatitis, impact, 1557
virologic factors, 1532
women
clinical manifestations/natural history,
1608-1615
fertility desires/intentions, factors, 1612t
fertility issues, 1612
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
transmission. See Women
biology, 2055-2056
breast-feeding, usage, 1599
breast milk, impact, 1599
facilitation, 1351
infected providers to patients, case reports,
3363-3364
injection drug use, usage, 1495
intravaginal insemination, impact, 1591
modes, 1474-1475, 1493-1497
patient care, injury prevention, 3365-3366
penile-vaginal intercourse, efficiency, 1474
prevention, barrier contraceptives (usage),
1594
primary prevention, 3365-3367
provider-to-patient transmission risk
assessment, 3364-3365
risk factors, logistic-regression analysis, 3363t
standard (universal) precautions, 3365
test counseling, 1518
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
confirmation phase, 1518
CSF viral load, measurement, 1576
distinction, 1498
dual infections, detection, 1519-1521
ELISA, 1515
ELISA platform, development, 1520
genes, products, 2058t
genetic/phenotypic variation, 2063
genotype classification, 1598
HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder,
1576-1578
brain biopsy, 1577
clinical presentation, 1576
histologic analysis, 1577
imaging studies, 1576-1577
laboratory investigations, 1576
treatment, 1577-1578
HIV-1-infected patient, CNS mass lesions
(management), 1583f
HIV-1-seronegative population,
polyneuropathy, 1585
HIV-1-seronegative volunteers, candidate
HIV-1 vaccines (efficacy studies), 1669t
HIV-1-seronegative volunteers, candidate
HIV-1 vaccines (phase II studies), 1669t
infection
cognitive/motor syndromes, 1576-1578
male prostatitis/epididymitis/orchitis, 1386
musculoskeletal syndromes, 1586-1588
neurologic complications, diagnosis, 1574
occurrence, 1588f
neurologic manifestations, 1574-1576
neurotoxic medications, usage, 1585t
urologic manifestations, 1386
infection, neuromuscular syndromes, 1588t
infection process, 2060f
kits, performance characteristics, 1521
life cycle, 2055f, 2056-2057
RNA splicing, role, 2058f
long terminal repeat (LTR), 2062f
organization, 1504f
pathogenesis, 2062-2063
replication (inhibition), entecavir (usage), 1830
RNA decline, rate (correlation), 260
RNA Genotype Reference Panel, usage, 1513
RNA levels, sex differences, 1613
screening phase, 1517-1518
strains, V3 loops, 1667
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
(Continued)
T-cell depletion, 2062-2063
testing, opt-out policy, 1669
transmission/acquisition (risk increase),
hormonal contraception (impact), 1592
vaccines. See Candidate HIV-1 vaccines.
types, 1666-1668
viral load, 2062-2063
viral variation, 2063
virion, structure, 2057f
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2),
1497-1498
confirmation phase, 1518
distinction, 1498
dual infections, detection, 1519-1520
ELISA, 1515
ELISA platform, development, 1520
genes, products, 2058t
infection, detection (ability), 1520
maternal-fetal transmission, 1521
screening phase, 1517-1518
Western blot, usefulness, 1520
Human infections
anaerobes, presence, 2737t
enterococcal species, isolation, 2330t
H7 viruses, impact, 2006-2007
H9 viruses, impact, 2007
parasites (detection), specimen collection/
diagnostic tests (guidelines), 221t
protozoans, classification, 3045t
viruses, specimen collection, 215t
Human influenza A (H5N1), cases/mortality rates
(cumulative number), 164f
Human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA-A), 1530
Human leukocyte antigen-C7 (HLA-C7) class I
allele, absence, 1812
Human leukocyte antigen-DP (HLA-DP) alleles,
acute HBV infection (relationship), 1821
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), 120, 583
alleles, impact, 1531
DQ6, 2716
haplotypes, 1456
HLA-B*5701 screening, 1638
matching, 3427
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 161-162, 806,
818
adults, clinical manifestations, 1963-1964
CAN97-83, photomicrograph, 1965f
children, clinical manifestations, 1963
clinical manifestations, 1963-1964
discovery, 1961
epidemiology, 1962-1963
gene order/sequence, schematic representation,
1962f
genetic analysis, 1961
host response, 1962
immunocompromised hosts, 1964
immunofluorescence assay, 1964
infection
child, chest radiograph, 1963f
lung tissue, photomicrograph, 1964f
negative-stain electron micrograph, 1962f
pathogenesis, 1962
prevention, 1965
reinfections, occurrence, 1962
reverse-transcriptase PCR, 1964-1965
serology, 1965
signs/symptoms, comparison, 1963t
therapy, 1965
viral culture, 1964
virus, 1961
Human-microbe relationships
diversity, 1
impact, 1
Human microbiome
composition, bacterial populations, 12f
defining, 11
ecosystem, complexity, 11-12

Human microbiome (Continued)
establishment, period, 11
impact, 11-12
longitudinal establishment, 12
metronidazole, effects, 351
terms, explanations, 12t
Human Microbiome Project (HMP), 11
funding, 11
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME),
2227-2228
bone marrow study, 2230
cases, 2229
seasonality, 2229
Human neutrophils, 79f
electron micrograph, 80f
Staphylococcus aureus (scanning electron
micrograph), 83f
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
anogenital warts, 1799-1800
therapy, 1802-1804
cell proliferation, 1798
Cervarix, usage, 1805
cervical cytology, Bethesda system (usage),
1801
cimetidine, usage, 1802
clinical manifestations, 1798-1800
cutaneous warts, 1798-1799
therapy, 1801-1802
diagnosis, 1800-1801
disease (women), 1608-1610
disease association, 1795t
electrosurgery/laser surgery, usage, 1802
epidemiology, 1795-1797
epidermodysplasia verruciformis, 1799
example, 1344f
Gardasil, usage, 1805
imiquimod, usage, 1802
impact, 602
incidence, 1795-1796
infections, 1347, 1800
frequency/severity/persistence, 1798
host defense responses, 1798
transmission, fomites (role), 1796
women, 1608-1610
lesions, 1346-1347
malignant diseases, association, 1796-1797
pathogenesis, 1797-1798
exophytic cutaneous wart, 1797f
persistence/progression, 1798
photodynamic therapy, usage, 1802
prevalence, 1795-1796
prevention, 1804-1806
recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 1800
replicative cycle, 1797
therapy, 1801-1804
transmission, 1796
types, 1795t
ubiquity, 1794
vaccines, availability, 3533-3534
virions, purification problems, 1795
virology, 1794-1795
warts, therapy, 1804
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs)
clinical associations, 2094
clinical manifestations, 2092
diagnosis, 2094
electron micrograph, 2092f
epidemiology, 2092
historical background, 2091
prevention, 2094
therapy, 2094
virology, 2091-2092
Human parvovirus 4 (Parv4), 1846
Human-pathogenic species
clinical manifestations, 2650-2657
epidemiology, 2650
Human rabies, 1985-1986
cases (report), 1986f
clinical manifestations, 1988-1989
Human rabies (Continued)
encephalitic (furious) rabies, 1988-1989
incubation period, 1988
postexposure prophylaxis, algorithm, 1992f
prodromal symptoms, 1988
virus infections, types, 1988
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), gene
order/sequence (schematic representation),
1962f
Human retroviruses
classification, 2054-2055
genomic organization, 2055f
origin, 2054-2055
Human rhinovirus (HRV), 2115-2116
features, 2114f
Humans
acute-phase proteins, 715t
types, 713-714
anaplasmosis, 3274t
vectors, 2195t
animals, S. aureus cross-species jump, 2251
arenaviruses, 2035
babesiosis, treatment, 3170t
bocaparvoviruses, 168, 1846
study, challenge, 168
body, indigenous communities (bacterial
diversity), 1
botulism, symptoms/signs, 2765t
cervical epithelial cells, component synthesis,
103
Chlamydia pneumoniae (chronic disease
relationship), 2178
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), transmission, 2209
dead-end hosts, 2608
dependoparvoviruses, 1846
disease
clostridial species, association, 2769t
free-living amebae, presence, 3062
ecosystem, viewpoint, 11
ehrlichiosis, 3274t
vectors, 2195t
embryonic lung cells, rhinovirus cytopathic
effect, 2119f
eosinophils, 91f
filarial diseases/infections, 3211t
hosts, viruses (entry/spread), 1688f
human-associated bacterial communities, 5
illness, algal blooms (association), 3193t
microbiota, anaerobes (presence), 2736-2737
defining, 11
monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. See Ehrlichia
chaffeensis.
nasopharynx epithelial cells, meningococcal
attachment (dynamics), 2428f
parainfluenza virus virion/genome
organization, 1938f
parvoviruses, 1846
PGRP-s, binding, 89
pregnancy, antiretroviral drug use
(pharmacokinetic/toxicity data),
1602t-1605t
prion diseases, 2145-2150
retroviral infections, 1524
rhinovirus pathogenesis, 2115-2116
rickettsiosis, vectors, 2195t
spleen, architecture, 3467f
Toxoplasma gondii (histologic features), 3129f
trematodes, eggs, 3223f
trypanosomiasis, distribution, 3109f
vascular endothelium, meningococcal
attachment (dynamics), 2428f
viruses, receptor/entry mediator usage,
1684t-1685t
zoonotic pathogens, 3556t
Human skin
gland distribution, 14
microbiome
factors, 14
survey, 14
I55
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-associated
myelopathy (HAM), 2039
abnormalities, 2050
treatment, clinical trial, 2051
Index
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1
(HTLV-1), 219
age-specific seroprevalence, 2044f
antigen detection, 2042
assay results, 2042f
asymptomatic carriers, 2051
blood products, sequential serum samples,
2043f
blood transfusions, 3355
cellular immunity, 2047-2048
demographic patterns, 2044
diseases, association, 2050-2051
electron micrograph, 2039f
genomic structures, 2039f
geographic distribution, 2043-2044, 2043f
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, 2052
HTLV-1-associated polymyositis, 1223
humoral immune responses, 2047
infection, CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-
mediated control, 2047f
laboratory detection, 2042-2043
life cycle, 2041f
molecular epidemiology, 2044-2045
mother-to-child transmission, 2046
parenteral transmission, 2047
proviral load, 120
rex gene, 2040
serologic assays, 2042
sex-specific seroprevalence, 2044f
sexual transmission, 2046-2047
structural/regulatory proteins, 2040t
transmission, 2046t
routes, 2036-2037
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2
(HTLV-2), 219, 2039f
antigen detection, 2042
assay results, 2042f
asymptomatic carriers, 2051
blood transfusions, 3355
cellular immunity, 2047-2048
demographic patterns, 2044
diseases, association, 2051
electron micrograph, 2039f
geographic distribution, 2043-2044, 2043f
humoral immune responses, 2047
laboratory detection, 2042-2043
molecular epidemiology, 2045
mother-to-child transmission, 2046
parenteral transmission, 2046
rex gene, 2040
serologic assays, 2042
sexual transmission, 2046-2047
transmission, 2046t
routes, 2046-2047
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3
(HTLV-3), molecular epidemiology, 2036
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4
(HTLV-4), molecular epidemiology, 2036
Human tetanus immune globulin (HTIG), 2761
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)
biology, 2040-2042
HTLV-associated diseases, 2048t
HTLV-associated myelopathy, 2050
infection
clinical manifestations, 2048-2051
immunology, 2047-2048
molecular epidemiology, 2044-2046
molecular organization, 2039-2040
mother-to-child transmission, 2046
nucleic acid detection, 2042-2043
prevention, 2052
serologic epidemiology, 2043-2044
sexual transmission, 2046-2047
structure, 2039-2040
therapy, 2051-2052
 I56
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) (Continued)
transmission, routes, 2046-2047
virus isolation, 2042
Humoral immune responses, 1529, 1692
Index
HIV, relationship, 1532
HTLV-1, 2047
HTLV-2, 2047
paracoccidioidomycosis, 2998
Humoral immunity, 892-893
B cells, relationship, 139
changes, 826
host defenses, 3384-3386
Hunter, John, 2685
HUS. See Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
HVS. See Herpesvirus saimiri
HVTN. See Human immunodeficiency virus
Hyaline membrane formation, 1933, 2009
Hyalomma dromedarii, 1883
Hyalomma ticks, 2027
Hybridization protection assay (HPA), 1512
qualitative NAT, usage (FDA approval), 1518
technology, development, 1513
Hydatid cysts
CT scan, 3234f
germinal membrane, daughter cyst formation,
3234f
Hydatid disease, 3233-3235
Hydration, usage, 900
Hydrocephalus, ventricular shunt, 1187f
Hydrogen peroxide
gas plasma, 3304
improvement, 3300
peracetic acid, combination, 3301
systems, 3306
ultraviolet irradiation, comparison, 3306
usage, 3299-3300
vaporized hydrogen peroxide, 3304
Hydronephrotic kidney, dilated pelvis (staghorn
calculus), 893f
Hydrophilic antibiotics, passage, 243
Hydrophilic-to-amphiphilic transitioning, 97
Hydrophobic pocket factor, removal, 2115
Hydrophobic protein, 1942
Hydroxyl radical, potency, 89
Hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-
CoA), 1628
Hygiene hypothesis, 75
Hymenolepis nana, 3229-3230
Hyperacute (purulent) bacterial conjunctivitis,
1398
treatment, 1398
Hyperbaric medicine
certification, 595
Internet resources, 595t
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
experimental models, 592t
physiologic effects, 591-592
therapy
role, 1221-1222
usage, 1321
usage, 953
Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT), 591
administration, 592
bacterial intracranial abscess, 594
claustrophobia, 594-595
clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene), 593
complications, 594-595, 594t
provider awareness, 595
controversy, 595
cost, 595
diabetic foot ulcerations, 592-593
indications, 592-594, 592t
UHMS approval, 592t
mucormycosis, 594
myopia, 594
necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs), 593
refractory osteomyelitis, 593-594
side effects, 594-595, 594t
strengths/weaknesses, 595t
Hyperbilirubinemia, 3082-3083
Hypereosinophilic myofibers, scattering, 1070
Hypergammaglobulinemia, 46
Hyperimmunoglobulin E-recurrent infection
syndrome (HIES), 51
multifocal postinflammatory pneumatoceles,
impact, 143f
onset, 134
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 585
Hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome, 47
Hyperinfection, prevention, 3206
Hyperkeratosis, presence, 2694f
Hyperparasitemia, 3082-3083
Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis
MAC hypersensitivity pneumonitis,
diagnosis, 2838
MAC, impact (CT scan), 2836f
reaction, 45
responses, Gell and Coombs classification,
45-46
Type I hypersensitivity, 45
Type II hypersensitivity, 45
Type III hypersensitivity, 46
Hyperthermia, 708
Hypertonic mannitol, infusion, 1113
Hypertonic saline, usage, 883
Hypervariable region (HVR), 34, 1906
Hyperventilation, usage, 2400-2401
Hyphae, Brown pigment, 212
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 85
generation, 88-89
HOCl-mediated oxidative protein, unfolding,
88-89
Hypofunction, implication, 920
Hypoglycemia, 3082-3083
pathophysiology, 3074
Hypoglycorrhachia, 1872
Hyponatremia, occurrence, 1895
Hyposplenia, risk factors, 3469t
Hyposplenism, red cell findings, 3468f
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,
925-926
activation, 917-918, 926
activity, depression, 1677
Hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons, thermal
information integration, 712
Hypotheses, types, 607
Hypothesis-generating studies, surrogate end
points, 618
Hypothetical class I integron, organization,
237f
Hypothiocyanate (HOSCN) molecule,
generation, 792
Hypovitaminosis E, result, 126
Hypovolemic shock, reversal, 928
Hypoxia, 926-927
Hysterectomy
indications, 1375
performing, 1376
HZO. See Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
I Immune cell populations (identification), flow
IABPs. See Intra-aortic balloon pumps
IAIS. See Intra-amniotic infection syndrome
Iatrogenic AIDS transmission, surveillance
database (CDC), 3364
Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (iCJD),
2149-2150
development, 2150
Iatrogenic HIV transmission, 3363-3365
surveillance database (CDC), 3364
IBD. See Irritable bowel disorder
IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome
icaADBC genes, 2244
icaADBC operon, 2274-2275
ICAM-1. See Intercellular adhesion molecule;
Intracellular adhesion molecule 1
ICBM. See Intercontinental ballistic missile
ICE-PCS. See International Collaboration on
Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study
ICEs. See Integrative conjugative elements
ICL. See Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia
ICP. See Intracranial pressure
ICP47, encoding, 56-57
ICT. See Immunochromatography filariasis card
test
ICTV. See International Committee on Taxonomy
of Viruses
Identical twins, 70
Identical twins (daughter cells), 70, 71f
Idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL), HIV testing
(usage), 1523
Idiopathic chronic fatigue, neuropsychological
symptoms (involvement), 1677
Idiopathic pericarditis, clinical suspicion, 1077
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 2499
diagnosis, 2499
Idiotypes, 34
IDL Tubex test, 1277
Idoxuridine, 559-560
chemical structure, 552f
topical idoxuridine, ineffectiveness, 560
IDSA. See Infectious Diseases Society of America
IDUs. See Injection drug users
IE. See Infective endocarditis
IEC. See Invasive Escherichia coli
IEM. See Immune electron microscopy
IEV. See Intracellular enveloped mature virion
IFA. See Immunofluorescence assay; Indirect
fluorescent antibody
IFN. See Interferon
IGIV. See Immune globulin intravenous
IGRA. See Interferon-γ release assay
IHPS. See Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
IHR. See International Health Regulations
IHS assay, 2180
IIV. See Inactivated influenza vaccine; Influenza
virus vaccines–inactivated
IK. See Interstitial keratitis
IKK. See Inhibitory kappa kinase
Ileocecitis, 1281
Iliac lymph nodes, location, 1228
Iliacus muscle, 1222
Illicit drug users, HAV
presence, 2104
vaccines, 2110
Illness, chronology, 3570
IM. See Infectious mononucleosis
Imipenem
activity, comparison, 295t
adult dose, recommendation, 296
formulation, 294
hypersensitivity, incidence, 294-295
therapeutic equivalence, 296
Imiquimod, 579
chemical structure, 579f
systemic reactions, 579
topical imiquimod cream, approval, 579
Immediate-use steam sterilization, 3303
Immune activation, role, 1538
cytometry (usage), 67f
Immune-complex disease, 1466
Immune complexes
complement, incorporation, 101
measurement, 41
strategies, 41
Immune-complex-mediated complications, 2436
Immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis,
development, 1008-1009
Immunetics QuickELISA Anthrax-PA kit, 2395
Immune defects, screening evaluations, 138-139,
138t
Immune defenses, subversion, 8-9
Immune-deficient (neutropenic) fever of
unknown origin, 725-726
Immune disorders, 104-106

Immune dissonance, 920-921
Immune dysfunction
HIV infection, impact, 1534-1537
sepsis, relationship, 928
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and
enteropathy that is X-linked (IPEX), 52
Immune effector cells, damage, 2534
Immune electron microscopy (IEM), 2129
Immune function
directed tests, 138t
malnutrition, relationship, 125
modulation, 591
Immune globulin intravenous (IGIV)
preparation, 3545
usage, indications, 3545
Immune globulins
intravenous use, 3545
preparations
adverse reactions, 3545
human plasma origin, 3531t
Immune globulin subcutaneous, 3545-3546
Immune interferon (immune IFN) systems,
nonredundancy, 577
Immune-mediated disease, 153
Toll-like receptors, 1111
Immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome
(IRIS), 1644
lesions, contrast enhancement (display), 1809
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
(IRIS), 589, 2807-2808
Cryptococcus neoformans, 2944
Immune reconstitution reaction, node excision
(histologic section), 2837f
Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS),
Histoplasma (relationship), 2962
Immune reconstitution syndromes, 1556-1557
Immune response, 1666
afferent limb, 2987
cell-mediated immune responses, 1666
components, 3517-3518
early stages, 53
impact, 789
impairments, PEM (association), 125
measurement, 3519
temporal course, 3518-3519
vitamin D role, 126
Immune system
aging process, manifestation, 32
reconstitution, methods, 3437-3438
Immune tissues, mucosal surfaces (association),
65-67
Immunity
cell-mediated immunity, 134-139
fat-soluble vitamins, role, 125-126
fatty acids, role, 127-128
folate, role, 127
humoral arm, integrity, 139
iron, role, 127
mutualism, 2775-2776
nutrients, roles, 125-128
nutritional supplements, effects, 131-132
operative procedures, impact, 3496
selenium, role, 127
symbiosis, 2775-2776
T-cell immunity, 134-139
trace metals, role, 127
vitamin A, role, 125-126
vitamin B6, role, 127
vitamin B12, role, 127
vitamin C, role, 126
vitamin D, role, 126
water-soluble vitamins, role, 126-127
wound microenvironment, impact, 3495-3496
zinc, role, 127
Immunization
active immunization programs, types, 156
adverse events, 3550
coverage, improvement (methods), 3551-3552
elderly, 3464
I57
Immunization (Continued) Immunofluorescence, 40
history, 3570 findings, interpretation, 40
information sources, 3552 usage, 1515-1517
intervals, 3549 Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), 1515-1516
Index
necessity, assessment, 3548-3549 usage, 1791, 2660
occupational exposure, 156 Immunogenicity, 153-154
passive immunization, 156 determinants, 3517
practices, standards, 3550-3551 Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 36
adults, 3551t absence, 38
children/adolescents, 3551t antibodies, 3138
principles, 3519-3526 anti-carbohydrate recognition domain
records, 3549 (anti-CRD), 3052f
schedule (adults), 3529f-3530f deficiency, 46
systemic route, 76 presence, 70
update, 3560 production, 823
Immunization Monitoring Program–Active Immunoglobulin D (IgD), 36
(IMPACT), 2620-2621 Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 36
Immunizing agents, availability, 3526-3546 antibodies, 3138-3139
Immunochromatographic membrane test, elevations, 143-144
development, 833 IgE-mediated (pseudoallergic) drug reactions,
Immunochromatography filariasis card test (ICT), 298
usage, 1235 IgE-mediated (pseudoallergic) immediate
Immunocompetent patient reactions, tests, 299
ocular toxoplasmosis, 3135 scavenging, high-affinity FCεRs (usage), 36
TAC, presence, 1845 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 36
toxoplasmosis, 3130-3131, 3141 avidity test, 3138
therapy regimens, 3147-3150 complement, 83-84
treatment regimens, 3148t enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 3138
Immunocompromised hosts receptors, types, 37, 84
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), 2215 subclass
gangrenous cellulitis, 1204-1205 deficiencies, 47
HHV-6 infection, 1774-1775 evaluation, 113
HSV infections, 1724-1725 Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 36
human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 1964 antibodies, 3138
leprosy, impact, 2830 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 3138
measles, 1970-1971 immunosorbent agglutination assay, 3138
pulmonary mucormycosis, 2915-2916 indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, 3138
skin infection types, pathophysiologic events production, 45
(impact), 746t usage, 219
Immunocompromised patients Immunoglobulins, 587-588
adenovirus infections, 1790-1791 administration, 1861
chickenpox, 1733-1734 passive immunization, 47
chronic meningoencephalitis, 2087 classes, 36
cutaneous infections, 745 characteristics, 36t
cutaneous lesions, 746 molecule, papain digestion, 35f
empyema, frequency, 849 preparations, 3543-3545
Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis), production, 41-45
prophylaxis, 2962 structure, 34-36
infections, 2087 total immunoglobulin, quantification, 38
rhinovirus, impact, 2118 Immunohistochemistry, 40
mucositis, presence, 801-802 findings, interpretation, 40
parainfluenza virus, 1939-1940 Immunologic function, Th-cell plasticity (impact),
post-traumatic opportunistic skin infections, 73f
1207-1208 Immunologic models, foundation, 67-68
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 1955-1956 Immunologic techniques, primer, 67-68
skin lesions, 745-746 Immunomodulator, definition, 581
stomatitis, 801-802 Immunomodulatory agents, 589-590
TMP-SMX, prophylactic use, 417 Immunonutrition, 130
toxoplasmosis, treatment regimens, 3148t Immunophysiology, 71
Immunocompromised states, vaccines (usage), Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
3548 (ITAM), 42
Immunocompromised travelers, 3566-3567 Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif
Immunodeficiencies, 46-47 (ITIM), 99
common variable immunodeficiency, 47 Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif
congenital immunodeficiencies, 135t-137t (ITIM), 42
diseases, pathogens (association), 135t ITIM-containing FcγRIIB, presence, 45
initial evaluation, 134 Immunosuppressed host, pneumonia, 841
pathogens, association, 3385t Immunosuppressed patients
selective immunodeficiencies, 47 arm cellulitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, 2943f
suspicion, index, 134 Francisella tularensis (tularemia), 2600
Immunodeficiency syndrome, 139 pharmacologically immunosuppressed renal
Immunodeficient patient transplant recipient, spleen (cut surfaces),
acute Toxoplasma gondii infection, serologic 2653f
screening/prophylaxis, 3151-3152 pulmonary complications, 2012
therapy regimens, 3147-3150 Immunosuppression
toxoplasmosis, 3131, 3141-3143 clinical/laboratory stage, 1559
Immunodiffusion complement-fixing tests, impact, 3415-3417
2981 patterns, 3429-3432
Immunodiffusion tube precipitin, 2981 sepsis, 922
 I58
Immunosuppressive therapy Infants (Continued) Infections (Continued)
HBV recipients, 1833 chronic pulmonary tuberculosis infection, 2797 peripheral sites, 63-65
impact, 1748 congenital rubella, 1878 perivalvular extension, 1038
IMPACT. See Immunization Monitoring diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) vaccines, persistence, 1690
Index

Program–Active immunization coverage, 2622f policy/interventions, 3291

IMPDH. See Inosine monophosphate
dehydrogenase
Impetigo, 1194-1196. See also Bullous impetigo
clinical manifestations, 1196
differential diagnosis, 1196
etiologic agents, 1196
laboratory findings, 1196
pathogenesis, 1194-1196
pathologic characteristics, 1194-1196
presumptive therapy, 1196
staphylococcal impetigo, infective skin lesions,
2261f
Staphylococcus aureus, 2260-2261
topical mupirocin ointment, effectiveness, 1196
varicella, confusion, 1734-1735
Implant-associated infections, treatment,
1333t-1334t
Implant-associated microorganisms, 1329
Implanted central venous catheters, care/
maintenance, 3318
Implanted long-term catheters, infectious
complications, 3318t
Implant infections, 2249
IMT. See Intestinal microbiota transplant
Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), 2017-2020
adjuvants, 2020
efficacy/effectiveness, 2019-2020
herd immunity, 2022
immune response, 2018-2019
LAIV, comparisons, 2022
safety, 2018
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), 2076
Incidence, 148
Incisional refractive surgery, 1406
Inclusion bodies, 1686-1687
Inclusion conjunctivitis, C. trachomatis
(relationship), 2162
IND. See Investigational New Drug
Index finger, tungiasis (periungual lesions), 3258f
India ink, 2876
Indifference, 229, 255
Indigenous communities, bacterial diversity, 1
Indigenous microbiota, mediation mechanism,
2746f
Indigenous oral flora, niches, 786
Indinavir, 1629-1630
Indirect agent transmission, mechanisms, 155
Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test,
3137-3138
Indirect immunofluorescence, usage, 1515-1517
Indirect measure, evaluation, 618
Individual-based strategies (disease prevention/
control), 155
Indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO), enzymatic
activity, 72
Indwelling urethral catheterization, alternatives,
3340-3341
Indwelling urethral catheters, usage (indications),
3340t
Infantile diarrhea outbreaks, enteropathogenic/
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotypes,
1254t
Infantile fever, HHV-6 (impact), 1773
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS),
363
oral erythromycin, association, 364-365
Infants
adjunctive corticosteroids, clinical studies,
1124-1125
Bordetella pertussis, 2623
Bordetella pertussis protection, 2626
botulism, repetitive nerve stimulation, 2766f
Chlamydia trachomatis (chest radiographs),
2168f
fever of unknown origin, 723-724
group B streptococcal infections, 2344
immunization, impact, 2325
infections, prevention/treatment, 2167-2168
malaria, intermittent presumptive treatment,
3086
meningitis, antimicrobial agents (dosages),
1126t
meningococcal conjugate vaccines, 2443-2444
mother, contact management, 1725
pediatric infections, 2458
pneumonia, 2167
RSV, acute complications, 1956
staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 1197f
viral meningitis, 1116
Infected embryologic cysts, 802
Infected epidermal cysts, 1208
Infected patients, nosocomial HIV transmission,
3365
Infected vascular gangrene, 1222
Infecting organism
antimicrobial susceptibility, determination,
225
identification, 224-225
Infection control
committee, role, 3292
programs, prevention components, 3338-3339
reporting, 3287
role, 3286-3287
Infection prevention
cytokines, usage, 583t
elderly, 3464
hemodynamic monitoring, usage, 3320t
programs, functions, 3287t
programs, organization, 3292
strategies, comparison, 3291f
Infections, 3391-3392
acquisition, risk (obese/nonobese patients),
128t
anaerobes, impact, 2738t
anatomic routes, 792-793
bacteria, impact, 347-348
cases, enrollment criteria, 147
cause, agent (ability), 153
causes, 3390f
chain, 153
characteristics, 3442-3445
CIED implantation, guidelines, 1045f
contiguous focus (foci), 1024
direct extension, hepatic invasion route, 961
critical items, 3294-3295
defining, 147-148
development, cohort studies, 151
diagnosis, 38
diagnostic clues, examples, 729t
dying, probability, 27f
education, 3290
endovascular infection, 2536
gradient, 153
herpesviruses, impact, 743-744
host factors, 3414
impact, 154t
host responses, 1691-1692
immunosuppression, impact, 3415-3417
localization, 917-918
imaging techniques, 803
microbiologically defined infections, 3391
microorganism establishment, 1-2
MRSA, impact, 382
noncritical items, 3297-3298
number (increase), MDROs (impact), 616
OPAT referral, avoidance, 615
origin, 3390-3391
peptides, T-cell response quantification, 67f
preventionists, role, 3292
prophylaxis, 453-454
regulatory compliance, 3292
responses, harm, 920-923
result, 152
risk
anticytokine therapy, association, 590
reduction, nutritional supplementation
(clinical trials), 125
semicritical items, 3295-3297
sites, 3445-3447
host factors, 228-229
injection drug users, 3478
penetration, antimicrobial agents (usage),
948
Staphylococcus aureus (impact), 741-742
Streptococcus pyogenes (impact), 741-742
susceptibility/outcome (sepsis), 923
systemic responses, 917t
roles, 918
therapeutic management, objectives, 1337
transfusion-associated infections, 3351
transmission, solid-organ transplantation
(usage), 3358t
travel-related infections, incubation periods,
3570t
treatment
cytokines, usage, 583t
therapeutic alternatives, vancomycin-
resistant Enterococcus faecium (impact),
2335f
types, 3445-3447
Infectious agents
culturing, impossibility, 38
examples, 160t
National Academy of Sciences Institute of
Medicine report, 152
Infectious diarrhea, 75
diagnosis, approach, 1245f
elderly, 3457
Infectious diseases, 112, 743-746
byproduct, 3
CD1 antigen presentation/host defense, 62
community-based surveillance, 150
cytokine genes, variants, 121
diagnosis, accuracy, 615
emergence, 743-746
factors, 159t
epidemiologic study methods, 146-149
epidemiology, 10, 148
genetic basis, understanding, 123
genetic component, applications, 123
obesity, relationship, 128-129
occurrence, 4
outbreaks, examples, 159t
phenotypes, studies, 117t
physician, OPAT role, 613
primary/secondary/tertiary prevention,
156-157
reemergence, factors, 159t
susceptibility, evolutionary perspective, 123
threats, control, 175-176
Toll-like receptor signaling, relationship, 122f
transmission
arthropods, impact, 3245t
solid organs/tissues, impact, 3358-3359
treatment/prevention, alternative agents
(efficacy), 598t
type III hypersensitivity, association, 46
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA),
789, 1087
antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, 609t
clarithromycin/azithromycin regimen
recommendation, 344-345

Infectious gangrene (gangrenous cellulitis),
1204-1205
clinical manifestations, 1204-1205
differential diagnosis, 1205, 1206t
pathogenesis, 1204
pathologic characteristics, 1204
presumptive therapy, 1205
Infectiously transmitted human prion disease,
2147
Infectious mononucleosis (IM), 755
antiviral agents, usage, 1768
cardiac complications, 1760
clinical course, 1760
clinical features, 1741
complications, 1759-1760
corticosteroids, usage, 1768-1769
death, 1760
differential diagnosis, 1768
EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis,
manifestations, 1758t
example, 1759f
hematologic complications, 1759
hepatic complications, 1760
heterophile antibodies, 1764-1765
history, 1754-1755
illness, spectrum, 1758
laboratory diagnosis, 1764-1766
neurologic complications, 1759-1760, 1760t
oral hairy leukoplakia, 1770
prevention, 1770
primary infection, 1758-1760
public health measures, 1770
pulmonary complications, 1760
renal complications, 1760
splenic rupture, 1759
supportive therapy, 1768
symptoms/signs, 1758-1759, 1758t
syndrome, 1741
therapy, 1768-1770
vaccines, 1770
Infectious myositis, classification, 1217t
Infectiousness, 153
Infectious prions, 2143-2145
Infectious urethritis, 1351-1353
symptoms, resolution, 1352
Infectious uveitis, diagnosis, 1429-1430
Infective dose (ID), 2403
Infective endarteritis, 1023-1027
Infective endocarditis (IE), 990-1010, 1210,
3481-3484
adverse outcome risk, preexisting cardiac
conditions (association), 1062t
amphotericin B, usage, 1018
ampicillin-sulbactam, consideration, 1017
anaerobic bacteria, 1007
antibiotic prophylaxis, regimens, 1062t
anticoagulant therapy, 1063-1064
antifungal drug therapy, 1018
antimicrobial therapy, 1011-1018
response, 1010
antimicrobial treatment monitoring, tests,
1010-1011
artificial hearts, usage, 1063
bacteria, immunization, 1058
bacterial adhesins, role, 2263
Beth Israel criteria, 1003-1004
cardiac assist devices, 1063
cardiac catheterization, usage, 1003
cardiac catheters, usage, 1062-1063
cardiac transplantation, 1063
cases, nonendocarditis bacteremia cases (ratio),
994t
ceftriaxone, consideration, 1017
cell wall-active antibiotics, 1014
central nervous system, pathologic changes, 998
chlamydiae, impact, 1018
Chlamydia psittaci (implication), 1009
clinical manifestations, 998-1000, 2264-2265,
3483
I59
Infective endocarditis (IE) (Continued) Infective endocarditis (IE) (Continued)
corynebacteria (diphtheroids), impact, 1007 therapy, 1010-1019, 3484
cost-benefit analyses, 1061-1062 transesophageal echocardiography (TEE),
cost-effectiveness analyses, 1061-1062 usage, 1002
Index
culture-negative endocarditis, 1009, 1018 transient bacteremia, 993
definition (modified Duke criteria), 1003t transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), role
diagnosis, 2265, 3483-3484 (evaluation), 1002
diagnostic criteria, 1003-1004 valve replacement, 1063
diagnostic tests, 1001-1004 valvuloplasty, usage, 1063
drug addicts, 1000 vascular complications, 2264-2265
Duke criteria, 1003-1004 viruses, 1009
elderly, 3456-3457 Infective events, sequence, 3386t, 3392
epidemiology, 991-992, 2263, 3481-3482 Infective lymphadenitis
etiologic agents, 1004-1010, 1004t etiologic agents/differential diagnosis,
experimental infective endocarditis, 1061 1230-1234
fungi, impact, 1008 initial treatment, 1234
gentamicin, usage, 1013 Infectivity, 153
gram-negative bacilli, 1006 Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters, usage, 1054
gram-positive bacilli, 1007 Infertility (women), 2165-2166
Haemophilus species cases, 1007 Infiltrates, patterns, 833
heart, pathologic changes, 997 Inflammasome, 9, 60
hemodynamic factors, 993 Inflammation
host defenses, 2264 inflammation-activated coagulation, 919f
immunopathologic factors, 996-997 localization, 917-918
infected sites, invasive procedures, 1063 modulation, 591
injection drug users, IE etiology, 1008 reduction, corticosteroids (usage), 1657
intravascular devices, usage, 1062-1063 stimulation, 924
kidneys, pathologic changes, 997 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 13
laboratory findings, 1000-1004 response, 74-75
left-sided infective endocarditis, valve rifaximin, benefits, 348
replacement surgery (timing), 1019 Inflammatory cells, phenotype (processes), 70
lungs, pathologic changes, 998 Inflammatory colitides, presumptive therapy
medical diagnostic procedures, 1063 (variation), 1267
medical management, differences, 1019 Inflammatory colitis, pathologic changes, 1263
medicolegal liability issues, 1064 Inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, entry, 65
microbiology, 3482 Inflammatory cytokines, measurement, 1105
microorganism-nonbacterial thrombotic Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,
endocarditis, interaction, 993-996 1584
myalgia, 1223 electrophysiologic studies, 1584
mycotic aneurysms, 997-998 laboratory investigations, 1584
neurologic complications, 2265 nerve biopsy, 1584
nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, impact, treatment, 1584
992-993 Inflammatory enterocolitis, differential diagnosis,
pacemakers, usage, 1062-1063 1264t
pathogenesis, 992-997, 1057, 2263-2264 Inflammatory mediators, direct intracisternal
scheme, proposal, 992f inoculation, 1110
pathologic changes, 997-998 Inflammatory myositis, 1223
pathophysiology, 992-997, 3482-3483 Inflammatory progressive multifocal
penicillin-allergic patient, therapy (difficulty), leukoencephalopathy, 1582
1015 Inflammatory response, resolution, 87-88
penicillin/streptomycin combination, usage, Influenza, 163-168, 1160
1013 amantadine, usage, 2014-2015
platelets, role, 2263-2264 antibody responses, 2010-2011
presence, prediction parameters, 1016 antigenic drift, 2005
prevention, 1063, 2264 antigenic shift, 2005-2006
antibiotics, usage, 1059 antigenic variation, 2005-2006
clinical practice, evolution, 1062 antiviral agents, 2014t
issues, 1062-1064 recommendations, 2016-2017
results, guidelines (change), 1062 antiviral chemotherapy, 2014t
prognosis, 3484 avian influenza, 163-165
prophylaxis bacterial superinfection, 2010
children, 1063 cardiac complications, 2012
duration, 1063 cellular pathogenesis, 2008
timing, 1063 cellular responses, 2011
prosthetic heart valves, usage, 1063 central nervous complications, 2013
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2523-2524 chemoprophylaxis, 2014t, 2023
rates, estimates, 1058t classification, 2000
relative risk, estimates, 1058t clinical decision making, viral diagnosis (role),
risk, estimation, 1059-1060 2013-2014
skin, pathologic changes, 998 clinical diagnosis, 2013
spleen, pathologic changes, 998 clinical manifestations, 2011-2013
staphylococci, 1005-1006 complications, 2012-2013
Staphylococcus aureus (relationship), 2263-2266 risk groups, 2003t
Staphylococcus aureus therapy, 1016 secondary bacterial infection, impact,
streptococci, 1004-1005 2010f
Streptococcus pneumoniae (impact), 1005 diagnosis, 2013-2014
surgical intervention, differences, 1019 disease, impact, 2002-2004
surgical therapy, 1018-1019 epidemic influenza, 2004
systemic antibiotics, administration, 1059 epidemics, estimation, 2003t
 I60
Influenza (Continued) Influenza (Continued) Injection drug use
epidemiologic influenza, nonvirologic indexes seasonal prophylaxis, 2023 IE etiology, 1008
(correlation), 2004f secondary bacterial pneumonia, 2012 IE incidence, 1008
epidemiology, 2002-2008 serology, 2013 impact, 1559-1560
Index

family prophylaxis, 2023 signs/symptoms, 2405t Injection drug users (IDUs)

histopathology, 2009 studies, 1677 abscesses, 3478-3479
history, 2000 systemic antibody responses, 2010-2011 diagnosis, 3479
host range, factors, 2007-2008 therapy, 2014-2017 microbiology, 3479
host response, 2010 toxic shock syndrome, 2013 bone infections, 3481
human infections transmission, 2004-2005 brain abscess, 3489
H5 viruses, impact, 2007 uncomplicated influenza, clinical central nervous system (CNS) infections,
H9 viruses, impact, 2007 manifestations, 2011-2012 3488-3490
illness, clinical characteristics, 1955t vaccines, 2017-2023 risk factors, 3488
immune defense, 54 availability, 2017t cerebral mycotic aneurysm, 3488-3489
immune responses, alterations, 129f inactivated influenza vaccine, usage, delta virus, 3487
immunity level, schema, 2006f 2017-2020 drug treatment programs, 1486
immunosuppressed patients, pulmonary travel considerations, 3561 endophthalmitis, 3490
complications, 2012 use, recommendations, 2022-2023 hepatitis, 3486-3488
inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), variant influenza A (H3N2), 167-168 risk factors, 3486-3487
2017-2020 virology, 2001-2002 hepatitis A virus, 3487-3488
adjuvants, 2020 viruses, 2000-2002 hepatitis B virus, 3487
efficacy/effectiveness, 2019-2020 shedding, 2008-2009 hepatitis C virus, 3487
generation, genetic reassortment (usage), time course, 2009f HIV transmission, 1495
2021f virus HA, folded structure/rearrangement, HIV trends, 1473f
immune response, 2018-2019 1684f host defenses, 3477-3478
LAIV, comparisons, 2022 virus isolation, 2013 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
safety, 2018 volatility, 163 infection, 3490
influenza A (H3N2) viruses (isolation), gene wild-type A/Texas/36/91 virus, inoculation, epidemiology, 3490
segments (origins), 167f 2009f prevention, 3490
influenza-related deaths, estimation, 2003t World Health Organization (WHO), global prognosis, 3490
interpandemic era, epidemic curve (example), influenza surveillance/response system, therapy, 3490
2003f 175f immune changes, 3477-3478
investigational antiviral agents, 2017 zanamivir, usage, 2015-2017 infection sites, 3478
isolates, A/Victoria virus, correlation, 2004f Influenza A infection infective endocarditis, 3481-3484
laboratory findings, 2405t acute influenza A infection, bronchus clinical manifestations, 3483
live-attenuated influenza vaccine, 2020-2022 (appearance), 2009f diagnosis, 3483-3484
efficacy/effectiveness, 2022 Influenza A virus, 534 microbiology, 3482
M2 inhibitors, 2014-2015 A/USSR/77 H1N1, electron micrograph, pathophysiology, 3482-3483
action/activity, mechanism, 2014-2015 2001f prognosis, 3484
drug resistance, 2015 genes, 2002t therapy, 3484
efficacy, 2015 protein products, 2002t injection anthrax, 3481
pharmacology/side effects, 2015 schematic model, 2001f joint infections, 3481
malaria, distinction, 3083 signs/symptoms, comparison, 1963t meningitis, 3489
molecular diagnostic tests, 2013 virus, differences, 2001t mycotic aneurysms, 3485
mortality, 2002 Influenza B viruses demonstration, arteriogram (usage), 3485f
mucosal antibody responses, 2011 differences, 2001t necrotizing fasciitis, 3480
myalgia, 1223 oseltamivir carboxylate susceptibility, 537 noncardiac vascular infections, 3484-3485
myositis, 2012 Influenza C viruses, differences, 2001t ocular manifestations, 3490
NAI therapy, 2016 Influenza virus vaccines–inactivated (IIV), osteomyelitis, 1325-1326
neuraminidase inhibitors, 2015-2017 availability, 3534-3535 pleural effusions (demonstration),
action/activity, mechanism, 2015 Infrahyoid space infections, 799 anteroposterior chest radiograph (usage),
drug resistance, 2016 Infundibulum, 774-775 3486f
efficacy, 2016 Infusate, contamination, 3311 pulmonary infection(s), 3485-3486
pharmacology, 2015-2016 Infusion-related infection, prevention, 3316t clinical patterns, 3486
side effects, 2015-2016 Infusion therapy, microbial contamination (access pathophysiology, 3485-3486
nonpulmonary complications, 2012-2013 points), 3311f pyomyositis, 3480-3481
oseltamivir, usage, 2015 Ingested microbe, fate, 84-87 right-sided endocarditis, management,
outbreak, 2012 Inguinal buboes, 1230 2265-2266
prophylaxis, 2023 edematous swelling/erythema/desquamation, septic thrombophlebitis, 3484
pandemic influenza, 2005 2611f sexually transmitted diseases, 3490-3491
H1N1, 165-167 sexually transmitted disease, impact, 1230 epidemiology, 3490-3491
vaccines, 2023 Inguinal lymphadenopathy, 1230 skeletal infections
pandemics bilateral hydroceles, presence, 3212f epidemiology, 3481
chronology, 2006f INH. See Isonicotinic acid hydrazide microbiology, 3481
occurrence, schema, 2006f Inhalational anthrax, 2395-2397 skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs),
pandemic viruses chest radiographs/CT scan, 2398f 3478-3481
bird origins, 2006-2008 laboratory findings, 2405t skin ulcers, 3480
swine origins, 2008 signs/symptoms, 2405t soft tissue infections
pathogenesis, 2008-2011 therapy, 2399-2400 management, 3479-3480
pathophysiology, 2009-2010 Inhalational botulism, 2764 spinal epidural abscess, 3489
prevention, 2017-2023 Inhaled amphotericin B, 484 splenic abscess, 3488
primary influenza viral pneumonia, 2012 Inhaled antibiotics, impact, 882 clinical manifestations, 3488
lung parenchyma, 2009f Inherited defects (determination), genetic analysis therapy, 3488
pulmonary complications, 2012 (usage), 31 subdural empyema, 3489
comparative features, 2012t Inhibition concentration (IC), usage, 220 syphilis, 3491
rapid influenza diagnostic tests, 2013 Inhibitor-resistant enzymes (IRTs), 442 tetanus, 3489-3490
Reye syndrome, 2013 Inhibitory kappa kinase (IKK) complex, 121 tuberculosis, 3486
rimantadine, usage, 2014-2015 Inhibitory quotient (IQ), 260 wound botulism, 3489-3490
RSV, comparison, 1954t Injection anthrax, 2395 Injection safety, 3288

Injection site abscesses, 1214
Injury, systemic responses, 917t
Innate host defense mechanisms, 26
Innate immune mechanisms, importance, 917
Innate immune recognition, 59-62
adaptive immune responses, links, 60
receptors, implication, 60
Innate immune responses
induction, 1892
paracoccidioidomycosis, 2997
pathogen interference, 31-32
role, 1717
Innate immunity, 891
inflammatory response, 29-30
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 2184-2185
sepsis, 917t
spleen, 3462
stimulators, 529
study, evolution, 26
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), 71-72
classification, 66
properties, 72f
residence, 71-72
Innate pathway, explanation, 31
Innate receptor families, 30-31
Innate response, cytokines (induction), 32t
INNO-LIA (line immunoassay), 1514-1515
INNO-LiPa HCV II, 1915
INNO-LiPA Rif assay, 340
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
(IMPDH), 1458-1459
Insertion element common region (ISCR), 2538
In-situ graft, autogenous tissue coverage,
1050-1051
In-situ reconstruction, 1050
INSTI. See Integrase strand transfer inhibitors
Institutional-based strategies (disease prevention/
control), 155
Institutions, diarrhea, 1258-1259
Insulin resistance, 1614
Intact skin, mechanical barrier, 26
Integrase (IN), 2059
inhibition, 529
inhibitor-based therapy, 1637
inhibitors, approval, 1633t
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI),
1634
chemical structure, 1633f
Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), 2465
Integrin-associated protein (IAP), 82
Integrins
calcium requirement, 82
integrin-dependent interactions, 81f
integrin-mediated trafficking, 65
Integument, physical barrier, 3386-3390
Intensive care unit (ICU)
bacteria, presence, 606-607
patients, nosocomial fever of unknown origin,
725
Intention-to-treat (ITT) population, impact, 619
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), 81f,
1030
adhesion, promotion, 918
usage, 65, 82, 847
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-2), 82
Intercerebral granulomas, CT scan, 1139f
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), 181
Interferon (IFN), 529, 566-567, 569-570, 576-579
action, mechanism, 576-577
biologic effects, 577
classification, 576, 577t
clinical studies, 578-579
exogenous IFNs, 578
herpesviruses, 578
human immunodeficiency virus, 578
impact, 576-577
interactions, 578
interferon-based therapy, 1448-1449
interferon-sparing HCV treatment, 1923-1924
Interferon (IFN) (Continued)
interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF-3),
impact, 576-577
nomenclature, 577t
oral ribavirin, combination, 569-570
papillomavirus, 578-579
peg-IFNs, adverse effects, 578
pharmacokinetics, 577-578
respiratory viruses, 579
systemic administration, 577-578
toxicities, 578, 1449
usage, 2120
Interferon-α (IFN-α), 585, 2140-2141
production, 576
Interferon-β (IFN-β), production, 576
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), 585-586
accessory protein induction, 56
importance, 211
modulation, 93
receptor chain 1, genes (mutations), 116
release assays, 2796
Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), 466, 1643
Interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3), 30-31
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), 78
Interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR),
1907
Interjunctional penetration, 2689
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 586
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4
(IRAK4), 116
Interleukin-2 (IL-2), 586
Interleukin-2β (IL-1β), production (decrease), 71
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), 50
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), modulation, 93
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), 586
Interleukin-7Rα (IL-7Rα) chain, decrease, 1530
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 586-587
homologue, 61
mediation ability, 716
production, 74
Interleukin-12 (IL-12), 587
monocyte-macrophage product, 143
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) signaling pathways, 51
Interleukin-17F (IL-17F) signaling pathways, 51
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), 42
Interleukin receptor-associated kinase (IRAK),
1111
Interleukins, 586-587
Intermittent catheterization, 3340
Internal fixation-association infection, 1335-1338
classification, 1335-1336
clinical presentation, 1336
definition, 1335
diagnostic procedures, 1337
histopathology, 1337
imaging, 1337
incidence, 1335
local antimicrobial therapy, 1337
microbiology, 1336-1337
pathogenesis, 1335-1336
pin-track infection, 1338
plate-associated osteomyelitis, 1338
surgical interventions, 1337-1338
systemic antimicrobial therapy, 1337
treatment concepts, 1337-1338
Internal fixation device-associated osteomyelitis,
classification/characteristics, 1336t
Internal proteins, 1667
Internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 1920
Internal thioester bond, 96f
Internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts, usage, 1082
Internal validity, 605
International Collaboration on Endocarditis-
Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS), 991
experience, 999
IE data, 1008
studies, 1006
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
(ICTV), 214
I61
International Health Regulations (IHR), 176
International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis,
definitions, 971t
International tourist arrivals, trends/forecast, 160f
Index
International travel, acute febrile illness
(assessment), 1281
International travelers, HAV vaccines, 2110-2111
Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis, 609
Interstitial bronchopneumonia, 818
Interstitial keratitis (IK) (syphilitic keratitis),
1408
therapy, 1408
Interstitial pneumonia, CMV complication, 1742
Intertrigo, 2884
Intestinal abnormalities, tropical sprue,
1299-1300
Intestinal amebiasis, 516
endoscopic/pathologic features, 3055f
Intestinal epithelial cells
antigen presentation, 66
basolateral surface, Shigella access, 1241-1242
Intestinal flukes, 3224
Intestinal immunologic dysfunction, 1298
Intestinal lipodystrophy, 2420
Intestinal microbiome, impact, 1240
Intestinal microbiota transplant (IMT), 2754
Intestinal motility, 1240
Intestinal nematodes (roundworms)
features, 3200t
infections, pyrantel pamoate (usage), 525
life cycle, 3200f
Intestinal perforation, S. typhi impact
(intraoperative photograph), 1275f
Intestinal protozoal infections (treatment), drugs
(usage), 517
Intestinal protozoa, rarity, 1259-1260
Intestinal roundworms, eggs/larvae, 3201f
Intestinal syndromes, causes, 1281t
Intestinal tapeworms, 3229-3230
Intestinal tract, antimicrobial defense
mechanisms, 28-29
Intestinal trematodes, diagnosis/therapy, 3224
Intestines, 16
IBD response, 74-75
Intra-abdominal abscesses, Candida infections,
2892
Intra-abdominal actinomycosis, right flank
(draining sinuses), 2868f
Intra-abdominal infections
aminoglycosides, usage, 320
anaerobes, impact, 2739
antimicrobial therapy, Cochrane Collaboration
review, 952
bacteria, impact, 942-943
bacteriologic characteristics, 944
clinical presentations, 2332-2333
death, end result, 947
GNARs, impact, 2778
organisms, impact, 943t
Pasteurella species, 2605
spinal cord injury, 3457
tigecycline, impact, 332-333
treatment
agents, recommendation, 948t
antimicrobial trials, results, 948-949
Intra-abdominal sepsis (evaluation),
ultrasonography (usage), 946-947
Intra-amniotic infection syndrome (IAIS), 1372
clinical diagnosis, 1372
diagnosis, imprecision, 1372-1373
Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs), 1054
IABP-related BSI, diagnosis, 1054
risk factors, 1054t
Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1),
expression (enhancement), 1070
Intracellular bacteria, 61-62
Intracellular calcium
changes, 83
increases, 923
 I62
Intracellular cytokine staining, 67, 68f
ELISPOT technique, comparison, 68
Intracellular enveloped mature virion (IEV), 1695
Intracellular environment, microbial pathogen
Index
adaptation, 8
Intracellular parasites, microbial pathogens, 7-8
Intracellular pathogens, variety, 9
Intracellular phosphorylation, 546
clinical isolates, usage, 1744f
Intracellular yeast cells, presence, 2959f
Intracranial infection, Aspergillus species
(impact), 1166
Intracranial mycotic aneurysms
location/etiology, 1025
management, factor, 1026
Intracranial pressure (ICP), 1092
increase, 1112-1113
complication, 1575-1576
impact, 1660
reduction, 1133-1134
Intracranial suppuration, 799
Intradermal tests, 299
Intraepithelial lymphocytes, 66
Intrahepatic biliary ductal dilation, 1569
Intraluminal source (lumen), contamination, 3311
Intramedullary nail-associated osteomyelitis, 1338
Intramuscular immune globulin (intramuscular
IG), 3544-3545
preparations, 3544-3545
usage, indications, 3544
Intramuscular pentamidine, absorption, 512-513
Intranasal mupirocin, usage (aggressiveness),
1052
Intraocular inflammatory reaction, 1404
Intraocular lens (IOL), placement, 1415
Intraocular pressure (IOP), 1389
Intraoperative peritoneal lavage, 953
Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, indications/
nonindications, 2346t
Intrapartum infections, 1372-1376
Intrapartum mother-to-child HIV transmission,
reduction, 1599
Intraperitoneal abscesses, 956-958
bacteriologic findings, 956
clinical manifestations, 956
computed tomography, 957
diagnosis, 956-957
etiology, 956
impact, 956
Indium 111-tagged leukocyte scans, sensitivity,
957
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 957
pathogenesis, 956
prognosis, 957
therapy, 957-958
ultrasonography, 957
Intraphagosomal killing, 88-90
Intrapleural urokinase, usage, 853
Intrarenal abscess, 906-907
computed tomography scan, 906f
diagnosis/therapy, 906-907
Intrathecal aminoglycoside therapy, 1130
Intrathoracic surgery, complication, 855
Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)
IUCD-associated actinomycosis, 2867-2868
IUCD-associated pelvic actinomycosis, 2869f
Intrauterine device (IUD)
impact, 1612
usage, 1613
Intrauterine infection
clinical manifestations, 2036
occurrence, 1495-1496
Intravaginal pouches (female condoms), 1499
Intravascular catheters
bacteremia, relationship, 3391
infections, 2243-2247
Intravascular device-related bacteremia
epidemiology, 3312-3313
pathogenesis, 3310-3312
Intravascular devices, usage, 1062-1063 In vitro anaerobic bacteria, quinolones (activity),
Intravenous acyclovir 426t
effectiveness, 551 In vitro antagonism, examples, 232
toleration, 549 In vitro antibiotic susceptibility studies, 1061
Intravenous aqueous crystalline penicillin G, In vitro chlamydial pathogens, quinolones
usage, 1132 (activity), 424t
Intravenous catheter tips, 195 In vitro gram-negative pathogens, quinolones
Intravenous device-related bacteremia (activity), 424t
diagnosis, 3313-3315 In vitro gram-positive bacteria, quinolones
epidemiology, 3312-3313 (activity), 425t
Intravenous drug user, tricuspid valve In vitro models, pharmacodynamic effects,
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis (chest CT 255-256
scan), 2265f In vitro mycobacteria, quinolones (activity), 426t
Intravenous foscarnet, effectiveness, 1658 In vitro mycoplasmal pathogens, quinolones
Intravenous ganciclovir, effectiveness, 1658 (activity), 424t
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), 1132-1133, In vitro susceptibility, protein binding (correlation
1411-1412 difficulty), 228
administration, 48 In vitro tests (nonimmediate reactions), 299
adverse effects, 587 In vivo CD4 T-cell responses, 52
aggregated immunoglobulins, absence, 47-48 Iodophors, usage, 3300
replacement, 47-48 IOL. See Intraocular lens
usage, 587 IPD. See Invasive pneumococcal disease
Intravenous pyelography (IVP), 905 Ipecac bark, usage, 3047
Intraventricular aminoglycoside therapy, 1130 IPEX. See Immune dysregulation,
In utero mother-to-child HIV transmission, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy that is
reduction, 1599 X-linked
Invariant NKT (iNKT), 73-74 IPRNPI, 2143
Invasive aspergillosis IQ. See Inhibitory quotient
antifungal agents, 2905t IRAK. See Interleukin receptor-associated kinase
brain abscess, ring enhancement/edema, 2903f IRES. See Internal ribosome entry site
incidence/mortality, 2898t IRIS. See Immune reactivation inflammatory
therapy, 2906 syndrome; Immune reconstitution
Invasive cervical cancer, precursor lesions, 1491 inflammatory syndrome
Invasive cervical carcinoma, AIDS-defining Iron
diagnosis, 1609 acquisition, Enterobacteriaceae, 2507-2508
Invasive cestodes, 3235 deficiency, 127
infections, 3231-3235 immune abnormalities, 127
Invasive diarrhea, 1243 immunity role, 127
Invasive Escherichia coli (IEC), 2570 uptake, role, 2911-2912
conjunctival inoculation, 2570f Irradiation, 803
Invasive fungal infection, prophylaxis, 489-490 infections, 803
Invasive group A streptococcal infection, Irritable bowel disorder (IBD), 16
1211-1213 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 16
Invasive group B streptococcal infections, 2343t IRTs. See Inhibitor-resistant enzymes
Invasive infection, Aspergillus species ISCR. See Insertion element common region
(characteristics), 2896t ISDR. See Interferon sensitivity determining
Invasive meningococcal disease, control, 1136 region
Invasive mucormycosis, pathogenesis, 2912f Isohemagglutinins
Invasive nonsurgical cardiologic procedures, 1052 direction, 139
bloodstream infection, risk factors, 1052t levels, determination, 139
clinical manifestations, 1052 production, 2185
epidemiology, 1052 Isolated inguinal lymphadenitis (bubo formation),
microbiology, 1052 1233
prevention, 1052 Isolation, 3287
treatment, 1052 precautions, 3288t
Invasive (malignant) otitis externa, 768 Isoniazid (INH), 464-466, 475
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), 121 action, mechanisms, 464
incidence, 2313f adverse reactions, 465-466
seasonal distribution, 2314f antimicrobial activity, 464
Invasive procedures, injury prevention, 3366-3367 antimycobacterial agents, structures, 464f-465f
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, 2901-2902, 2913 availability, 466
diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, chest radiograph, derivation, 464
2901f dosage, 466
Invasive respiratory tract sampling, noninvasive drug interactions, 466
respiratory tract sampling (difference), hepatotoxicity, risk, 2809
3327-3328 hypersensitivity reactions, 466
Invasive S. aureus infection, risk, 2259t neurotoxicity, 466
Invasive streptococcal infections (skin and soft overdose, 466
tissues), 2293-2297 pharmacology, 464-465
Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (age-specific regimens, 2803-2805
incidence/mortality), 2312f resistance, 464
Invasive syndromes, Aspergillus (impact), structure, 464
2901-2902 usage, 466, 2802
Investigational antifungal agents, 493 Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), 464
Investigational antiviral agents, 2017 toxicity, 466
Investigational New Drug (IND), 2401 Isotypes, 34
application, 2614 switching, 74
protocol, 3086-3087 Isoxazolyl penicillins, 272
Investigational triazoles, 490 ITA. See Internal thoracic artery
 I63
ITAM. See Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based Job’s syndrome, 51 Kawasaki disease (KD) (Continued)
activation motif multifocal postinflammatory pneumatoceles, diagnosis, 3282
ITIM. See Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based impact, 143f diagnostic criteria, 3281t
inhibition motif; Immunoreceptor Joint infections, 1304 differential diagnosis, 3282, 3284t

Index
tyrosine-based inhibitory motif anaerobes, impact, 2740 epidemiology, 3280
ITK. See Interleukin-2 Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 2538 etiology, 3280
ITP. See Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura injection drug users, 3481 evaluation, 3283f
Itraconazole (Sporanox), 485-487 nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2850 exanthem, 3280-3281
adverse effects, 487 Pasteurella species, 2604-2605 features, 3282t
blood level monitoring, 2924 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2525-2526 gastrointestinal features, 3282
capsules, absorption, 1251 quinolones, impact, 434 genetics, 3284
formulations, 485-487 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 2537 long-term outcome, 3284
interactions, 487 Joints occurrence, 1202
pharmacology, 485-487 arthrocentesis, 1306 oropharyngeal changes, 3281
uses, 487 lesions, disseminated skin lesions, 2922f pathology, 3282-3283
iTregs, 52 Jugular venous thrombosis, 799f peripheral extremity changes, 3281
ITS. See Interrupted time series Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), strawberry tongue, 3281f
ITT. See Intention-to-treat 1684-1685 therapy, 3284
IUCD. See Intrauterine contraceptive device Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), 81f Kawasaki syndrome, 1308
IUD. See Intrauterine device expression, 82 KC/CXCL1, concentrations (enhancement), 1168
IVAC Core, 709 Junctional diversity, 41 KD. See Kawasaki disease
IVC. See Inferior vena cava Junin virus (JUNV), 2031 Keloidal blastomycosis, 3011-3012
Ivermectin, 522-525 Justification strategies, 607 Kemerovo virus antigenic complex, 1849
effect, 524 Keratitis, 1388, 1402
overuse, 525 K adenoviral keratitis, 1410
P-glycoprotein transporter substrate, 523 Kala-Azar, clinical manifestations, 3096-3097 bacterial keratitis, 1405-1408
structure, 523f Kanagawa reaction, 2481 chlamydial keratitis, 1408
IVIG. See Intravenous immune globulin Kanamycin, 472-473 eye infection, 2528
IVP. See Intravenous pyelography availability/dosage, 473 fungal keratitis, 1412-1413
Ixodes neotomae, 2727 Kanamycin-vancomycin laked blood (KVLB) agar Nocardia keratitis, 2857-2858
Ixodes ovatus, 1890 medium, usage, 2647 ocular pain, contrast, 1393
Ixodes persulcatus, 1890 Kaplan-Meier curve, 781f parasitic keratitis, 1413-1414
Ixodes ricinus, 1890 Kaposi, Moritz, 1777 recurrence, 1409
Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) Kaposi sarcoma (KS) syphilitic keratitis, 1408
black-legged deer tick, 3269f bacillary angiomatosis, comparison, 1208 vaccinia keratitis, 1410
types, 2727f cause, 743-744 viral keratitis, 1408-1412
Ixodes spinipalpus, 2727 classification/biology, 1777-1778 Keratocanthoma, misdiagnosis, 2969f
clinical manifestations, 1779-1781 Keratoconjunctivitis, Encephalitozoon hellem
J epidemiology, 1778-1779 (impact), 3038f
Jak/STAT phosphorylation, 1871 example, 1553f Keratolysis (stromal melting), 1404
Jak/STAT signaling, interruption, 1870-1871 herpesvirus, 2063. See also Human Kerner, Justinus, 2763
JAM-A. See Junctional adhesion molecule-A herpesvirus 8. Kernig’s sign, 1117
Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), 1159-1160, 2028 history, 1777 Ketoconazole, usage, 3105
clinical manifestations, 1809-1810 HIV, relationship, 1553 Ketolides, 245, 370-372
CNS infection, histologic features, 1811f identification, 1777 action, mechanisms, 371
CSF PCR assays usage, 1778 adverse reactions, 371
assay, 1811 involvement, 1779-1780 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t-666t
usage, 1576 KS-associated herpesvirus-infected PEL cells, antimicrobial activity, 371
diagnosis, 1810-1811 1781f chemistry, 370-371
encephalopathy, 1809 lymph node, involvement, 1780f clinical pharmacology, 371
epidemiology, 1808-1809 multicentric Castleman disease, relationship, derivation, 370-371
granule cell neuronopathy, 1809 1780-1781 dosage forms, 648t
JCV-associated diseases, 1809t opportunistic infection, 1663-1664 drug interactions, 372
JCV-associated syndromes, 1808-1812 pathogenesis, 1778 preparations, 370-371
meningitis, 1809-1810 prevention, 1781 resistance, mechanisms, 371
pathogenesis, 1809 primary effusion lymphoma, relationship, 1780 Kex vaccine, 3018
receptors/cell entry, 1808 primary infection, 1779 Kidneys
therapy, 1811-1812 pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma, biopsy BK nephropathy, histologic appearance, 3449f
Janeway lesions, 741, 998f confirmation (chest CT), 1564f cephalosporins, elimination, 286
Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of skin, involvement, 1779 damage (limitation), antibodies (valuation),
transcription signaling pathway (JAK-STAT), therapy, 1781 892-893
1070 Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), medulla, hypotonic state, 29
Japanese B encephalitis, 1882-1883 1707 pathologic changes, 997
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), 1160 cell culture/transformation model, 1778 progressive destruction, 897
age-specific incidence, 1889f herpesvirus, differences, 1778 transplantation
clinical features, 1894-1895 latent/lytic infection capability, 1777-1778 recipients, 3442
epidemiology, 1886 rhadinovirus, 1777 toxoplasmosis, 3132
history, 1882-1883 transmission patterns, 1778-1779 Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, 1233
neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, mixture, viral loads, measurement, 1780 Killed/subunit vaccines, live vaccines
1900 Kappa (κ) light chain, 34 (differences), 3517
risk, 1887t Kartulis, Stephen, 3047 Killed whole-cell vaccine (KWC), 2611
vaccines, 1900t Katayama fever. See Acute schistosomiasis Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR),
availability, 3535 Kawasaki disease (KD), 736-737 118
travel considerations, 3563 arthritis, relationship, 3282 Kimura disease, 1233
Jarisch-Herxheimer (JH) reaction, 2705 cardiovascular involvement, 3284 Kingella, 2466-2469
Jaundice, 2714 cervical lymphadenopathy, 3281-3282 bacteremia, 2469
Jaws, osteomyelitis, 800 clinical features, 3282 clinical manifestations, 2466-2469
JCV. See Jamestown Canyon virus clinical manifestations, 3280-3282 endocarditis, 1007, 2469
JEV. See Japanese encephalitis virus conjunctival injection, 3281 epidemiology, 2466
 I64
Kingella (Continued) LAC. See La Crosse Laryngitis
history, 2466 Lacazia loboi (Lobo’s disease), 3011-3012 complication, 761
identification, laboratory procedures (usage), histologic appearance, 3012f development, risk, 760
2468t Lacrimal sac, inflammation, 1434 frequency, 761t
Index

microbiology, 2466 Lacrimal system long-term sequelae, 761

respiratory tract colonization, 2466 anatomy, 1433
skeletal infections, 2469 illustration, 1434f
therapy, 2469 infections, 1433-1434
Kinins, 2116 La Crosse (LAC) encephalitis, impact, 1160
Kinyoun stain, usage, 209 La Crosse (LAC) virus, 219, 2025
KI polyomavirus, isolation, 1808 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test (E test), 208 elevations, 1564
Klebsiella granulomatis impact, 850-851
causative organism, biology, 2664 test, 1560
example, 1347f Lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS), 2475
impact, 1346 Lactate, sepsis (interaction), 926-927
Klebsiella infective endocarditis, third-generation Lactic acidosis (metabolic acidosis),
cephalosporins (usage), 1017 pathophysiology, 3075
Klebsiella oxytoca, 2738-2739 Lactobacilli, 2783
Klebsiella pneumoniae, 73 impact, 16
pneumonia Lactobacillus GG (selection), 602
currant-jelly sputum, association, 829f Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) moiety, 2449
expectorated sputum, gram-negative rods LAD. See Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
(presence), 830f Lady Windermere syndrome, 2835
pleural effusion, chest radiographs, 835f LAFB. See Lipid-associated formulations of
pooled platelet unit, 3356f amphotericin B
Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) Lafleur, Henri, 3047
avibactam inhibition, 442 LAIV. See Live-attenuated influenza vaccine
enzymes LAL. See Limulus amebocyte lysate
hydrolysis capability, 284 LAM. See Lipoarabinomannan
importance, 238-240 LAMB. See Lipid-associated amphotericin B
serine beta-lactamase, 951 L-AMB. See Liposomal amphotericin B
Klebsiella species, 2514 Lambda (λ) light chain, 34
Klemperer, Felix/Georg, 2310-2311 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS),
Knee 2766
bacterial arthritis, 1305f Lambl, Vilem, 3047
chronic arthritis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lamina propria, immunohistologic features,
(impact), 1314f 2419-2420
Scedosporium prolificans septic arthritis, 3006f Lamivudine, 567, 1625
sporotrichosis, 2921f chemical structure, 564f
Knockout mice clinical studies, 567
CRIg knockout mice, bacterial burdens, 99-100 intracellular concentration-response
usage, 94 relationships, 260
Koch, Robert, 2391, 2471-2472 lamivudine-resistant HBV infections, 565
Koch’s postulates, molecular form, 11 resistance, 567
Koch-Weeks bacillus, 1398 toxicity, 567
Koeppe nodules, 1423 treatment, 1450
KOH. See Potassium hydroxide usage, 1449-1450
Koilocytes, presence, 1801 LAMP. See Latency-associated membrane
Koplik’s spots, 1876-1877, 1971 protein; Loop-mediated isothermal
KS. See Kaposi sarcoma amplification
KSHV. See Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Lamprene (clofazimine), 476-477
Kunjin virus, 1883 LANA. See Latency-associated nuclear antigen
Kupffer cells, 99-100 Lancefield-grouped streptococci, 2362
hepatic macrophages, 918 Lancefield, Rebecca, 2285-2286
hypertrophy, 1891 Langerhans cells (LCs), 824-825, 1527
Kuru, 2147 infectious virus retention, 1527-1528
KVLB. See Kanamycin-vancomycin laked blood Laninamivir
KWC. See Killed whole-cell vaccine chemical structures, 535f
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) 14
C-laninamivir, intravenous administration,
clinical features, 1897 536
epidemiology, 1890 Laninamivir octanoate, 535-537
history, 1883 action, mechanism, 535-536
infections, vaccines, 1901 clinical studies, 536-537
pharmacokinetics, 536
L resistance, 536
L3 osteomyelitis, development, 2547f spectrum, 535
Labial mucosa, ulceration, 801f toxicity, 536
Laboratory-acquired glanders, abscesses (CT Lantibiotics, 2275
scan), 2550f Laparotomy, indications, 1375
Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (LCDC), Lapin, Joseph, 2619
832 Large intestine, 16
Laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza A colonic mucin layer, receptor, 3050
(H1N1), 166f disorders, 1571-1572
Laboratory-developed tests (LTDs), usage, microbial communities, 16
1740-1741 Larval trombiculid species chigger mite, pruritic
Laboratory Response Network (LRN), 2612 red bleb, 3256f
establishment, 184 Laryngeal histoplasmosis, complication, 761
Laboratory test, conditions (maintenance), 608 Laryngotracheobronchitis, 1939
respiratory viruses, etiologic association, 760
tuberculous laryngitis, 2817
Larynx, angioedema, 109-110
Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK),
1405, 2849
Lasionycteris noctivagans, 1986
Lassa fever, 2028, 2033
clinical manifestations, 2035-2036
electron micrograph, 744
Lassa virus (LASV), 2031, 2032f, 2033
Late benign (gummatous) syphilis, 2698-2699,
2704
Late complement components, deficiency, 107t,
108-109
clinical aspects, 108-109
molecular aspects, 109
Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), 1072
MRI, 1072f
Late generalized (chronic hematogenous)
tuberculosis, 2811-2812
Late graft infection, characterization, 1048
Late hematogenous tuberculosis, 2798
Latency, 1714
Latency-associated membrane protein (LAMP),
1778
Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), 1778
Latent class analysis (LCA), 1397
Latent herpes simplex, reactivation (occurrence),
928
Latent KSHV infection, comparison, 1778
Latent M. tuberculosis infection, interferon-γ
release assays, 2796
Latent syphilis, 2695
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), 464
laboratory diagnosis, 211
treatment, 468-469
rifamycin, usage, 344
Latent tuberculous infection, treatment,
2808-2810
isoniazid hepatotoxicity, risk, 2809
Latent viral infections, 1690
Late-onset CMV disease, 1749
Late-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis,
1029-1030
Lateral cerebral ventricle, enlargement (CT scan),
1139f
Lateral knee, ulcerative lesion (blastomycosis),
2970f
Lateral pharyngeal space, 798-799
Latex agglutination, usage, 224
Latin America, HIV/AIDS, 1473-1474
LBRF. See Louse-borne relapsing fever
LCDC. See Laboratory Centre for Disease
Control
LCLs. See Lymphoblastoid cell lines
LCMV. See Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
LCS. See Low-complexity sequence
LCs. See Langerhans cells
LCV. See Legionella-containing vacuole
LD. See Legionnaires’ disease; Lethal dose
LDH. See Lactate dehydrogenase
LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein
LDLR. See Low-density lipoprotein receptor
LdMT, 512
Lebombo virus, 1849
Lectin pathway, 113
recognition molecules, 95
Left axillary CSD lymphadenitis, development,
2654f
Left parietal brain abscess, CT image, 2740f
Left perinephric abscess, contrast-enhanced CT
scan, 907f
Left-sided infective endocarditis, valve
replacement surgery (timing), 1019
 I65
Left tibia, magnetic resonance T2-weighted axial Leifsonia aquatica, 2380 Leptospirosis (Continued)
image, 1319f Leishmania amazonensis (PAMP expression), 32 travel considerations, 3573
Left upper extremity, clostridial gas gangrene, Leishmania disease, spectrum, 3095f treatment, antimicrobial agents, 2719t
1221f Leishmania infection Lesions

Index
Left upper lobe, cavitary MAC disease (chest diagnosis, 3094-3095 characteristics, 735-738
radiograph), 2835f spectrum, 3095f exudates, darkfield microscopy (usage), 1346
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), Leishmania major Letermovir (AIC246), 560
1044-1047 infection, tissue smear, 3092f chemical structure, 560f
clinical manifestations, 1046-1047 transmission, Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly impact, 1746-1747
epidemiology, 1046 vector, 3094f oral administration, 560
infection, risk factors, 1047t Leishmania parasites, LdMT expression, 512 specificity, 1747
LVAD-associated infections, classification, 1046f Leishmaniasis, 1400, 1413 Lethal dose (LD), 2403
LVAD-related BSI, 1047 classification, 3091-3092 Leucine, proline, any amino acid, threonine,
treatment duration, 1047 clinical syndromes, 3092t glycine (LPXTG), 2342
LVAD-specific infection, presentation, 1047 distribution, 3092t consensus motif, sortase-mediated processing,
management, 1047 drugs, usage, 510-517 2246f
mechanical dysfunction, occurrence, 1047 epidemiology, 3092-3093 motif, 2245
microbiology, 1047 life cycle, 3091 Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), 1145
pathogenesis, 1046 overview, 3091-3095 Leuconostoc group, phenotypic differentiation,
prevention, 1047 parasites, 3092t 2329t
risk factors, 1046 pathogenesis, 3093-3094 Leuconostoc species, 2338
Legionella post-Kala-Azar dermal leishmaniasis, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), 140
bacteria, environmental cultures, 2643-2644 3097-3098 LAD-1 defects, 140
impact, 839 prevention, 3106 LAD-2 defect, 140
infection, myocarditis (complication), 1068 principles, 3091-3095 stump separation, delay, 134
isolate, 849 taxonomy, 3091-3092 type 1, periodontal disease, 138f
species treatment, 3102-3106 Leukocyte function-associated (LFA) antigen, 81f
risk factors, 2638-2639 principles, 3102-3103 Leukocytes
virulence factors/pathogenesis, 2637 visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 510, 3095-3098 leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, dynamic
water-related pulmonary pathogen, 837 viscerotropic leishmaniasis, 3097 aspects, 1109
therapy, response, 2642-2643 Western Hemisphere cutaneous leishmaniasis, presence, 1381
Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), support, 3093f traversal, pathway, 1109
2635-2636 Leishmaniasis recidivans, 3100f, 3101 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 928
Legionella pneumophila Leishmania virus type 1 (LRV1), 3102 Leukocytosis
electron micrograph, 2636f Lemierre syndrome, 759, 2738 commonness, 1200
impact, 2641t suppurative jugular thrombophlebitis, 799-800 laboratory findings, 1220
pneumonia, impact, 347 LEMS. See Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome presence, 1213
susceptibility, 60 Lentiviral HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp), 1912 prominence, 1218
virulence factors, 2636-2637 Lentiviral vectors, usage, 1522-1523 Leukocytospermia, 1384
Legionnaires’ disease (LD) Lepra type 1 reactions (reversal reactions), 2826, Leukopenia, 438
antibiotic therapy, duration, 2642 2826f Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 80, 83
chemoprophylaxis, 2643 Lepra type 2 reactions (erythema nodosum), Levamisole, 525
clinical presentation, 2639-2640 2826-2827 Levofloxacin, study, 433
contagiousness, 2637 Lepromatous (multibacillary) leprosy, 2824f LFA. See Leukocyte function-associated
diagnostic tests, 2641t Leprosy. See Mycobacterium leprae LFA-1. See Lymphocyte function-associated
disease, patterns/rates, 2637-2638 Leptin, role, 3051 antigen-1
engineering modifications, 2643 Leptomeninges, infiltration, 2691f LFAMB. See Lipid formulation of amphotericin B
epidemiology, 2637-2639 Leptomyxid ameba, 3061 LFF571, 440
etiologic agent, 2633-2634 Leptospiraceae (16s RNA gene sequences), LGE. See Late gadolinium enhancement
extrapulmonary infections, 2640 unrooted phylogenetic tree, 2715f LGI1. See Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1
history, 2633 Leptospira interrogans structure, scanning electron LGV. See Lymphogranuloma venereum
immunization, 2643 micrograph, 2715f LiaTek (line immunoassay), 1514-1515
incubation period, 2637 Leptospira species Lice. See Pediculosis
laboratory diagnosis, 2640-2642 epidemiology, 2715 Life sciences research, 189
LD-caused ARDS, corticosteroid therapy, 2643 etiology, 2714 Ligand-activated transcription factor, 72
maintenance, 2643 history, 2714 Limb-threatening infections, 1192
microbial ecology, 2634-2635 pathogenic serovars, 2715t Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, usage, 924
mortality, 2637-2638 transmission, 2715 Lincomycin, 372-375
nonspecific presentation, 2640 Leptospires action, mechanism, 372
nosocomial outbreaks, investigation, 2639 dark-field microscopy magnification, 2715f adverse reactions, 374
outbreaks isolation/identification, 2718 antimicrobial activity, 372-373
environmental decontamination, 2639 presence, silver/immunohistochemical staining, chemistry, 372
investigation, 2639 2719f clinical pharmacology, 373-374
pathogenesis, 2635-2637 Leptospirosis, 1428 derivation, 372
overview, 2635-2637 biphasic nature, 2717f drug interactions, 374
Philadelphia outbreak, 2637-2638 chemoprophylaxis, antimicrobial agents, 2719t preparations, 372
presentation, 834-835 clinical manifestations, 2716-2718 resistance, mechanisms, 372
prevention, 2643-2644 diagnostic tests, 2718t Lincosamides, 245
risk factors, 2638-2639 direct detection methods, 2718 antibiotics, 372f
therapy disease, stages, 2717f anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t-666t
preference, 2643t epidemiology, 2715 dosage forms, 648t
response, 2642-2643 indirect detection methods, 2719 Linear epitopes, 36
transmission modes, 2639 laboratory diagnosis, 2718 Linear gingival erythema, 1551
Legs malaria, distinction, 3083 Line immunoassays, 1514-1515
Kaposi sarcoma, 1779f pathogenesis, 2715-2716 Linezolid, 472, 476, 2256
mycetoma, 2930f prevention, 2719-2720 clinical use, 407-408
swelling, 2698f signs/symptoms, 2716t coagulase-negative staphylococci, interaction,
ulcerative lesion, blastomycosis, 2969f therapy, 2719 408
ulcer, blastomycosis, 2969f transmission, 2715 dose, approval, 407
 I66
Linezolid (Continued) Listeria monocytogenes (Continued) Living organisms, multiplication characteristic, 3
drug-drug interactions, 407 encephalitis (cerebritis), 2386 LLC-Mk2 (rhesus monkey kidney), 216
efficacy, 2336-2337 endocarditis, 2386 cells, human metapneumovirus
evaluation, 407-408 epidemiology, 2383-2384 (photomicrograph), 1965f
Index

hematologic toxicities, 408 febrile gastroenteritis, 2387 L-meso-diaminopimelic acid, 2495-2496

lactic acidosis, 408-409 immunity, 2385 L-NAME, impact, 1114-1115
metabolism, 407 impact, 1102-1103, 1130 LNnT. See Lacto-N-neotetraose
mitochondrial toxicity, 408-409 infection (pregnancy), 2385 Loa loa
molecular structure, 407f localized infection, 2386 ivermectin, impact, 524
monoamine oxidase inhibition, 408 meningitis, 2385-2386 subconjunctival passage, 3213f
mycobacterial infections, 408 microbiology, 2383 Lobomycosis, 3011-3012
neuropathy, 408-409 neonatal infection, 2385 ear, 3012f
nocardiosis, 408 pathogenesis, 2384-2385 foot, 3012f
oral alternative, 2861 prevention, 2388 Lobo’s disease, 3011-3012
plasma proteins, binding, 407 spinal cord infection, 2386 Local immunity, operative procedures (impact),
resistance, 408 treatment, 2388 3496
streptococci, interaction, 408 Listeriosis Localized cutaneous infections, nontuberculous
toxicities, 409 consideration, clinical settings, 2387t mycobacteria, 2849-2850
untoward reactions, 408-409 foodborne listeriosis, prevention (dietary Localized infiltrates/cavitation, evidence,
usage, 1131 recommendations), 2389t 867-869
vancomycin, differences, 3330 Live and active cultures, presence, 19 Localized skin lesions, presentation, 732-733
vancomycin-resistant enterococci, relationship, Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), Localized SSSS, 2249f
408 2020-2022 Localized tetanus, 2759
in vitro susceptibility, 407t availability, 3535 Localized vestibulitis, cause, 1370
Zyvox (marketing), 472 efficacy/effectiveness, 2022 Localized Whipple’s disease (LWD), 2421
Lingula, cavitation (presence), 1562f generation, genetic reassortment (usage), Locally developed antigen, variety, 2548
Lipid amphotericin B formulations, 2917 2021f Lockjaw, 2759
Lipid amphotericin formulations, 2905 herd immunity, 2022 Loffler’s syndrome, 840
Lipid antigens, CD1 presentation, 58 IIV, comparisons, 2022 Loiasis, 3213
Lipid-associated amphotericin B (LAMB), immune response, 2021-2022 clinical manifestations, 3213
483-484 safety, 2020-2021 diagnosis, 3213
Lipid-associated formulations of amphotericin B Live-attenuated poliovirus vaccine, 2076 epidemiology, 3213
(LAFB), 483-484 Live-attenuated vaccine (LWC), 2611 life cycle, 3213
amphotericin B deoxycholate, comparison, 484 Live-attenuated virus vaccines, 1667 prevention/control, 3213
pharmacology/toxicity, 483 Liver therapy, 3213
Lipid formulation of amphotericin B (LFAMB), biopsies, 1444, 1916 Long-acting sulfonamides, 410
2890 Candida infection, 2887 Long bones
Lipidic antigen, CD1b structure, 58f damage, risk (elevation), 1627 metaphyses, involvement, 1324
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), 2790 disease, 2808 subperiosteal abscesses, 1021
Lipoglycopeptides, 397-399 result, 1569 Long-duration disease (PRNP), 2147
usage, 2257, 2336 staging, approach, 1917 Longer-dwelling pulmonary artery catheters,
Lipomelanotic reticuloendotheliosis disorders, 1569-1571 usage, 1063
(dermatopathic lymphadenitis), 1226 fibrosis, grading systems (comparison), 1916t Long-standing pulmonary sarcoidosis,
Liponyssoides sanguineus, 2206 flukes, 3222-3224 progressive exertional dyspnea, 868f
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS), 2426-2427, 2464 function Long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs),
anti-LOS IgG, presence, 102-103 abnormalities, 371 2520
sialylation, 102 changes, rifampin (impact), 342 isolates, 2528
Lipopeptides, 393-397 histology, usage, 1914-1915 Long-term care facilities, diarrhea, 1258
Lipophilic corynebacteria, 2377-2378 hydatid cysts, CT scan, 3234f Long-term catheters, infectious complications,
Lipophilic methyl esters, 495 primary tuberculosis, 2816 3318t
Lipophosphoglycan 2 (LPG2) protein, 30 sepsis, 918 Long terminal repeat (LTR), 2061-2062, 2062f
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 73, 312 staging, 1916-1917 U3 region, 1532
detection, 1273-1274 transplant surgery, infection frequency Long-term nonprogressors (LTNP), 1513,
endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (endotoxic LPS), (relationship), 3415f 1531-1532
2775 Liver abscess, 960-964 definitions, variation, 1531
Enterobacteriaceae, 2504 amebic liver abscess, 960 plasma, 1530
interaction, 847 clinical manifestations, 962 Long-term peritoneal dialysis, 954-956
molecules, O-antigenic repeats (absence), 102 diagnosis, 962-963 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
outer membrane lipopolysaccharides, drainage, percutaneous aspiration (CT usage), assay, 2718
2533-2534 964f Lopinavir, 1631
study, 713 epidemiology/etiology, 960 adverse effects, 1631
Toll-like receptor system, 915-916 microbiology, 961-962, 962t efficacy, 1631
Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB), 2917 pathogenesis/pathophysiology, 960-961 LOS. See Lipooligosaccharides
usage, 3103, 3105 pyogenic liver abscess, 960 Louise, Pierre Charles Alexander, 1270
Lipoteichoic acids, 2246 signs/symptoms, 962t Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF)
Lip wounds, paronychia (relationship), 3513 therapy, 963-964 clinical manifestations, 2722-2723
Lisofylline, usage, 589 Liver-kidney microsomal antibody (anti-LKM1), diagnosis, 2723
Listening station, 918 1458 epidemiology, 2721-2722
Listeria endocarditis, 2386 Liver stiffness measurement (LSM), 1917 pathophysiology, 2722
Listerial meningitis, features, 2386t Liver transplantation, 1465 prevention, 2723
Listeria monocytogenes, 7 antiviral therapy, 1454 therapy, 2723
bacteremia, 2385 performing, 1454 transmission, 2721-2722
brain abscess, 2386 recipients, 3444 Louse-borne typhus, laboratory diagnosis,
brainstem encephalitis (rhombencephalitis), abdominal infections, 3444 2219
2386 toxoplasmosis, 3132 Low-complexity sequence (LCS), 1907
central nervous system infection, 2385-2386 Live vaccines, killed/subunit vaccines Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
clinical syndromes, 2385-2387 (differences), 3517 levels, decrease, 926
complications, 2387 Live vector-based vaccines, 1669-1670 Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), 100,
diagnosis, 2387-2388 Live vectors, 1667-1668 2113
 I67
Lower airway, viral infection, 833-834 Lungs (Continued) Lymphadenitis (Continued)
Lower extremities function host immunity, 2835
cellulitis, saphenous venectomy, 2345f correlation, total bacterial abundance, 879f Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC),
hyporeflexia, 1584 decrease, 878f 2833-2834

Index
occluded bypass graft, angiogram, 1323f granuloma, Histoplasma capsulatum, 2952f clinical presentation, 2837
Lower female genital tract, infection, 2450-2451 infarcted tissue, Aspergillus angioinvasion diagnosis, 2838
Lower gastrointestinal tract disease (causes), HIV (gross lung specimen), 2899f treatment, 2841
(presence), 1572t infection, 3391 nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2848-2849
Lower leg, chromoblastomycosis, 2926f human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection, pathogen, 2834
Lower lobe tuberculosis, 2800 photomicrograph, 1964f pathogenesis, 1226
Lower respiratory syndromes, rhinovirus radiographic characterization, improvement, pathologic changes, 1226
(impact), 2118 835 presumptive treatment, 1234-1235
Lower respiratory tract infections, 2464-2465 Klebsiella infections, impact, 62 syndromes, suppurative lymphadenitis
Lower-type adenoviruses, 1790 lymphocytes, presence, 826 (impact), 1227-1228
Lower urinary tract Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease, Lymphadenopathy, 1342-1343
anatomy, 1382f treatment, 2847-2848 distribution, 2596f
localization nematodes, migratory phase, 3200f, 3202f mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenopathy,
sequential urine cultures, usage, 1382t nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease, 2817
studies, prostatitis syndromes (classification), clinical settings, 2847t occurrence, 1234
1382t paracoccidioidomycosis, lesions, 2998 right hilar lymphadenopathy, chest radiograph,
urine rinse, 29 pathologic changes, 998 2798f
Low-income countries pertussis, tissue damage, 2621f unilateral MAC lymphadenopathy, preauricular
antiretroviral therapy, trends, 1481f right upper lobe, pulmonary cavity (fibrosis), lymph node, 2837f
HIV resources, UNAIDS estimates, 1480f 2979f Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 866f
Low-prevalence populations, HCC risk, toxoplasmosis, 3130 Lymphangioma, 802
1446-1447 transplantation, 884 Lymphangitis, 1235-1236
Low vision, measurement, 1389 Burkholderia cepacia complex, 2537 acute lymphangitis, 1235
LPD. See Lymphoproliferative disease recipients, 3443-3444 causes, 1236t
L proteins, 1942 vancomycin concentrations, studies, 383 chronic granulomatous lymphangitis, 1235
LPS. See Lipopolysaccharide Lung tissue clinical findings, 1235
LPXTG. See Leucine, proline, any amino acid, autopsy, blastomycosis (Gomori’s methenamine differential diagnosis, 1236
threonine, glycine silver stain), 2968f etiologic agents, 1236
LRN. See Laboratory Response Network branching septated hyphae, vascular invasion pathogenesis, 1235
LRV1. See Leishmania virus type 1 (hematoxylin-eosin stain), 2899f pathologic changes, 1235
L-SIGN, 1866 cryptococcal pneumonia, Alcian blue stain, presumptive therapy, 1236
LSM. See Liver stiffness measurement 2944f pseudolymphangitis, 1235
LTACHs. See Long-term acute care hospitals photomicrograph, 2612f Lymphangitis-like dermatitis, 3259f
LTB4. See Leukotriene B4 LVADs. See Left ventricular assist devices Lymphatic cutaneous metastases, 1202
LTBI. See Latent tuberculosis infection LVS. See Francisella tularensis Lymphatic filariasis, 3211-3213
LTDs. See Laboratory-developed tests LWC. See Live-attenuated vaccine clinical manifestations, 3211-3212
LTNP. See Long-term nonprogressors LWD. See Localized Whipple’s disease diagnosis, 3212
LTR. See Long terminal repeat LXP, transcriptional factors (binding), 106 epidemiology, 3211
LUAT. See Lyme urine antigen test Lyell’s syndrome, 2248 life cycle, 3211
Lucio’s phenomenon, 2827, 2827f Lyme arthritis, 2733f pathogenesis/pathology, 3212
Ludwig’s angina, 798, 1081, 2738 Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease), 1142 prevention/control/eradication, 3212-3213
appearance, 798f animal hosts, vector, 2726-2727 therapy, 3212
Lumbar dermatome, herpes zoster, 1734f causative organism, 2725-2726 Lymphedema, 2923f
Lumbar puncture, 1092-1094 clinical characteristics, 2728-2731 Lymph nodes, 63-65
cell count, 1093 clinicopathophysiologic comparison, 3263t anatomy, 64f
infection, occurrence, 1092 coinfection, 2731 blood flow, 65
opening pressure/appearance, 1092-1093 congenital infection, 2731 CT scan, 2837f
Lumbar spine, sagittal fat-saturated T2-weighted differential diagnosis, 2732 Kaposi sarcoma, involvement, 1780f
MRI, 2586f doxycycline treatment, 324 microanatomy, 64f
Lumefantrine, 503-504 early infection, 2728-2730 palpability, 1226-1227
clinical use, 504 epidemiology, 2727 paracoccidioidomycosis, 2999-3000
pharmacokinetics, 503-504 erythema migrans suppurative infections, 1234
schizonticidal activity, 503 acute-phase sera, Western blots, 2733f Toxoplasma gondii, 3128-3129
structure, 503f skin lesion, 2728f Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs)
toxicity, 504 laboratory diagnosis, 2731-2732 EBV-transformed LCLs, 1769-1770
Lumen (intraluminal source), contamination, late infection, 2730-2731 usage, 1755
3311 manifestations, 2729t Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, 2920-2921
Lung abscesses Borrelia burgdorferi antibody titers, 2732f Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1
classification, 855 pathogenesis, 2727-2728 (LFA-1), 1526
management, metronidazole (role), 355 post-Lyme disease symptoms/syndrome, 2731 Lymphocytes
oral anaerobic bacteria coverage, importance, prevention, 2734-2735 defects, impact, 142-144
433 stage 1 (localized infection), 2728-2729 immune defects, 134-139
oral therapy, 858 stage 2 (disseminated infection), 2729-2730 presence, 826
processes, 856 stage 3 (persistent infection), 2730-2731 turnover, CD4+ T cells, 1535
production, microorganisms, impact, 856 therapy, 2733-2734 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV),
results, 855 transmission, vector, 2726-2727 1100, 2031
treatment, resectional surgery (usage), 858 treatment regimens, 2734t clinical manifestations, 2035
Lungs Western blots, 2733f epidemiology, 2033
bacteria, presence, 878f Lyme meningitis (facial palsy), 2733f natural infections, 2034
biopsy, 832 Lyme urine antigen test (LUAT), 2731 Lymphocytic pleocytosis, 2081
coccidioidal cavity, right lung (mycetoma), Lymphadenitis, 1226-1235 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 1233, 1342,
2978f clinical findings, 1226-1227 1397-1398, 2168-2169
cryptococcosis, 2940-2942 differential diagnosis, 1230-1234 diagnosis, 1346
destruction, CT scan, 2835f otologic agents, 1230-1234 infections, 1230
flukes, 3224-3225 forms, 1231t-1232t Nicholas-Durand-Favre disease, 1343-1344
 I68
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) (Continued)
occurrence, 1345
treatment, 2169
Lymphoid anatomy, 63-65
Index
Lymphoid cells, classification, 66
Lymphoid tissue, 8
chemokine-mediated trafficking, 65
integrin-mediated trafficking, 65
presence, 1394
Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, 71
Lymphoma/leukemia ATL, 2049
Lymphoma-type ATL, 2049
Lymphopenia, 1934
Lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), 1761-1762,
1769
infection, problems, 3450
treatment/prophylaxis, 1769
Lymphotoxin-α (LTA), 117-118
Lyngbya exposure syndrome, 3194
Lysine-for-glutamic acid substitution, 2146
Lysis (avoidance), NK cells (usage), 1530
Lysosomal transport protein (LYST), 140
Lysozyme, presence, 89
Lyssavirus genus, members, 1985t
Lysylbradykinin, 2116
Lytic KSHV infection, role, 1781
M class I downregulation, consequence, 57
M1, term (usage), 608-609
M2 inhibitors, 2014-2015
action/activity, mechanism, 2014-2015
drug resistance, 2015
efficacy, 2015
pharmacology, 2015
side effects, 2015
M2, term (usage), 608-609
MA. See Meglumine antimoniate
MAC. See Membrane attack complex;
Mycobacterium avium complex;
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex
Macaque, herpes B virus infection, 1784f
MacConkey agar, usage, 2466, 2569
Machupo virus (MACV), 2031
Macrocirculatory function, indices, 922
Macrolides, 245, 474-475, 508
adverse reactions, 474-475
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t-666t
antimicrobial activity, 474
C. jejuni resistance, 2492
dosage, 475
forms, 648t
drug
allergy, 303
interactions, 475
impact, 364t
macrolide-associated torsades de pointes, risk,
368
macrolide-resistant MAC disease, treatment,
2840
pharmacology, 474
resistance, 474
use, indications, 364t-365t
Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins
(MLS), 245
Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins B
(MLSB), 245
resistance, 392
Macronutrient supplementation, 131
evaluation, Cochrane Collaboration Review,
131
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF),
78, 585
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α),
915-916
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
(MARCO), 2314
Macrophages, 37
functions, modulation, 3051f
HIV, relationship, 1537
Macrophages (Continued)
myeloid differentiation primary response
protein 88 (MyD88)-dependent
recruitment, 8
Macroscopic actinomycotic sulfur granules,
demonstration, 2871f
MACS. See Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
Macular lesions, 1209
Maculopapular exanthems, delayed reactions, 296
Maculopapular lesions, 1209
Maculopapular rash, 735-737
MADCAM. See Mucosal addressin cell adhesion
molecule
Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures, 2013
Madurella mycetomatis (impact), 2931f
Maintenance fluconazole therapy, cessation, 1660
Major aphthous ulcers, 801
Major basic protein (MBP), 91
Major compatibility complex (MHC), class II
molecules, cross linking, 924-925
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
antigens, expression, 576
cell surface, 43
class I antigen-processing pathway, 55-57, 56f
regulation, 56
usage, 56-57
class I cross-priming, 57
class I MHC, 55f
class I molecules
polymorphic characteristic, 54-55
protein synthesis, 79-80
structural features, 54
class I-restricted HIV-specific CD8+
T-lymphocyte responses, 1529-1530
class I-restricted pathway, 1668
class I structure, 54-55
class II antigen-processing pathway, 57-58, 57f
class II MHC, 55f
class II molecule
expression, 43f
transmembrane proteins, 55
class II structure, 55
class III region, TNF gene location, 120-121
immunogenetics, 62-67
locus, genomic organization, 62f
MHC III genes, location, 100
molecules, binding, 30
peptide presentation, 44f
structure, 54-55
tetramers
staining, 67
usage, 68f
Major histocompatibility complex class II analog
protein (MAP), 2245-2246
Major outer membrane protein (MOMP), 2171
neutralization, 2159
surface molecules, 2156
Major vault protein (MVP), presence, 28
Mal. See MyD88 adaptor-like protein
Malaria (Plasmodium species), 117
acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever),
distinction, 3083
African tick fever, distinction, 3083
antimalarial drugs, action/resistance
mechanisms, 3079-3080
antimalarial prophylaxis/treatment, 3571
artemisinin-based combination therapies
(ACTs), usage, 3086
artemisinins, usage, 3087
atovaquone-proguanil (AP) (Malarone), usage,
3085
bacteremia/sepsis, distinction, 3083
belt, G6PD deficiency, 120
cerebral malaria, pathophysiology, 3073-3074
chemoprophylaxis, 3088-3089, 3088t,
3563-3565
chloroquine phosphate, usage, 3085
chloroquine-sensitive malaria, 3089
Malaria (Plasmodium species) (Continued)
clinical presentation, 3080-3083
death rates, 3071f
dengue fever, distinction, 3083
diagnosis, 3080-3083
Giemsa-stained thick/thin smears, usage,
3080f
diagnostic features, 3082t
distribution, 3564f
drug resistance, distribution, 3078-3079
drug sensitivity patterns, 3564f
East African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness), distinction, 3083
enteric fever, distinction, 3083
epidemiology, 3077-3078
genes, implication, 117
genetic resistance, 3076-3077
history, 3081
illnesses, distinctions, 3083-3084
influenza, distinction, 3083
intermittent presumptive treatment (infants/
children/pregnant women), 3086
laboratory tests, 3082
leptospirosis, distinction, 3083
life cycle, 3071-3072
antimalarials, usage, 496f
diagram, 3072f
malignancy, 3072
mefloquine-sensitive malaria, 3089
mefloquine, usage, 3086
mosquito repellent/avoidance measures, 3089
nonfalciparum malaria, 3087-3088
parasites, morphologic features, 3074f
paroxysm, considerations, 3072
physical examination, 3081
pregnancy, 3075
presentation, differential diagnosis, 3083t
prevention, 3088-3089
problem, 3080
quinidine gluconate, usage, 3087
quinine dihydrochloride, usage, 3087
quinine/doxycycline combination, usage, 3086
rapid diagnostic tests, 3081-3082
recrudescence/relapse, disease patterns, 3072f
risk assessment, 3088
severe malaria, 3086-3087
bacteremia/sepsis, 3087
exchange transfusion, 3087
shock, 3082-3083
susceptibility, interpopulation comparisons, 117
thick/thin blood smears, usage, 3081
travel considerations, 3571
treatment, 3084t-3085t
artemisinins, usage, 597
tetracyclines, usage, 327
uncomplicated malaria
emergency treatment, 3086
therapy, 3084-3085
vaccination, 3089
yellow fever, distinction, 3083-3084
Malarone (atovaquone-proguanil), 506
Malassezia folliculitis, 2993
Malassezia furfur, 3010
Malassezia infections, 2993
MALDI-TOF. See Matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization time-of-flight
MALDI-TOF-MS. See Matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass
spectrometry
Males. See Men
accessory gland infection, 1384
accessory sex organs, anatomy/physiology, 1381
circumcision, 1348
HIV, relationship, 1476
lower urogenital tract, host defenses, 1381
male genital tuberculosis, 2815
sex organs, anatomy, 1382f
sexually transmitted nodular scabies
infestation, 3252f
 I69
MALDI-TOF-MS (Continued) Maribavir, 561, 1746 MDA. See Malondialdehyde
urethra antagonism, 561 mDCs. See Myeloid dendritic cells
infection, 2449-2450 chemical structure, 561f MDR. See Multidrug resistance
passive protection, 29 phase II trial, 1746 MDRD. See Modification of Diet in Renal Disease

Index
Malignancies, 47 usage, 1746 MDROs. See Multidrug-resistant organisms
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Marine mammals, Anisakidae (life cycle), 3239 MDR-TB. See Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis
relationship, 2063-2064 Marrow neutrophils, mobilization, 918 MDS. See Myelodysplastic syndromes
Malignancy disease, 1567 MASP. See Mannose-binding lectin-associated Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 922
Malignant diseases serine protease comparison, 931
EBV targeted therapy, 1769-1770 Masseter rigidity, 2759 Mean oral temperatures, 711f
human papillomaviruses, association, Mass lesions, 1582-1583 Mean residence time (MRT), 520
1796-1797 Masson-Fontana stains, 2875 Measles (Rubeola), 158-160
Malignant otitis externa (necrotizing otitis Mastadenovirus (adenovirus genus), 1788 antigenic composition, 1967
externa), 2527-2528 Mast cells atypical measles, 1970
Mallon, Mary (Typhoid Mary), 1270 degranulation, 71, 1393 chemical composition, 1967
Malnutrition Type I fimbriae-mediated attachment, 889-890 clinical manifestations, 1969-1971
Cryptosporidium relationship, 3179 Masticator spaces, 797-798 complications, 1969-1970
effect, 133f Mastitis considerations, 1970-1971
epidemiology, 125 breast implants, 2280 diagnosis, 1971
immune function, relationship, 125 Mastoid infection, 772 endemic transmission, elimination, 159-160
older adults, 131-132 Mastoiditis, 772-773 epidemiology, 1968
PEM, 130 clinical manifestations, 772-773 example, 161f
recognition, 130 diagnosis, 773 host range, 1968
Malondialdehyde (MDA), binding, 111 management, 773 immunity, 1969
MALT. See Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; pathogenesis, 772 immunocompromised patients, 1970-1971
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tumor; Mastomys natalensis, 2033 infection, spread, 1968
Mucosa-associated lymphoreticular tissues MAT. See Microscopic agglutination test modified measles, 1970
MALTomas, 2498 MATE. See Multidrug and toxic compound morphology, 1967
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), 512 extrusion occurrence (adults), 1971
Mammals, staphylococcal species, 2239t Material Threat Assessment (MTA), 182 outbreaks, 763
Mannose Material Threat Determinations (MTDs), 182 pathogen, description, 1967-1968
presence, 889-890 Maternal-fetal barrier (disruption), obstetric pathogenesis, 1969
receptor, 2314 factors (impact), 1496 pregnant women/offspring, 1971
detection ability, 30 Maternal health, antiretroviral drugs (usage), prevention, 1971-1972
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), 94, 121, 2435 1600-1601 prophylaxis, 3544
carbohydrate recognition domains, 95-96 Maternal-infant HCV transmission, 1919 rash, presence, 1970f
deficiency, 106 Maternal risk factors, 1496 therapy, 1972
clinical aspects, 106 Maternal sepsis, 2578 tuberculosis patients, 1971
identification, 106 Maternal zidovudine (ZDV) vaccines, availability, 3536
molecular aspects, 106 chemoprophylaxis regimen, 1607 virus, growth (tissue culture), 1968
gene, codon changes, 119 option, 1596 Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines,
immune defense role, 121 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization 1691-1692, 1943
innate immunity role, 121 time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), 2240, 2362 immune reaction, 1972
pathway deficiencies, 106-107 incorporation, 2553 Measles virus (MV), 1162
recognition, 918 mass spectrometry, usage, 214 diseases, association, 1968-1969
Mannose-binding lectin-associated serine technique, 2350 entry, 1689
protease (MASP), 95 usage, 2874 isolation, 1968
clinical aspects, 107 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Meatal care, enhancement, 3342
MASP-1, deficiency, 107 time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mebendazole, 521
MASP-2 activity, limitation, 97-98 (MALDI-TOF-MS), 2272-2273, 2548, 2667 bioavailability (improvement), cimetidine
MASP-2, deficiency, 107 Matrix protein, 1683, 1942 (impact), 521
molecular aspects, 107 Mature neutrophils, characterization, 79-80 structure, 521f
types, 95 Mature PMNs, production, 80 mecA detection, 2273
Mansonellosis, 3214 Mature virion (MV), 1695 Mechanical aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis,
MAOs. See Monoaminooxidases MAVS. See Mitochondrial antiviral signaling dehiscence/paravalvular leak (presence),
MAP. See Major histocompatibility complex Maxillary incisors/canines, involvement, 798 1031f
class II analog protein; Mean arterial Maxillary osteomyelitis, Actinomyces viscosus Mediastinal disease, actinomycosis, 2867-2870
pressure (impact), 2866f Mediastinal fibrosis, 2954
MAPK-14. See Mitogen-activated protein Maxillary sinus, drainage system (anatomy CT scan, 2954f
kinase-14 features), 775f treatment, 2960
Mar. See Multiple antibiotic resistance Maxillary sinusitis, 800 Mediastinal granuloma, 2954
Maraviroc, 1633-1634 evidence, 774 treatment, 2960
high-level resistance, 1634 Mayaro virus, 1870 Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, 1229
Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 172-173, 182 Mayer’s mucicarmine stains, 2875 Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenopathy, 2817
epidemiology, 1996-1997 MBC. See Minimal bactericidal concentration Mediastinal widening, rarity, 1085
Marburg virus (MARV) MB fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB), Mediastinitis
characterization, 1995-1996 elevations, 1071 acute mediastinitis, 1080-1088
clinical manifestations, 1997 MBL. See Mannose-binding lectin anatomic considerations, 1080
countermeasures, 1998 MB-PDT. See Methylene blue-mediated bacteriology, 1083
diagnosis, 1997 photodynamic therapy cause, 1083
HF, 1998 McDade, Joseph, 2633 chronic/fibrosing mediastinitis, 1088-1089
pathogenesis, 1997-1998 M cells, specialization, 71 clinical manifestations, 1083-1085
prevention, 1998 MCL. See Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis complications, 1087-1088
treatment, 1998-1999 MCMV. See Murine cytomegalovirus development, risk, 1083
MARCKS. See Myristoylated alanine-rich MCP. See Membrane cofactor protein diagnosis, 1083-1085
C-kinase substrates MCP-1. See Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 economic ramifications, 1088
MARCO. See Macrophage receptor with MCV. See Molluscum contagiosum virus fibrosing mediastinitis, 1088-1089, 2817
collagenous structure MCVs. See Meningococcal conjugate vaccines gram-negative enteric bacilli, involvement, 1086
Marginal blepharitis, 1432-1433 MD-2-TLR4, sensation, 924 irrigants, usage, 1086
 I70
Mediastinitis (Continued) Melioidosis (Continued) Meningismus, recurrence, 2215
microbiology, 1084t therapy, 2548-2549 Meningitis, 1091, 2092-2093
parenteral antibiotics, usage, 1086 transmission, 2542-2543 adjunctive therapy, 1132-1134
postcardiac surgery, surgical site infection (risk treatment, 328 anthrax combination, intravenous triple
Index

factors), 1082t Membrane-associated replicase complexes, therapy, 2399t

postcardiothoracic surgery mediastinitis, appropriation, 1687 anthrax meningitis, 2397
1084-1085 Membrane attack complex (MAC) antimicrobial therapy, 1127-1132
presentation, 1085 assembly, 97 beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2359
prevention, 1087 initiation, 97 cefotaxime/ceftriaxone, usage, 290
prognosis, 1087-1088 formation cerebrospinal fluid, India ink preparations,
risk, increase, 1082 inhibition, 101-102 2944f
sclerosing mediastinitis, complications/ initiation, 93 clinical manifestations, 1115-1118
manifestations, 1088t insertion, inhibition, 101-102 clinical presentations, 2332
supportive therapy/surgical intervention, regulation, 98-99 diagnosis, 1118-1123
importance, 1086 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP), 98, 100 differential diagnosis, 1576
therapy, 1085-1087 Membrane immunoglobulin M (mIgM), 44f elderly, 3457-3458
treatment, 1086 Membrane proteins, impact, 98t eosinophilic meningitis, 3239-3240
Medical diagnostic procedures, 1063 Membrane-proximal external region (MPER), factors, bacterial pathogens (relationship),
Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 1529 1101t
(WHO guideline), 1592-1593 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II group B streptococcus, 2345
Medical food, 19 (MPGN II), 108, 110 Haemophilus influenzae type b, 2578
Medical kit/care, travel usage, 3566 pathophysiology, 110 infectious causes, cerebrospinal fluid findings,
Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), 185 Membranous pharyngitis, 1203 1093t
Medical waste (types), infection designation Membranous ulcers, 1203 injection drug users, 3489
(recommendation), 3307t Memory B cells Listeria monocytogenes, 2385-2386
Medication decrease, 1537 molds, impact, 1141
side effects, consideration, 617 division, 38 Neisseria meningitidis, 2433-2435
toxicity, impact, 1571 Memory T-cell generation, models, 53 prevention, 1134-1137
Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF), 327 Memory T lymphocytes, characterization, 53-54 Staphylococcus aureus (impact), 1103, 2266
Medium-acting sulfonamides, 410 Men. See Males Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2318
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), role, 1593 chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain symptoms, initiation, 1118
Medullary hypertonicity, impact, 900 syndrome (CP/CPPS), 1374 treatment, 2961
Mefloquine, 500-501 complicated urinary tract infection, 903-904 alternative agents, usage, 1129
adverse effect, 500 epididymitis, 2163 vancomycin, impact, 386-387
clinical use, 500 genital infection, 2454-2455 viridans group streptococci, 2354
pharmacokinetics, 500 localized complications, 2454-2455 Meningitis Vaccine Program, 2442
resistance, 500 uncomplicated infection, 2454 Meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCVs),
structure, 500f gonococcal urethritis, purulent discharge, 1352f 2441-2442
tolerance, 327 gonorrhea, urethral exudate, 1350f Meningococcal disease
toxicity, 500-501 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspects, 109
usage, 3086 prevalence, 1470f causes, 108
Megalin, aminoglycosides (binding), 317 type 1 infection, prostatitis/epididymitis/ chronic meningococcemia, 2435
Megasphaera, 2783 orchitis, 1386 comparison, 107t
Meglumine antimoniate (MA), usage, 3103 nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) complement deficiency, relationship, 108-109,
Meibomian glands, 1433f mucopurulent discharge, 1352f 2435-2437
Melanin, 2939 sexual partner therapy, 1355 complications, 2436
Melanoma differentiation-association protein 5 proctitis, 2163 conjunctivitis, 2436
(MDA5), 30 prostatitis, 2163 embolic lesions, 2434f
Melarsen oxide, 514 sexually reactive arthritis, 2163-2164 epidemiology, serogrouping, 2430f
Melarsoprol, 514 urethral symptoms, evaluation, 1350t family/community, impact, 2436-2437
structure, 514f urethritis, 2163 immunoprophylaxis, 2441-2443
Meleney’s gangrene, Gram-stained specimen, urinary tract infection, infrequency, 903 incidence, relationship, 103f
2738f urogenital infections, 2163-2164 petechiae, 2434f
Melioidosis, 182, 2541-2549 MenACWY, 2443 primary (purulent) pericarditis, 2435
adjunctive therapy, 2549 MenAfriVac, 2442 rashes, 2433f, 2435
antibiotic therapy, 2548t Menangle virus, 1979-1980 relapse, 109
clinical manifestations, 2544-2548 clinical manifestations, 1980 respiratory tract infections, 2436
clinical presentations/outcomes (Northern diagnostic tests, 1980 septic arthritis, 2435-2436
Australia), 2544t epidemiology, 1979-1980 subcutaneous ecchymoses, 2434f
cutaneous melioidosis, 2546f pathogenesis, 1980 vaccine prevention strategies, 2444
encephalomyelitis, 2548f structure/molecular biology, 1975 Meningococcal endocarditis, 1017-1018
epidemiology, 2541-2542 MenHibrix, 2443 Meningococcal meningitis, antibiotic treatment,
eradication therapy, 2549 Meniere’s disease, gentamicin therapy, 319 2438t
failure, reasons, 2549 Meningeal anthrax, therapy, 2399-2400 Meningococcal polysaccharide (MPS) vaccines
etiology, 2541 Meningeal invasion, 1107-1108 immune correlates, 2441
fatal septicemia melioidosis, pustules, 2545f Meningeal macrophages, role, 1109 protection, duration, 2442
global distribution, 2542f Meningeal syndrome, 1574-1576 Meningococcal sepsis, corticosteroids (usage),
history, 2541 aseptic meningitis 2439
initial intensive therapy, 2548 clinical presentation, 1574 Meningococcal urethritis/proctitis, 2436
laboratory diagnosis, 2548 laboratory investigations, 1574 Meningococcal vaccines
locations, 2542 treatment, 1574-1575 availability, 3536-3537
onset, 2543 cryptococcal meningitis, 1575-1576 recommendations, 2443-2444
orchitis, 2547f clinical presentation, 1575 Meningococcemia, 2432-2433
pathogenesis, 2543-2544 laboratory investigations, 1575 antibiotic treatment, 2438t
prevention, 2549 treatment, 1575-1576 Meningococcus (meningococci)
prostatic abscesses, fever/urinary retention syphilitic meningitis, 1575 cross-sectional/electron microscopic views,
(presence), 2547f clinical presentation, 1575 2427f
right psoas abscess, 2547f laboratory investigations, 1575 opsonophagocytic elimination, 108-109
risk factors, 2544t treatment, 1575 vaccines, travel considerations, 3563

Meningoencephalitis, 1944
CMV complication, 1742
Meningovascular syphilis, 2696
Menstrual blood, HIV detection, 1594
I71
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Microaerophilic/anaerobic streptococci, recovery,
(MRSA), 879-880, 2253-2255 1204
carriage, 2260 Microbacterium species, 2380
carriers, decolonization, 348, 2260 Microbes

Index
Menstrual cycle, impact, 1611 colonization, 608 intraphagosomal killing, 88-90
Menstrual toxic shock syndrome, 2249-2250 coverage, 1044 metabolite/molecule production, 73
Men who have sex with men (MSM), 147 vancomycin, linezolid (differences), 3330 microbe-human host interactions, 2t
AIDS disease, 1590 decontaminating scheme, example, 2259t nature, evolution, 173
circumcision types, 1671 endocarditis, rabbit model, 345 walling off/killing, 915-917
gonorrhea, distribution, 2453f impact, 224, 243, 382 Microbial agents
hepatitis A virus, 2104-2105 incidence, increase, 3499-3500 aminoglycosides, drug allergy, 303
vaccination, 2110 linezolid, impact, 407-408 fluoroquinolones, drug allergy, 302
infection, 2104 MRSA-active cephalosporins, 280f, 291 identification, 158
rate, 2452-2453 MRSA-directed antibacterial prophylaxis, 880 macrolides, drug allergy, 303
proctocolitis, 2157 MRSA-specific prophylaxis, 3500-3501 multiple drug intolerance syndrome, 303
vaccination, 1836 peptidoglycan assembly, 2247f sulfonamides, drug allergy, 302
Men who have sex with women (MSW), prevalence, 878-879 toxic serum levels, development, 227-228
gonorrhea (distribution), 2453f treatment, 259 vancomycin, drug allergy, 302
Merck rAd5-gag/pol/nef vaccine, 1672 Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), 877, 931 Microbial antigens, absorption, 63-65
Meropenem endocarditis, 345 Microbial burden, impact, 76
activity, comparison, 295t Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Microbial cell
formulation, 294 (MSSA), evolution, 2241f simplicity, 6
hypersensitivity, incidence, 294-295 Methylobacterium (impact), 2680 surfaces, discrimination, 99
therapeutic equivalence, 296 Metrifonate, 526 Microbial disease causation, concept, 2
Merozoite, egress, 3071 Metronidazole Microbial diversity, 16
MERS-CoV. See Middle East respiratory action, mechanism, 350 Microbial DNA
syndrome coronavirus activity, spectrum, 350-351 generation, 14
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy, 589 administration/dosage, 352t presence, 1034
Mesenteric adenitis, 1281 adverse effects, 354 Microbial infection, 55
Mesenteric tuberculous lymphadenitis, 2817 anaerobic infections, interaction, 355 polymicrobial infections, 229-230
Messenger RNA (mRNA) anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t-666t in vivo CD4 T-cell responses, 52
control, 3049 availability, 351 Microbial invasion
molecule, generation, 42 avoidance, 354 host defense mechanisms, 26
sequence, 555 clinical uses, 355 pleural response, 849
Metabolic abnormalities, 226-227 contraindications, 354 Microbial keratitis
Metabolic acidosis (lactic acidosis), dosages forms, 648t anatomic protection, 1402
pathophysiology, 3075 drug-drug interactions, 356t causative agents, 1403t
Metabolic disorders, presence, 226-227 drug-food interactions, 356t clinical representation, 1404
Metabolic enzymes, induction (ability), 341 drug interactions, 355-356 clinical response, 1404
Metabolism, 254 effects, 351 conjunctival injection/drainage, 1404
complement, relationship, 101 excretion, 354 contact lenses, impact, 1403
mutualism, 2775-2776 history, 350 corneal edema, 1404
role, 73 indications, 352t corneal infiltrate, 1404
symbiosis, 2775-2776 laboratory tests, interference, 355-356 corneal neovascularization, 1404
Metabolites, sensing, 72-73 lipophilic molecule, 353 epithelial defect, 1404
Metabonome, 12t microbial selectivity, 350 etiologic agents, 1402-1404
Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract oral metronidazole, absorption, 351-353 eye pain, 1404
(MetaHIT), 11 oxidation, 353-354 intraocular inflammatory reaction, 1404
Metagonimiasis, 3224 parasitic infections, interaction, 355 laboratory data, 1404
Metapneumovirus, 1948 pharmacokinetic/pharmacologic properties, laboratory evaluation, 1404-1405
Metaproteome, 12t 353t stains/media inoculation, 1404-1405
Metagenome, 12t pharmacology, 351-354 viral cultures, 1405
Metastatic amebiasis, 3054 precautions, 354 microbial agents, 1402
Metastatic pyogenic complications, 1276 preparations, 352t risk factors, 1402-1404
Metatranscriptome, 12t prevalence, 354 stromal melting (keratolysis), 1404
Metavir Scale, 1445t prophylactic use, 355 stromal suppuration, 1404
Metchnikovellidae, 3033 resistance, 249 Microbial nucleic acid, detection, 830-831
Methadone emergence, 354 Microbial pathogenesis
impact, 1625 mechanisms, 354 cellular immune system, relationship, 61-62
metabolism, 429 therapeutic uses, 355 mucosal immune responses, role, 75t
Methanobrevibacter smithii (presence), 1 Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy Microbial pathogenicity
Methenamine, 450-451 (MB-PDT), 1414 characterization, 9
absorption, 450 MexAB-OprM, 2522 mechanisms, 9-10
action, mechanism, 450 MGEs. See Mobile genetic elements Microbial pathogens
adverse effects, 451 MGIT. See Mycobacterial growth indicator tube attributes, 2-4
antimicrobial activity, 450 MHA. See Multiregion Hybridization PCR Assay intracellular environment adaptation, 8
chemical structure, 450f MHA-TP. See Microhemagglutination assay for intracellular parasite function, 7-8
distribution, 450 antibodies to Treponema pallidum properties, 61
dosing, 450 MHA-TP test, 2702 Microbial products, molecular recognition, 59-60
indications, 450-451 MHC. See Major compatibility complex; Major Microbial surface components recognizing
pharmacology, 450 histocompatibility complex adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMSs),
salts, usage, 3342 MIC. See Minimal inhibitory concentration; 1030, 1304, 2245
treatment, urine acidification, 450 Minimum inhibitory concentration anchoring, 2247
urine, formaldehyde concentration (factors), Micafungin (Mycamine), 491-492 designation, 2330
450 candidiasis, 491-492 Microbial virulence, understanding (conceptual
Methicillin (2,6-dimethoxyphenylpenicilin), 271 drug interactions, 491 advances), 10
Methicillin resistance, mechanism, 2254-2255 indications, 491-492 Microbicidal mechanisms, 88-90
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci, prevalence, side effects, 491 Microbicidal processes, activation, 83f
1335 usage, 492 Microbiologically defined infections, 3391
 I72
Microbiologist/clinician partnership, 192t Microsporum species, impact/distribution, 2987t Mites (Continued)
Microbiomes, 12t Microtubule organizing center (MTOC), mite-transmitted scrub typhus, presentation/
compositional differences, 13f 2156-2157 diagnosis/differential diagnosis/
connections, 15 Middle ear management, 3258t
Index

Eldermet study, 16 effusions, microbiologic studies (results), 770 pruritic red bleb, 3256f
human microbiome, 11 fluid taxonomy, 3255-3257
impact, 20 bacterial pathogens, isolation, 769t Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS), 1907
interindividual variation, 12-13 presence, determination, 770 Mitochondrial dysfunction, 922
oral microbiome, 12-13 Middle East, HIV/AIDS, 1472 Mitogen-activated protein kinase-14 (MAPK-14),
Microbiota, 12t Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 928
role, 76-77 (MERS-CoV), 146, 1928 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, 85-86
Microcirculatory dysfunction, 922 clinical manifestation, 1908-1909 impact, 2496
Microcolony formation, enabling, 2465 discovery, 1930 pathways, 30
Microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to epidemiology, 1905-1906 Mitosome, 3032
Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP), 39 impact, 839 Mitral PVE (replacements), mechanical/
Microimmunofluorescence (MIF), 2173 laboratory diagnosis, 1935 bioprosthetic valves (usage), 1039
usage, 832 Middle-income countries Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 1060
Micronutrient supplementation, 131 antiretroviral therapy, trends, 1481f Mitral valve, Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis,
Microorganism-nonbacterial thrombotic HIV resources, UNAIDS estimates, 1480f 2264f
endocarditis, interaction, 993-996 Middle/mastoid air cell system, anatomy mITT. See Modified intention-to-treat
Microorganisms (diagrammatic representation), 772f Mixed interstitial-alveolar pattern, bilateral
antimicrobial action, 88-89 Midesophagus, transient bacteria/yeasts involvement, 835f
complementary genetic property, 2 (presence), 15 Mixed venous oxygen saturation, 922
entry MIF. See Microimmunofluorescence ML. See Mucosal leishmaniasis
physical barriers, 26-29 mIgM. See Membrane immunoglobulin M MLC. See Minimal lethal concentration
portals, minimization, 1058 Mikulicz cells, photomicrograph, 2514f ML-LBP21. See Mycobacterium leprae laminin-
establishment, 1-2 Miliary pattern, 867f binding protein
invasion, skin (mechanical barrier), 26 Miliary tuberculosis, 2810t, 2811 MLS. See Macrolides, lincosamides, and
natural populations, analysis, 5 chest radiograph, 2811f streptogramins
Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 2719 hematologic abnormalities, 2812 MLSA. See Multilocus sequence-based analysis
Microscopic observation drug-susceptibility pleurisy with effusion, impact, 2813 MLST. See Multilocus sequence typing; Multiple
(MODS), 2790 presence, 2812 locus sequence typing
Microscopic sputum examination, 829-830 usual (acute) miliary tuberculosis, 2811 MLVA. See Multilocus variable-number
Microscopy, usage, 202 Milker’s node lesions, appearance, 1703-1704 tandem-repeat analysis
Microsporidial keratitis, treatment, 1663 Milk thistle MMR. See Measles-mumps-rubella
Microsporidia, 1400, 1413-1414 silibinin, structure, 601f Monomicrobial lung abscess, cause, 856
central nervous system (CNS) infection, usage, 601-602 Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), 2237-2238
3037-3038 Miltefosine, 511-512 Mobiluncus, 2784
characteristics, 3032-3033 structure, 512f species, 2682
clinical manifestations, 3038-3040 teratogenicity, 512 Moccasin infection, 2988
demonstration, 3037f usage, 3103, 3105 Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)
diagnosis, 3040-3041 Mingarelli, Malpuech Michels, and Carnevale equation, usage, 631
Encephalitozoonidae, 3039-3040 (3MC) syndrome, 107 Modified Global Initiative for Chronic Lung
Enterocytozoonidae, 3039 Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), 225, Disease (GOLD) treatment
epidemiology, 3034-3035 2416 recommendations, 813t
gastrointestinal tract infections, 3036 broth dilution susceptibility tests, 1011 Modified intention-to-treat (mITT), 619
genitourinary tract infection, 3036-3037 determination, 1010 Modified measles, 1970
immunology, 3035-3036 gentamicin, 314 Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), 1667-1668
infection Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 225, abortive replication cycle, 1670
AIDS patients, 3039-3040 241, 631 vaccines, HIV/SIV-specific cellular immune
non-AIDS patients, 3039 active drug levels, 842 response, 1668
life cycle, 3034 determination, 1010 MODS. See Microscopic observation
microsporidia-associated HIV enteropathy, penicillins, 265t drug-susceptibility
1300 pharmacodynamic relationships, 255f Mold endophthalmitis, 1418, 1420-1421
musculoskeletal infection, 3038 ratios, 931 systemic voriconazole, usage, 1421
ocular infection, 3038 Minimal lethal concentration (MLC), 225 Molds
pathogenic identification, 3032t Minimum inhibitory concentration evaluator features, 2874-2875
pathology/pathogenesis, 3036-3038 (M.I.C.E.), 225 impact, 3437
phylogeny, 3033-3034 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, infections, posaconazole (Noxafil) therapy, 490
polar tube, 3033f 207 morphologic form, 212
respiratory infection, 3038 Minocycline (Minocin), 477 mucormycosis, differentiation, 2916
sinus infection, 3038 administration/dosing, 324 Molecular identification methods (mycobacteria),
skin, 3038 usage, 2556 210
spore, structure, 3032f Minor aphthous ulcers, 801 Molecular microbiology, 9-10
treatment, 492-493 MIP-1α. See Macrophage inflammatory Molecular mimicry, 45-46
Microsporidiosis protein-1α Molecular signals, discrimination, 70
clinical manifestations, 3038-3040 MIRU. See Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive Molecular subtyping, PFGE (usage), 151-152
diagnosis, 3040-3041 unit Molinetti, Antonio, 774
diagnostic tests, 3040t MIST 1. See Multicenter Intrapleural Sepsis Trial 1 Molluscum bodies, 1704
gastrointestinal disease, 3041-3043 MIST 2. See Multicenter Intrapleural Sepsis Trial 2 Molluscum contagiosum, 1704-1705
ocular disease, 3043 Mites agent, description, 1704
pathology/pathogenesis, 3036-3038 ecology, 3255-3257 clinical manifestations, 1704
prevention, 3043-3044 infections control, 1705
systemic disease, 3041-3043 diagnosis/management, 3256-3257 diagnosis, 1705
therapy, 3041-3043 prevention, 3257 epidemiology, 1705
treatment options, 3042t infestations, epidemiology/outcomes, 3256 example, 1345f, 1552f, 1705f
Microsporidium species, opportunistic infection, medical importance, 3256t infection, 1552
1662-1663 mite-transmitted infectious diseases, pathogenesis/pathology, 1704
Microsporum canis (impact), 2989f prevention, 3257 therapy, 1705

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), 1344-1345
subtype I, sequencing, 1704
MOMP. See Major outer membrane protein
Monkeypox, 745, 1699-1700
clinical manifestations, 1699-1700
control, 1700
diagnosis, 1700
epidemiology, 1700
origin, 1699
pathogenesis, 1699
recognition, 1699
skin lesions, 1700f
Monoaminooxidases (MAOs), 504
Monobactams, 296-297
drug allergy, 300
Monoclonal antibodies, 48, 587-588, 1956
usage, 48
Monoclonal gammopathies, serum protein
electrophoresis, 38
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
overexpression, 2620
Monocytes, 37
HIV, relationship, 1537
Monocytopenia and mycobacterial infections
(MonoMAC), 144
Monomicrobial infections, 944
Mononeuritis multiplex, 1585-1586
clinical presentation, 1585
electrophysiologic studies, 1585
laboratory investigations, 1585
nerve biopsy, 1585-1586
treatment, 1586
Mononuclear cells
infiltration, coxsackievirus myocarditis, 1072f
phagocyte/lymphocyte defects, impact, 142-144
Mononuclear leukocytes, 1943
Mononucleosis. See Cytomegalovirus
Monotherapy, usage, 229-230
Monovalent human rotavirus vaccine, 1256
Monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines, 2077
Moraxella bacteria, 2466
Moraxella catarrhalis, 2463-2466
adhesins, 2464t
bacteremia, 2465
biochemical/growth characteristics, 2467t
cephalosporin in vitro activity, 282t
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower
respiratory tract infections, 2464-2465
clinical manifestations, 2464-2465
epidemiology, 2463-2464
exacerbation, sputum sample, 2465f
history, 2463-2466
identification, laboratory procedures (usage),
2468t
microbiology, 2463
nosocomial respiratory tract infections, 2465
otitis media, 2464
causes, 2465f
pathogenesis, 2464
pneumonia, relationship, 837
putative adhesins, 2464t
respiratory tract colonization, 2463-2464
sinusitis, 2465
therapy, 2465-2466
Morbidity
cases, changes, 3519t-3520t
diarrheal disease, impact, 168
Morbidly obese, aminoglycoside dosing, 317
Morbilliform exanthems, 2082
Morbillivirus, 1942, 1974
mORCVAX, 2478
Morganella species, 2516
Mother-to-child HIV transmission, factors, 1597t
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)
decreases, 1617
elimination, 1618-1619
HTLV-1/HTLV-2, 2037
initiatives, neonatal diagnostic testing, 1619
maternal determinants, 1618
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)
(Continued)
occurrence, ART (absence), 1618
pediatric AIDS, 1616-1617
postpartum MTCT, 1618
prevention programs, 1617
prophylaxis, implementation, 1617
Mother yaw, example, 2711f
Motile trichomonads, observation, 1351
MOTT. See Mycobacteria species other than
tuberculosis
Mousepox (ectromelia) virus
infection, pathogenesis, 1689f
studies, 1689
Mouth
anaerobic infections, 2738-2739
aphthous ulcer, 1548f
fascial spaces, 793f
Moxifloxacin
activity, 432
clarithromycin, comparison, 432
co-administration, 429
usage, 804
MPA. See Medroxyprogesterone acetate
MPER. See Membrane-proximal external region
MPGN II. See Membranoproliferative
glomerulonephritis type II
MPO. See Myeloperoxidase
MPS. See Meningococcal polysaccharide
MPX test, 1521-1522
MRC. See Medical Reserve Corps
MRT. See Mean residence time
MSC. See Mesenchymal stromal cell
MSCRAMMs. See Microbial surface components
recognizing adhesive matrix molecules
MSF. See Mediterranean spotted fever
MSM. See Men who have sex with men
MSSA. See Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus;
Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
MSW. See Men who have sex with women
MTA. See Material Threat Assessment
MTBC. See Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
MTB Direct test, 1141-1142
MTCT. See Mother-to-child transmission
MTDs. See Material Threat Determinations
MTOC. See Microtubule organizing center
mTOR. See Mammalian target of rapamycin
Mucociliary apparatus, dysfunction, 776
Mucociliary blanket, offender transport, 28
Mucocutaneous candidiasis, 2893
Mucocutaneous HSV-1 infection (bone marrow
transplant patient), 1724f
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), 510
Mucopurulent (acute) bacterial conjunctivitis,
1398
Mucopurulent urethral discharge, 1352f
Mucor infection, 2909
Mucormycosis, 2909
adjunctive therapies, 2918
agents, 2910f
taxonomic organization, 2910t
antifungal susceptibility, 2916-2917
antifungal therapy, 2917
caspofungin, impact, 491
clinical manifestations, 2912-2914
combination therapy, 2917-2918
culture diagnosis, 2916
cutaneous presentation, 2915f
diagnosis, 2916-2917
disseminated mucormycosis, 2915-2916
epidemiology, 2910
etiology, 2909-2910
gastrointestinal mucormycosis, 2915
genomic sequencing, information, 2909-2910
HBOT, impact, 594
histopathologic diagnosis, 2916
histopathology, 2912
host immune response, 2911
immunology, 2910-2912
I73
Mucormycosis (Continued)
incidence, 2910
representation, 2911f
infection, acquisition, 2910
Index
invasive mucormycosis, pathogenesis, 2912f
lipid amphotericin B formulations, 2917
molds, differentiation, 2916
pathogenesis, 2910-2912
iron uptake, role, 2911-2912
patterns, host population, 2912t
populations, risk, 2910
presentations, 2916
prognosis, 2918
prophylaxis, 2918
pulmonary infections, 2913-2914
clinical presentation, 2913-2914
radiology, 2914
rhinocerebral infections, 2912-2913
clinical presentation, 2912-2913
radiology, 2913
sino-orbital involvement, 2913f
sinopulmonary mucormycosis, radiographic
findings, 2914f
species identification, 2916
surgical management, 2918
treatment, 2917-2918
amphotericin B deoxycholate, usage, 1175
duration, 2918
triazoles, usage, 2917-2918
zygomycosis, 1166
Mucosa
damage, bacteremia (relationship), 3391
mucosal immunity, role, 76-77
paracoccidioidomycosis, lesions, 2998-2999
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 242
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tumor (MALT),
2498
Mucosa-associated lymphoreticular tissues
(MALT), 787
Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule
(MADCAM), 81f
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, 54
Mucosal barrier
injury, 3388-3389
induction, cytostatic chemotherapy/
irradiation (impact), 3388f
integrity, loss, 943
Mucosal B cells, isotype switching, 74
Mucosal immune responses
adaptation, 70
antigen-presenting cells, 71
commensal, pathogen (discrimination), 73
epithelial cell responses, 71
factors, 70
immunophysiology, 71
induction, 71-76
innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), 71-72
metabolites, sensing, 72-73
mucosal host response, pathogenicity
definition, 75
mucosal microbiota, sensing, 72
mucosal responses, problems, 74-75
mucosal stimulation, adaptive immunity, 73-74
mucosal tissues, immunologic homeostasis, 74
role, 75t
Mucosal immunity
evolution, 75
role, 76-77
Mucosal immunization, 76
initiation, 76
usage, 76
Mucosal immunology, impact, 76
Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML)
diagnosis, 3102
espundia, photograph, 3099f
New World mucosal leishmaniasis, 3101-3102
Mucosal microbiota, sensing, 72
Mucosal pH, elevation, 1299
Mucosal responses, problems, 74-75
 I74
Mucosal secretions, 28 Multivariate regression analysis, usage, 148 Mycetoma, 1215
Mucosal stimulation, adaptive immunity, 73-74 MULTIVIRC group, 1916-1917 arm, Madurella mycetomatis (impact), 2931f
Mucosal surfaces Multivitamin supplements, usage, 131 causative agents, 2930
anaerobic human flora, comparison, 2737t MuLVs. See Murine leukemia viruses clinical manifestations, 2930-2931
Index

IgA defense, 36 Mumps, 161 diagnosis, 2931-2932

immune tissues, association, 65-67 active immunization, attenuated mumps virus epidemiology, 2930
microorganisms, adherence, 1106 vaccine (usage), 1946 etiologic agents, 2929
Mucosal tissues central nervous system involvement, 1944 feet, 2930f
antigen-presenting cells (APCs), presence, 70 clinical manifestations, 1943-1945 grains, morphologic features, 2930t
barrier, 70 frequency, 1944t leg, 2930f
host responses, specialization, 70 complications, 1945 Nocardia species, 2856
immunologic homeostasis, 74 diagnosis, 1945-1946 pathology/pathogenesis, 2930
immunologic phenotype, selection differential diagnosis, 1946 prevention, 2933
mechanisms, 71f epidemiology, 1943 right lung, 2978f
Mucositis history, 1942 therapy, 2932-2933
appearance, 801-802 immunology, 1945 Mycobacteria, 62, 208-211, 1406
cancer patients, 3397-3398 impact, 1376 categories/methods, 210
severity, 801f joints, involvement, 1945 clinical specimen isolation, significance, 210
Mucous membranes pathogenesis, 1943 cultures, incubation, 209-210
candidiasis, clinical manifestations, 2882 pathology, 1943 detection, Gram stain insensitivity, 209
infections, 2881-2883 prevention, 1946-1947 direct organism detection, 209
physical barriers, 26-28 therapy, 1946 epidemiology, 211
viral infections, 1552 transient high-frequency range deafness, 1944 identification, 210
Mueller-Hinton agar, usage, 208 virology, 1942-1943 impact, 3432-3433
Mueller-Hinton-based chocolate agar, usage, 1346 Mumps virus, 1098, 1116 intermediately growing mycobacteria, 2845
Multibacillary (lepromatous) leprosy, 2824f immunity measurement, serologic testing latent tuberculosis, laboratory diagnosis, 211
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1613 (usage), 219 molecular identification methods, 210
Multicenter Intrapleural Sepsis Trial 1 (MIST 1), patient description, 969 pathogenic mycobacteria, growth
853 vaccine, availability, 3537 requirements/characteristics, 210t
Multicenter Intrapleural Sepsis Trial 2 (MIST 2), Mupirocin, 460-461 rapidly growing mycobacteria, 2845, 2849
853 action, mechanism, 460 susceptibility testing, 2851
Multicentric Castleman disease activity, in vitro spectrum, 460-461 resistance/killing, 143f
Kaposi sarcoma (relationship), 1780-1781 adverse effects, 461 safety issues, 208
lymph node (HIV-negative patient), 1781f clinical uses, 461 slowly growing mycobacteria, 2845
Multiclade DNA vaccines, development, 1671 nasal mupirocin, cost-effectiveness analysis, 455 slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria,
Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion pharmacokinetics, 461 susceptibility testing, 2851-2852
(MATE) family, 249 preoperative intranasal mupirocin therapy, speciation, 2790
Multidrug resistance (MDR), 422, 2522 effectiveness, 454-455 specimen
AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, structural model, 249f structure, 460 collection/transport, 208-209
efflux pumps, presence, 422 Murdochiella, 2783 processing/plating, 209
phenotypes, 249 Murine central nervous system, reovirus-induced susceptibility testing, 210-211
Multidrug-resistant bacteria, 441-444 apoptosis, 1687f tigecycline, impact, 332
avibactam (NXL104), impact, 442 Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, 1750 Mycobacterial agents, detection, 2790
omadacycline (PTK 0796), 442-443 Murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs), 2059 Mycobacterial arthritis, 1313-1314
plazomicin, impact, 441-442 Murine rash. See Rickettsia typhi Mycobacterial disease, 117-118
solithromycin, impact, 443 Murmur, 1032 mendelian susceptibility, 61-62
tedizolid, impact, 444 Murray Valley encephalitis, 1901 Mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT)
Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus (impact), 347 Muscarine-containing mushrooms, 1288-1289 system, 2790
Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MDR-TB), Muscles Mycobacterial infections, linezolid (impact), 408
463 abscesses, sites, 1223 Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit
Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) aches, 1223 (MIRU), 2790-2791
distribution, 440 bacterial infections, 1216 Mycobacteria species other than tuberculosis
gram-negative MDROs, frequency (increase), biopsies (MOTT), 2790
441 myopathy, 1587 Mycobacterium abscessus
impact, 616 severe sepsis, study, 921 subsp. abscessus treatment, 2848
Multidrug-resistant S. aureus carriage, 174-175 specimens, 1224 subsp. massiliense treatment, 2848
Multidrug-resistant S. enterica serotype disintegration, 1220 Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 881-882
Typhimurium, emergence, 170 mitochondrial dysfunction, 922 acquisition route, 2832
Multidrug-resistant S. typhi, 1277 peripheral nerves, 926 cavitary MAC disease, chest radiograph, 2835f
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis proteolysis, 1224 classification, 2833-2834
outbreaks, 1492 Musculoskeletal disease, actinomycosis, clinical presentation, 2835-2837
treatment, 2805 2869-2870 diagnosis, 2837-2838
Multifocal asymptomatic Aspergillus fumigatus Musculoskeletal infection, microsporidia, 3038 disease, immunomodulatory treatment, 2840
pneumonia, 141f Musculoskeletal syndromes, 1586-1588 disseminated MAC disease, 2833
Multifocal extracutaneous sporotrichosis, 2922 Mus domesticus, 2033 clinical presentation, 2836-2837
Multilocus sequence-based analysis (MLSA), 2859 Mushroom poisoning syndromes, 1288-1289, diagnosis, 2838
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 207, 2241 1289t host immunity, 2834-2835
approach, 2157-2158 Mus musculus, 2033 pathogen, 2833-2834
Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat Mutant protection concentration (MPC), regimens, 2841t
analysis (MLVA), 2718 consideration, 250 treatment, 2841
Multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) mutants, 422 Mutton fat keratic precipitates, 1423 drugs
Multiple drug intolerance syndrome, 303 Mutualism, 2775-2776 interactions, 2839-2840
Multiple locus sequence typing (MLST), 2718 MV. See Mature virion; Measles virus tolerability, 2839
Multiple sclerosis, 1764 MVA. See Modified vaccinia Ankara usage, 2839t
Chlamydia pneumoniae (relationship), 2181 MVP. See Mitral valve prolapse epidemiology, 2832-2833
Multiplexed RT-PCR, diagnostic technique, 1861 Myalgias, 1223 host immunity, 2834-2835
Multiregion Hybridization PCR Assay (MHA), eosinophilia, combination (parasitic myositis), hypersensitivity pneumonitis
1521 1224 diagnosis, 2838
Multi-Spot, 1515 Myalgic encephalomyelitis, 1674 treatment, 2841
 I75
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) (Continued) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Continued)
(Continued) Ridley-Jopling classification system, 2821 second-line agents, 2803
lymphadenitis, 2833 rifamycin, usage, 344 spread, mode, 2793
clinical presentation, 2837 special patient populations, 2830 streptomycin, 2802

Index
diagnosis, 2838 supportive care/rehabilitation, 2829 therapy, 2802-2810
host immunity, 2835 susceptibility course, 2806
pathogen, 2834 gene approaches, 117-118 duration, 2808
treatment, 2841 GWAS, 118 third-line agents, 2803
macrolide-resistant MAC disease, treatment, therapy, 2827-2828 Toll-like receptor-mediated defenses, 126
2840 response, 2828 transmission, 146
microbiology, 2833-2834 treatment treatment
opportunistic infection, 1662 agents, usage, 2827-2828 algorithm, 2806
organisms, 2833 drugs, usage, 476-477 forms, 2807
pathogen, 2833-2835 regimens, 2827t, 2828 special circumstances, 2808
pathogenesis, 2833 U.S. regimens, 2828 vaccination, 2810
prophylaxis, 2841-2842 World Health Organization regimens, 2828 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC),
pulmonary MAC disease, 2832-2833 United States, 2820 2845
chest radiographs, 2836f Mycobacterium leprae laminin-binding protein Mycology terms, lexicon, 2875t
clinical presentation, 2835-2836 (ML-LBP21), 2822 Mycoplasma genitalium, 2163, 2192
diagnosis, 2837-2838 Mycobacterium marinum, 2849 relationship, 2191t
drug treatment, 2840 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycoplasma hominis, 2192
host immunity, 2834 acid-fast staining, usage, 2788-2789 linezolid susceptibility, 406
pathogen, 2833 active disease, risk, 2793 relationship, 2191t
regimens, 2840t active tuberculosis (diagnosis), assays Mycoplasmal pneumonia
surgery, 2841 (comparison), 2789t manifestation, 834
treatment, 2840-2841 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, 474 suprainfection, 2186
renal function impairment, drug dosing, 2840 antituberculous drugs, 2802-2803 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 806-807
reservoir, 2832 bedaquiline (Sirturo), 2802 adaptive immunity, 2185
treatment, 2838-2840 cases antibodies, detection, 2188
plans, 2840-2841 burden, 2792t antigens, detection, 2188
principles, 2838-2840 immigrants, 2792t cardiac syndromes, 2187
unilateral MAC lymphadenopathy, preauricular United States, 2791f clinical/laboratory manifestations, 2186f
lymph node, 2837f corticosteroids, 2807 cold agglutinins, 2185, 2188
virulence, 2833 culture methods, 2789-2790 culture, 2188
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex detection, 224 dermatologic syndromes, 2187
(MAC), 340 directly observed treatment, 2805 diagnosis, 2187-2188
rifamycins, impact, 344-345 drug regimens, 2808-2809 disease syndromes, 2186-2187
Mycobacterium intracellulare, 2832 selection, 2803 epidemiology, 2184
Mycobacterium kansasii drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fried egg-appearing colonies, 2184
lung disease, treatment, 2847-2848 infection, risk (increase), 2793t hematologic syndromes, 2187
rifamycin, interaction, 345 drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2792-2793 history, 2183-2184
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy), 1429 drug susceptibility testing, 2791 illnesses, 2187
antimicrobial therapy, 2827-2828 epidemiology, 2791-2794 immunology, 2184-2186
background, 2827 considerations, 2791 infection
borderline tuberculoid leprosy, skin lesions, ethambutol (EMB), 2802 control, 2189
2823f existence, 5 resistance/susceptibility, 2185-2186
chemotherapy-associated reactions, 477 fixed-dose combination tablets, 2805 innate immunity, 2184-2185
clinical manifestations, 2821-2825 fluoroquinolones, 2802 linezolid resistance, 406
diagnosis, 2825-2826 genotyping, 2790-2791 microbiology, 2184
differential diagnosis, 2825 history, 2787-2788 musculoskeletal syndromes, 2187
direct nerve damage, 2822 immune reconstitution inflammatory neurologic syndromes, 2187
epidemiology, 2820 syndrome, 2807-2808 nucleic acids, detection, 2188
erythema nodosum (Lepra type 2 reactions), immunology, 2794-2795 pathology, 2186
2826-2827 impact, 1313 prevention, 2189
therapy, 2829 infection, 830f Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2187
erythema nodosum leprosum, 2825f progression, risk, 2793 renal syndromes, 2187
familial clustering, 117-118 risk, 2793 resistance, 2184-2186
genome sequence, 2820-2821 spread, chemotherapy (impact), 2793 respiratory illnesses, 2186
geographic/family clustering, 2820 institutional spread, 2793-2794 skin conditions, 2185f
global epidemiology, 2820 isoniazid, 2802 treatment, 2188-2189
HIV infection, 2830 latent M. tuberculosis infection, interferon-γ vaccination, 2189
immunity, mechanisms, 2821-2822 release assays, 2796 Mycoses
immunocompromised hosts, 2830 meningitis, 1141-1142 basidiobolomycosis, 2919
immunologic spectrum, 2821 microbiology, 2788-2791 conidiobolomycosis, 2919
immunology, 2821-2822 morbidity/mortality trends, 2791-2792 diagnosis, 2875
lepromatous (multibacillary) leprosy, 2824f nosocomial spread, control, 2794 epidemiology, 2877-2878
long-term complications, 2827 nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), 2790 serologic diagnosis, 2876-2877
microbiology, 2820-2821 observation, duration, 2806 voriconazole, impact, 489
nerve damage, pathogenesis, 2822 opportunistic infection, 1661-1662 Mycosis fungoides, 2048-2049
peripheral nerve damage, 2822 pathogenesis, 2796-2797 Mycosis mucorina, 2909
prevention, 2829-2830 primary infection, evolution, 2797 Mycotic aneurysms, 1023-1027, 3485
BCG vaccine, role, 2830 primary (childhood) tuberculosis, 2797-2799 classification, 1023t
reactions, 2826-2827 pyrazinamide (PZA), 2802 clinical manifestations, 1024-1025
therapy, 2829 regimens, 2805 demonstration, arteriogram (usage), 3485f
relapses, treatment, 2828-2829 isoniazid/rifampin, basis, 2803-2805 development, 1024
resistance testing, role, 2828-2829 reinfection (adult) tuberculosis, 2797 epidemiology, 1023-1024
reversal reactions (Lepra type 1 reactions), re-treatment, 2807 etiologic agents, 1025-1026
2826, 2826f rifampin (RMP), 2802 laboratory findings, 1025
therapy, 2829 rifapentine, 2802 occurrence, 1024
 I76
Mycotic aneurysms (Continued) Myopericarditis, 2084-2085 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care
pathogenesis, 1024 clinical manifestations, 2085 Survey, 753
pathologic changes, 1024 course, 2085 National Hospital Discharge Survey, 914
rarity, 1023-1024 diagnostic virology, 2085 National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE),
Index

serial imaging, usage, 1026 dilated cardiomyopathy, 2085 910, 1062

term, coinage, 1023 etiology/pathogenesis, 2085 National Security Decision Memorandum
therapy, 1026-1027 management, 2085 (NSDM), 180
two-dimensional echocardiography, usage, prognosis, 2085 Native enterococcal IE, cause, 1014
1025 Myositis, 2012, 2084, 2295, 2887 Native joints
Mycotic infections, cutaneous involvement, skeletal myositis, 2084 bacterial arthritis, antimicrobial therapy,
1208-1210 Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrates 1309
Mycotic skin infections, classification, 1195t (MARCKS), 87 Candida arthritis, impact, 1311-1312
MyD88 adaptor-like protein (Mal), 117-118, Myroides species, 2677 septic arthritis, incidence, 1303
121 Native valve endocarditis (NVE), 345
MyD88 dependent-pathway, 2428 N therapy, 2265t
MyD88 independent-pathway, 2428 NAAAs. See Nucleic acid amplification assays viridans streptococci, impact, 386
MyD99, 75 NAAT. See Nucleic acid amplification test Natural killer (NK) cells, 54, 71, 787, 3052
Myelitis, 1138 NAb. See Neutralizing antibody cell-related HLA molecules, 1537
HSV-1/HSV-2, impact, 1155 N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase (NAMLAA), HIV, relationship, 1537
VZV infection, impact, 1155 26-28 restricted TCR response, 54
Myeloablative HSCT N-acetyltransferases (AAC), impact, 313 Natural killer (NK) dysfunction, 144
immunosuppression patterns, 3429-3432 NADPH. See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Natural killer T (NKT) cells, 3052
postengraftment risk period, 3429-3431 phosphate invariant NKT (iNKT), 73-74
preengraftment risk period, 3429 Naegleria, 3059-3060 recognition, 72
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), 144 animal models, 3066-3067 Natural penicillins, properties, 270-271
risk, 583-584 clinical evidence, 3066 Nausea, foodborne syndromes, 1287
Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), identification, clinical manifestations, 3064 NBHPP. See National Bioterrorism Hospital
1527 epidemiology, 3062 Preparedness Program
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 laboratory diagnosis, 3065-3066 NBTE. See Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
(MyD88), mutations, 116 pathogenesis/pathologic findings, 3063 NCAM. See Neural cell adhesion molecule
Myeloid differentiation primary response protein recommendations, 3067 NCCLS. See National Commission for Clinical
88 (MYD88)-dependent pathway, 30 species, life cycle, 3060 Laboratory Standards; National Committee
Myeloid differentiation primary response protein therapy, 3066-3068 for Clinical Laboratory Standards
88 (MyD88)-dependent recruitment, 8 in vitro assays, 3066-3067 NDMS. See National Disaster Medical System
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 78-79 Naegleria fowleri, 3059-3060 Neck
deficiency, 141 life cycles, 3060f anaerobic infections, 2738-2739
MPO-generated HOCl, impact, 88 trophozoites, 3060f infections, 802-803
presence, 78-79 Nafcillin (2-ethoxy-1-naphthylpenicillin), microbiologic considerations, 789-791
release, inhibition, 87 271-272 Streptococcus anginosus, 2364
Myeloradiculitis, 1138 Nail puncture wounds, osteomyelitis, 2526 mediastinitis, 1081
Myiasis, 3255-3257 Nairovirus, 2025 suppurative infections, initial empirical
clinical manifestations, 3256-3257 NAIs. See Neuraminidase inhibitors antimicrobial regimens, 796t-797t
control, 3257 Nalidixic acid, 419-420, 2562 Necrotic blister, usage, 928
epidemiology, 3256 resistance, 243 Necrotic skin lesions, hematogenously
myiasis-causing flies, 3256t NANB. See Non-A, non-B hepatitis disseminated fusariosis, 3009f
prevention, 3257 Nanophyetiasis, 3241 Necrotizing enteritis (adults), 1268-1269
therapy, 3257 NAPlr. See Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
Myocardial abscesses, presence, 1005-1006 Nares, verrucous lesion (blastomycosis), 2969f diagnosis, 1268
Myocardial damage, direct viral cytotoxicity Nasal congestion, 750 ficolin-3 deficiency, association, 106-107
(role), 1070 Nasal NK lymphomas, 1764 pathogenesis, 1267-1268
Myocardial enzymes, elevation (occurrence), Nasal potential difference (NPD), 874 prevention, 1268
1071 NASBA. See Nucleic acid sequence-based Necrotizing fasciitis, 1211-1214
Myocardial microabscesses, 1071 amplification anatomic forms, 1213
Myocarditis, 1066-1074 Nasojejunal tube (NJT), usage, 972 clinical manifestations, 1213
clinical manifestations, 1071 Nasopharyngeal (NP) aspirates, 2623 diagnosis, 2294-2295
CMV complication, 1742 Nasopharyngeal (NP) carcinoma, 1763-1764, differential diagnosis, 1213, 2294-2295
diagnosis, 1071-1073 1766-1767 Fournier’s gangrene, 1213
etiologic agents, 1066-1068 CT scan images, 1767f injection drug users, 3480
evidence, 2369 example, 1767f microbial causes, 1213
infectious causes, 1067t metastatic undifferentiated nasopharyngeal presumptive therapy, 1213-1214
noninfectious causes, 1068t carcinoma, 1763f streptococcal gangrene, 2294-2295
nonviral pathogens, impact, 1068-1070 Nasopharynx, 13-14 Necrotizing otitis externa (malignant otitis
pathology/pathogenesis, 1070-1071 NAT. See Nucleic acid testing externa), 2527-2528
prevention, 1074 Natalizumab-treated MS patients, numbers Necrotizing papillitis (papillary necrosis), impact,
rarity, 1068 (increase), 1809 888f
treatment, 1073-1074 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 753 Necrotizing pneumonia, 855
Myocytes National Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness presentation, 857
inflammatory process, impact, 1066 Program (NBHPP), 185 Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs), HBOT
necrosis, infiltration (coxsackievirus National Commission for Clinical Laboratory (usage), 593
myocarditis), 1072f Standards (NCCLS), 1365 NECT. See Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination
Myoglobinuria, 2012 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory treatment
Myonecrosis, 2295 Standards (NCCLS), 207 Negative factor (Nef), deletion, 2061
cause, 1375 National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), 185 Negative pressure wound therapy, 1086
Myopathy, 1586-1587 National Health and Nutrition Examination Negative-sense RNA genome, representation,
clinical presentation, 1586-1587 Survey (NHANES), HIV prevalence report, 1949f
electrophysiologic studies, 1587 1486 Negativicoccus, 2783
laboratory investigations, 1587 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), Negri bodies, 216, 1988f
muscle biopsy, 1587 1081-1082 Neisseria catarrhalis (biochemical/growth
treatment, 1587 surgical site infection definitions, 3503t characteristics), 2467t

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2466
antimicrobial resistance, 2453-2454
bacteremia, 1209
carbapenem susceptibility, 294
cell surface, pili (extension), 2447f
chromosomal mutations/transformations,
2448-2449
clinical manifestations, 2454-2458
complement deficiency, 2435-2437
condoms/microbicides, usage, 2461
control, 2461
cultivation, 2446-2447
culture, sensitivity, 1352, 2458
description, 2446
diagnosis, 2437, 2458-2459
diagnostic methods, 2459
epidemiology, 2452-2454
fallopian tube explant epithelial cells,
interaction (schematic representation),
2447f
genetics, 2448-2449
gonococcal infection, pathobiology, 2449-2452
gonorrhea, incidence, 2452f
distribution, 2452f
Gram-stained smears, 2458-2459
growth, 2446-2447
incidence, 2452-2453
infection, impact, 740
lower female genital tract, infection, 2450-2451
meningococcal disease, 2435-2437
nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), 2458
organism, 2446-2449
outer membrane, 2448
plasmids, 2448
presence, 29
prevention, 2461
strategies, 2461
public health strategies, 2461
sex partners, management, 2461
strain typing, 2448
surface structures, 2447-2448
therapy, 2459-2461
transmission, 2453
type IV pili (fimbria), 2447-2448
upper female genital tract, infection, 2451-2452
virulence factors, 1307
Neisseria lactamica, 2425-2426
Neisserial heparin binding antigen (NHBA),
2428
Neisserial surface protein A (NspA), 102
Neisseria meningitidis, 2, 1201-1202, 2466
adjunct therapy, 2439-2440
antibiotic therapy, 2437-2439
biology, 2426-2429
carbapenem susceptibility, 294
chemoprophylaxis, 2440-2441
clinical manifestations, 2432-2435
conjugate vaccines, 2442t
definition/history, 2425-2426
epidemiology, 2429-2432
fulminant meningococcal septicemia, 2432f
herd immunity/introduction strategies, 2443
host susceptibility, 2429
household/intimate contacts, antibiotic
chemoprophylaxis, 2440t
immunoprophylaxis, 1136, 2441-2443
impact, 1102, 1128-1129, 1134-1135
infection, 739-740
meningitis, 2433-2435
meningococcal colonization/transmission,
2428-2429
meningococcal vaccine recommendations,
2443-2444
meningococcemia, 2432-2433
microbiology, 2426
pathogenesis, 2426-2429
pathophysiology, 2432-2435
population coverage/effectiveness, 2442-2443
postexposure immunoprophylaxis, 2444
Neisseria meningitidis (Continued)
prevention, 2440-2444
serogroup B vaccine strategies, 2442
strains, penicillin susceptibility, 270
supportive care, 2439-2440
treatment, 2437-2440
virulence, 2426
Neisseria species
cephalosporins, in vitro activity, 282t
infections, 739-740
Nelfinavir, 1630
Nematodes, life cycle, 3202f
NEMO. See Nuclear factor kappa B essential
modulator
Neoehrlichia mikurensis, 2232-2233
Neoglycoside, derivation, 441
Neomycin, 460
activity, in vitro spectrum, 460
adverse reactions, 460
clinical uses, 460
Neonatal chemical conjunctivitis, 1399
Neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis, 1399
Neonatal conjunctivitis, 1399
Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis, 1399
Neonatal herpes, 1725
Neonatal herpes simplex virus, transmission rates
(maternal HSV serologic status), 1725t
Neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis, 2167
Neonatal infections
clinical presentations, 2333
gonococcal conjunctivitis, 2458
Listeria monocytogenes, 2385
Neonatal sepsis, 2578
beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2359
Neonatal tetanus, 2760, 2760f
Neonatal viral (herpetic) conjunctivitis, 1399
Neonatal ZDZ, duration, 1598-1599
Neonates
antibiotics, dosage, 271t
cesarean section delivery, 12
chlamydial conjunctivitis, 1399
meningitis, antimicrobial agents (dosages),
1126t
necrotizing fasciitis, 1213
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2280-2281
viral meningitis, 1116
visceral/CNS infection, 1725
Neoplastic meningitis, 1143
Neoplastic pulmonary complications, 1564-1565
Neorickettsia helminthoeca, 2228
Neorickettsia sennetsu, 2228
Neotestudina rosatii (eumycetoma grain), 2932f
Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr),
2307
Nephritis-strain-associated protein (NSAP), 2307
Nephropathia epidemica, 2026
Nephropathy, 1812-1813
infection, problems, 3449
Nerve biopsy
diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome-
associated neuropathy, 1586
distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN),
1584-1585
inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy,
1584
mononeuritis multiplex, 1585-1586
progressive polyradiculopathy, 1586
Nerve damage, leprosy (pathogenesis), 2822
Nervous system
brucellosis, 2585-2586
cephalosporins, adverse reactions, 288
Netilmicin, pharmacokinetic parameters, 316t
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), 2427
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), 2000,
2015-2017
action/activity, mechanism, 2015
drug resistance, 2016
efficacy, 2016
pharmacology, 2015-2016
I77
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (Continued)
resistance, prevalence (review), 542
side effects, 2015-2016
Neuraminidases, 2314
Index
Neurasthenia, 1674
Neurologic dysfunction, surgical dysfunction,
1181-1182
Neurologic toxicity, 2369
Neuromuscular blockade, aminoglycosides
(usage), 319
Neuromuscular syndromes, 1588t
Neuronal firing rate (FR), responses (model), 715f
Neuronal injury, 1114-1115
Neuroretinitis, manifestation, 2656
Neurosyphilis, 2695-2699, 2705
asymptomatic neurosyphilis, 2695-2696
classification, 2695t
tests, 2702-2703
treatment, penicillin G (usage), 1132
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), 1288, 3194
Neurotrophic keratitis, 1409
Neutralization, 36-37
Neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses, 1666
Neutropenia, 140
cancer patients, 3397
ciprofloxacin/ofloxacin/norfloxacin, impact, 436
events, sequence, 3392f
febrile patients, fungal infections (empirical
therapy), 491
fever, presence, 3406-3411
patients
fever, causes, 726t
fluconazole prophylaxis, 488
vancomycin, impact, 385
voriconazole, impact, 489
Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis), 988-989
Neutropenic (immune-deficient) fever of
unknown origin, 725-726
Neutropenic hosts, Staphylococcus epidermidis
risk, 2280
Neutropenic patients
candidemia, impact, 2891-2892
infection, origins (model), 3389f
necrotic skin lesions, hematogenously
disseminated fusariosis, 3009f
Neurotrophic cornea, 1402
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), 90, 916
NETosis, alternative, 90
proposal, 90
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
(NGAL), 89
Neutrophilic leukocytosis, 929
Neutrophils, 37, 78-90. See also Circulating
neutrophil
adherence-related functions, 99
beta2-integrin-mediated cell-cell interaction,
82-83
development, 78
dynamic equilibrium, 80
emigration, 81f
Entamoeba histolytica, 3051
extracellular microbicidal activity, 90
extravasation, 82
genes (transcription), phagocytosis (impact), 90
granules, contents, 79t
half-life, 87
host defense, microbial evasion, 90
human neutrophils, 79f
immigration, 82
inflammatory response, 80-88
resolution, 87-88
ingested microbe, fate, 84-87
mature neutrophils, characterization, 79-80
microbes, interaction (outcomes), 88f
microbicidal mechanisms, 88-90
microbicidal processes, activation, 83f
morphologic characteristics, 78-80
oxidative burst, mediation, 141f
phagocyte immune defects, 139-142
 I78
Neutrophils (Continued) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Nocardia (Continued)
phagocytosis, 83-84, 83f (NADPH) oxidase (Continued) keratitis, 2857-2858
population, homeostasis, 80 partial assembly, 81 antibacterial therapy, 2861
priming, 81 products, 85 meningitis, 1142
Index

recruitment, 81-83, 825 settings, 85-86 skin lesions, 2856f

chemokines, role, 83 Nifurtimox, 514 tigecycline, impact, 332
respiratory burst oxidase, agonist-dependent adverse side effects, 514 Nocardia asteroides
assembly model, 85f structure, 514f classification, 2853-2854
selectin-mediated adhesion/rolling, 81-82 Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment clinical epidemiology, 2856
structural characteristics, 78-80 (NECT), 514 clinical manifestations, 2856-2858
tissue migration, 83 NIH45-46, 1529 complex, taxonomic categories (changes), 2855t
transmission electron micrograph, 84f Nikkomycin Z, 2983 Nocardia brasiliensis grain, 2932f
Neutrophil-specific (secondary) granule Nikolsky sign, demonstration, 1197 Nocardia farcinica infection, skin lesion, 2858f
deficiency, 141 Nipah virus, 170, 1974-1978 Nocardia species
Nevirapine, 1627 classification, 1974 agents, usage, 2860-2861
resistance, 1627 clinical manifestations, 1977-1978 antimicrobial selection, 2859-2860
three-drug antiretroviral regimen, 1627 diagnostic tests, 1978 antimicrobial susceptibility, 2859t
Newborns encephalitis, acute MRI findings, 1977f clinical epidemiology, 2856
congenital infection, 3144-3147 epidemiology, 1975-1976 clinical manifestations, 2856-2858
coxsackievirus, 2085-2087 infection, treatment, 1978 clinical outcomes, 2862
echovirus disease, 2085-2087 intermediate hosts, 1976-1977 colonization, 2858
necrotizing enterocolitis, 1267-1268 isolate, ultrastructural characteristics, 1976f culture, example, 2858f
clinical features, 1268 laboratory abnormalities, 1978 disseminated disease, 2857
nurseries, epidemic diarrhea, 1253-1255 pathology, 1978 ecology/epidemiology, 2854-2855
toxoplasmosis (acquisition), diagnostic prevention, 1978 gene sequencing, usage, 2859
approach/management algorithm, 3146f reservoirs, 1976-1977 inhibition, carbapenems (impact), 294
New Delhi beta-lactamase (NDM), 174 therapy, 1978 laboratory diagnosis, 2858-2859
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1), virology, 1974-1975 management, 2859-2862
attention, 240 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, murine molecular identification, 2858-2859
New Delhi (NDM) metallo-beta-lactamases, 951 studies, 50-51 mycetoma, 2856
New pediatric HIV infection, elimination, Nitazoxanide, 515 names, 2854t
1618-1619 structure, 515f pathology/pathogenesis, 2855
New product evaluation, 3291-3292 Nitric oxide (NO) prophylaxis, 2862
New World arenaviruses, 2034 concentration, reduction, 111 pulmonary manifestations, 2856-2857
New World cutaneous leishmaniasis NO-mediated cytotoxicity, sensitivity, 3052 superficial infection, 2856
antimony, usage, 3105 release, 923 therapy/prognosis, duration, 2861-2862
clinical manifestations, 3101 Nitric oxide synthesis (NOS), 510-511 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX),
ketoconazole, usage, 3105 Nitrofurantoin, 447-449 usage, 2860
Leishmania guyanensis (impact), 3099f activity, spectrum, 447 virulence determinants, 2855-2856
Leishmania mexicana (impact), 3099f acute pyelonephritis, 448 Nocardiosis
Leishmania panamensis (impact), 3099f acute uncomplicated cystitis, 448 empirical therapy, 2861
Leishmania peruviana (impact), 3099f adverse effects, 448-449 linezolid, impact, 408
liposomal amphotericin B, usage, 3105 bacterial resistance, 447 surgical management, 2861
miltefosine, usage, 3105 chemical structure, 448f NOD1. See Nucleotide-binding oligomerization
pentamidine, usage, 3105 complicated urinary tract infections, 448 domain protein 1
treatment, 3105 cutaneous reactions, 449 NOD2. See Nucleotide oligomerization domain
New World mucosal leishmaniasis, 3101-3102 distribution, 447 protein 2
treatment, 3105-3106 dosing, 447-448 Nodular lesions, 737-738
New World screwworm fly larva/maggot, 3256f drug action, mechanisms, 447 Nodular subcutaneous lesions, verruga peruana,
NFAT. See Nuclear factor of activated T cells drug interactions, 449 2651f
NF-κB. See Nuclear factor kappa B excretion, 447 No light perception (NLP), 1372
N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine gastrointestinal reactions, 449 Noma (gangrenous stomatitis), 800-801, 2738
(fMLP), 80 hematologic reactions, 449 Non-01/9138 Vibrio cholerae, 2483
N-formylmethionyl-tRNA, formation, 406 hepatic reactions, 449 clinical manifestations, 2483
NGAL. See Neutrophil gelatinase-associated indications, 448 epidemiology, 2483
lipocalin peripheral neuropathy, 449 laboratory findings, 2483
Ngari virus, 2029 pharmacology, 447-448 prevention, 2483
NGU. See Nongonococcal urethritis pulmonary reactions, 448-449 therapy, 2483
NHANES. See National Health and Nutrition recurrent urinary tract infections, prophylaxis, Nonadherent neutrophils, scanning electron
Examination Survey 448 micrographs, 82f
NHBA. See Neisserial heparin binding antigen systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Non-A-E hepatitis, blood transfusions, 3356
NHE. See Nonhemolytic enterotoxin interaction, 449 Non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB), 1904
NHP. See Nonhuman primate usage, 449 Nonantibacterial-based treatments, 883-884
NHSN. See National Healthcare Safety Network Nitroimidazoles, 516 Non-A viral hepatitis, 1904
NICE. See National Institute of Clinical Excellence antimicrobials, 356 Nonbacterial folliculitis syndromes, 1198
Nicholas-Durand-Favre disease, 1343-1344 heterocyclic structure, 350 Nonbacterial joint infections, diagnosis, 1308
Niclosamide, 526-527 structures, 351f Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE),
therapy, 3231 NLR. See Nucleotide oligomerization domain 992-993
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NMDAR. See N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor role, proposal, 1020
(NADPH) N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor Non-B HIV-1 types/subtypes, detection,
movement, 85-86 encephalitis, 1145 1520-1521
NADPH-dependent oxidase, 79 N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) Nonbloody diarrhea, occurrence, 1286
oxidase, impact, 141f encephalitis, 1091-1092 Nonbullous impetigo, cause, 1196
reduction, 141 NNRTIs. See Non-nucleoside reverse Non-B viral hepatitis, 1904
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate transcriptase inhibitors Noncardiac vascular infections, 3484-3485
(NADPH) oxidase NNT. See Number needed to treat Noncavitary chronic pulmonary disease, 2955
activation, 84 Nocardia Nonoccupational HIV exposures, postexposure
activity, priming, 83 brain abscess, 2857f chemoprophylaxis, 3374
oxidant-generating system, 86 imipenem usage, 1173-1174 Nonclostridial anaerobic cellulitis, 1211

Nonclostridial (crepitant) myositis, 1222
Noncompressive myelopathy, differential
diagnosis, 1583-1584
Noncritical items, 3297-3298
Nondiphtheria corynebacteria, impact, 1229
Nonendocarditis bacteremia cases, infective
endocarditis cases (ratio), 994t
Nonendovascular infections (treatment),
beta-lactam/glycopeptide-susceptible
enterococcal species (impact), 2335t
Nonenveloped viruses, impact, 1686
Nonesophageal candidiasis, clinical
manifestations, 2882
Nonfalciparum malaria, 3087-3088
Nonfatal chronic melioidosis, right upper lobe
cavitation (radiograph), 2546f
Nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli, in vitro
susceptibility (surveillance), 314
Nonfoodborne transmission, 1290
Nongonococcal arthritis, 1303-1306
clinical features, 1305-1306
microbiology, 1304-1305
pathophysiology, 1303-1304
radiographic features, 1306
Nongonococcal neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis,
1399
Nongonococcal PID, curing, 430
Nongonococcal septic arthritis, 1305
gonococcal arthritis, laboratory findings, 1308
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), 1351-1352,
2159
clinical manifestations, 1356
etiology, 1352-1353
laboratory findings, 1356
mucopurulent discharge, 1352f
proportion, 2191
therapy, 1356
Non-HACEK gram-negative bacilli, impact, 1006
Nonhalophilic vibrios, 2483
Nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), 1285
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 1466
Non-human immunodeficiency virus disease,
nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2850
Nonhuman primate (NHP)
arenaviruses, 2034-2035
filoviruses
gross necropsy lesions, 1997f
histopathology, 1998f
models, 1527
Non-ICU settings (nosocomial pneumonia),
causative pathogens (acquisition), 3329t
Nonimmediate drug reactions, 298
Noninfectious pulmonary complications,
1564-1565
Noninfectious purulent ectocervicitis, 1369f
Noninfectious stresses, flight or fight reaction, 917
Noninfectious travel problems, 3566
Noninfectious urethritis, 1351
Noninfectious vision-threatening conditions, red
eye (association), 1400
Noninferiority hypothesis, 607
Noninferiority margin, 608-609
Noninferiority trials
design, 607-608
performing, reason, 607-608
Noninflammatory effusions, occurrence, 438
Noninvasive respiratory tract sampling, invasive
respiratory tract sampling (difference),
3327-3328
Nonlipophilic fermentative corynebacteria,
2375-2376
Nonlipophilic nonfermentative corynebacteria,
2376-2377
Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome, 2250
Nonmyeloablative HSCT, immunodeficiency,
3432
Nonmyeloablative transplantation, 3427
Non-neurotropic alphaviruses, self-limited
infection, 1871
Non-neutropenic patients, candidemia (impact),
2891
Non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs)
NNRTI-based therapy, contrast, 1637
types, 1627t
usage, 1587
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs), 528, 1626
chemical structures, 1626f
concentration-response relationships, 260
concentrations, effects, 344
pharmacokinetic interactions, 1597t
teratogenicity, 1607
Nonobese patients, infection acquisition risk, 128t
Nonoccupational HIV exposures, 1640
Nonodontogenic orofacial infections, 795t-796t
Nonoxynol-9, usage, 1499
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis, 2074
Nonpathogenic representatives, comparisons, 5
Nonphosphorylated CagA, 2496
Nonpoliovirus enteroviruses, 1161
Nonpregnant adults, URI management, 912f
Nonprimate hepaciviruses (NPHVs), 1909
Nonpyogenic regional lymphadenitis, types,
1228-1230
Nonreactive tuberculosis, 2812
Nonrenal clearance (CLnr), 254-255
Nonsedating antihistamines, 750-751
Nonspecific bacterial epididymitis, 1384-1385
Nonspecific host defense mechanisms, 26
Nonspecific lung abscess, 855
Nonspecific prodromal illness, 1843
Non-Staphylococcus epidermidis species, 2250
Non-state actors, 181
Nonstreptococcal anaerobic bacteria, impact,
1007
Nontranslated regions (NTRs), 2114
Nontranslated RNA segments (HCV), 1905
Nontreponemal tests, 2701
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 881-882,
1567, 2845
catheter-related infections, 2851
clinical disease, 2846
clinical nontuberculous mycobacteria disease,
2847
disseminated disease, 2850
environment, relationship, 2846
health care-associated infections, 2849-2850
HIV disease, 2850
identification, 2851
impact, 1229
infections, 2851
clinical syndromes, 2846t
laboratory aspects, 2851-2852
localized cutaneous infections, 2849-2850
lung disease
ATS diagnostic criteria, 2847t
clinical settings, 2847t
lymphadenitis, 2848-2849
non-HIV disease, 2850
pathogens, treatment regimens, 2848t
prevalence, 881-882
pulmonary disease, 2846-2848
rifamycin, interaction, 345
skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs),
diagnosis/treatment, 2850
soft tissue infections, 2849-2850
species
geography, 2846-2847
pulmonary disease, association, 2847
stain/culture, usage, 2851
strain comparison, 2852
treatment, 2848
antimicrobial agents, usage, 475-476
Nontuberculous mycobacterial arthritis, 1314
Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections
rifamycins, usage, 344-348
treatment, drugs (usage), 474-475
I79
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, 2577
bacteremia, 2578
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
exacerbations, 2578
Index
clinical manifestations, 2577-2578
community-acquired pneumonia, 2578
conjunctivitis, 2578
diagnosis, 2579
invasive infections, 2578
maternal sepsis, 2578
neonatal sepsis, 2578
otitis media, 2577-2578
therapy, 2579-2581
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), 1271,
2560-2562
bacteremia, association, 1279-1280
carrier state, 2567-2568
commonness, 1286
fluoroquinolone-resistant NTS strains, 2562
focal infections, 2566-2567
gastroenteritis, symptoms (shortening), 431
infections, enteric fever (differences), 1273
resistance patterns, 2561f
therapy, 2566
Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (clinical
distinction), 1271
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis, incidence rate,
2560f
Nonulcerative STDs, 1494
Nonulcer dyspepsia, 2497
Nonunited femur fracture, CT reconstruction
images, 1320f
Nonvalvular cardiovascular device-related
infections, 1042t
Nonvenereal genital lesions, 1348
Nonventilated patients, hospital-acquired
pneumonia, 2524
Normal body temperature, 710-711
Normal saline (NS), administration, 2475
Normotension (restoration), dopamine (usage),
931
Norovirus, 215
antigens (detection), EIAs (usage), 2126
clinical manifestations, 2126
diagnosis, 2126
epidemiology, 2124-2125
genome organization (Norwalk strain), 2123f
history, 2122-2123
immune response, 2125-2126
outbreaks, 1290
pathogenesis, 2125
prevention, 2126-2127
therapy, 2126-2127
North Africa, HIV/AIDS, 1472
Northern Australia, melioidosis (clinical
presentations/outcomes), 2544t
Norwalk agent, oral administration (clinical
response), 2126f
Norwalk virus, infection, 2125
Norwegian scabies, example, 1554f
NOS. See Nitric oxide synthesis
Nose, bridge (facial erysipelas), 1200f
Nosocomial asymptomatic bacteriuria, 3343
routine screening/treatment, 3343
Nosocomial bloodstream infection, 2262-2263
Nosocomial (health care-associated) fever of
unknown origin, 725
intensive care unit patients, 725
postoperative patients, 725
stroke patients, 725
Nosocomial hepatitis, transmission rates/
interventions, 3348t
Nosocomial human immunodeficiency virus
(nosocomial HIV)
infection (prevention), HIV testing (role),
3368-3369
transmission, 3365
Nosocomial infections, coryneform bacteria
(impact), 2374t
 I80
Nosocomial pneumonia Nucleic acid-based tests, 204 Occupational exposure
causative pathogens, acquisition, 3329t clinical specimens, 205t human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing
development, risk factors, 840 parasites, 222 (usage), 1523
risk, 933 viruses, 216-219 vaccines, usage, 3547
Index

Nosocomial respiratory tract infections, Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification Occupational HIV
Moraxella catarrhalis, 2465 (NASBA), 1512 transmission, infected patients to health care
Nosocomial sinusitis Nucleic acid testing (NAT), 587 personnel, 3361-3365
complication, 777-778 Nucleocapsid, 1683f Occupational HIV exposure, 1640
microorganisms, association, 778t assembly, 1714 antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis
Nosocomial urinary tract infections (nosocomial lipid envelope, 1683 biologic plausibility, 3370
UTIs) Nucleocapsid protein (NP), 1937, 1942 rationale, 3370-3371
bacteriuria, 3337-3338 Nucleoside analogue reverse-transcription chemoprophylaxis
comparison, 3335t inhibitors, chemical structures, 1623f antiretroviral agents, selection, 3371-3373
complications, 3336 Nucleoside guanosine, chemical structure, 540f indications, 3374
diagnosis, 3337-3338 Nucleoside neuropathy, 1585 timing/duration, 3374
epidemiology, 3335-3336 clinical presentation, 1585 counseling/triage, 3367
incidence, 3335 laboratory investigations, 1585 definition, 3361
management, 3343-3344 treatment, 1585 follow-up, 3374-3375
microbiology, 3336 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors health care worker exposure, evaluation, 3368
pathogenesis, 3336-3337 (NRTIs), 260, 1622 history, 3367-3368
prevalence, 3335 approval, 1624t HIV testing, 3374
prevention, 3338-3343 exposure, 1584 management, 3367-3368
strategies, 3338-3341 Nucleospora, 3034-3035 postexposure chemoprophylaxis
pyuria, 3338 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain clinical trials, 3371
risk factors, 3335-3336 protein 1 (NOD1), 2488-2489 efficacy, problems (epidemiologic/clinical
symptoms/signs, 3338 Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD), 917 evidence), 3371
urine culture/catheter replacement, intracellular pathogen recognition, 9 postexposure medical evaluation, 3374
3343-3344 NOD-like receptor (NLR), 60 reporting, 3367
No touch methods, 3306 family, 29 site, management, 3367
Novel influenza A (H3N2) viruses, gene segments proteins, usage, 917 source, evaluation, 3368
(origins), 167f Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), transmission, risk, 3361-3362
Novirhabdovirus, 1984 71 Occupational HIV infection
Noxafil (posaconazole), 489-490 agonists, responses, 2822 cases, reports, 3361
NP. See Nasopharyngeal; Nucleocapsid Nucleotide oligomerization domain protein 2 mechanisms, 3361
protein (NOD2), 2314 prevention, HIV testing (role), 3368-3369
NPD. See Nasal potential difference Nucleotides risk, assessment, 3361-3362
NPHVs. See Nonprimate hepaciviruses analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, U.S. health care workers, CDC report, 3362f
NRTIs. See Nucleoside reverse transcriptase chemical structures, 1623f Occupational Safety and Health Administration
inhibitors priming, 1819 (OSHA), bloodborne pathogen standard,
NS. See Normal saline reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, 1622 3304-3305
NS2 proteins (HCV), 1906-1907 approval, 1624t Occupation-related ulcers, 1207
NS5A inhibitors, impact, 1466 Number needed to treat (NNT), 619 Ochrobactrum species, 2677-2678
NSAP. See Nephritis-strain-associated Nursing home Ocular candidiasis, 2888, 2893
protein Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 2810 endogenous ocular candidiasis, 2888
NSDM. See National Security Decision pneumonia, 837-838 exogenous ocular candidiasis, 2888
Memorandum Nutritional deficiencies, prevalence, 131t Ocular complications, 1555
NSP. See Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Nutritionally variant (deficient) streptococci Ocular disease
NspA. See Neisserial surface protein A (NVS), 2355-2356 adenovirus, impact, 1790
NSTIs. See Necrotizing soft tissue infections Nutritional macrodeficiency syndromes, PEM microsporidiosis, 3043
NTCP. See Sodium taurocholate cotransporting description, 125 Ocular histoplasmosis, 2957-2958
polypeptide Nutritional management, recognition, 130 treatment, 2961-2962
NTM. See Nontuberculous mycobacteria Nutritional supplementation, clinical trials, 125 Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, 1429
NTRs. See Nontranslated regions Nutrition, impact, 32 Ocular infections
NTS. See Nontyphoidal Salmonella NVE. See Native valve endocarditis microsporidia, relationship, 3038
Nuclear export protein (NEP), 2001 NVS. See Nutritionally variant streptococci treatment, adults, 2166-2167
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) Nyctereutes procyonoides, 1928 Ocular larva migrans, 3238
pathway, cellular transcription regulation, 31 NYVAC, 1667-1668 Ocular lesions, brucellosis (relationship), 2587
production, 42 Ocular Lyme disease, 1428
signaling, 2498 O Ocular pain, keratitis (contrast), 1393
suppression, silymarin (impact), 601 O-antigenic repeats, absence, 102 Ocular syphilis, 1426, 2697-2698
Nuclear factor kappa B essential modulator Obese bodies, dosage adjustment, 629 treatment, 1430-1431
(NEMO), 61-62 Obese hosts, influenza immune responses Ocular toxocariasis, 1427-1428
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) (alterations), 129f Ocular toxoplasmosis, 71, 1427, 3143-3144
activation, 30 Obese patients immunocompetent patients, 3135
production, 42 antibiotic dosing, 3501 therapy, 3150
Nucleated eukaryotic cells, resistance, 99 infection outcome risk, 128t Ocular tuberculosis, 1426-1427, 1427f
Nucleic acid Obesity systemic disease, presence, 1426-1427
amplification techniques, 10 BMI definition, 125 Ocular vaccinia, therapy, 1411-1412
detection, 2034-2035 immune mechanisms, relationship, 129 Oculoglandular (Parinaud’s) syndrome, 1229
Nucleic acid amplification assays (NAAAs), usage, infectious diseases, relationship, 128-129 Oculoglandular tularemia, 2596-2597
2091 Obligate anaerobes, indication, 786 Odds, expression, 620
Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), 1094, Observationalist-inductivist view, perspective, Odds ratio (OR), calculation/relationship, 148f
1347 605 Odontogenic infections, 795f
algorithm, impact, 2755 Observational studies, 149-152 complications, 799-800
Chlamydia pneumoniae, 2176-2177 Observer bias, 610 microbial specificity, 786-787
Chlamydia trachomatis, 2159-2160 Obstetric procedures, injury prevention, flowchart, 786f
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 2790 3366-3367 Odontogenic orofacial infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2458 OC43. See Organ culture 43 antimicrobial regimens, 795t-796t
usage, CDC recommendation, 209 Occludin (OCLN), 1907 spread, routes, 793f

Oerskovia species, 2379-2380
Oerskovia turbata, 2375
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP),
policy statement, 189
Ofloxacin (Floxin), 477
effectiveness, 435
OHL. See Oral hairy leukoplakia
OIA. See Optical immunoassay
Oil-in-water emulsions, 2020
Oklahoma tick fever, 1849
Older adults
asymptomatic bacteriuria, 896
bacterial meningitis, 1117
community-acquired pneumonia, 837
malnutrition, 131-132
multivitamin supplements, usage, 131
nutritional deficiencies, prevalence, 131t
nutritional supplements, 131-132
randomized, placebo-controlled
multivitamin/mineral supplementation
trials, 132t
trace mineral supplements, usage, 131
vitamin E, usage, 131-132
zinc, usage, 132
Old World arenaviruses, 2034
Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis
clinical manifestations, 3101
hyperkeratotic nodular presentation, 3100f
Leishmania major (impact), 3100f
treatment, 3104-3105
Old World macaques, herpes infection, 1783
Olecranon bursa biopsy sample, 3013f
Oligella species, 2678
identification, laboratory procedures (usage),
2468t
Oligella ureolytica, 2678
Olsenella, 2784
Omadacycline (PTK 0796), 442-443
efficacy trial, 443
OME. See Otitis media with effusion
Omen’s syndrome, 42
OmpA/OmpB, 2199, 2202
OmpF/OmpC porin channels, usage, 322-324
OMPs. See Outer membrane proteins
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, 1902
Onchocerciasis (river blindness), 1413, 3213
clinical manifestations, 3214
diagnosis, 3214
epidemiology, 3214
life cycle, 3213
pathology, 3214
prevention/control, 3214
therapy, 3214
treatment, ivermectin (usage), 523-524
Onychomycosis
Aspergillus (impact), 2901
dermatophytes, impact, 2992
One Health Initiative, 3554
O-nucleotidyltransferases (ANT), impact, 313
Onychomycosis, 2884
Candida onychomycosis, 2884f
dermatophytes, impact, 2990
forms, 2992-2993
Scytalidium dimidiatum (impact), 2992f
O’nyong nyong virus, 1869
Oocyst, 3123
excretion, 3174f
Oophoritis, development, 1945
Opa, expression, 2448
OPAT. See Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial
therapy
OPC-67683 (delamanid), derivation, 474
Open fractures, 1338-1339
bacterial contamination, 1337
classification, postoperative infection rates,
1335t
Open globe injuries, repair, 1417
Open-label studies, 610
Open lung biopsy, 832
Open pan-genome, 3-4
Open reading frames (ORFs)
arrangement, 1794-1795
codes, 2091
ORF2 protein, truncation, 2135
organization, 2131-2132
overlap, 1816-1817
presence, 1738-1739, 2123
Operational taxonomic unit (OTU), 12t
Operation Desert Storm, 181
Operative wounds
bacterial infection level classification, 3493t
infection prophylaxis, 454-455
O-phosphotransferases (APH), impact, 313
Ophthalmologists, examination (abbreviation),
1389-1390
Ophthalmology examination, 1389-1391
case examples, 1378-1379, 1389-1390
Opioid Substitution Therapies, 1480-1481
Opisthorchiasis, 3222
clinical manifestations, 3222
diagnosis, 3222
therapy, 3222
Opisthotonus, 2759f
Opportunist, term (usage), 2
Opportunistic disease (prevention), prophylaxis
(usage), 1646t-1647t
Opportunistic infections, 1645-1664
AIDS-associated opportunistic infections,
treatment, 1647t-1653t
ART management, 1644
ART usage, 1644
bacterial pneumonia, 1661
Bartonella species, 1663
Candida species, 1659-1660
Coccidioides immitis/posadasii, 1660-1661
Cryptococcus neoformans, 1660-1661
Cryptosporidium species, 1662-1663
Cyclospora species, 1662-1663
Cystoisospora species, 1662-1663
cytomegalovirus (CMV), 1658-1659
drug interactions, 1644
enteric pathogens, 1662
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 1659
herpes simplex virus, 1657-1658
Histoplasma capsulatum, 1660-1661
human herpesvirus 6/7, 1659
human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), 1663-1664
Kaposi sarcoma, 1663-1664
management, principles, 1644-1645
Microsporidium species, 1662-1663
Mycobacterium avium complex, 1662
Mycobacterium species infection, 1661-1662
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1661-1662
occurrence, 1645
pathogens, impact (absence), 1644
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, 1645-1657
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
(PML), 1659
prophylaxis, discontinuation/restarting,
indications, 1653t-1654t
prospective monitoring, 1643
Toxoplasma gondii, 1645-1664
Treponema pallidum, 1663
varicella-zoster virus, 1657-1658
viral hepatitis, 1663-1664
Opportunistic molds, 3010
Opportunistic pathogens
relative distributions, 14
spectrum, 1643-1644
OPS. See Orthogonal polarization spectral
Opsonic ligands, distribution, 84
Opsonins, 37
opsonin-dependent phagocytosis, 80
Opsonization, 37
Optical immunoassay (OIA), usage, 1957, 2290
Optic neuritis, chloramphenicol (impact), 337
OPV. See Oral polio vaccine
Oral absorption, 252
I81
Oral acyclovir
bioavailability, 548
problems, 549
Oral candidiasis (thrush), 1550f
Index
clinical manifestations, 2881-2882
Oral cavity
alimentary tract, relationship, 3389
anatomic considerations, 792-793
bacterial invasion, mucosal defenses, 792f
clinical manifestations/management, 793-803
cultivatable bacteria, 790t
focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck’s disease),
1800
indigenous oral flora, niches, 790
infections, 3391
microbiologic considerations, 789-791
mucosal immunity, 792
nonodontogenic infections, 800
odontogenic infections, microbial specificity,
786-787
pathogenetic mechanisms, 787
Oral cephalosporins
classification, 280t
effectiveness, 2291
Oral-cervicofacial disease, actinomycosis,
2865-2866
Oral chancre, 2693f
Oral contraceptive pills, pharmacokinetic
interactions, 1597t
Oral dexamethasone therapy, placebo-controlled
trial, 822
Oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
(FTC/TDF), approval, 1595
Oral epithelial cells, increase, 2350
Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), 1551, 1761
Oral lesions, 1551
Oral metronidazole, absorption, 351-353
Oral microbiome, 12-13
Oral microbiota, disease states (association), 13
Oral mucosa, infections, 800-802
Oral mucositis, management, 801
Oral polio vaccine (OPV), administration, 132
Oral ulcers, 1551
Oral valganciclovir, alternative, 1658
OraQuick HCV Rapid Antibody Test, 1915
OraQuick InHome HIV Test, FDA approval,
1524
Orbit
abscess, 1436
diagram, 1435f
eye direction, 1436f
anatomy, 1434-1435
anterior portion, diagram, 1433f
apex, 1436
cellulitis
clinical presentation, 1436
diagram, 1435f
radiologic studies, 1430
Orbital apex syndrome, suspicion, 1437
Orbital cellulitis, 1434-1435
Orbital infections, 1434-1438
anatomy, 1434-1435
clinical presentation, 1436
epidemiology, 1435
etiology/bacteriology, 1435-1436
laboratory/radiologic studies, 1436-1437
therapy, 1437-1438
Orbiviruses, 1849-1850
African horse sickness virus, 1850
agents, clinical manifestations, 1849-1850
background, 1849-1850
Changuinola virus, 1850
clinical disease, 1849-1850
diagnosis, 1850
epidemiology, 1849
Kemerovo virus antigenic complex, 1849
Lebombo virus, 1849
Oklahoma tick fever, 1849
Orungo virus, 1849
 I82
Orchitis, 1385-1386
bacterial orchitis, 1385-1386
management, 1946
men (HIV type 1 infection), 1386
Index
viral orchitis, 1385
ORFs. See Open reading frames
Orf virus (ORFV), 1703
Organ culture 43 (OC43), 1928
Organogenesis, complement (usage), 101
Organs
damage, CMV (impact), 1659
dysfunction, 927-928
host defenses, 3390
severe sepsis, relationship, 927f
severity, 922
failure, 2296
Organ transplant recipients
central nervous system, pathogens, 3447t
deaths
causes, 3441t
infections, impact, 3441f
pulmonary nodules, etiology, 3445t
Organ transplants
graft/patient survival rates, 3441t
patient, toxoplasmosis (source), 3131t
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
(OVLT), 713
Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), 327
clinical manifestations, 2225
diagnosis, 2225
epidemiology, 2225
etiology, 2225
geographic distribution, 2226f
prevention, 2226
rickettsial microorganism, transmission
electron micrograph, 3256f
signs/symptoms, prevalence, 2226t
vectors, exposure, 2223
ORN. See Osteoradionecrosis
Ornidazole, 356
Ornithodoros savignyi, 1883
Orofacial HSV infection, 1718-1719
Orofacial nonodontogenic infections, 800-802
oral mucosa, infections, 800-802
salivary gland, infections, 802
Orofacial odontogenic infections, 793-800
deep fascial space infections, 797-799
dentoalveolar infections, 793
diagnostic approaches, 803
face, space infections, 797-798
gingivitis, 793-797
infection, localization (imaging techniques),
803
infrahyoid space infections, 799
microbiologic investigation, 803
nonorofacial odontogenic infections, 795t-796t
odontogenic infections, complications, 799-800
pericoronitis, 794-797
periodontal abscess, 794
periodontal infections, 793-797
periodontitis, 794
suprahyoid space infections, 798-799
therapeutic considerations, 803-805
Oropharyngeal candidiasis, posaconazole
(Noxafil), usage, 490
Oropharyngeal infections, GNARs (impact), 2777
Oropharyngeal organisms, 849
Oropouche virus, 2028
Oroya fever, 2650-2651
Orthobunyavirus, 2025
Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging,
922
Orthopantomography (wingbite radiography),
803
Orthopedic prosthetic device infections, 2278
Orthopedic surgery
aminoglycosides, usage, 320-321
arthroplasty, 1338
closed fractures, 1338
Orthopedic surgery (Continued) Osteomyelitis (Continued)
hematogenous infection, prevention, 1339 impact, 1321-1322
open fractures, 1338-1339 injection drug users, 1325-1326
perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, intramedullary nail-associated osteomyelitis,
1338-1339 1338
prevention, 1338-1339 jaws, 800
Ortho-phthalaldehyde, usage, 3300-3301 management, 1322
Orthopoxviruses, 745 microbiology, 1320t
background, 1694 nail puncture wounds, 2526
chemical structure, 1694-1696 pathogenesis, 2267
laboratory diagnostics, 1701 plate-associated osteomyelitis, 1338
morphology, 1694-1696 principles, 1319-1321
pathogenesis, 1696 pubis, 1377
ST-246, impact, 1701 rifampin, impact, 346
therapy, 1701-1702 sickle cell disease, 1325
vaccination/immunity, 1696 skull base osteomyelitis, 2525-2526
Orthoreoviruses, 1848-1849 spinal cord injury, relationship, 3456-3457
background, 1848 staging system, 1319t
central nervous system manifestations, 1849 Staphylococcus aureus, 2267-2269
clinical disease, 1848-1849 surgical principles, 1321t
epidemiology, 1848 swab cultures, 1320
gastrointestinal manifestations, 1848-1849 T1-weighted MRI image, 2268f
hepatobiliary manifestations, 1848-1849 therapy, 2268-2269
respiratory tract manifestations, 1848 treatment, vancomycin (usage), 1320-1321
Orungo virus, 1849 vertebral osteomyelitis, 1322-1323, 2525
Oseltamivir, 537-539 Osteoradionecrosis (ORN), 804-805
action, mechanism, 537 Osteomyelitis, 2887
clinical studies, 538-539 OSTP. See Office of Science and Technology
interactions, 538 Policy
once-daily oral oseltamivir, prophylactic Otalgia
administration, 539 antihistamines, usage, 771
oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses, H275Y corticosteroids, usage, 771
mutation, 539 decongestants, usage, 771
oseltamivir-resistant isolates, recovery, 537 treatment, 771
pharmacokinetics, 537-538 Otitis externa, 767-768
prodrug, plasma protein binding, 538 acute diffuse otitis externa (swimmer’s ear),
resistance, 537 occurrence, 768
spectrum, 537 acute localized otitis externa, occurrence, 768
therapy, association, 537 chronic otitis externa, cause, 768
toleration, 538 clinical manifestations, 768
toxicity, 538 invasive (malignant) otitis externa, 768
Oseltamivir carboxylate, chemical structure, 535f malignant otitis externa (necrotizing otitis
Osler’s nodes externa), 2527-2528
genesis, 1210 management, 768
presence, 740-741 pathogenesis, 767-768
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (hereditary simple otitis externa (swimmer’s ear), 2527
hemorrhagic telangiectasia), 1167 Otitis media, 768-772
Osler, William, 823, 3047 acute otitis media, bacterial pathogens
Oslo Study, 2691 (isolation), 769t
OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test, 1362 bacteria, 769
OspC, gene encoding, 2725-2726 causes, 2465f
O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) chains, 2472 Chlamydia organisms, 770
Osteitis pubis, 1325 clinical course, 770
description, 1377 diagnosis, 770
Osteomeatal complex, 774-775 effusion, 2577
Osteomyelitis, 804-805, 1214-1215, 3456-3457 epidemiology, 768-769
acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, 1324 immunology, 770
antimicrobial therapy, 2526 incidence/microbiology/management, factors,
duration, 1321 768
beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2358 management, 770-771
chronic osteomyelitis, antimicrobial therapy, microbiology, 769-770
1321t Moraxella catarrhalis, 2464
chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Mycoplasma organisms, 770
1324-1325 nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae,
classification, 1318 2577-2578
clavicle, 1325 pathogenesis, 769
clinical manifestations, 2267 recurrence, risk factors, 2464
combat-related osteomyelitis, 2526 RSV infection, 1953
commonness, 141 S. pneumoniae (impact), 769
culture-negative osteomyelitis, 1326 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2317, 2322
diagnosis, 1319, 2268 viruses, 769-770
epidemiology, 2267 Otitis media with effusion (OME), 768
experimental models, lessons, 1318-1319 Otogenous tetanus, 770
forms, 1325-1326 Otosyphilis, 2698
frequency, microorganisms (impact), 2267t OTU. See Operational taxonomic unit
fungal osteomyelitis, 1326 Outbreak investigations, 151-152, 3290
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation infectious diseases physician, role, 613
(HSCT), 3429 Outbreak management, 3290
hemodialysis patients, 1325 Outcome assessments, 608-609

Outer membrane lipopolysaccharides, 2533-2534
Outer membrane proteins (OMPs), 293
P2/P5, 2577
P6, 2575
sequence homology, absence, 2686-2687
Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy
(OPAT), 625
antimicrobials
considerations, 628-629
properties, 628t
decision making, 626t
evidence-based data, 627-628
future, 629
infections, relationship, 627t
nuances, 627
patient selection, decision making, 626-627
theoretical advantages, 625
usage, frequency, 627-628
Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
Outcomes Registry, 626t
Ova and parasite (O&A) examination, 3054-3056
Ova and parasite (O&A) test, 3047
Overnutrition, 128-129
Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of
Concern (OSTP policy statement), 189
OVLT. See Organum vasculosum of the lamina
terminalis
Oxacillin (OXA)
oxacillin sodium, injection, 272
OXA-type beta-lactamases, derivation, 236
Oxacillinases (OXA), 2522
Oxamniquine, 526
absorption, 526
OXA-type beta-lactamases, class D
carbapenemases (description), 240-241
Oxazolidinones, 245, 409
action, mechanism, 406
antimicrobial activity, 406
chemical structure, 406
molecular structure, 407f
pharmacology, 406-407
resistance, 247-249
Oxidative burst, 84-86
Oxidative phosphorylation, 922, 3049
Oxidative stress, 1071
Oxoid, usage, 225
Oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity, 78
Oxygen, metabolites, 89
Oxygen tension, local decreases, 229
OZ277/OZ439, 495
P Pantoea
p7 proteins (HCV), 1906-1907
p55 protein, 2058-2059
PA. See Particle agglutination
PABA. See Para-aminobenzoic acid
Pacemakers
lead, microbial biofilm formation, 1042f
usage, 1062-1063
Pacini, Filippo, 2471-2472
PACRG. See Parkin coregulated gene protein
PACTG 076 regimen, 1600
PACTG 1043 data, 1601
PAE. See Postantibiotic effect
PAF. See Platelet activating factor
PAGE. See Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Paguma larvata, 1928
PAL. See Pyothorax-associated lymphoma
Palivizumab
preparation, 3545
recommendation, 1958
Palmar rash, 2694f
Palms, smallpox lesions, 1698f
Palpebral conjunctiva, 1393
multifocal ulceration, 1396
PAM. See Primary amebic meningoencephalitis
PAMPs. See Pathogen-associated molecular
patterns
PAN. See Polyarteritis nodosa
Pancreas
disorders, 1571
transplant recipients, 3444
Pancreatic disease, infectious causes, 970t
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT),
877
Pancreatic infections
antimicrobial penetration, 975
antimicrobial therapy, exposure, 971-972
defining, 971
diagnosis, 971
enteral feeding, usage, 972-973
incidence/mortality rate, antibiotics
(controlled trials/meta-analyses),
973t-974t
management, 972
microbiota, 971-972
occurrence, 970
prevention, 972-977
guidelines, 977
review article recommendations, 976-977
selective gut decontamination (SGD), usage,
973-975
single-institution experiences, 975
systemic antibiotic therapy, usage, 975-976
Pancreatic necrosis (incidence reduction), CIP/
MET (usage), 976
Pancreatitis
acute pancreatitis, infectious causes, 969
HIV infection, relationship, 969-970
tigecycline, impact, 333
PANDAS. See Poststreptococcal autoimmune
neuropsychiatric disorders associated with
streptococci
Pandemic and All-Hazards Act (PAHPA), 183
Pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1), 165
threat, recognition, 166-167
Pandemic influenza (H1N1), 165-167, 2005
composite signs/symptoms, 166f
laboratory confirmation, 166f
result, 2005
vaccines, 2023
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1), 161
Pandemic S. typhi, antibiotic resistance/
emergence, 1273
Pandemic viruses
bird origin, 2006-2008
swine origin, 2008
Paneth cells, location, 28-29
Pansinusitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis
(association), 800f
Enterobacter agglomerans, 2515
microorganisms, 2514-2516
Pantoea agglomerans, 2515
Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), 880
cytotoxin, 1320
expression, 1198
Panton-Valentine toxin, 2248
Panton-Valentine toxin-producing Staphylococcus
aureus (impact), 2248f
PAP. See Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Papain
cleavage function, 35
immunoglobulin molecule digestion, 35f
Papillary necrosis, infection (impact), 887-888
Papillomatous yaws, 2711f
Papillomavirus
interferons, impact, 578-579
virology, 1794-1795
Papular lesions, 2457f
Papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome,
736-737
Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), sulfonamides
(comparison), 410
Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), 464f-465f, 473
adverse reactions, 473
availability/dosage, 473
derivation, 473
I83
Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) (Continued)
pharmacology, 473
structure, 473
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 2996f
Index
Paracoccidioides lutzii, 2995
Paracoccidioidomycosis
acquired immune response, 2997-2998
adrenals, 2999
AIDS, relationship, 2999f
amphotericin B, usage, 3000
antifungal therapy, 3001t
azole derivatives, usage, 3000
cancer, relationship, 3000
chest high-resolution CT scan, 2999f
chest radiograph, 2999f
clinical manifestations, 2998
cultures, 3001
differential diagnosis, 3000
direct examination, 3000-3001
ecology/epidemiology, 2996
extrapulmonary lesions, 2999f
histology, 3001f
histopathologic studies, 3001
HIV-infected patients, 3000
humoral immune responses, 2998
immune-based diagnostic tests, 3001-3002
immunoregulation/immunomodulation, 2998
innate immune response, 2997
laboratory diagnosis, 3000-3002
lesions, 2999-3000
characteristics, 2998-2999
lungs, 2998
mucosa, 2998-2999
skin, 2999
lymph nodes, 2999-3000
molecular testing, 3002
pathogen, description, 2995
pathogenesis, 2996-2998
immune response, relationship, 2997-2998
skin tests, 3002
sulfonamides, usage, 3000
treatment, 3000
vaccines, 2998
Paradoxical IRIS, occurrence, 2807-2808
Paragonimiasis, 3224-3225
clinical manifestations, 3225
diagnosis, 3225
therapy, 3225
Paragonimus westermani (egg), 3223f
Parainfluenza type 3 virus, appearance, 763
Parainfluenza virus (PIV), 818
adult disease, 1939
clinical presentation, 1938-1940
diagnosis, 1940
enveloped RNA, 1937
epidemiology, 1938
human PIV virion/genome organization, 1938f
immunocompromised patients, 1939-1940
infection, clearance, 1938
microbiology, 1937
pathogenesis, 1937-1938
pediatric disease, 1939
pneumonia, development, 1939
prevention, 1941
therapy, 1940
Paralytic poisonings, prevention/control, 3278
Paralytic (dumb) rabies, 1989
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 1288,
3193-3194
Paramyxovirinae (phylogenetic tree),
nucleocapsid gene sequence (basis), 1975f
Paramyxovirus, 1942
Paranasal sinuses
anatomy/physiology, 774-775
imaging, 779
infections, 774-775
lining, 775
sterility, 775
Paranasal sinusitis, presence, 800
 I84
Parapneumonic effusions Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome, Pasteurella species (Continued)
outcome risk, categorization, 852t granulomatous conjunctivitis, 2655f endocarditis, 2605
stages, 832 Parinaud’s (oculoglandular) syndrome, 1229 epidemiology, 2603-2604
Parapoxviruses, 1705 Parkin coregulated gene protein (PACRG), 2820 infections, 2605
Index

agent, morphology/composition, 1703 Parkinsonism, signs, 1148 intra-abdominal infections, 2605

clinical manifestations, 1703-1704 Paromomycin, 512 joint infections, 2604-2605
diagnosis, 1704 three-dimensional structure, 312f pathogen, description, 2603
epidemiology, 1704 toxicity, 314 pathogenesis, 2604
immune response, 1703 usage, 3104 prevention, 2606
pathogenesis, 1703 Paronychia, 2884 prognosis, 2606
therapy, 1704 Candida paronychia, 2884f respiratory tract infections, 2605
Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand lip wounds, relationship, 3513 skin and soft tissue infections, 2604
(PCNZ), 1703 skin and soft tissue infections, 2526 strains, clinical characteristics, 2605t
Parasites, 220-222, 1400 Parotid spaces, 798 therapy, 2606
agents (transmission), blood components infection, 798 types, 2604t
(usage), 3357-3358 Parotitis. See Chronic bacterial parotitis; Pasteurization, usage, 3301
antigen detection, 222 Suppurative parotitis; Viral parotitis Pasteur, Louis, 2391
blood, 220 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), Pasteur, Sanofi, 1901
classification, 220t 111-112 Patch tests, 299
clearance data, modeling, 498 treatment, 588 Patent ductus arteriosus, closure device treatment,
culture, 222 PARP. See Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) 1055
detection polymerase PATH. See Program for Appropriate Technology
antigen tests, 204t Parran, Thomas, 2685 in Health
methods, 222 Partetravirus, 1840 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs),
nucleic acid-based tests, 205t Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), 946 43-44, 43f, 792, 1910-1911
specimen collection/diagnostic tests, Partial villus atrophy, 1300 detection, PRR (usage), 72
guidelines, 221t Particle agglutination (PA) assays, 1509 importance, 29
identification methods, 222 Parv4. See Human parvovirus 4 microorganism mediation, 72
impact, 3471 Parvimonas, 2782 recognition, 37
infections, metronidazole (impact), 355 Parvovirus, 1840 release, 2705
killing, 91 HSCT, relationship, 3436 structure, alterations, 31-32
microscopic stains, 202t Parvovirus B19 (B19V), 1840 Pathogenic anaerobes, virulence factors, 2740t
microscopy, 222 acute infection, virologic/immunologic/clinical Pathogenic bacteria
nucleic acid amplification, 3170 courses, 1842f adaptability, 3-4
nucleic acid-based tests, 222 arthropathy, 1843 toxins, 1242
recovery, media selection, 203t blood transfusions, 3355 Pathogenic fungi, features, 2874-2875
serology, 222 clinical manifestations, 1843-1845 Pathogenicity, 153
specimens, 221 diagnosis, 1845 control, coordination, 6
collection/transport, 220-221 disease manifestations, 1844-1845 genomics/evolution, 5-6
stool, 220-221 epidemiology, 1842-1843 islands, support, 5-6
tetracyclines, impact, 326 erythema infectiosum, 1843 mucosal host response, 75
Parasitic conjunctivitis, 1400 fetal infection (hydrops fetalis/miscarriage), regulation. See Bacterial pathogenicity.
parasites/ectoparasites, 1400 1844 Pathogenic microorganisms, regulation, 7
Parasitic flukes, life cycle, 3218f icosahedron, 1841 Pathogenic mycobacteria, growth requirements/
Parasitic keratitis, 1413-1414 immune response, 1845 characteristics, 210t
microsporidia/trypanosomes, impact, incidence, 1842 Pathogenic representatives, comparisons, 5
1413-1414 infection Pathogens
therapy, 1414 disease manifestation/persistence, 1841t commensal, discrimination, 73
Parasitic myositis (myalgia/eosinophilia manifestations, variation, 1843 concern, 182
combination), 1224 particles, 1840-1841 cytoplasmic pathogens, 62
Parasitic pneumonia electron micrograph, 1841f detection, 9-10
clinical presentation, 1564 pathogenesis, 1841-1842 discovery, 9-10
impact, 1564 prevalence, 1842 examples, 159t
Paratyphoid fever, 1270-1279 prevention, 1845-1846 distinction, 2
clinical features, 1275t pronormoblast, presence, 1842f emergence, 4, 3305
complications, 1276t pure red cell aplasia, 1844 fusidic acid (in vitro activity), EUCAST
Paravahlkampfia francinae, 3062 therapy, 1845 criteria (usage), 305t
Paravalvular leak, presence, 1031f transient aplastic crisis, 1843-1844 immunodeficiency diseases, association,
Paravalvular ring abscess, presence, 1031f transmission, mechanisms/routes, 1842-1843 135t
parC gene, resistance mutations, 421 vaccination, 1845-1846 laboratory screening (U.S. Blood Collection
Parechoviruses, 2071 virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, Centers), 3354t
cell membrane receptors, 2067t 1844 medical definition, 1-2
epidemiology, 2071 PAS. See Para-aminosalicylic acid; Periodic pathogen-specific immunity, characterization/
historical background, 2091 acid-Schiff measurement, 67-68
viral diagnosis, 2071 Passive immunity, usage, 1107 pathogen-specific T-cell responses, study, 67
virology, 2071, 2091-2092 Passive immunization, 47 pathogen-specific Tregs, expansion, 52
virus types, 2071 preformed antibodies, administration, 156 persistence, 3
Parenchymatous syndromes, 2696-2697 Passive surveillance, 150 phagosomal pathogens, 61-62
Parenteral antimicrobial therapy, 1132 Passive vaccination, indication, 47 surveillance, 150
Parenteral cephalosporins, classification, 280t Pasteurella bettyae, 2603-2604 Th2 responses, 51
Parenteral drugs, penetration (problems), 284-286 Pasteurella haemolytica, 2427 virulence, 132
Parenteral nutrition, infusion-related infection Pasteurella multocida, 2603 Pathophysiologic events, impact, 746t
(prevention), 3316t Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), 2604 PathoSystems Resource Integration Center
PARESIS, 2697 Pasteurella septica, 2603 (PATRIC), 11
Paresthesias, 1288 Pasteurella species Patient reported outcomes (PROs), 617
Paretic formula, 2696 bacteremia, 2605 Patients
Parietal peritoneum, 937 bone infections, 2604-2605 care, injury prevention (HIV transmission),
Parinaud’s oculoglandular conjunctivitis, central nervous system infections, 2605 3365-3366
1399-1400 clinical manifestations, 2604-2605 history, 733

Patients (Continued)
localized infiltrates/cavitation, radiographic
evidence, 867-869
PATRIC. See PathoSystems Resource Integration
Center
Pattern recognition molecules, 94
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 37, 43-44
families, 825
gene family, study, 30
hurdle, 26
ligand engagement, 72
usage, 72
PBMCs. See Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PBP. See Penicillin-binding protein
PBP2A. See Penicillin-binding protein 2A
PBSCs. See Peripheral blood stem cells
PBVs. See Picobirnaviruses
PCEV. See Purified chick embryo vaccine
PCF. See Pharyngoconjunctival fever
p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PCMS),
2951
PCI. See Percutaneous coronary intervention
PCNSL. See Primary CNS lymphoma
PCNZ. See Parapoxvirus of red deer in New
Zealand
PCP. See Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia;
Pneumocystis pneumonia
PCPV. See Pseudocowpox virus
PCT. See Procalcitonin
PCV-1. See Porcine circovirus 1
PCV7. See 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal
vaccine (PCV7)
PCV13. See 13-valent conjugate pneumococcal
vaccine
PD. See Pharmacodynamics
PD-1. See Programmed death 1
pDCs. See Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth factor
PDH. See Progressive disseminated
histoplasmosis
Peau d’orange appearance, 2262
PECAM. See Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion
molecules
Pedestal, 7-8
scanning electron micrograph, 8f
Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS), information (websites), 1617t
Pediatric epiglottitis
disappearance, 785-786
management, 787
Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Network, ART
toxicity study, 1600
Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection
elimination, 1618-1619
epidemiology, 1616-1617
information, websites, 1617t
Pediatric infections. See Infants
Pedicles, signal changes, 1322f
Pediculosis (lice)
clinical manifestations, 3248
diagnosis, 3246-3247
differential diagnosis, 3248
epidemiology, 3246
prevention, 3249
therapy, 3248-3249
Pediculosis capitis
pediculicide treatments, 3248t
therapy, 3249
Pediculosis pubis. See Crab lice
Pediculus humanus var. capitis
dorsal view, 3247f
unhatched nit/egg, 3247f
Pediculus humanus var. corporis, 2218
dorsal view, 3247f
live eggs, 3247f
Pediococcus species, 2360
Pedro-Pons sign, 2585
Peg-IFNs, adverse effects, 578
Pegylated interferon (PEG IFN), 1453-1454
monotherapy, 1459
side effects, 1459
treatment principles, 1459-1460
Pegylated interferon-α (PEG IFN-α), 1817, 1829
PEL. See Primary effusion lymphoma
Peliosis, 2652-2654
Pelvic abscess, 1377
Pelvic disease, actinomycosis, 2869
Pelvic infections
anaerobes, impact, 2739
clinical presentations, 2332-2333
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 430,
1377-1379, 1610-1611, 2456. See also Acute
pelvic inflammatory disease
acute PID, management, 1378-1379
clinical diagnosis/grading, 1378
diagnosis, 1378
empirical treatment, consideration, 1378
episodes, nonrecognition, 1378
gonorrhea, 2460
association, 2456
HIV-infected women, 1610-1611
oral treatment regimens, 1375t
parenteral treatment regimens, 1379t
preference, 2165
risk factors, 1377-1378
sequelae, 1379
treatment, fluoroquinolones (usage), 1379
tubo-ovarian abscess, management, 1379
Pelvic rest/antibiotics, treatment, 1378-1379
Pelvic suppurative thrombophlebitis, 1021
peripheral blood leukocytosis, presence, 1022
therapy, 1023
Pelvis, venous system drainage, 1020
PEM. See Protein-energy malnutrition
Penciclovir, 553-555
action, mechanism, 554
chemical structures, 548f
clinical studies, 554-555
interactions, 554
pharmacokinetics, 554
resistance, 554
spectrum, 553-554
topical penciclovir, formulation, 554
toxicity, 554
Penicillin, 263-270
action mechanism, 263
activity, 266t
gram-negative bacteria, 273f
adverse reactions, 268t
allergy, 2705
history, beta-lactams (usage), 301f
aminopenicillins, 272-273
antigens, formation (mechanisms), 268f
anti-infective agent pharmacology, 652t-654t
antimicrobial spectrum, 269t
antistaphylococcal penicillins, 272f
bacterial resistance, 263-265
beta-lactamase attack, site, 264f
carbapenems, cross-reactivity, 301
carboxypenicillins, 273
central nervous system toxicity, 268
chemistry, 263
classification, 265
clearance, 266
clinical use, 269-270
distribution, 266-267
dosage, 271t
forms, 627t
drug allergy, 300
clinical manifestations, 300
desensitization, 300
diagnosis, 300
epidemiology, 300
pathophysiology, 300
effectiveness, reduction, 1061
gastrointestinal disturbances, 269
hematologic toxicity, 268
I85
Penicillin (Continued)
isoxazolyl penicillins, 272
minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs),
265t, 2333
Index
natural penicillins, properties, 270-271
oral absorption, differences, 266
pharmacokinetic properties, 267t
pharmacologic properties, 266-267
properties, 270-274
prophylactic use, 270
removal, peritoneal dialysis (impact), 266
renal toxicity, 268
resistance, 1013-1014
S. aureus resistance, 2253
serum proteins, binding, 266
sructure, 264f
susceptibility, reduction, 1128
untoward reactions, 267-269
ureidopenicillins, 273-274
urinary concentrations, 267
Penicillinase, impact, 238
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 271-272
indications, 270
Penicillin-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations,
minimal inhibitory concentrations, 274t
Penicillin-binding protein (PBP)
changes, 246
high-molecular-weight PBPs, binding, 293
susceptibility, 241
target, changes, 284
transpeptidation reaction, 264f
Penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), 2247f
affinity, improvement, 2257
fragility, 2255
Penicillin G (benzyl penicillin G), 270
minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs),
1061
skin testing, 300
structure, 271f
Penicillin-resistant gram-negative rods, 803
Penicillin-resistant meningococci, discovery, 225
Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP)
meningitis, in vitro studies, 347
Penicillin-sensitive streptococcal endocarditis,
1011-1013
Penicillin skin test, usage, 287
Penicillin species, contaminant, 214
Penicillin V (phenoxymethyl penicillin), 271
structure, 271f
Penicillium marneffei, 3010-3011
Penicillium marneffei (appearance), 2876f-2877f
Penile chancre, 2693f
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), 1800
Penile lymphangitis, 2454-2455
Penis, chancroidal herpes simplex virus lesion,
1720f
Pentamidine
dosing, modification, 513
drug interactions, 492
formulations/pharmacology/indications, 492
resistance, 513
side effects, 492
usage, 492, 3103, 3105
Pentamidine isethionate, 512-513
Pentavalent antimony, usage, 3103
Penton protein, 1787-1788
Pentoxifylline, usage, 589
PEP. See Postexposure prophylaxis
PEPFAR. See President’s Emergency Plan for
AIDS Relief
Pepsin, digestion, 35f
Peptic ulcer disease, curing, 369
Peptide autoinducers, usage, 6-7
Peptide binding, 54-55
Peptidoglycan, 2246-2247
biogenesis, 2495
cell wall, Enterobacteriaceae, 2504
gram-positive surface proteins, anchoring,
2246f
 I86
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), 89
Peptidoglycans, 44
Pepti-LAV (line immunoassay), 1514-1515
Peptoniphilus, 2782-2783
Index
Peptostreptococcus, 2783
infection, 2538
Peracetic acid (peroxyacetic acid)
hydrogen peroxide, combination, 3301
usage, 3301
Peramivir, 539-540
action, mechanism, 539
chemical structures, 535f
clinical studies, 540
interactions, 539
oral therapy, 540
pharmacokinetics, 539
resistance, 539
spectrum, 539
toxicity, 539-540
Percent polymorphonuclear cells, septic arthritis
(presence), 1306t
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 1052
Percutaneous vascular closure devices (PVCDs),
1053-1054
Perforated appendicitis, study, 943
Perianal abscess, commonness, 141
Perianal candidiasis, 2884
example, 2885f
Perianal prophylaxis, ART regimens (usage), 1598
Perianal warts, commonness, 1800
Pericardial effusions, 1076
Pericardial fluids, laboratory processing, 195-196
Pericarditis, 1074-1078
actinomycosis, 2867-2870
acute pericarditis, noninfectious causes, 1077t
clinical manifestations, 1076-1077
clinical spectrum, 2266
diagnosis, 1077-1078
etiologic agents, 1074-1076
infectious causes, 1075t
pathology/pathogenesis/pathophysiology, 1076
primary pathogenic fungi, impact, 1075
pulmonary histoplasmosis, 2953-2954
Staphylococcus aureus, 2266
therapy, 2266
treatment, 1078, 2961
tuberculous pericarditis, 1076f, 2814
Pericardium
electrical activity, absence, 1077
granuloma, presence, 1076f
inflammation, 1074
Pericoronitis, 794-797
Periglomerular fibrosis, 887
Perihepatitis, 2456
Perihilar mass lesion, blastomycosis, 2966f
Perilimbal sparing, bilateral conjunctival
injection, 3281f
Perinatal diagnosis, HIV (relationship), 1521
Perinatal HIV infection, adult complications,
1620
Perinatal infections, 2167-2168
Perinatally acquired HIV infection, primary
prevention, 1501
PErinatal TRAnsmission (PETRA) trial, 1501
Perinatal varicella, 1733
Perineal lacerations, infections, 1374-1375
Perinephric abscess, 906-907
diagnosis/therapy, 906-907
left perinephric abscess, contrast-enhanced CT
scan, 907f
ultrasound examination, 907f
Perineum, Candida vaginitis extension, 2883f
Periocular skin, 1393
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains, 2876, 2967-2969
Periodic fever, 1230
Periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges
(PLEDs), 2027
Periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs), 2151
Periodontal abscess, 794
Periodontal disease
cause, 787
gum recession, display, 138f
Periodontal infections, 793-797
Periodontitis, 794, 803-804
consideration, 13
HIV, relationship, 1551
Periodontium, chronic inflammation, 794
Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis,
1338-1339
Periorbital infections, 1388
Periorbital skin, 1393
Peripheral anterior synechiae, 1404
Peripheral blood, 1140
E. chaffeensis presence, 2231
KSHV viral loads, presence, 1781
leukocytosis, presence, 1022
lymphocytes, photomicrographs, 2049f
lymphopenia, occurrence, 926
monocytes, mitochondrial dysfunction, 922
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs),
1530-1531
expression, 2058-2059
HHV-6 antigen, detection, 1775
Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs), 583
Peripheral eosinophilia, 1281-1282
Peripheral intravenous cannulization, 3315
Peripheral joints, infection (physical examination
findings), 1305
Peripheral leukocytosis, disclosure, 1895
Peripherally inserted central venous catheters
(PICCs), 3317-3318
elastomeric infusion device, usage, 2548
Peripheral nerves
damage, Mycobacterium leprae (impact), 2822
fibers, inflammatory infiltrates, 1584
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) syndromes,
1584-1586
Peripheral neuropathy, description, 466
Peripheral nodes, tuberculous lymphadenitis
(scrofula), 2816
Peripheral osteoarticular tuberculosis, 2815
Peripheral tissues, lymph draining, 65
Peripheral vascular stents, 1053
diagnosis, 1053
epidemiology, 1053
management/outcome, 1053
prevention, 1053
Peripheral vessels, involvement, 1026
Peripheral white blood cell (WBC), laboratory
evaluation, 1305
Periplasmic space, 2504
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), 1328-1335
antimicrobial therapy, 1333-1335
bacteremia, risk, 1330
bead mill processing, 1331
blood tests, 1330
chronic periprosthetic joint infection, 1330
classification, 1329
clinical presentation, 1330
culture/histopathology, intraoperative samples,
1330-1331
débridement, implant retention, 1332
definition, 1328-1329, 1329t
diagnostic procedures, 1330-1331
differential diagnosis, 1330
imaging procedures, 1331
implant-associated infections, treatment,
1333t-1334t
microbiology, 1330
molecular diagnostics, usage, 1331
one-stage exchange, 1332
pathogenesis, 1329
patient characteristics, 1329
positron emission tomography, usage, 1331
postoperative-related factors, 1329
risk factors, 1329-1330
sonication, 1331
surgery-related risk factors, 1329
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) (Continued)
surgical interventions, 1332
antimicrobial therapy, 1333f
synovial fluid cell contents, 1330
synovial fluid culture, 1330
treatment concepts, 1331-1335
two-stage exchange, 1333
Peritoneal cavity
needle aspiration, 947
posterior peritoneal reflections/recesses,
schema, 936f
recesses, 936
sagittal section, schema, 937f
serous membrane, lining, 937
Peritoneal defenses
alterations, 954
assistance, 945
Peritoneal dialysis
acute peritoneal dialysis, 956
catheter-associated infections, 2279
long-term peritoneal dialysis, 954-956
peritonitis, usage, 954-956
Peritoneal exudate, cytokine responses (study), 945
Peritoneal fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte cell
counts, indication, 941
Peritoneal fluids, laboratory processing, 195-196
Peritoneum, Candida infection, 2887
Peritonitis, 938-956
bacteria, virulence (enhancement), 944
Candida peritonitis, 2892
cytokine response, 945
diagnosis, 954
GNARs, impact, 2778
manifestations, 946
negative cultures, occurrence, 955
peritoneal dialysis, antibiotic dosage, 948t
primary peritonitis, 938-942
prognosis, 955
quinolones, usage, 432
secondary peritonitis, 942-954
tertiary peritonitis, 942-954
tuberculous peritonitis, 2816
usage, 954-956
Peritonsillar abscess, 787, 2289
quinsy, 802
Periurethral abscess, 2454-2455
Periurethral glands (Skene’s glands), 2455
Perivalvular abscess, multislice computed
tomography, 1033f
Perivalvular infiltrates, composition, 2689
Perivascular macrophages, role, 1109
Peromyscus maniculatus, 2026
Per-protocol population, 619
Persistent diarrhea, 1243, 1286-1287
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL),
1549
Persistent hepatitis, 119
Personal protective equipment, 3288
PERT. See Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
Pertactin (PRN), usage, 2620, 2623-2624
Pertussis, 161
acellular pertussis vaccines, 2626
antimicrobial agents, 2624-2625
carrier state, 2622
cases (Canada), 2622f
cases (NNDSS report), 161f
chemoprophylaxis, 2626-2627
complications, 2623
culture, 2623
diagnosis, 2623-2624
direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing, 2624
health care workers, vaccination, 2626
immunization, 2625
molecular diagnosis, 2623-2624
postexposure prophylaxis, 2627t
prevention, 2625-2627
schools/daycare centers, 2627
serology, 2624
supportive care, 2625

Pertussis (Continued)
therapy, 2624-2625
tissue damage. See Lungs.
treatment, 2624t
vaccination, 2625t
studies, 2626
vaccine, availability, 3537-3538
whole-cell vaccines, 2625
Pertussis toxin (PTX), 2623-2624
Pertussis toxin (PT), action, 2620
Peru-15, 2479
PERV. See Porcine endogenous retrovirus
Petechiae, 1393
meningococcal disease, 2434f
Petechial eruptions, 738
Petechial exanthems, 2083
Petechial lesions, impact, 2435
Petechial rashes, viral illnesses, 738
PETRA. See PErinatal TRAnsmission
Peyer’s patches, 8, 918
Pfeiffer, Richard, 1270-1271
PfEMP-1
impact, 3073
variant antigens, 3077
PFGE. See Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Pfiesteria-associated syndrome, 3194
P fimbriae, 889
presence, 889
PGA. See Poly-gamma-dl-glutamic acid
PGL. See Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
PGL-1. See Phenolic glycolipid 1
P-glycoprotein (Pgp)
importance, 523
transporter, 523
PGRP. See Peptidoglycan recognition protein
pH1N1. See Pandemic H1N1
Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, 2994
Phaeohyphomycosis
agents, 3006-3009
brain, Cladophialophora sp. (impact), 3007f
cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, Exophiala
jeanselmei (impact), 3008f
cyst manifestation, 3007f
Phaeohyphomycotic meningitis, 1141
Phage-encoded virulence determinants, examples,
4t
Phagocytes, 37
attachment, 37
defects, impact, 142-144
immune defects, 139-142
signaling, defects (impact), 142
Phagocytic cells
microbicidal mechanisms, 100
parasitization, 61
pulmonary host defense role, 824-825
Phagocytosis, 83-84
defenses, 30
Entamoeba histolytica, 3051
impact, 90
intracellular uptake, 83
Phagosomal pathogens, 61-62
Pharmacodynamics (PD), 255-261
anti-infective agents
animal models, 256
clinical trials, 256
concentration-dependent killing agents, 256
effects, study methodology, 255-257
postantibiotic effect, 257
time-dependent killing agents, 256-257
in vitro models, 255-256
antimicrobial potency, 255
antiretroviral pharmacodynamics, 260-261
antiviral drugs, 261
applied clinical PK-PD, 257-261
continuous-infusion/extended-infusion
regimens, 258-259
dose-refinement considerations, 259
higher-dose extended-interval dosing,
257-258
I87
Pharmacodynamics (PD) (Continued) Phthirus pubis
indices, 255 erythematous lesions, 3247f
relationships, 255f Phthirus pubis (ventral image), 3247f
Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions, Phylochip, 12t
Index
occurrence, 707 Phylograms, usage, 1867f
Pharmacokinetics (PK), 252-255 Physical agents, HAV resistance, 2096-2097
absorption, 252 Physician’s Information and Education Resource
biotransformation, 254 (PIER), 2394
distribution, 252-254 Physiologic processes (decline), aging (impact),
elimination, 254-255 226
metabolism, 254 Physiologic variables, 709-711
Pharmacologic abbreviations/definitions, 253t normal body temperature, 710-711
Pharmacologically immunosuppressed renal PIA. See Polysaccharide intercellular adhesion
transplant recipient, spleen (cut surfaces), PICCs. See Peripherally inserted central venous
2653f catheters
Pharyngeal cleft cysts, 802 Picobirnaviruses (PBVs), 2129
Pharyngeal gonorrhea, documentation Picornaviridae family, HBV (relationship),
(importance), 2455-2456 1815-1816
Pharyngeal infection, 2455-2456 PID. See Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pharyngeal tonsil, involvement, 2369f PIE. See Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia
Pharyngeal tularemia, 2597 PIER. See Physician’s Information and Education
Pharyngitis, 1230 Resource
adenovirus, 756 Pig-Bel, 1268-1269
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, 755 Pigmented penile warts, bowenoid papulosis
atypical bacteria, 755 mimicry, 1799f
bacterial causes, 754 pIgR. See Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2357-2358 PI(3)K. See Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate
clinical manifestations, 754-756 kinase
complications, 758-759, 2357-2358 Pili
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 755 Bacteroides (presence), 2776
culture management approach, 757t Enterobacteriaceae, 2505-2506
diagnosis, 756-758 importance, 7
enteroviruses, 756 Porphyromonas (presence), 2776
epidemiology, 753-754 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2519-2520
Epstein-Barr virus, 755 visualization, 2592
etiology, 753 Pillemer, Louis, 93
Fusobacterium necrophorum, 755 PI*MZ, occurrence, 808
Group A Streptococcus, 754 Pinhole visual acuity, 1372
Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis Pink coccoid groups, 2680
antimicrobial therapy, 758t Pink eye (viral conjunctivitis), 1394-1396
clinical/epidemiologic findings, 757t Pink-pigmented gram-negative bacilli, 2680
herpes simplex virus, 756 Pinta, 2712
human immunodeficiency virus, 755-756 Pin-track infection, 1338
Modified Centor Score, 757t Piperacillin, 273-274
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 755 adverse reactions, 274
non-group A streptococcus, 754-755 intravenous bolus administration, 274
pathogenesis, 754 Piperacillin-tazobactam
pharyngitis-associated acute extended/continuous infusion, 258-259
glomerulonephritis, epidemiologic spectrum, broadness, 276
characteristics, 2307t Piperaquine, 502
recognition, 755-756 clinical use, 502
therapy, 758 lipophilic property, 502
Pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF), 756, 1395 pharmacokinetics, 502
components, 1790 resistance, 502
Pharyngomaxillary space, 798-799 toxicity, 502
Phase I reaction (drug metabolism), 254 Piperaquine phosphate, 502
Phase II reaction (drug metabolism), 254 Piperazine, 525
PHDC (RT-46 complex), 2535 Pipistrella genus, 1932
PHEMCE. See Public Health Emergency Medical Pityriasis rosea, 737
Countermeasures Enterprise Pityriasis versicolor, 2993
Phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1), 2820 clinical manifestations, 2993
Phenolics, usage, 3301 organisms, 2993
Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), 2275 pathogenesis, 2993
Phenotypic assays, usage, 220 therapy, 2993
Phenotypic diversity, 50-54 Pityrosporum orbiculare, 2993
PHEP. See Public Health Emergency Pityrosporum ovale, 2993
Preparedness PIV. See Parainfluenza virus
Phlebotomus papatasi (sand fly vector), 2029, Pivalic acid, impact, 565
3094f PIVs. See Parainfluenza viruses
Phlebovirus, 173, 2025 PI*ZZ, occurrence, 808
pH, local alterations (occurrence), 229 PJI. See Periprosthetic joint infection
PHMB. See Polyhexamethylene biguanide PK. See Pharmacokinetics
PhoP/PhoQ, usage, 1273-1274 PKDL. See Post-Kala-Azar dermal
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase [PI(3) leishmaniasis
K], 81f, 512 Placebo effects, 607
Phospholipase B gene (PLB1), 2939 Placenta, aminoglycosides (crossing), 227
Phosphoprotein, 1942 Plague, 182
Phosphotransferase system (PTS), 16 antimicrobial agents, 2613
Phrenicocolic ligament, 936-937 bubonic plague, 2609
 I88
Plague (Continued)
cases (United States), 2610f
chemoprophylaxis, 2613
diagnosis, 2612-2613
Index
ecology/transmission, 2610f
environmental control, 2614
environmental persistence, 2615
infection control, 2613
killed whole-cell vaccine (KWC), 2611
laboratory findings, 2612
live attenuated vaccine (LWC), 2611
mass prophylaxis, 2614
occupational exposure, 2614
pandemics, 2607
pneumonic plague, 2611-2612
prevention, 2613-2614
primary pneumonic plague, chest radiograph,
2611f
septicemic plague, 2609-2611
supportive therapy, 2613
syndromes, 2612
therapy, 2613
vaccination, 2614
vaccine, availability, 3538
worldwide distribution, 2609f
Plane warts (verrucae planae), 1798
Plantar rash, hyperkeratosis (presence), 2694f
Plaque reduction assay (PRA), usage, 220
Plasma
HIV viral load, sexual transmission
determinant, 1724
impact, 98t
proteins
daptomycin, affinity, 395
linezolid, binding, 407
viral load monitoring, 1638-1639
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), 1537
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC), type I IFN
source, 1911
Plasmapheresis, 2439
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance
identification/verification, 422
presence, 246
Plasmids, 235-236
DNA vaccines, immunogenicity, 1668
EcoRI-digested plasmids, agarose gel, 250f
Enterobacteriaceae, 2508
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2448
plasmid-encoded TEM, 284
plasmid-encoded virulence determinants,
examples, 4t
plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases,
231
Plasmodium falciparum
ABO blood groups, 3077
acquired immunity, 3077
amodiaquine, 3079
antigenic variation, 3077, 3077f
antimalarial drugs, action/resistance
mechanisms, 3079-3080
apicoplast ribosomal subunits, 324
artemisinin-based combination therapies,
3078f
artemisinin derivatives, 3080
artemisinin resistance, threat, 3078f
atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone), 3079
chemokines negativity, Duffy antigen receptor
(usage), 3077
chloroquine, 3079
chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum
(evolution), 3071f
doxycycline, 3079
genetic resistance, 3076-3077
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
deficiency, 3076-3077
hemoglobin F, 3076
hemoglobins S/C/E, 3076
impact, 127
infection, 2042
Plasmodium falciparum (Continued) PMCA. See Protein misfolding cyclic
malaria, 3082-3083 amplification
pathogenesis, 3073f PMCs. See Pleural mesothelial cells
protective relevance, 117 PML. See Progressive multifocal
resistance, genes (examples), 117t leukoencephalopathy
mefloquine, 3079-3080 PMLs. See Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
pathophysiology, 3072-3073 PMMA. See Polymethylmethacrylate
premunition, 3077f PMN. See Polymorphonuclear neutrophil
quinidine, 3079-3080 PMNS. See Postmalarial neurologic syndrome
quinine, 3079-3080 PMT. See Pasteurella multocida toxin
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis, 3077 PMTCT. See Prevention of mother-to-child
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, 3079 transmission
thalassemias, 3076 PNAG. See Poly-N-acetylglucosamine
therapy, 3084-3088 Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, antibody
principles, 3084 responses, 2324
Plasmodium knowlesi, 3075 Pneumococcal capsular serotypes, 2314-2315
Plasmodium malariae, 3075 Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
Plasmodium ovale, 3075 availability, 3539
Plasmodium parasites, speciation, 3080f usage, 2324f
Plasmodium vivax, 3075 Pneumococcal constituents, role, 2312t
protection, 117 Pneumococcal endocarditis, 1017-1018
Platelet activating factor (PAF), 589, 920, 1108 Pneumococcal infection
release, 923 incidence/severity, predisposition (conditions),
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), usage, 2316t
848 predisposition, factors, 2316-2317
Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecules therapy, 2322-2323
(PECAM), 81f Pneumococcal meningitis
inclusion, 82 head, CT scans, 1121f
Platelets therapy, 2323
blood transfusions, 3357 Pneumococcal pneumonia
role, 2263-2264, 3386 blood diagnosis, 2320t
Plazomicin (ACHN-490), 441-442 complications, 2320
Pleconaril, 579-580 diagnostic microbiology, 2319-2320
chemical structure, 580f expectorated sputum, presence, 829f
evaluation, 1127 laboratory findings, 2319
PLEDs. See Periodic lateralizing epileptiform pathogenesis, 2318
discharges physical findings, 2319
Pleocytosis, presence, 2730 predisposing factors, 2319
Plesiomonas species, 2674-2675 radiographic findings, 2319
Pleural effusions radiographic/microbiologic/pathologic features,
antimicrobial therapy, 852 2318f
chest radiographs, 835f symptoms, 2319
clinical manifestations, 849 Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine,
complication, 832 availability, 3538-3539
demonstration, anteroposterior chest Pneumococcal vaccines, recommendations,
radiograph (usage), 3486f 816-817, 2326t
drainage, 852-853 Pneumococcus (pneumococci)
surgical intervention, 853-854 anatomy, 2311f
examination, 832 defense/susceptibility, immunologic
imaging studies, 849 mechanisms, 2315-2316
laboratory diagnosis, 850-851 pathogen predominance, 776
management, 2400 in vivo susceptibility, likelihood, 2322t
microbiology, 848-849 Pneumocystis
pathophysiology, 847-848 biochemical/metabolic studies, 3017-3018
presence, 850f DNA, detection, 3019
symptoms, duration (impact), 853 identification, 134
treatment, 851-854 Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pleural fluids antiviral prophylaxis, 3405
laboratory processing, 195-196 hepatic infection, occurrence, 1570-1571
LDH level, 851 infections
Pleural infection (evaluation), MRI (role), 849 therapies, 492
Pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs), stimulation, 847 TMP-SMX, impact, 416-417
Pleural space, fungal infections, 849 isolation/food/lifestyle, impact, 3406
Pleural tuberculosis, diagnosis, 851 pentamidine, usage, 492
Pleurisy with effusion, impact, 2813 presence, 28
Pleurodynia, 2084 prophylactic measures, 3406
clinical manifestations, 2084 prophylaxis, 3405
diagnosis, 2084 colony-stimulating factors, role, 3405
epidemiology, 2084 immunoglobulins, role, 3405-3406
management, 2084 treatment/prevention, agents (usage), 492
pathogenesis, 2084 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, usage, 492
prognosis, 2084 Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), 1558
syndromes, 1223 clinical outcome, risk factors, 1561
Pleuropulmonary actinomycosis, result, 849 decline, 1558-1559
Pleuropulmonary infections, 2739-2740 impact, 1561-1562
aspiration events, association, 2778 manifestations/natural history, 1645
clostridial infections, 2772 microbiologic resistance, 1654
PLY. See Pneumolysin occurrence, 134
PMC. See Pseudomembranous colitis opportunistic infection, 1645-1657
 I89
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) Pneumonic tularemia, 2597-2598 Polymeric zanamivir conjugates (Continued)
(Continued) outbreak, 2594 interactions/toxicity, 544
parenteral pentamidine therapy, 1655 Pneumopericardium, chest radiograph, 1084f pharmacokinetics, 544
prevention, 1645 Pneumovirus, 1942, 1948 resistance, 544

Index
priority, 1656 PNH. See Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria spectrum, 544
T-cell abnormality indications, 134 PNS. See Peripheral nervous system Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 1329
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Pocket factor, removal, 2115 Polymicrobial bacterascites, 938-939
bilateral infiltrates, chest radiograph, 3023f Podophyllotoxin, availability, 1802 Polymicrobial endocarditis, 1009-1010
chemoprophylaxis, 3028-3029 POHS. See Presumed ocular histoplasmosis Polymicrobial infections, 229-230
course/prognosis, 3025-3026 syndrome Polymicrobial infective endocarditis, presence,
development, risk, 3021t Point estimate, 619 1008
diagnostic evaluation/management, algorithm, pol gene, 2033-2034 Polymicrobial pelvic infection, biphasic
3024f products, 2059 pathophysiology, 1376f
epidemic form, 3022 Police powers, 155 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, QT
exposure, prevention, 3029 Polio prolongation, 363
host immune response, boosting, 3029 eradication/endgame strategic plan (WHO), Polymorphism, bacterial infection (relationship),
HRCT scan, 3024f 2078t 2234-2235
prevention, 3027-3029, 3028t formalin-inactivated/live-attenuated vaccines, Polymorphonuclear cells
prophylaxis, cessation, 3028-3029 development, 1681 characteristics, lumbar puncture (usage), 1743
treatment, 3026-3027, 3026t vaccine CSF evaluation, 1161
HIV-infected person, deterioration, 3025t availability, 3539-3540 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs), 78, 2008
Pneumocystis prophylaxis, receipt/type, 1559 travel considerations, 3563 persistence, 1039
Pneumocystis species Polioencephalitis, 2075 production, 80
clinical manifestations, 3022-3023 Poliomyelitis Polymorphonuclear leukocytosis, presence, 1192
diagnosis, 3023-3025 bulbar paralytic poliomyelitis, 2075 Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN), 1350
epidemiology, 3018-3019 clinical subclinical forms, schema, 2074f genes, expression, 890
histologic findings, 3022f global eradication, 2078 killing functions, 891
life cycle, 3017f minor illness, 2068 leukocytes, 1409
organisms, 3018f postpoliomyelitis syndrome, 2076 presence, 1361
pathogen, 3016-3018 spinal paralytic poliomyelitis, 2074-2075 Polymyxin B, 460
pathology/pathogenesis, 3019-3022 vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, 2077 action, mechanism, 460
serologic study (San Francisco), 3020f vaccine-derived poliomyelitis viruses, 2078 activity, in vitro spectrum, 460
Pneumolysin (PLY), 2319-2320 vaccines, usage, 2077-2078 adverse effects, 460
Pneumomediastinum, chest radiograph, 1084f Poliovirus, 1161 chemical structure, 402f
Pneumonia, 2318-2320. See also Acute bivalent oral poliovirus vaccines, 2077 clinical uses, 460
pneumonia; Viral pneumonia clinical manifestations, 2074-2075 dosing, 402
adults, 2465 complications, 2075 Polymyxins, 249
aminoglycosides, usage, 320 differential diagnosis, 2075 action, mechanism, 401
Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 2538 history, 2073-2074 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 668t
community-acquired pneumonia, 2525 immunization, 2076-2078 antimicrobial activity, 401
complications, 2320 inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), 2076 clinical use, 404
diagnosis, 3326-3327 incubation period, 2074 dosing recommendations, 404t
diagnostic microbiology, 2319-2320 infection, clinical manifestations, 2074-2075 inhalation therapy, 404
elderly, 3453-3454 laboratory diagnosis, 2075 package insert dosing recommendations, 403t
etiologic agents, association, 827 live-attenuated poliovirus vaccine, 2076 pharmacodynamics, 403
group B streptococcal pneumonia, 2344 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines, 2077 pharmacokinetics, 401-403
hospital exposure, 2524-2525 pathogenesis, 2074 preparations, availability, 401
inpatient therapy, 2322-2323 pathophysiology, 2074 resistance, 2555-2556
laboratory findings, 2319 prognosis, 2075-2076 sources, 401
microbial causes, 3442t risk factors, 2075 structure, 401
Moraxella catarrhalis (impact), 837 structural studies, 1683f toxicity, 403-404
nonrespiratory symptoms, 836 therapy, 2076 usage, 2556
occurrence, 827 vaccines, 2076-2077 Poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), 2274-2275
outpatient therapy, 2322 virology, 2074 Polyomaviruses
overview, 2318 Poliovirus receptor (PVR), 2074 epidemiology, 1807-1808
pathogenesis, 2318 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), genome, 1808
physical findings, 2319 1860-1861 genomic map (-5 kb), 1808f
pneumonia-related deaths, estimation, 2003t Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), 1826, 1844-1845 history, 1807
predisposing factors, 2319 Polyarthritis, alphaviruses infections, problems, 3449
radiographic findings, 2319 clinical manifestations, 1872 receptors/cell entry, 1808
radiographic manifestations. See Coxiella impact, 1869-1870 virology, 1807-1808
burnetii. Polycationic aminoglycosides, permeability Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
symptoms, 2319 (enhancement), 312-313 (PARP), role, 1114
syndromes, 836-841 Polyenes, usage, 2890, 2905-2906 Polyprotein (HCV), 1905-1906
therapy, 2322-2323 Polyfunctional cells, frequencies (increase), 1530 Polyradiculitis, 1138
treatment. See Coxiella burnetii. Poly-gamma-dl-glutamic acid (PGA), 2275 Polyribitol ribose phosphate (PRP), 2577
vaccine secretion, 2274 Polysaccharide (PS)
protection, 2325-2326 Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), 1414 antigens, 44f
recommendations, 2326 usage, 3067 capsular polysaccharides, 2775
vancomycin, impact, 387 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Polysaccharide A (PSA), 2737
viral agents, impact, 837 amplification, 1512 Polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA), 2244,
viridans group streptococci, 2354 assay, usage, 1120 2274-2275
vitamin A, usage, 599-600 clinical utility, 1094 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Pneumonia severity index (PSI), 841 PCR-based strategies, 340 composition, 1051
Pneumonic plague, 2611-2612 usage, 224, 556-557 graft infection, 1051
adults, treatment (Working Group on Civilian Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), 70 risk factors, 1051t
Biodefense recommendations), 2614t Polymeric zanamivir conjugates, 544 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), biosynthesis,
person-to-person transmission, prevention, action, mechanism, 544 127-128
2612 clinical studies, 544 Pontiac fever, 2640
 I90
PopART trial, 1478-1479
Populations
analysis, 609
defining, 147-148
Index
Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV-1) DNA, 1863
Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), 1524
Porins
impact, 2449
loss, mutations, 243
PORN. See Progressive outer retinal necrosis
Porphyromonas
microbiology, 2774
overview, 2773
pili/fimbriae location, 2776
Portal vein, hepatic invasion route, 961
PORT score, 841
Posaconazole (Noxafil), 489-490
drug interactions, 489
indications, 489-490
invasive fungal infection, prophylaxis, 489-490
mold infection therapy, 490
oropharyngeal candidiasis, 490
side effects, 489
Positive tuberculin reactors, percentage, 2798f
Postabortal infections, 1372-1376
laboratory evaluation, 1375
Postantibiotic effect (PAE), 257
mechanism, 257
presence, 314
Postcardiac surgery, surgical site infection (risk
factors), 1082t
Postcardiothoracic surgery mediastinitis,
1084-1085
Postcesarean endomyometritis, pathophysiology,
1373f
Posterior synechiae, 1404
Posterior urethral valve, CT scan, 911f
Postexposure chemoprophylaxis
adverse effects, 3372-3373
clinical trials, 3371
efficacy, problems (epidemiologic/clinical
evidence), 3371
monitoring, 3374-3375
nonoccupational HIV exposures, 3374
Postexposure immunization, vaccines (usage),
3548
Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), 1503-1504, 1522,
1984
Postgonococcal urethritis, 1353
Postinfectious encephalomyelitis, 1146
Postinfectious fatigue syndrome, 1674
Postinfectious tropical malabsorption, 1297
Postinjection endophthalmitis, 1416
Post-Kala-Azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL),
3097-3098
papular lesions, 3097f
skin lesions, 3097
treatment, 3104
Postmalarial neurologic syndrome (PMNS), 500
Postnatal rubella, 1876-1877
complications, 1877
hemorrhagic manifestations, occurrence, 1877
laboratory diagnosis, 1878
Postneurosurgical meningitis, 1142-1143
Postoperative hardware-associated spine
infection, treatment, 1323
Postoperative patients, nosocomial fever of
unknown origin, 725
Postoperative peritonitis, prevention, 954
Postpartum endometritis (PPE), 1373-1374
cause, 1374
Chlamydia trachomatis (association), 1373
clindamycin/gentamicin combination,
effectiveness, 1373
diagnosis, 1373
early-onset PPE, response, 1374
polymicrobial infection, 1373
Postpartum infections, 1372-1376
Postperfusion injury, 112
Postpoliomyelitis syndrome, 2076
Postprimary (adult-type) pulmonary tuberculosis,
2799-2800
right apical infiltrate, chest radiograph, 2799f
Postsplenectomy infection
rates, hospitalization (requirement), 3469t
relative risk, hospitalization (requirement),
3470t
Postsplenectomy sepsis
diagnosis, 3471
management, 3471-3472
microbial agents, impact, 3470-3471
patient education, 3473-3474
prevention, 3472-3474
prophylactic antibiotics, usage, 3472-3473
risk factors, 3469t
vaccines, 3473
Poststernotomy mediastinitis, 1087
studies, 1087-1088
Poststreptococcal autoimmune neuropsychiatric
disorders associated with streptococci
(PANDAS), 2304
Postsurgical wounds, 803
Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease
(PTLD), 1761-1762, 1766-1768
Post-traumatic endophthalmitis, 1416-1417
Post-traumatic opportunistic skin infections,
1207-1208
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
development, 1677
Postvaccination encephalomyelitis (PVEM),
rarity, 1697
Postvaccination encephalopathy (PVE), 1697
Postviral fatigue syndrome, 1674
Potassium (K)ATP channels, activation, 923
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
addition, 1361
usage, 16-17
Pott’s disease (skeletal tuberculosis), 2814-2815
Pott’s paraplegia, 2814
Povidone-iodine, study, 453
POWER study, 1632
Poxvirus. See Parapoxviruses; Yatapoxviruses
example, 1344-1345
host immune response, 1696
pathogenesis, 1696
vectors, 1670
PPD. See Purified protein derivative
PPE. See Postpartum endometritis
PRA. See Plaque reduction assay
Praziquantel, 525-526
absorption, 526
safety, 526
therapy, 3231
toleration, 526
PRCA. See Pure red cell aplasia
Preauricular adenopathy, 1394
Prebiotics (efficacy evaluation), clinical trials
(usage), 21t
Pre-C mutation, 1825
Precore RNA (pre-C RNA), 1818
Predisposing cardiac conditions, correction, 1058
Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), 1503-1504, 1522,
1594, 1639
Preformed antibodies, administration, 156
Pregenomic RNA, encapsidation, 1819
Pregnancy
acute acquired Toxoplasma infection, 3150-3151
antiretroviral agents, usage (guidelines), 1601
antiretroviral drug use, pharmacokinetic/
toxicity data, 1602t-1605t
antiretroviral therapy (ART), goals, 1600
antiviral drugs, 1454
asymptomatic BV, treatment, 1367
bacteriuria, management, 905-906
brucellosis, 2587
cervical CMV infection, 1752t
chemoprophylaxis, 3373
CMV infection, 1751-1752
Pregnancy (Continued)
complications, 2166
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), 2215
drug therapy, 227
fetus, monitoring, 1606-1607
fosfomycin, usage, 450
Francisella tularensis (tularemia), 2600
genital herpes, clinical course, 1725-1726
gonorrhea, 2456
HBV treatment, 1834
herpes simplex virus
acquisition (prevention), antiviral agents
(usage), 1726
infection, 1725
HIV-infected women
antepartum care, 1605
antiretroviral drugs, usage, 1602t-1605t
vitamin A deficiency, 1598
HIV-infected women, management, 1601-1608
HIV testing, 1521
host factors, 227
host metabolism, impact, 17
impact, 1599-1600
Listeria monocytogenes infection, 2385
malaria, 3075
intermittent presumptive treatment, 3086
maternal health, antiretroviral drugs (usage),
1600-1601
mebendazole, safety, 521
mother-to-child transmission, 1475
Mycobacterium tuberculosis risk factors, 2810
nitrofurantoin, usage, 449
outcome, HIV infection (impact), 1600
pregnancy-associated group B streptococcal
disease, impact, 2342
quinine
safety, 3086
usage, risks, 502
spiramycin, utility, 517
symptomatic BV, treatment, 1367
Toxoplasma gondii infection, 3144
toxoplasmosis, 3135
treatment regimens, 3150t
traveler, 3567
trichomoniasis, 1363
trimethoprim, usage, 417
tuberculosis, treatment, 2808
urinary tract infections, 905-906
epidemiology, 905
vaccines, usage, 3547-3548
vaginal/gut microbiota, alterations, 17
women, monitoring, 1606-1607
women/offspring, measles, 1971
Preincision antibiotics, perioperative antibiotics
(contrast), 12
Preintegration complex, 2056
Preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis,
3498-3503
Preoperative intranasal mupirocin therapy,
effectiveness, 454-455
Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus
(POA), temperature, 711-712
Preoptic region, neuronal firing rate (responses),
715f
PrEP. See Preexposure prophylaxis
Preseptal cellulitis, 1434-1438
causes, 1435
clinical presentation, 1436
diagrams, 1435f
epidemiology, 1435
etiology/bacteriology, 1435-1436
laboratory/radiologic studies, 1436-1437
therapy, 1437-1438
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR), 1479, 1522, 1596
Pressor-dependent hypotension, presence, 929
Pressure sores
elderly, 3455-3456
infections, 3456
 I91
Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome Primary peritonitis (Continued) Probiotics (Continued)
(POHS), 2957-2958 complication, intraperitoneal abscess (impact), impact, 20
Presumptive vancomycin-induced 956 lysates, usage, 20
maculopapular/erythematous rash, diagnosis, 940 manufacturing

Index
observation, 385 etiology, 938 quality-control issues, 24
Preterm neonates, fluconazole prophylaxis, 488 infection route, 939 standards/regulatory oversight, absence, 19
Pretracheal space, 799 laboratory findings, 939-940 study, 24t
Pretravel office visit, structured approach, 3560t monomicrobial infection, 938 therapy, adverse effects, 20-24
Prevalence, 148 pathogenesis, 939 toxicity, population-based studies, 24
seroprevalence survey, 151 prevention, 941-942 usage, 602-603, 972-973
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission prognosis, 940 variation, 19
(PMTCT), 1590 therapy, 941 Procalcitonin (PCT), 1330
antiretroviral medications, 1595-1596 initiation, indications, 941t usefulness, 2280-2281
barrier, 1596 treatment, 940 Proctitis, 1572
services, increase, 1591 Primary pneumonia, 2432 men, 2163
WHO revised guidelines, 1596 Primary pneumonic plague meningococcal proctitis, 2436
Prevnar, 1136-1137 chest radiograph, 2611f Prodesse, usage, 216-219
Prevotella lung tissue, photomicrograph, 2612f Prodromal illness, occurrence, 2639-2640
metabolic end products, 2776 Primary prevention, 156-157 pro gene, 2033-2034
microbiology, 2774 Primary protein-energy malnutrition (primary Program for Appropriate Technology in Health
overview, 2773 PEM), 125 (PATH), 1862-1863
symbiosis, 2774 Primary pyodermas, 1194-1205, 1215 Programmed cell death, morphologic description,
Prick tests, 299 Primary skin lesions, morphologic types, 735 1535
Priftin (rifapentine), 471, 477 Primary syphilis, 2693-2694 Programmed death 1 (PD-1), 1912
Primaquine, 504-505 example, 1344f Progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene,
clinical use, 504 Primary (childhood) tuberculosis, 2797-2799 1204
pharmacokinetics, 504 Primary tuberculous peritonitis, 939 abdominal wall, 1204f
prophylaxis, 505 Primary viral pneumonia, 2010 difficulty, 1205
radical cure, 504-505 Priming, 81 Progressive dementia, MRI, 2697f
toxicity, 505 Primitive hematopoietic transcription factor, Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH),
transmission, reduction, 505 haploinsufficiency, 144 2955-2957
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), Prion disease acute PDH, 2956
3059 laboratory diagnosis, 2150-2152 chronic PDH, 2957
outbreak, 3068 molecular biology, 2143-2145 coinfection, laboratory abnormalities, 2956
serologic diagnosis, 3066 ruminants, 2150 diffuse infiltrates, 2956f
Primary atypical pneumonia, 2183 therapy, 2152 HIV, relationship, 2956
Primary bacteremia, group B streptococcus, Prion protein (PRNP), 2143 incidence, 2955
2343-2345 gene variation, 119, 122 laboratory abnormalities, 2956
Primary bacterial peritonitis long-duration disease, 2147 pathology, 2956
causes, 941 polymorphisms, 2147 reactivation, new exposure (differences),
Gram stain finding, 941 Prion protein (PrP), 2142 2955-2956
Primary biliary cirrhosis, 2214 accumulation, 2147 subacute PDH, 2956-2957
Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), 1580-1581 gene mutations, 2146 Progressive dyspnea, example, 2698f
brain biopsy, 1580 polymorphisms, 2147 Progressive exertional dyspnea, 868f
brain MRI, 1580 structural elements, 2143f Progressive lower lobe disease, elderly, 2800
clinical presentation, 1580 Prions Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
HIV-associated PCNSL, overall survival (OS) agents (transmission), blood components (PML), 1581-1582
rate, 1580-1581 (usage), 3358 brain biopsy, 1582, 1810
imaging studies, 1580 infectiously transmitted human prion disease, brain MRI, 1581f
laboratory investigations, 1580 2147 clinical manifestations, 1809
treatment, 1580-1581 infectious prions, 2143-2145 clinical presentation, 1581
Primary cutaneous diphtheria, 1203 strain propagation/analysis, schematic diagnosis, 1810-1811
Primary EBV infection (diagnosis), serologic representation, 2144f epidemiology, 1808-1812
methods (usage), 219 strains, comparison, 2144t HIV infection patient, MRIs, 1810f
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), 1764 yeast prions, 2145 imaging, 1810
Kaposi sarcoma, relationship, 1780 Prion strain, biochemical basis, 2144-2145 studies, 1581-1582
Primary frambesioma, example, 2711f Prior-approval program, 607 immune reconstitution inflammatory
Primary fungal infection, 971-972 enforcement, difficulty, 607 syndrome, 1809
Primary genital herpes, first episode, 1719 Pritelivir (AIC316), 553, 561-562 incidence, 1581
Primary genital herpes simplex virus type 2 chemical structure, 561f JCV, impact, 1576
infection (vulva), 1720f PRN. See Pertactin opportunistic infection, 1659
Primary granules, 78-79 Probiotics, 12t prognosis, 1811
Primary hepatic tuberculosis, 2812 action, proposed mechanisms, 20 syndromes, 1808-1812
Primary herpes simplex infection, 1343f cell-free supernatants, 20 therapy, 1811-1812
Primary herpes simplex virus keratitis, 1409 clinical studies, 19-20 treatment, 1582
Primary histoplasmosis, complications, 2954 Cochrane Reviews, 19-20 Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN),
Primary HSV gingivostomatitis, example, 1719f consumption, 12 1425-1426
Primary immune responses, 38f content/viability, verification, 19 Progressive parapharyngeal/retropharyngeal
Primary influenza viral pneumonia, 2012 definition, 19, 24 infection, development, 1227
lung parenchyma, 2009f designer probiotics, 24 Progressive polyradiculopathy, 1586
Primary isolates, V3 loop (impact), 1666 efficacy clinical presentation, 1586
Primary lung abscess, 855 evaluation, clinical trials (usage), 21t CMV-associated progressive polyradiculopathy,
causes, 856-857 systematic reviews, Cochrane database, treatment, 1586
Primary pathogenic fungi, impact, 1075 22t-23t electrophysiologic studies, 1586
Primary (purulent) pericarditis, meningococcal formulations, concerns, 20t laboratory investigations, 1586
disease, 2435-2437 GRAS status, 19 nerve biopsy, 1586
Primary peritonitis, 938-942 receiving, 20t treatment, 1586
bacteriologic characteristics, 938-939 health benefit, absence, 19 Progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum/vaccinia
clinical manifestations, 939 heat-killed probiotics, usage, 20 gangrenosum), 1696
 I92
Proguanil (Chloroguanide), 506-507
pharmacokinetics, 507
Proinflammatory cytokines, 79-80
Proinflammatory mediators
Index
array, 81
importance, 920
production, 920-921
Proinflammatory surveillance systems,
modulation, 80
Prokaryotic ribosomes, aminoglycosides
(binding), 313
ProMed-mail, warning system, 176
Properdin, deficiency, 107t, 144
Properdin-directed model, 97
Prophylactic antibiotic administration (timing),
surgical site infection rate (relationship),
3501f
Prophylactic antimicrobial agents, efficacy, 1260
Prophylactic antimicrobials, usage, 3343
Prophylaxis
adverse effects, 3503
case-control studies, 1060-1061
clinical observations, anecdote, 1060
cost benefit, 3503
duration, 1063
efficacy, indirect evidence, 1060-1061
timing, 1063
in vitro antibiotic susceptibility studies, 1061
Propionibacteria, 2783
Propionibacterium acnes
biofilm production, 346
impact, 1428
Propionibacterium species, proportions, 14
PROs. See Patient reported outcomes
Prospective audit strategies, 607-608
Prospective cohort studies, limitation, 151
Prostate, cryptococcosis, 2943
Prostatic abscess, 1384
CT scan, 1384f
Prostatic antibacterial factor, 1381
Prostatic inflammation, histologic evidence,
1374
Prostatitis, 1381-1384
acute bacterial prostatitis, 1382-1383
asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis,
1383-1384
chronic bacterial prostatitis, 1383
classification, 1381-1384
granulomatous prostatitis, 1384
men, 2163
HIV type 1 infection, presence, 1386
quinolones, impact, 430
Prostatoseminal vesiculitis, 1384
Prosthetic device infections, 2280
Prosthetic heart valves, usage, 1063
Prosthetic joints
Candida arthritis, impact, 1311-1312
infections
rifampin, impact, 346
Staphylococcus aureus, 2267-2268
surgical treatment algorithm, 1332f
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), 2277
anticoagulation therapy, 1039
antimicrobial therapy, 1034
postoperative duration, 1039
aortic biprosthetic valve endocarditis, cusp
involvement, 1032f
aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis, extension,
1032f
aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis, valvular
stenosis/paravalvular ring abscess
(presence), 1031f
blood cultures, usage, 1033
broad-range bacterial rDNA PCR, usage,
1033-1034
clinical presentation, 1032
community-acquired prosthetic valve
endocarditis, 1030
complications, 1032-1033
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) (Continued) Prosthetic vascular grafts (Continued)
culture-negative prosthetic valve endocarditis, epidemiology, 1047
1037 management, 1050-1051
diagnosis, 1032-1034 microbiology, 1048
diphtheroid prosthetic valve endocarditis, pathogenesis, 1047-1048
1036-1037 risk factors, 1048
early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis, Prostration, fluid/electrolyte depletion (impact),
1029-1030 3082-3083
echocardiography, 1032-1033 Protease, 2059
emboli, impact, 1038 inhibition, 528-529
enteric gram-negative bacillary prosthetic valve Protease inhibitor (PI), 1628
endocarditis, 1037 approval, 1630t
enterococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis, ART, combination, 1546-1547
1035-1036 boost, 1626
enterococci, impact, 1036 chemical structures, 1629f
therapy, 1036t genetic barrier, 1628
epidemiology, 1029 pharmacokinetic interactions, 1597t
fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis, 1037 PI-based therapy, differences, 1637
HACEK usage, 1546f
impact, therapy, 1037t Proteasomes, peptide generation, 55-56
prosthetic valve endocarditis, 1036 Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), 125, 130
health care-associated prosthetic valve immune response impairments, association,
endocarditis, 1030 125
histology, usage, 1034 Protein kinase R (PKR), 1907
late-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis, Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA),
1029-1030 2151
late PVE, acquisition (consideration), 1030 Protein-primed reverse transcription, 1819
management, 1034 Proteins
mechanical aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis, binding, 316
dehiscence/paravalvular leak (presence), detection, HIV Western blot (usage), 1515f
1031f matrix proteins, 1683
microbial adherence, 1030 misfolding, 923
microbiology, 1029 protein-bound drug, relationships
microorganisms (development), 255-256
detection, PCR-based techniques (usage), protein-protein interactions, 1682-1683
1033-1034 secretion, 27t-28t
persistence/growth, 1031 viral encoding, 1690
pathogenesis, 1030 Protein synthesis inhibitors, 2256
steps, 1030 ribosome modification, 2256
pathogen, identification, 1033-1034 Proteobacteria, increase, 17
pathology, 1031-1032 Proteolysis, resistance, 70
prevention, 1039-1040 Proteus species, 2516
serologic methods, usage, 1033 Prothrombin time (PT), 946
staphylococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis, Protionamide, 477
1034-1035 Proctocolitis, 2169
staphylococci, impact (therapy), 1035t Proton pump inhibitor consumption, 15-16
streptococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis, Prototheca species, 3012-3013
1035 Prototheca wickerhamii (olecranon bursa biopsy
streptococci, impact (therapy), 1035t sample), 3013f
surgery, timing, 1038 Protozoa, drugs (usage), 511t
surgical intervention, indications, 1038t Protozoal diseases, diagnostic tests, 3046t
surgical treatment, 1038-1039 Protozoal infections, transmission (geographic
outcome, 1039 distribution/mechanism), 3045t
TEE, recommendation, 1032 Protozoal meningitis, 1104, 1122-1123
therapy, 1035t-1037t amebas, impact, 1104, 1122-1123, 1132
suggestion, 2265t Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1123, 1132
tissue destruction/invasion, 1031 Protozoans
valve culture, 1033 classification, 3045t
vegetations, formation/growth, 1030-1031 infection, clinical syndromes, 3046t
virulent pathogens, impact, 1038-1039 Providencia species, 2516
Prosthetic valves Provider-based HIV testing, 1517
biofilm, usage, 1031 Providers (HIV infection), management (Society
bloodstream infection, evaluation, 1034 for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
dysfunction, impact, 1037-1038 recommendations), 3369t
enterococcal IE, cause, 1014 Provider-to-patient HIV transmission, risk
IE, Streptococcus epidermidis (importance), assessment, 3364-3365
1006 PROWESS-SHOCK trial, 589
Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) Proximal esophagus, transient bacteria/yeasts
diagnostic evaluation/management, 1049f (presence), 15
management Proximal renal tubular cell, aminoglycoside
in-situ reconstruction/extra-anatomic bypass uptake, 317-318
revascularization, comparison, 1051t Proximal tibia, lucent areas (radiograph), 2546f
principles, 1050t PRP. See Polyribitol ribose phosphate
microbiology, 1048f PRP-OMP, administration, 1135-1136
prevention, 1051 PRP-OMPC, 2580
risk factors, 1048t PRRs. See Pattern recognition receptors
Prosthetic vascular grafts, 1047-1051 Pruritus, commonness, 1342
clinical manifestations, 1048 PSA. See Polysaccharide A
diagnosis, 1048-1050 P-selectin-dependent leukocyte binding, 81

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), 81f
Pseudallescheria boydii, 3005-3006
eumycetoma grain, 2931f
olecranon bursitis, 3005f
Pseudoallergic drug reactions, 298
Pseudoaneurysm (presence), TEE (usage), 1033f
Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), 1703
Pseudoerysipelas, episodes (recurrence), 1201
Pseudogenes, 5
Pseudolymphangitis, 1235
Pseudomallei, 2541
Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)
ascites, presence (CT scan), 2754f
clindamycin administration, proctoscopic view,
1266f
colon, mucosal thickening (CT scan), 2754f
colonoscopic view, 2751f
histopathology, 2746f
impact, 363
vancomycin, impact, 387
Pseudomonas
infection, impact, 740
infective endocarditis, treatment failures, 1017
Pseudomonas-induced IE, recognition, 1006
species, 2678-2679
clinical significance, 2528-2529
functional/environmental range, 2519f
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2, 876, 880-881
acquired resistance, 2522
aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme, 2522
antimicrobial resistance, 2521-2522
ATCC 27853, time-kill curves, 256f
bacteremia, 1209
bloodstream infections, 2522-2523
bone/joint infections, 2525-2526
colonization, prevention/management targets,
2530t
contamination, 209
death, 102-103
ear infections, 2527-2528
efflux pumps, 2522
environmental reservoirs, 2521t
epidemiology, 2520-2521
flagella, 2520
genome, 2518-2519
impact, 786
infections
prevention/management targets, 2530t
therapeutic strategies, 2529-2530
infective endocarditis, 2523-2524
intravenous antimicrobial agents, effectiveness,
2523t
intrinsic resistance, 2522
microbiology, 2518-2519
microbiota, 2519
opportunism, 3
penicillins, activity, 266t
pili, 2519-2520
pneumonia, 2524-2525
quorum-sensing (QS) molecules, 2520
reservoirs, 2520-2521
resistance mechanisms, 2521-2522
skin and soft tissue infections, 2526-2527
tobramycin/ciprofloxacin, impact, 256
transmission dynamics, 2520-2521
type III secretion system (T3SS), 2520
type I/II secretion systems (T1SS/T2SS), 2520
urinary tract infections, 2528
virulence factors, 2519-2520
pathogenic role, 2520t
Pseudomonas fluorescens, 2518, 2529
Pseudomonas fulva, 2529
Pseudomonas luteola, 2529
Pseudomonas mendocina, 2529
Pseudomonas mosselii, 2529
Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, 2529, 2678-2679
Pseudomonas putida, 2529
Pseudomonas putrefaciens, 2680
Pseudomonas stutzeri, 2529
Pseudopod, 7-8
scanning electron micrograph, 8f
PSI. See Pneumonia severity index
Psittacosis
clinical findings, 2171-2172
diagnosis, 2173
differential diagnostic considerations,
2171-2172
epidemiology, 2171
laboratory findings, 2172
pathologic findings, 2172-2173
prevention, 2173
therapy, 2173
PSMs. See Phenol-soluble modulins
Psoas abscess, 1222
clinical manifestations, 1222
infection, 1222
PSP. See Paralytic shellfish poisoning
PSWCs. See Periodic sharp wave complexes
PT. See Pertussis toxin
Pteropus species, anti-Nipah virus antibodies
(detection), 1977
PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene
PTLD. See Post-transplant lymphoproliferative
disease
PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress disorder
PTX. See Pertussis toxin
Public Health Emergency Medical
Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE),
185
Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP),
184
Puerperal infection, beta-hemolytic streptococci,
2359
PUFAs. See Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Pulmonary abscesses
chest radiograph, 2545f
CT scan, 2545f
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), 144
Pulmonary anthrax, 2395-2397
Pulmonary artery catheters, 3319
Pulmonary aspergillosis, occurrence, 1563
Pulmonary blastomycosis, 867f
clinical presentations, 2967
Pulmonary cavities, coccidioidomycosis, 2978
Pulmonary complications (influenza),
comparative features, 2012t
Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection
Study, 1558
Pulmonary diseases. See Human
immunodeficiency virus infections
causes, 1559t
diagnostic tests, 1559t
mycobacteria species, association, 2847
Pulmonary edema, pathophysiology, 3075
Pulmonary histoplasmosis, 2953-2954. See also
Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis; Chronic
pulmonary histoplasmosis
acute infections, 2953-2954
acute primary infection, 2953
acute reinfection, 2954
clinical findings, 2953
differential diagnosis, 2954
geographic limitation, 1563
pericarditis, 2953-2954
symptoms, 2953
Pulmonary host defenses, 825t
phagocytic cells, usage, 824-825
Pulmonary HSV infection, 1723
Pulmonary hypertension, 811
Pulmonary infection
clinical patterns, 3486
development, risk (elevation), 827
injection drug users, 3485-3486
laryngitis, chronic complication, 761
mucormycosis, 2913-2914
pathophysiology, 3485-3486
Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia (PIE), 840
cases, 840
I93
Pulmonary inflammation, continuation, 812
Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma, biopsy confirmation
(chest CT), 1564f
Pulmonary MAC disease, 2832-2833
Index
clinical presentation, 2835-2836
diagnosis, 2837-2838
drug treatment, 2840
host immunity, 2834
pathogen, 2833
regimens, 2840t
surgery, 2841
treatment, 2840-2841
Pulmonary microbiome, 14-15
Pulmonary mucormycosis
immunocompromised patients, 2915-2916
skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), 2915
spread, 2914
Pulmonary nocardiosis, 2855f
Pulmonary nodules
coccidioidomycosis, 2978
disseminated nocardiosis, 2857f
etiology, 3445t
Pulmonary sporotrichosis, 2922
Pulmonary toxoplasmosis, 3133f
Pulmonary tuberculosis, 866f, 2798-2802
autopsy diagnosis, 2802
bilateral apical cavitary pulmonary
tuberculosis, chest radiograph, 2799f
chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, 2797-2798
diagnosis, 862, 2801-2802
fiberoptic bronchoscopy, usage, 2801
laboratory findings, 2801
physical examination, 2801
postprimary (adult-type) pulmonary
tuberculosis, 2799-2800
presence, 2800
radiographic findings, 2801
symptoms, 2800-2801
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 147, 207,
2241
analysis, 2367
molecular subtyping, 151-152
patterns, comparison, 150
usage, 1083, 2741
Puncture wounds, envenomation, 1202
PUO. See Pyrexia of unknown origin
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), 1840
parvovirus B19, impact, 1844
Purified chick embryo vaccine (PCEV), 1991
Purified envelope protein vaccines, 1669-1670
Purified protein derivative (PPD), 868
skin test, 466, 1643
Purine metabolism, pathway representation,
72-73
Purpuric eruptions, 738
Purulent (hyperacute) bacterial conjunctivitis,
1398
Purulent endocervical exudate, 2455f
Purulent meningitis, empirical therapy, 1124t
Purulent pericarditis, 2432
presence, 1005-1006
Purulent (primary) pericarditis, 2435
Pustular lesions, 2457f
disseminated gonococcal infection, presence,
1307f
Putrid fever, 1270
Puumala virus, 2028
P values
calculation, 620
meaning, 620
usage, 620-621
PVB19, prevalence, 1067-1068
PVCDs. See Percutaneous vascular closure
devices
PVE. See Postvaccination encephalopathy;
Prosthetic valve endocarditis
PVEM. See Postvaccination encephalomyelitis
PVGI. See Prosthetic vascular graft infection
PVL. See Panton-Valentine leukocidin
 I94
pX region, protein encoding, 2033-2034 Pyrogenic exotoxins, production, 2363-2364 Quinolones (Continued)
Pyelonephritis Pyrogens, 713 quinolone-resistance determining region
bilateral acute pyelonephritis, renal gallium-67 Pyronaridine, 502-503 (QRDR), 246
scan, 910f clinical use, 502-503 resistance, 472
Index

clinical manifestations, 896-897 pharmacokinetics, 502 mechanisms, 2257

right-sided xanthogranulomatous toleration, 503 resistance-determining region, size, 421
pyelonephritis, CT scan, 910f toxicity, 503 respiratory tract infections, 432-434
Pyemotes tritici (female grain straw itch mite), Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL), 1764 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),
3258f Pyrrolidonylarylamidase (PYR), 2329-2330 interaction, 430
Pyemotes ventricosus (female grain straw itch Pythium species, 3013 skin/soft tissue infections, 434-435
mite), 3258f Pyuria, 3338 structures, 420f
dermatitis, 3259f tissue distribution, 423
Pyonephrosis, ultrasound study, 910f Q urinary tract infection, interaction, 429-430
Pyoderma Q233R, 3051 usage, 432, 472
primary pyodermas, 1215 QALY. See Quality-adjusted life year uses, 435-436
pyoderma-associated acute glomerulonephritis, Q fever. See Coxiella burnetii variation, 428-429
epidemiologic characteristics, 2307t Qiagen real-time light cycler PCR assay, 1740 in vitro activity, 424t-426t
topical antibacterial treatment, 457-458 QIIME software package, usage, 17 Quinsy, 802
Pyogenic arthritis, differential diagnosis, QTc prolongation, 3087 Quinupristin-dalfopristin, 249, 390-393, 2257
1308-1309 Quadruple reassortment, 2008 action, mechanism, 391
Pyogenic bacteria, impact, 1226-1227 Qualitative research, 606 administration, 383t, 392
Pyogenic brain abscess, imipenem (usage), Quality-adjusted life year (QALY), 2443 adverse events, 392-393
1173-1174 quantiFERON-gold assay, usefulness, 868-869 antimicrobial activity, 391
Pyogenic exotoxin, presence, 742 QuantiFERON-TB test, 211 chemical structure, 391f
Pyogenic granuloma, 1208 Quantitative bacterial cultures, kinetics, 1274 clinical pharmacodynamics, 392
Pyogenic hepatic abscess, antibiotic therapy, 964t Quantitative immunocapture assay, 1523 clinical success rates, 393
Pyogenic liver abscess Quantitative values, conversion, 207-208 clinical uses, 393
blood cultures, positive results, 963 Quarantine, 155 distribution, 392
clinical manifestations, 962 Quasispecies variation (HCV), 1908 dosages, 383t, 392
epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae pyogenic liver Quaternary ammonium compounds, usage, drug interactions, 392-393
abscess, microbiology, 962 3301 elimination, 392
epidemiology/etiology, 960 Quellung, 2310-2311 infusions, 383t
microbiology, 961-962 QuickELISA Anthrax PA kit, 2405 pharmacokinetics, 392
parenteral treatment, 964 Quinidine, 501-502 resistance, 391-392
pathogenesis/pathophysiology, 961 clinical use, 501 Quorum sensing (QS), 6-7
therapy, 963-964 pharmacokinetics, 501 Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), 2535
treatment, empirical antibiotics (usage), 964 Quinidine gluconate, usage, 3087 molecules, 2520
Pyogenic lymphadenitis, impact, 1234 Quinine, 501-502 system, therapeutic strategies, 2530t
Pyogenic psoas abscesses, drainage, 1222 clinical use, 501
Pyomyositis, 1216-1219 doxycycline, combination (usage), 3086 R
clinical manifestations, 1217-1218 pharmacokinetics, 501 Rabbit-associated tularemia, lymphadenopathy
deep pelvic muscles, involvement, 1219 resistance, 501 distribution, 2596f
definitive treatment, prognosis, 1219 safety, 3086 Rabbits, immunization, 2311-2312
diagnosis, 1219 structure, 501f Rabies (rhabdoviruses)
differential diagnosis, 1219 Quinine dihydrochloride, usage, 3087 animal rabies, 1986-1987
empirical therapy, 1219 Quinolone resistance-determining region clinical manifestations, 1989
etiologic agents, 1218-1219 (QRDR), 2492 animal species, generalized susceptibility,
injection drug users, 3480-3481 Quinolones, 246, 472, 475-476, 2256-2257. See 1989t
occurrence, 1216-1217 also 4-Aminoquinolones; 8-Aminoquinolines cerebral edema/swelling, noncontrast CT scan,
onset, 1218 absorption, 423 1990f
pathogenesis, 1216-1217 acquired bacterial resistance, mechanisms, classification, 1984
pathologic characteristics, 1216-1217 421-423 clinical manifestations, 1988-1989
sites, distribution, 1218f action, mechanism, 472 composition, 1985
Staphylococcus aureus, 2269 activity, 424t diagnosis, 1989-1990
Pyosemia, 1384 adverse effects, 437-438 diencephalon, signal increase (T2-weighted
Pyospermia, 1384 adverse reactions, 472 MRI), 1990f
Pyrantel pamoate, 525 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 670t-672t differential diagnosis, 1990
Pyrazinamide (PZA), 469, 2783 anti-infective dosage forms, 649t encephalitic (furious) rabies, 1988-1989
action, mechanism, 469 antimicrobial activity, 423, 472 epidemiology, 1985-1987
adverse reactions, 469 bone/joint infections, 434 genes/products, 1986t
antimicrobial activity, 469 chemical structures, 419-420 human rabies, 1985-1986
availability, 469 clinical uses, 429-436 cases (report), 1986f
derivation, 469 resistance, problems, 436-437 postexposure prophylaxis, algorithm,
dosage, 469 concentrations, comparisons, 428t 1992f
drug interactions, 469 desfluoroquinolones (garenoxacin), immune globulin, preparation, 3544
hepatotoxicity, 469 identification, 420 immune responses, 1988
pharmacology, 469 differences, 421 Negri body, 1988f
resistance, 469 dosage adjustments, 428 nonneurologic findings, 1989
structure, 464f-465f, 469 dosing, 428t paralytic (dumb) rabies, 1989
usage, 469, 2802 drug interactions, 428-429 pathogenesis, 1987-1988
Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO), 721 drug reactions, 472 pathology, 1987-1988
Pyrimethamine, 507 elimination, 428 postexposure prophylaxis, 1991-1993
absorption, 507 functionality, 420 guide (United States), 1991t
adverse effects, 507 gastrointestinal/abdominal infections, 431-432 schedule (United States), 1992t
pharmacokinetics, 507 inhibition capability, 420 preexposure prophylaxis, 1991
structure, 507f permeation, routes, 422 prevention, 1991-1993
toxicity, 507 pharmacokinetics, 427t replication strategy, 1985
Pyrogenic cytokine synthesis (inhibition), pharmacology, 423-429 stages, durations, 1988t
glucocorticoids/inducers (impact), 716 prostatitis, relationship, 430 therapy, 1993

Rabies (rhabdoviruses) (Continued)
vaccine
availability, 3540
elderly, 3464
travel considerations, 3563
virology, 1984-1985
virus, 216, 1161-1162
morphology, 1985f
wildlife cases, 1987f
Rac1 GTPase, activation, 2156
rAd5. See Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5
Radioimmunoassay (RIA), 38-39
usage, 1816
Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA),
1516-1517
Radiologic procedures, injury prevention,
3366-3367
Radionuclide cholescintigraphy, usage, 965-966
RADT. See Rapid antigen detection testing
Rake, Geoffrey, 2441
Ralstonia species, 2679
Raltegravir, 1634
adverse effects, 1634
switching strategies, 1634
treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients,
1634
Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
(RAPD), 207
Randomization
benefits, 610
process, 610
Randomized, placebo-controlled multivitamin/
mineral supplementation trials, 132t
RANTES. See Regulated on activation, normal
T-cell expressed and secreted
RAPD. See Random amplification of polymorphic
DNA
Rapid antigen detection testing (RADT), usage,
756-757, 2289-2290
Rapid eye movement (REM), 2147
Rapid HIV testing, usage, 1510-1511
Rapid influenza diagnostic tests, 2013
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), 2849
tigecycline sensitivity, 332
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, 1140, 1346, 1426
positive result, 1575
Rapid point-of-care (RPOC) tests, development,
2701
Rapid testing methods, sensitivity, 1510
RARP-1, TolC-dependent secretion, 2221
Rash. See Maculopapular rash
alphaviruses
clinical manifestations, 1872
impact, 1869-1870
Borrelia burgdorferi infection, 743
candidiasis, 743
Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection, 742-743
diagnosis, ingredients, 733
differential diagnosis, 735-739
diffuse erythema, 738
diffuse rash, 738
enanthems, 738-739
eruption, spread (distribution/direction), 734
facial rash, 736-737
infections
Neisseria species, 739-740
Staphylococcus aureus, 741-742
infectious conditions, 739-743
lesion, characteristics, 735-738
measles, appearance, 1970f
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, 740
nodular lesions, 737-738
pathogenesis, 735
pathogens, impact, 739-743
patients, approach, 732-735
petechial/purpuric eruptions, 738
rickettsial infections, 742
sepsis, 739
Streptococcus pyogenes, 741-742
I95
Rash (Continued) Reemerging vaccine-preventable diseases,
timing, 734 158-170
vesiculobullous eruptions, 738 Refractory osteomyelitis, HBOT (usage), 593-594
Rat-bite fever, 2629 Refractory postpartum fever (undetermined
Index
petechial rash, 2630f origin), 1374
types, comparison, 2630t Regan-Lowe (RL) transport medium, 2623
Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection, 1750 Regional adenopathy, demonstration, 1229
Rate ratios, 148 Regions of difference, 9
Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2187 Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed
women, 2185f and secreted (RANTES), 53, 119, 792, 1526,
Raynaud’s syndrome, 1826 2062
RB. See Reticulate body Regulatory compliance (infections), 3292
RBT. See Rose-Bengal slide agglutination test Reinfection, 887
RCMV. See Rat cytomegalovirus Reinfection (adult) tuberculosis, 2797
RdRp. See Ribonucleic acid Reiter’s syndrome. See Reactive arthritis
REA. See Restriction endonuclease analysis Rejection (prevention/treatment), biologic
Reactivation ocular toxoplasmosis, funduscopic preparations (usage), 3416t
photograph, 1391f Relapsed Nipah virus encephalitis, axial MRI
Reactivation process, 1714 findings, 1977f
Reactive arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome), 1355-1356 Relapsing fever
encountering, 1356 Borrelia species (impact), 2722t
occurrence, 1309 clinical features, 2722t
therapy, 1356 diagnosis, 2723
Reactive nitrogen intermediates, role, 1114-1115 louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF), 2721
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 510-511 tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF), 2721
REA-ICU. See Risk of early admission to the Relapsing urinary tract infection, 904
intensive care unit Relative bioavailability, 252
REALIZE trial. See Telaprevir Relative differences, 619-620
REBOV. See Reston ebolavirus Reliability, 612
Rebuck skin windows in vivo, cell mobilization, Renal clearance (CLr), 254-255
140 Renal diseases
RecA-SOS DNA repair/recombination system, antibiotic dosage, change, 267t
gene products, 421 complement deposition, 113
Receptor-interacting serine-threonine protein HIV, relationship, 1554-1555
kinase 2 (RIPK2), 31 Renal disorders, 113
Receptors, 2062 Renal dysfunction, sepsis (relationship), 927
editing, 42 Renal failure
expression, epithelial cells (usage), 71 antituberculous drugs (dosage modification),
human virus usage, 1684t-1685t 465t
pathways, cytokines (interaction), 143f prophylaxis/alterations, amantadine dosage
types, 37 regimens, 533t
Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) Renal function
vector, 1668 age variation, 226
Recombinant G-CSF, availability, 581 alterations, 897
Recombinant human DNase (dornase alfa), usage, host factors, 227-228
883 impairment
Recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) acyclovir dosage adjustments, 549t
Chiron RIBA HCV 3.0 SIA, 1915 drug dosing, 2840
usage, 219 valacyclovir dosage adjustments, 549t
Recombinant interferon meningitis, antimicrobial agents (dosages),
IFN-α, usage, 1688 1126t
IFN-γ, approval, 585 quinolones, dosing, 428t
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), reduction, 266
usage, 2598-2599 Renal impairment
Recombination activating gene (RAG), 41 adefovir dipivoxil, dosage adjustments, 565t
Recombivax-HB, 1445 entecavir, dosage adjustments, 566t
Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), 125 Renal insufficiency, 3082-3083
Recrudescent typhus, clinical description, 2219 cephalosporins, dosing adjustment, 286t
Rectal gonococcal infection, 2455, 2458 famciclovir, dosage adjustment, 554t
Recurrent anterior uveitis, CMV (impact), foscarnet, dosage reduction, 556t
1425 ganciclovir, dosage adjustments, 558t
Recurrent CDI, FMT results, 2755f quinolones, dosage adjustments, 428
Recurrent genital lesions, history, 1342 valganciclovir, dosage adjustments, 558t
Recurrent herpes zoster ophthalmicus, Renal scarring, complications, 895
management, 1411t Renal syndrome, hemorrhagic fever
Recurrent invasive group B streptococcal (combination), 2027-2028
infection, 2345 Renal system, infections, 1812
Recurrent keratitis, 1409 Renal transplant, presentations, 871f
Recurrent lymphadenitis, 1230 Renal tuberculosis (genitourinary tuberculosis),
Recurrent mucocutaneous HSV infections, 2815
1721-1722 Reovirus-based oncotherapy, 1849
Recurrent orolabial HSV infections, 550 Reoviruses, 1683. See also Orthoreoviruses
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 1800 oncolytic agent, 1849
children, 1796 Repetitive nerve stimulation (infant botulism),
incidence rate, 1796 2766f
Recurrent urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin Repetitive vomiting, 3082-3083
prophylaxis, 448 rePOOPulation approach, 75
Red man syndrome, 302 Representational difference analysis, 1777
Reed, Walter, 1681 Research questions, selection, 605-608
 I96
Research studies, categories, 606 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (Continued) Retina
Resiquimod, 579 prevalence, 1950 CMV, predilection, 1555
chemical structure, 579f prevention, 1958-1959 viridans streptococcal endocarditis/Roth’s
systemic reactions, 579 prophylaxis, 1958 spots, 999f
Index

Resistance genes, 119-123 receptor expression, 71 Retinitis, 1423

examples, 118t
Resistance island staphylococcal cassette
chromosome mec, 2252-2253
Resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND), 249
Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family,
2522
efflux pumps, location, 2555
Resistance timeline, 174f
Resistant gram-negative bacilli, impact, 347
Resistant organisms, emergence (prevention),
230
Resource-limited area, acute febrile illness
(assessment), 1281
Resources-limited setting (RLS), TBM treatment,
1576
Respiratory coronaviruses, 1928-1930
laboratory diagnosis, 1934
Respiratory disease, 2093-2094
Respiratory distress
characterization, 3082-3083
pathophysiology, 3075
Respiratory excursion (splinting), physical
examination, 2319
Respiratory illness, travel considerations, 3573
Respiratory infections
impact, 915
microsporidia, 3038
Respiratory mucosa, virus exposure, 1688
Respiratory pathogens, laryngitis (association),
761t
Respiratory secretions, antigen detection, 830
Respiratory symptoms
duration, 779
presence, 827
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 162, 215, 813
acute complications (infants), 1956
adaptive immunity, 1952
adults, infection, 1953-1955
animal infections, 1949
antigenic variation, 1949-1950
bronchiolitis, therapeutic agents, 822
classification, 1948
clinical manifestations, 1952-1955
coexistent bacterial infection, 1956
complications, 1955-1957
description, 1948-1949
diagnosis, 1957
distribution, 1949
early innate adaptive immunity response, 1951f
epidemiologic manifestations, 1950
epidemiology, 1949-1950
high-titer respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
immune globulin, usage, 772
history, 1948
illness, clinical characteristics, 1955t
immune globulin, preparation, 3545
immunity, 1951-1952
immunization, 1959
immunocompromised patients, 1955-1956
incidence, 1950
influenza, comparison, 1954t
innate immunity, 1951
IVIG, usage, 588
laboratory properties, 1949
long-term complications, 1956-1957
natural hosts, 1949
negative contrast electron micrograph, 1949f
negative-sense RNA genome, representation,
1949f
older children, infection, 1953
otitis media, 1953
pathogenesis, 1950-1952
population-based surveillance, 1950
preterm gestation, impact, 1955
ribavirin
impact, 541-542
usage, 1957
seasonal occurrence, 1949
signs/symptoms, comparison, 1963t
spread, 1958
structure, 1949f
therapy, 1957-1958
treatment, 1688
vaccine, efficacy, 1959
viral structure/characteristics, 1948-1949
young children
clinical characteristics, 1953f
infection, 1952-1953
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections
control, 1958
control procedures, 1958t
frequency, 1953
impact, 1954t
morbidity, increase, 1954
prevalence, 763
risk, 1955-1956
Respiratory system, brucellosis, 2586-2587
Respiratory tract
antimicrobial defense mechanisms, 28
candidiasis, 2885-2886
colonization, Kingella, 2466
diseases, adenoviruses (relationship),
1789-1790
Haemophilus influenzae colonization, 2576
host defenses, 3389-3390
M. catarrhalis colonization, 2463-2464
Orthoreovirus manifestations, 1848
samples, examination, 829-831
specimens, 196-197
Respiratory tract diphtheria, 2369-2370
anterior nasal location, 2369
cardiac toxicity, 2369
complications, 2370
facial location, 2369
laryngeal/tracheobronchial location, 2369-2370
neurologic toxicity, 2369
Respiratory tract infections, 1102, 3391
beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2358
Burkholderia cepacia complex, 2537
chronic respiratory tract infections, 2525
meningococcal disease, 2436
Pasteurella species, 2605
quinolones, usage, 432-434
second-generation cephalosporins, usage, 289
tetracyclines, impact, 326
tigecycline, impact, 333
treatment, TMP-SMX (usage), 415
Respiratory viral infections, problems, 3449
Respiratory viruses, 882
HSCT, relationship, 3435
infection, antiviral agents (therapeutic
effectiveness), 532t
interferons, impact, 579
ribavirin, impact, 542
virus season, 748-749
RESPOND-2 trial. See Boceprevir
Responsiveness, 605
Restenosis, 112
Reston ebolavirus (REBOV), 1995
appearance, 1997
Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), 2738
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP), 207, 2790-2791
usage, 2660
Results (interpretation), confidence intervals
(usage), 606f
Reticulate body (RB), 2155-2156, 2171
conversion, 2157
recognition, 1658
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), 30
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), 60
family, 30
presence, 29
Retrograde infection, 1188
Retroperitoneal space, location, 937
Retropharyngeal abscess, 787, 2289
Retropharyngeal spaces, 799
Retroviral zoonoses, 1524
Retroviruses, 1686
blood transfusions, 3355
Returned travelers
exposures/clinical presentations, 3569t
fever of unknown origin, 724-725
causes, 725t
Returning travelers
asymptomatic infection, screening,
3575-3577
diarrhea, 3574-3575
fever, 3568-3574
skin problems, 3575
Reverse algorithm, usage, 2702
Reverse passive latex agglutination (RPLA), usage,
1292
Reverse transcriptase, 2059
Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) assay, 763, 789
Reversible neutropenia, cases (isolation), 374
Reversible renal dysfunction, observation, 549
rex gene, 2040
Rex proteins, 2033
Rex-response elements (RxRE), 2040
Reye syndrome
influenza, relationship, 2013
risk, reduction, 2013
RFFIT titer, 1990
RFLP. See Restriction fragment length
polymorphism
RGM. See Rapidly growing mycobacteria
Rhesus CMV vaccine, usage, 1530
Rhesus-human reassortment rotavirus tetravalent
vaccine (RRV-TV), 1255-1256
Rhesus macaques, SIV infection, 1668
Rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK2), 1964
Rheumatic fever, 1308, 2300-2306
anti-inflammatory therapy, schedule
(suggestion), 2305t
attack recurrence, prevention, 2306t
clinical manifestations, 2302-2304
diagnosis, 2304-2305
epidemiology, 2302
etiology, 2301
history, 2300
initial attack, diagnosis (guidelines), 2304t
pathogenesis, 2301
pathologic findings, 2302
prevention, 1063, 2305-2306
primary prevention, 2291t
prognosis, 2305
prophylaxis, duration, 2306t
secondary prevention, 2306t
therapy, 2305
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 2301
prevalence, 2305
Rheumatoid arthritis, 1308
Rheumatoid factors, 46
Rheumatologic disorders, 112-113
Rh immune globulin, preparation, 3545-3546
Rhinocerebral infections, 2912-2913
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 1169
Rhinorrhea, 750-751, 2288
Rhinoscleroma, Mikulicz cells (photomicrograph),
2514f
 I97
Rhinosinusitis Ribavirin (Continued) Rickettsioses (Continued)
pathogenesis, 775 toxicity, 541 questions/perspectives, 2197
prevention, 782 treatment, 1957 spotted fever group rickettsioses, 2203-2204
Rhinosporidium seeberi, 3013 usage, 822 target cells, 2197t

Index
sporangium, 3013f Ribonucleic acid (RNA) treatment, 2196-2197
Rhinovirus. See Human rhinovirus antisense nucleotides, 528 vectors, 2195t
acute bacterial otitis media, 2117 detection, transcription-mediated RIDASCREEN, 2126
acute bacterial sinusitis, 2117 amplification/hybridization protection Rifabutin (Mycobutin), 470-471, 475
antigen detection, 2119 assay (usage), 1513f adverse reactions, 470
asthma, 2117-2118 genomic electropherotype, 1858 antimicrobial activity, 475
capsid-binding agents, usage, 2120 replication, nonstructural proteins antiretroviral drug co-administration, 471t
characteristics, 2114t (involvement), 1907 concentrations, increase, 342
chronic bronchitis, exacerbations, 2117 RNA-containing viruses, segment double- derivation, 470
classification, 2113 stranded RNA genomes, 1686 drug interactions, 470, 475
clinical manifestations, 2117 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), half-life, 344
cold symptoms, 2118f 1686 impact, 340-341
complications, 2117-2118 RNAIII, 2242 metabolism, 341
cytopathic effect, 2119f virus replication, cellular membranes pharmacology, 470, 475
diagnosis, 2118-2119 (relationship), 1687 structure, 464f-465f
epidemiology, 2115 Ribonucleic acid polymerase of prokaryotes tolerability, examination, 344
features, 2114f (RNAP), 339 toxicity profile, 343
geographic distribution, 2115 Ribosomal DNA, alteration, 360 usage, 470-471, 475
host range, 2115 Ribosomal protection proteins (RPPs), 328 Rifalazil, 348-349
human pathogenesis, 2115-2116 Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) PROVIDENCE-1 study, 348-349
ICAM-1 receptor blockade, 2120 amplification, 2240 Rifampin (RMP), 466-469, 475-477
immune response, 2116-2117 binding site, impact, 313 action, mechanism, 467, 476
immunocompromised patients, infections, genes, target, 207 adverse events, 475
2118 positions, methylation, 225 adverse reactions, 467
infection Ribosome modification, 2256 allergic reactions, 342
initiation, 2115 Rickettsia akari alternatives, 470-471
protection, 2116-2117 clinical manifestations, 2206 antimicrobial activity, 341t, 467, 475
interferon, impact, 2120 diagnosis, 2206-2207 antimicrobial agents, combination, 345
isolation, 2119 epidemiology, 2206 availability, 469
laboratory diagnosis, 2119-2120 etiology, 2206 central nervous system infections, interactions,
lower respiratory syndromes, 2118 therapy, 2207 346
morphology, 2113-2114 Rickettsia diaporica (Cox’s organism), 2208-2209 ciprofloxacin, combination, 346
nucleic acid detection, 2119-2120 Rickettsiae, tetracyclines (impact), 325 dosage, 469
physical/chemical agent inactivation, 2115 Rickettsia felis, 2206 drug interactions, 467-468, 475
prevalence, 2115 Rickettsial disease, travel considerations, 3573 half-life, 344
prevention, 2120 Rickettsial infections, 742 hypersensitivity reactions, 467
replication, 2114-2115 Rickettsialpox immune-modulating effects, 343
seasonality, 2115 clinical/epidemiologic findings, 2206t advantages, 347
serologic assays, 2120 example, 2206f usage, 347
structure, 2113-2114 presentation/diagnosis/differential diagnosis/ immune parameter effect, 467
therapy, 2120 management, 3258t impact, 227
3C protease inhibitors, impact, 2120 Rickettsia prowazekii metabolism, 341
transmission, 2115 clinical manifestations, 2218-2219 osteomyelitis, interaction, 346
vaccines, 2120 diagnosis, 2219 parenteral cloxacillin, comparison, 1321
virology, 2113-2115 epidemic typhus pharmacology, 467
virucidal treatments, 2120 clinical laboratory findings, 2219t primary toxicities, 343
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick), 3267f clinical manifestations, 2219t prosthetic joint infections, interaction, 346
Rhizobium species, 2679-2680 epidemiology, 2218 regimens, 2803-2805
Rhizomucor sp., appearance, 2876f-2877f microbiology, 2217-2218 resistance, 467, 476-477
RhMK (primary rhesus monkey kidney) cells, 216 pathogenesis, 2218 rifampin-associated flulike syndrome, 342
Rhodnius prolixus, Trypanosoma cruzi, 3109f prevention, 2220 role, 345-346
Rhodococcus (rhodococci), 2380-2382 treatment, 2219-2220 structure, 464f-465f
species/genera, 2381-2382 typhus, transmission, 2218f usage, 468-469, 475, 2802
Rhodococcus equi, 2380-2381 Rickettsia species, impact (historical data), VISA, interaction, 346
impact, 347, 1562 2195t-2196t VRSA, interaction, 346
pulmonary/disseminated infection, chest CT, Rickettsia typhi (murine typhus), 327 Rifampin resistance determining region (RRDR),
1562f clinical manifestations, 2222-2223 339
RhoGDI, GDP coupling, 86 diagnosis, 2223 Rifamycins
RIBA. See Recombinant immunoblot assay epidemiology, 2221-2222 action, mechanism, 339
Ribavirin, 540-542, 570 laboratory features, 2222-2223 adults, pharmacokinetics, 341t
action, mechanism, 540-541 microbiology, 2221 adverse drug reactions, 342-343
aerosol administration, 541 pathology/pathogenesis, 2222 antimicrobial activity, 340
aerosolized ribavirin prevention, 2223 chemoprophylaxis, 348
effects, 541 signs/symptoms, 2222 development, 349
usage, 541-542 treatment, 2223 drug interactions, 341-342, 342t
chemical structure, 540f truncal rash, 2218f gastrointestinal symptoms, 342-343
clinical studies, 541-542 Rickettsioses latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment,
disposition, 541 bacteriology, 2194 344
immunosuppressive effects, 541 clinical findings, 2196, 2197t Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex
interactions, 541 diagnosis, 2196 (MAC), rifamycin (interaction), 344-345
pharmacokinetics, 541 emerging diseases, 2194 Mycobacterium kansasii, rifamycin
resistance, 541 epidemiology, 2194-2196 (interaction), 345
respiratory syncytial virus, 541-542 genetics, 2194 nontuberculous mycobacteria
ribavirin monophosphate, inhibition, 540-541 history, 2194 infections, interaction, 344-348
spectrum, 540 pathophysiology, 2194 interaction, 345
 I98
Rifamycins (Continued) Rimantadine hydrochloride, chemical structures, Rotaviruses (Continued)
pharmacokinetics, 340-341 532f live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines, efficacy,
resistance, mechanisms, 339-340 Ring sign, 2900 1862-1863
second-line indications, 348 Ringworm. See Dermatophytosis mortality (children), 1859f
Index

staphylococcal infections, interaction, 345 RIPA. See Radioimmunoprecipitation assay neutralization, mechanisms, 1860
structures, 339, 340f Risk-benefit considerations, 716-717 nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4, 1857-1858
substitutions, 477 Risk evaluation, 155-156 particle, physical hardiness, 1859
usage, 343-344 Risk of early admission to the intensive care unit pathogenesis, 1857-1858
XV MMX, 349 (REA-ICU), 841 replication, 1855-1856
Rifamycins, impact, 227 Risk ratio (RR), calculation/relationship, 148f serologic classification, 1858
Rifapentine (Priftin), 471, 477 Risus sardonicus, 2759, 2759f therapy, 1861
adverse drug reactions, 471 Ritonavir, 1629, 1631 vaccine, availability, 3540-3541
availability, 471 River blindness (onchocerciasis), 1413 viral structure, 1855-1856
derivation, 471 RL. See Regan-Lowe virion
dosage, 471 RLRs. See Retinoic acid-inducible gene I electron micrograph, 1855f
drug interactions, 471 RMP. See Rifampin structure, 1855f
metabolism, 341 RMSF. See Rocky Mountain spotted fever VP4 spike, rearrangements, 1855f
pharmacology, 471 RNAP. See Ribonucleic acid polymerase of Rotavirus gastroenteritis, therapy, 1255
potency, 341 prokaryotes Rothia dentocariosa, 2379
structure, 464f-465f RNase L activity, 1676 Rothia mucilaginosa, 2360, 2379
toleration, 343 RND. See Resistance-nodulation-cell division; Roundworms. See Intestinal nematodes
usage, 471, 2802 Resistance-nodulation division RPA. See Recombinase polymerase amplification
in vitro activity, potency, 343 Roche CMV polymerase PCR assay, 1740 RPLA. See Reverse passive latex agglutination
Rifaximin (gastrointestinal rifamycin), 348 Rocio encephalitis, 1901-1902 RPPs. See Ribosomal protection proteins
adverse effects, 343 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 327, RPR. See Rapid plasma reagin
efficacy, 348 732-733, 736-737, 1223, 2198-2199 RPS ADeno Detector, 1395
ring, linkage, 341 case fatality (United States), 2200f RRDR. See Rifampin resistance determining region
Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus, 170 clinical manifestations, 2200-2202 rRNA. See Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
clinical manifestations, 2027 diagnosis, 2202 RRV. See Ross River virus
epidemiology, 2026 distal maculopapular-petechial rash, 3271f RRV-TV. See Rhesus-human reassortment
humans, transmission, 2027 epidemiology, 2199-2203 rotavirus tetravalent vaccine
RIG-I. See Retinoic acid-inducible gene I features, 2201t rs12979860, location, 1910
Right apical infiltrate, postprimary (adult-type) HME/HGA, comparison, 2231t RSV. See Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
pulmonary tuberculosis (chest radiograph), incidence (United States), 2199f-2200f RSV604, 542
2799f late acute stage, 2201f chemical structure, 542f
Right axillary lymphadenopathy (cat-scratch pathogen, 2198-2199 RT-PCR. See Reverse-transcriptase polymerase
disease), 2654f pathogenesis, 2200 chain reaction
Right forearm, cutaneous melioidosis, 2545f prevention, 2202-2203 Rubella virus (German measles)
Right hilar lymphadenopathy, chest radiograph, prognosis, 2202 acute rubella, exanthem (example), 1877f
2798f rash, 734, 742 classification, 1875
Right lateral ventricle, horn (compression), 1170f example, 2201f clinical manifestations, 1876-1878
Right lentiform nucleus treatment, 2202 congenital rubella
attenuation, 1170f virulence factors, 2199 manifestations, 1877t
ring-enhancing lesion, MRI, 1171f Rodents, arenaviruses (pathogenesis), 2034-2035 syndrome, 1877-1878
Right lower quadrant pain, causes, 983t Romaña’s sign, 3111f diagnosis, 1878
Right peritonsillar abscess, jugular venous Room cleaning epidemiology, 1875-1876
thrombosis, 799f adequacy, chemical germicides (usage), immunity, maintenance, 1876
Right psoas abscess, melioidosis (presence), 2547f 3305-3306 impact, 1310-1311
Right sacroiliac joint (iliac side), osteitis improvement, 3306 pathogenesis, 1876
(fat-saturated T2-weighted oblique coronal Room decontamination postnatal rubella, 1876-1877
image), 2586f hydrogen peroxide systems, 3306 complications, 1877
Right-sided bronchiectasis, chest radiographs, no touch methods, 3306 therapy, 1878
2836f ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide transmission, 1876
Right-sided endocarditis, management (injection (comparison), 3306 vaccination, 1878-1879
drug users), 2265-2266 ultraviolet light, usage, 3306 complication, 1879
Right-sided xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, ROS. See Reactive oxygen species efficacy, 1879
CT scan, 910f Rosacea, topical antibacterial treatment, 458 fetal effects, 1879
Right sigmoid sinus defects, gadolinium- Rosai-Dorfman’s disease, 1233 vaccine, availability, 3541
enhanced T1-weighted images, 1184f Rose-Bengal slide agglutination test (RBT), 2587 Rubelliform exanthems, 2082
Right upper lobe Roseola infantum, impact, 1773-1774 Rubeola. See Measles
cavitary MAC disease, chest radiograph, 2835f Roseoliform exanthems, 2082 Ruminants, prion disease, 2150
cavitation, nonfatal chronic melioidosis Roseomonas species, 2680 RVF. See Rift Valley fever
(radiograph), 2546f Ross River virus (RRV), 1870 RxRE. See Rex-response elements
pulmonary cavity, fibrosis, 2979f Ross, Ronald, 3071
Rig-like helicases (RLH), 72 Rotarix, derivation, 1862 S
Rilpivirine, 1628 RotaShield, doses (administration), 1862 Sabia virus (SABV), 2031
Rimantadine, 531-534 RotaTeq, usage, 1862 Sabouraud dextrose agar, usage, 2916
action, mechanism, 531-532 Rotaviruses, 735-736, 1683 Saccharomyces neoformans, 2934-2935
administration, 534 clinical manifestations, 1856-1857 Saccular aneurysms, 1393
clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics, 533t diagnosis, 1860-1861 Sacral radiculopathy, 1720-1721
clinical studies, 534 diarrhea, pathogenesis, 1857 Sacramento Area Latino Study in Aging, 1750
concentration, 531-532 diarrhea-related deaths, children, 1862f Sacroiliac joint infection, 1305
interactions, 533 epidemiology, 1858-1859 Sacroiliitis, 1356
mutagenicity, absence, 534 genome replication, 1856 Saddleback fever pattern, 1852
pharmacokinetics, 532-533 history/overview, 1854-1855 SAE. See Sepsis-associated encephalopathy
resistance, 532 immunity, 1859-1860 SAFE. See Saline versus Albumin Fluid
spectrum, 531 duration, 1860 Evaluation; Surgery for trichiasis Antibiotics
toxicity, 533-534 immunization, 1861-1863 for active trachoma Facial cleanliness and
viruses, 534 impact, 169, 1255-1256 Environmental improvement

SAGE. See Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
Sagittal fat-saturated T2-weighted MRI, 2586f
SAHA. See Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
SAINT. See South African Intrapartum
I99
Sarcocystis species, 3187-3188 SCR. See Short consensus repeat
clinical manifestations, 3188 Scrapie-associated PrP isoforms, properties, 2143t
diagnosis, 3188 Scrapie, inoculation, 2148
epidemiology, 3188 Screening ELISA test, repetition, 1518

Index
Nevirapine Trial life cycle, 3188 Scrofula
Saline compresses, usage, 1198 oocyst, 3188f tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis, 1228-1229
Saline versus Albumin Fluid Evaluation (SAFE) therapy, 3184-3190 tuberculous lymphadenitis, 2816
trial, 931 Sarcocystosis, diagnosis, 3188 Scrotal skin, presence, 1376
Saliva Sarcoidosis, 2938 Scrotal ulcer, 2547f
blood group substance secretion, ability, 120 Sarcoidosis meningitis, 1143 Scrub typhus. See Orientia tsutsugamushi
impact, 787 Sarcoptes scabiei (example), 1345f SCVs. See Small colony variants
usage (ELISA assay), 1511 Sar regulatory network, 2243f Scytalidium dimidiatum (impact), 2992f
Salivary gland SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome Scytalidium infections, 2992
infections, 802 Saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI), clinical manifestations, 2992
GNARs, impact, 2777 2923 diagnosis, 2992
virus, 1738 Scabies therapy, 2992-2993
Salmonella bacteremia, recurrence, 2566 clinical manifestations, 3251 SD. See Subtotal deficiencies
Salmonella enterica serotype Saintpaul, impact, crusted (Norwegian) scabies, 3251f sdNVP. See Single-dose nevirapine
168 crusted scabies infestation, hand (dorsal view), SDS. See Sodium dodecylsulfate
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. typhi), 1209 3251f SDSE. See Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp.
chloramphenicol-resistant S. typhi, 1273 diagnosis, 3251-3252 equisimilis
Salmonella enteric infection, 1662 epidemiology, 3250 Seadornaviruses, 1852
Salmonella enteritidis infection, outbreak, 150-151 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Seborrheic dermatitis, 2993
Salmonella infections, chloramphenicol (impact), relationship, 1554 clinical manifestations, 2993
336 presenting forms, 3252t HIV, relationship, 1553f
Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), 2563 prevention, 3253 therapy, 2993
translocated proteins, 2563 Sarcoptes scabiei mite, micrograph, 3251f Secnidazole, 356
Salmonella species sexually transmitted nodular scabies Secondary attack rate, 153
bacteremia infection, 2565 infestation, 3252f Secondary bacterial infections
classification, 2559 therapy, 3252-3253 impact, 1205-1208
clinical manifestations, 2565-2566 transmission, 3250-3251 lung parenchyma, 2010f
enteric fever, 2565 treatment, recommendation, 3253t Secondary bacterial pneumonia, 2012
epidemiology, 2560-2562 Scalp ringworm, Microsporum canis (impact), Secondary C3 deficiency, observation, 108
gastroenteritis, 2565 2989f Secondary HIV prevention, 3369-3375
genome, 2559 SCAP. See Severe community-acquired Secondary immune responses, 38f
host response, 2564-2565 pneumonia Secondary infections, prevention, 933
immunity, 2564-2565 Scarlatiniform eruption, 741 Secondary lymphoid tissue (marginal zone), B
immunization, 2566 Scarlet fever, 2288 cells (presence), 44
localized infections, 2566 severe forms, 2288 Secondary PEM, 125
macrophages, interaction, 2564 Scavenger receptor A (SRA), 2314 Secondary peritonitis, 942-954
microbiology, 2559-2560 Scavenger receptor family, 30 antimicrobial therapy, 947-952
nontyphoidal salmonellae, 2560-2562 SCC. See Staphylococcal cassette chromosome duration, 952-953
pathogenesis, 2562-2565 SCCmec. See Staphylococcal cassette chromosome beta-lactams, usage, 951
receptor expression, 71 mec blood/plasma transfusion, 953
resistance/killing, 143f Scedosporium apiospermum, 3005 cardiovascular changes, 945
subspecies/serotypes, 2560t Scedosporium prolificans, 3006 causes, 942t
systemic infection, interactions, 2564 septic arthritis (knee), 3006f cephalosporins, usage, 950-951
taxonomy, 2559 SCF. See Stem cell factor chloramphenicol, usage, 950
vascular infection, 2565 Scherp, Henry, 2441 clindamycin, usage, 950
Salmonella-specific antibodies, requirement, 2565 Schick, Bela, 2300 clinical manifestations, 946
Salmonella typhi, 2-3 Schistosoma haematobium (egg), 3223f physical findings, 946
Salmonella typhimurium Schistosoma japonicum (egg), 3223f symptoms, 946
gene loss, 4 Schistosoma mansoni (egg), 3223f complication, intraperitoneal abscess (impact),
variants, differences, 102 Schistosome dermatitis (swimmer’s itch), 3219, 956
Salmonella Typhimurium, scanning electron 3242 diagnostic studies, 946-947
micrograph, 2562f Schistosomes, 3216-3222 etiology, 942
Salmonellosis, 1266-1267 clinical syndromes, 3219-3220 fluoroquinolones, usage, 952
extraintestinal infectious complications, 2567t epidemiology, 3217-3218 gastrointestinal changes, 945
HIV infection, relationship, 2565-2566 features, 3217t gastrointestinal drainage, 953
prevention/control, 2568 life cycle, 3216-3217 hyperbaric oxygen, usage, 953
therapy, 2566-2568 diagram, 3218f local response, 945
Salmon River virus (SRV), 1852 pathogenesis, 3218-3219 metabolic changes, 946
Salpingitis (women), 2165 Schistosomiasis metronidazole, usage, 950
Samhita, Charaka, 1297 acute schistosomiasis, 3219 microbiologic characteristics, 942-944
SAO. See Southeast Asian ovalocytosis chronic schistosomiasis, 3219-3220 mixed infection, 944-945
SAP. See Signaling lymphocyte-activation diagnosis, 3220-3221 operative approach, 953-954
molecule prevention/control, 3221-3222 pathogenesis, 944-945
Saphenous venectomy therapy, 3221 pathophysiologic responses, 945-946
limb, erysipelas, 2293f Schools, pertussis, 2627 pharmacodynamic considerations, 952-953
lower extremity cellulitis, 2345f SCID. See Severe combined immunodeficiency prevention, 954
SAPHO, 2783 SCIN. See Staphylococcal complement inhibitor prognosis, 947
SAPHO syndrome, 1324-1325 sCJD. See Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease renal changes, 946
Sappinia diploidea, 3062 Sclera, filtering bleb, 1416 respiratory changes, 945-946
Sappinia trophozoites (brain tissue), 3062f Sclerosing mediastinitis, complications/ respiratory support, 953
SAPS II. See Simplified Acute Physiology Score manifestations, 1088t systemic response, 945-946
Saquinavir, 1629 Scombroid fish poisoning, 1295 tetracyclines, usage, 950
administration, 1629 SCOPE. See Surveillance and Control of therapy, 947-954
adverse effects, 1629 Pathogens of Epidemiological Importance tigecycline, usage, 952
SARA. See Sexually acquired reactive arthritis Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, 2992 water/electrolyte administration, 953
 I100
Secondary prevention, 156-157
Secondary rheumatic fever prophylaxis, duration,
2306t
Secondary syphilis, 2694-2695
Index
example, 1344f
lesions, 1343
examples, 2694f
organ involvement, 2694-2695
skin lesion, histopathology, 2690f
Second-generation antihistamines, 750-751
Second-generation cephalosporins, 279f, 289
usage, 289
Second-generation protease inhibitors, usage,
1466
Second-line antituberculous drugs, 472-474
Secretory component (SC), binding, 36
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), 787
Secretory vesicles, 79
contents, 79t
SEER. See Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End
Results
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB),
identification, 76-77
SEIs. See Subepithelial infiltrates
Seizures, 1587
HHV-6, impact, 1773
MRI, 2697f
occurrence, 1095
Selectins
importance, 1109
selectin-mediated adhesion/rolling, 81-82
selectin-mediated signaling, impact, 81f
Selective gut decontamination (SGD), 972. See
also Pancreatic infections
Selenium
deficiency, occurrence, 130
immunity role, 127
supplementation trials, 130
Self-collected stool specimens, dependence, 16
Self-induced abscesses (factitial disease), 1214
Self-induced skin infections, 1208
Self-limited febrile illness, 2210
Self-transmissible plasmids, impact, 2496
Semen
composition, 1386
vector, 1386
Semicritical items, 3295-3297
Seminal vesiculitis, 2454-2455
Semliki Forest virus complex, 1867
Sendai virus, 1941
Sennetsu neorickettsiosis, 2233
Sense RNA-containing viruses, genome
replication, 1686
Sense RNA genomes, impact, 1686
Sentinel cells, crosstalk, 30
Sepsis, 3391
acquired immunity, 917t
acute lung injury, 927
acute-phase responses, 918-920
adrenal insufficiency, 926
antibiotic management options, 3472t
anticoagulants, 932
anti-infective responses, 918
anti-inflammatory drugs, 932-933
anti-inflammatory responses, 918-919
antimicrobial drugs, 930-931
autonomic dysfunction, 926
bacteria, sensing, 916f
biomarker levels, 929
blood compartment, 926-927
bullous skin lesions, 738
candidate triggers, 921
cardiovascular impact, 928
cerebral function, 925
clinical manifestations, 925-929
clinical presentation, 3470
clotting factors, 927
coagulopathy, 921
complement activation, 921
Sepsis (Continued) Septic arthritis, 2432
criteria, burns (American Burn Association), bacterial causes, clinical/epidemiologic features,
3507t 1305t
culture-positive severe sepsis, infection sites, elderly, 3463
923f Haemophilus influenzae, 2579
cultures, 929 meningococcal disease, 2435-2436
cutaneous manifestations, 928 percent polymorphonuclear cells, 1306t
cytokines Staphylococcus aureus, 2269
impact, 920-921 symphysis pubis, 1307f, 2525
levels, 929 therapy, duration, 1310
definitions, 914, 915t Septic bursitis, 1314-1315
diagnosis, 929 diagnosis, 1315
diagnostic imaging, 929 Staphylococcus aureus, 2269
differential diagnosis, 929 Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis, 800
early systemic responses, 917-918 diagnosis, 800
endotoxemia, 924 presentation, 1183
epidemiology, 914-915, 3469-3470 Septicemia, Vibrio vulnificus (impact), 1287
fever, mediators, 1224 Septicemic plague, 2609-2611
gastrointestinal tract injury, 927-928 bipolar-staining bacilli, peripheral blood smear,
genetic influences, 923 2612f
glucocorticoids, usage, 932 Septic gonococcal arthritis, 1307-1308
glucose, 926 Septic intracranial thrombophlebitis (treatment),
gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, antagonists, surgery (usage), 1184
932 Septic intracranial venous sinus thrombosis,
hepatic dysfunction, 928 development, 1182
host defenses, increase, 932-933 Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis (SPT), diagnosis,
host responses, initiation, 916f 1374
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Septic phlebitis, therapy (duration), 1022-1023
925-926 Septic sacroiliac joint, 1307f
immune dysfunction, 928 Septic shock, 920-923, 928
immunosuppression, 922 adrenal insufficiency, 929
infection empirical antibiotic options, 930t
early host responses, 915-920 fluid resuscitation, goals, 931
localization, 917-918 glucocorticoids, usage, 932
responses (harm), 920-923 phases, 922-923
susceptibility/outcome, 923 therapy, 929-933
systemic responses, 917t tipping point, 928-929
inflammation-activated coagulation, 919f Septic syndromes, differentiation, 3314t
inflammation, localization, 917-918 Septic third proximal interphalangeal joint, 1305f
injury, systemic responses, 917t Septic thrombophlebitis, 3484
innate immunity, 917t SEQUAMAT studies, 501
lactate, 926-927 Sequential infective events, 3386t, 3392
liver, 918 Sequential organ failure assessments (SOFA), 933
local defenses, 915-917 Sera, cross-neutralization, 1694
malaria, distinction, 3083 Serine-aspartate (SD) repeats, 2241
mediators, 920-921 Serine protease autotransporters of the
metabolic responses, 919 Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE), 2498
microbial agents, impact, 3470-3471 Serine protease family, 100
mitochondrial/microcirculatory dysfunction, Serine-rich glycoprotein A (SrpA), 1031
922 Serofibrinous pleurisy with effusion (tuberculous
muscles, peripheral nerves, 926 pleurisy), 2813
nervous/neuroendocrine systems, 925-926 Serogroup B vaccine strategies, 2442
nutrition, 933 Seroincidence surveys, examples, 151
organs, dysfunction, 927-928 Serologically distinct enterotoxins (SEs), 1284
pathogenesis, 915-925 Serologic methods, usage, 219
plasma lipids, impact, 926 Serologic screening tests, false-positive/
postsplenectomy sepsis, risk factors, 3469t false-negative HIV antibody results, 1512
procoagulant responses, 919-920 Serology, 204
prognosis, 933 fungi, 214
rash, relationship, 739 parasites, 222
recovery mechanisms, 925 viruses, 219
renal dysfunction, 927 Seroprevalence survey, 151
risk factors, 3464 Serratia
secondary infections, prevention, 933 microorganisms, 2514-2516
sepsis-induced myocardial depression, species, 2515
development, 928 Serrati, Serafino, 2515
sepsis-related hospital discharge diagnosis, Serum amyloid A, 714
914-915 Serum antibody, role, 2126
severity, 920-923 Serum concentration-time profile
microbial triggers, 923-925 anti-infective dose, administration, 254f
skin lesions, classification, 739 antimicrobial agent, 258f
supportive measures, 933 intermittent/extended/continuous infusion,
therapy, 929-933 effects, 258
thermoregulatory responses, 920 Serum iron, decrease, 32
treatment, anti-inflammatory strategies, 589 Serum neutralizing antibody, RSV infection
vascular endothelium, activation/injury, 921 protection, 1952
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), Serum proteins
definition, 925 electrophoresis, 38
Septic abortion, cause, 1375 penicillins, binding, 266
 I101
Serum resistance, 102 Sexual transmission (HTLV-1/HTLV-2), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
Serum retrospective studies, 1542 2046-2047 (STAT3), 1107-1108
Serum-sensitive gonococci, isolation, 102 Sexually transmitted epididymitis, 1385 Signal transducers and activators of transcription
Serum-specific IgE assays, usage, 299 Sézary syndrome, 2048-2049 (STATs), 1709

Index
7-Valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine SFG. See Spotted fever group Signature-tagged mutagenesis, 9
(PCV7), 768 SFTSV. See Severe fever with thrombocytopenia Significance testing, 620
effectiveness, 771-772 syndrome virus SILCAAT. See Subcutaneous IL-2 in HIV Infected
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 1686, SGD. See Selective gut decontamination Subjects with Low CD4 Counts under Active
1904 SGS. See Single genome sequencing Antiretroviral Therapy
cases, report, 184 SHEA. See Society for Healthcare Epidemiology Silent spirochetemia, occurrence, 2695
cause, 146 of America Silent upper tract infection, 897
coinfection, 1848 Sheep blood agar plate Silibinin, structure, 601f
coronavirus, 1906 group A streptococci, 2283f SILs
association, 161 hemolytic streptococci, 2283f prevalence, 1608
clinical manifestations, 1909-1910 Shellfish poisoning, types, 1288 severity/extensiveness, 1609
IFNs, impact, 579 Shepard, Charles, 2633 Silymarin, impact, 601
laboratory diagnosis, 1935 Sherman, James, 2328-2329 Simeprevir, 573-574
epidemic, recognition, 150 Shewanella species, 2680 action, mechanism, 573
epidemiologic investigations, 163 Shiga toxin-induced HUS, renal histopathology, chemical structure, 571f
features, 163 111 clinical studies, 574
number, confirmation/probability, 162t Shiga toxin-positive diarrhea, 110 interactions, 573
occurrence, 155 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), 147, 1238 pharmacology, 573
world map, 1909f impact, 1286 resistance, 573
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, 588 spectrum, 573
(SARS-CoV), 162 risk, 2513 toxicity, 573-574
infection route, 1933 suspicion, 2512-2513 Simian HIV (SHIV), SHIV-infected monkeys,
Severe anemia, 3082-3083 strains, 2512-2513 1529-1530
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), virulence factors, 2512 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 586
1070, 1910 Shigella SIV-infected macaques, 1666
presence, 1795 clinical course, 2572-2573 SIV-infected monkeys, 1529-1530
Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP), communicability, 2570 SIV-infected sooty mangabeys, 1538
838 diagnosis, 2572 Simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees
score, 841 disease, cyclic patterns, 2571 (SIVcpz), 2054
Severe complicated CDI, 2753-2754 enteric pathogens, 1662 Simian virus 40 (SV40), 1807
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome epidemiology, 2571-2572 Simple carbohydrate transport phosphotransferase
virus (SFTSV), 2029 group identification, 2569-2570 system, genes (expression), 16
Severe malaria, 3086-3087 history, 2572 Simple gingivitis, 793-794
bacteremia/sepsis, 3087 infection, anatomic location, 2571 Simple otitis externa (swimmer’s ear), 2527
exchange transfusion, 3087 infectivity, 2570 Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II), 933
Severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome (SPHS), inflammation, 2570 Sindbis virus (SINV), 1668, 1866, 1869-1870
2717-2718 invasive Escherichia coli, 2570 Single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP), 1596
Severe sepsis, 920-923 isolation techniques, 2569 Single genome sequencing (SGS), 1521
anti-inflammatory drugs, 932-933 laboratory findings, 2572 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 116,
bacteremia, 923-924 microbiology, 2569-2570 2821, 3080
bacterial toxins, 924-925 mucosal invasion, 2570 SNP-outcome associations, 923
culture-positive severe sepsis, infection sites, pathogenesis, 2570-2571 Single open reading frame (single ORF),
923f physical examination, 2572 1995-1996
empirical antibiotic options, 930t species, 1264-1265 Single photon emission computed tomography
etiologies, antimicrobial chemotherapy, spread/reservoirs, modes, 2571-2572 plus conventional CT (SPECT/CT), 1331
931-932 therapy, 2572-2573 Single-photon emission computed tomography
fluid resuscitation, goals, 931 toxigenicity, 2570-2571 (SPECT), usage, 1657, 2731
induction, respiratory infections (impact), 915 type identification, 2569-2570 Single-shelled particle/core, 1686
intravenous fluids, usage, 931-932 virulent strains, challenge, 2570t Single-strand RNA, NOD2 recognition, 31
microbial triggers, 923-925 Shigella dysenteriae, 1264 Single-Use Diagnostic System (SUDS) rapid test
muscles, biopsy, 921 Shigellosis kit, 1510-1511
neutrophils, collection, 922 antibacterial therapy, 2573t Sino-orbital involvement, mucormycosis, 2913f
organ dysfunction, 927f antimicrobials, usage, 431 Sinopulmonary mucormycosis, radiographic
prognosis, 933 control, 2573 findings, 2914f
surgical drainage (source control), 931 environmental control, 2573 Sinuses
therapy, 929-933 immunologic control, 2573 fungus balls, 2901
tipping point, 928-929 incidence (geography/host), 2571 histiocytosis, 1233
vasopressors, usage, 931-932 SHIV. See Simian HIV infection, microsporidia, 3038
Sex partners, management, 2461 Short-acting sulfonamides, 410 wall thickening, computed tomography, 2902f
Sexual history, 1360 Short consensus repeat (SCR), 98 Sinusitis, 2902. See also Acute bacterial sinusitis;
Sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA), Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 1940 Acute sinusitis; Chronic sinusitis; Maxillary
occurrence, 1355 SHV. See Sulfhydryl variable sinusitis
Sexually active women, quantitative studies, 944 SIADH. See Syndrome of inappropriate secretion adjunctive treatment, 782
Sexually reactive arthritis (men), 2163-2164 of antidiuretic hormone antibiotic/placebo, randomized, controlled
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) Sialadenitis, 802 trials, 780t
epidemiology, 3490-3491 Sialidase inhibitors, 529 antihistamines/decongestants, usage, 782
inguinal buboes, 1230 Sialolithiasis, 802 antimicrobial efficacy studies, interpretation,
injection drug users, 3490-3491 Sickle cell disease, osteomyelitis, 1325 780
quinolones, impact, 430 Siderophores, 2533 antimicrobials, clinical trials (meta-analyses),
risk factor, 1474 Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule 780
TMP-SMX, impact, 416 (SLAM), 139, 1967 antimicrobial sinusitis, 779-781
treatment, 1594 SLAM-associated protein (SAP) gene, 1760 Bipolaris hawaiiensis sinusitis, T2-weighted
Sexually transmitted infection protection Signal-joint TRECs, increase, 1535-1536 MRI, 3008f
(women), 1612-1613 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 clinical diagnosis, 779
Sexually transmitted urethritis, 1355 (STAT1) pathway, 50 clinical manifestations, 778-779
 I102
Sinusitis (Continued) Skin (Continued) Small bowel
complications, 782 diseases, protection, 3566 overgrowth, 1298
corticosteroids, usage, 782 disinfection, topical antibacterials (usage), transplant recipients, 3444-3445
development, risk factors, 778 452-459 Small cell carcinoma upper lung, diagnosis, 872f
Index

diagnosis, 779 eruptions, CMV complication, 1742 Small colony variants (SCVs), 2240
epidemiology, 778 flora, alterations, 954 Small intestine, 16
ethmoid sinusitis, orbital abscess mechanical barrier, 26 disorders, 1571-1572
(complication), 783f microsporidia, 3038 Small-molecular-weight GTPases, localization, 82
extracranial complications, 782 mycotic infections, classification, 1195t Smallpox. See Variola
imaging, 779 necrosis, 1205 Small RNAs (sRNAs), 2243
macrolides, usage, 781 paracoccidioidomycosis, lesions, 2999 SMART-COP, 841
microbiology, 776-778 pathologic changes, 998 SmeDEF efflux pump, 2538
Moraxella catarrhalis, 2465 pH, 26 Smoking, impact, 1559-1560
nasal saline spray, 782 physical barrier, 3386-3387 SMR. See Staphylococcal multiresistance
nonantimicrobial therapies, 782 popping, 1213 Smudge cell, lung biopsy specimen, 1792f
pathogenesis, 775-776 problems, returning travelers, 3575 SNAP. See Synaptosomal-associated protein
prevention, 782-783 specimens, 201-202 Snowballs, 1423
purulent material, intracranial collections, structure infections, tigecycline (impact), Snow, John, 2471-2472
782 332 Snow Mountain agent, stool filtrate, 2123f
saline, impact, 782 temperature, monitoring, 709 SNPs. See Single nucleotide polymorphisms
sinus surgery, 782 tenting, 2474 SNS. See Strategic National Stockpile
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2317-2318, 2322 testing, 299 Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
surgical treatment, trocars (usage), 775f delayed intradermal/patch tests, 299 (SHEA), 1087, 1523
symptoms, type/duration/severity, 779 tests (nonimmediate reactions), 299 antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, 609t
therapy, 779-782 tigecycline, impact, 332 HIV-infected provider management
treatment travelers, pathologic effects, 3572f recommendations, 3369t
antimicrobials/placebo, contrast (Kaplan- vesicles, Wright-Giemsa smears, 216 SOCS. See Suppressor of cytokine signaling
Meier curve), 781f viral infections, 1552 Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), usage, 1513-1514
duration, 781 Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), 416, Sodium stibogluconate (SSG), usage, 3103
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive 2260-2262 Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
disease), 3427 anaerobes, impact, 2739-2740 (NTCP), identification, 1816
Sinus ostial obstruction, predisposition (factors), beta-hemolytic streptococci, 2358 SOFA. See Sequential organ failure assessments
775t clinical presentations, 2333 Sofosbuvir, 574
Sinus ostium, obstruction, 775-776 daptomycin, usage, 2336 action mechanism, 574
Sinus puncture GNARs, 2777 chemical structure, 571f
endoscopic middle meatal culture, comparison, green nail syndrome, 2526 clinical studies, 574
776t group B streptococcal infections, 2345 interactions, 574
nosocomial sinusitis, microorganisms injection drug users, 3478-3481 pharmacology, 574
(association), 778t interdigital infections, 2526 regimens, 1464t
Sinus secretions, quality/character, 776 invasive streptococcal infections, 2293-2297 resistance, 574
SINV. See Sindbis virus management, 2262 spectrum, 574
siRNAs. See Short interfering RNAs nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2850 toxicity, 574
SIRS. See Systemic inflammatory response paronychia, 2526 Soft tissue infections
syndrome Pasteurella species, 2604 daptomycin, impact, 396
SIS. See Surgical Infection Society Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2526-2527 management, 3479-3480
Site-specific integrase, presence, 237f pulmonary mucormycosis, 2915-2916 nontuberculous mycobacteria, 2849-2850
SIV. See Simian immunodeficiency virus tigecycline, usage, 2337 quinolones, impact, 434-435
16S rRNA, 12t Skin infections, 3391-3392, 3445 suppurative soft tissue infections, 804
microbial DNA, generation, 14 complication, pyogenic lymphadenitis (impact), telavancin, impact, 399
studies, 15 1234 TMP-SMX, impact, 416
Sixth disease, impact, 1773-1774 daptomycin, impact, 396 topical antibacterial prophylaxis, 454
Sjögren’s syndrome, 1402 elderly, 3461-3462 vancomycin, impact, 386
SJS. See Stevens-Johnson syndrome post-traumatic opportunistic skin infections, Soft tissue specimens, 201-202
Skeletal infections 1207-1208 Solid organs
Cryptococcus neoformans (impact), 1312 quinolones, impact, 434-435 infectious diseases, transmission, 3358-3359
epidemiology, 3481 self-induced skin infections, 1208 recipient, drug resistance, 1750
GNARs, impact, 2776-2777 telavancin, impact, 399 Solid organ transplant (SOT) patient,
Kingella, 2469 TMP-SMX, impact, 416 toxoplasmosis, 3131-3132
microbiology, 3481 topical antibacterial prophylaxis, 454 Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, 745
Skeletal muscle, toxoplasmosis, 3130 types, pathophysiologic events (impact), 746t adenoviruses, impact, 1791
Skeletal mycobacterial infection, 1326 vancomycin, impact, 386 Bartonella henselae infections, 2657
Skeletal myositis, 2084 Skin lesions, 735t Bartonella infections, 2657
Skeletal specimens, 201-202 chronic meningococcemia, syndrome, 1209 donor infection transmission, potential, 3451t
Skeletal system, brucellosis, 2585 classification, 739 hepatitis E virus (HEV), impact, 2138-2139
Skeletal tuberculosis (Pott’s disease), 2814-2815 complication, secondary bacterial infections Solid-phase immunosorbent assay
clinical manifestations, 2814 (impact), 1205-1208 isotype-specific characteristics, 39
Pott’s paraplegia, 2814 presence, 745-746 usage, 38-39
therapy, 2815 Skin-popping, 2764 Soluble CD8+ T-cell-secreted factors, 1530-1531
Skin, 13-14. See also Human skin Skull base osteomyelitis, 2525-2526 Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid
anatomy, S. aureus infection levels, 2260f SLAM. See Signaling lymphocyte activation cells (STREP-1), 833
bacterial infections, classification, 1195t molecule Somatic hypermutation, 42-43
biopsy, distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN), SLE. See St. Louis encephalitis; Systemic lupus occurrence, 43
1584-1585 erythematosus Somnolence (period of intoxication), 1893
care, 1198 Sleeping sickness. See African trypanosomiasis; Sonication, 1331
cold abscesses, 143 East African trypanosomiasis; Human Soper, George, 1270
cryptococcosis, 2942-2943 African trypanosomiasis Sore throat, 750-751
device insertion site (extraluminal source), pathogenesis/pathology. See African sleeping Sortase-mediated cell wall-associated proteins,
contamination, 3311-3312 sickness. Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMMs
diagram, 3495f Sleep-wake cycle, 710 (relationship), 2245t

SOT. See Solid organ transplant
South African Intrapartum Nevirapine Trial
(SAINT), 1501
South America
EEE, rarity, 1868
HIV epidemic, 1592
South American hemorrhagic fevers, 2028
clinical manifestations, 2027-2028
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO), 3077
cause, 3077
Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI),
clinicopathophysiologic comparison, 3269t
SP. See Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
SP1. See Salmonella pathogenicity island 1
SpA. See Staphylococcal protein A
Space infections, 797
Spastic bronchopneumonia, 818
SPATE. See Serine protease autotransporters of
the Enterobacteriaceae
Spa typing, 2241
Special populations, 631
Specific granules, 79
Specimens
bacterial/fungal stains/cultures, collection/
transport guidelines, 193t-194t
blood specimens, 192-195
collection, 215t
considerations, 192
culture, 202-203
detection methods, 202-204
gastrointestinal tract specimens, 197-201
genital specimens, 201
guidelines, 192-202
initial processing, 192-202
laboratory processing, 192-202
microscopy, usage, 202
nucleic acid-based tests, 204
respiratory tract specimens, 196-197
selection/collection/transport, 192-202
serology, 204
skeletal specimens, 201-202
skin specimens, 201-202
soft tissue specimens, 201-202
urinary tract specimens, 197
SPECT. See Single-photon emission computed
tomography
Spectinomycin, 320
chemical structure, 311f
Spherule, photomicrograph, 2975f
Sphingobacterium species, 2680-2681
Sphingomonas species, 2681
misidentification, 2681
SPHS. See Severe pulmonary hemorrhage
syndrome
Spider bites, misinterpretation, 741
Spike protein, cleavage, 798
Spinal aspergillosis, bone destruction
(radiograph), 2903f
Spinal cord infection, Listeria monocytogenes,
2386
Spinal cord injury (SCI)
abdomen, unenhanced CT scan, 3455f
bloodstream infection, 3457
infections
evaluation, challenges, 3453-3454
predisposition, factors, 3453
intra-abdominal infection, 3457
osteomyelitis, 3456-3457
patients, infection (evaluation challenge), 3454t
pelvis, contrast-enhanced CT scan, 3457f
pneumonia, impact, 3455-3456
pressure sores, infections, 3456
setting, multiresistant organisms, 3457-3458
urinary tract infection, 3454-3455
Spinal epidural abscess
clinical findings, 1180-1181
incidence, increase, 1180
injection drug users, 3489
mortality rates, 1182
I103
Spinal epidural abscess (Continued) Sporothrix schenckii
surgical drainage, usage, 1181-1182 clinical syndromes, 2920-2922
therapy, principles, 1181 disseminated skin lesions, 2922f
Spinal paralytic poliomyelitis, 2074-2075 epidemiology, 2920
Index
Spinal subdural empyema extracutaneous sporotrichosis, 2921-2922
clinical presentation, 1178 lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, 2920-2921
occurrence, 1177-1178 mycology, 2920
Spinal syndrome, 1583-1584 Sporotrichoid disease, 2849
Spine, bone destruction (spinal aspergillosis), Sporotrichoid lesions, differential diagnosis, 2921t
2903f Sporotrichosis, 1312-1313
Spiramycin, 516-517 bilateral cavitation, chest roentgenogram, 2922f
side effects, 516 clinical manifestations (HIV-infected patient),
utility, 517 2922-2923
Spirillum minus, 2631 diagnosis, 2923
bacteriology, 2631 extracutaneous sporotrichosis, 2921-2922
clinical manifestations, 2631 itraconazole blood level monitoring, 2924
diagnosis, 2631 lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, 2920-2921
epidemiology, 2631 multifocal extracutaneous sporotrichosis, 2922
pathogenesis/pathology, 2631 prognosis, 2924
therapy, 2631 therapy, 2923-2924
Spirochetal infections (borrelioses), 3268-3270 yeasts, 2923f
Spirochetal meningitis, 1103-1104, 1117-1118, Spotted fever group (SFG), 2198-2199
1121-1122, 1131-1132 rickettsial infections, 3270-3272
Borrelia burgdorferi (impact), 1104, 1118, 1122, rickettsiosis, 2203
1132 tick-borne rickettsioses, 3271t
Treponema pallidum (impact), 1103-1104, Spotted fever group rickettsioses, 2203-2204
1117-1118, 1121-1122, 1131-1132 SPRINT 2 trial. See Boceprevir
Spirochetes SPT. See Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis
direct examination, 2699-2701 Sputum
tetracyclines, impact, 325 culture, 2320t
transmission, 2688 delay, 830
Spleen, 65 diagnostic yield, 830
adaptive immunity, 3467 examination, 829-831
anatomy, 66f, 3466-3467 components, 829
antihyperpyretic factor, impact, 716 microscopic examination, 867, 2320t
architecture, 3467f samples, microbial richness, 878f
Candida infection, 2887 SrpA. See Serine-rich glycoprotein A
filtration/clearance, 3461-3462 SRV. See Salmon River virus
function, 3460-3461 SSG. See Sodium stibogluconate
assessment, 3463 SSIs. See Surgical site infections
hematopoiesis/hemostasis, 3462-3463 SSKI. See Saturated solution of potassium iodide
host defenses, 3386 SSPE. See Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
inflammation, regulation, 3461 SSSS. See Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
innate immunity, 3462 SSTIs. See Skin and soft tissue infections
parasites, impact, 3471 ST-246, impact, 1701
pathologic changes, 998 Stable-state patient-group category, 813t
rupture, 1759 STALWART. See Study of Aldesleukin With and
Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, 2919 without Antiretroviral Therapy
Splenectomy Standard precautions, 3287-3288
abscesses, presence, 2547f HIV transmission, 3365
immunologic defects, 3469t Staphylococcal binder of immunoglobulins (Sbi),
incidence, cumulative incidence, 3470f IgG engagement, 103
patients Staphylococcal biofilms, rifampin (role), 345-346
infections, prevention (strategies), 3472t Staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec
postsplenectomy infection rates, hospitalization types, 741
(requirement), 3469t Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec
sepsis, prevention (strategies), 3472t (SCCmec), 880
Splenic abscess Staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN),
clinical manifestations, 980, 3488 binding, 103
complications, 979 Staphylococcal endocarditis, 1015-1017
computed tomography (CT), 980 Staphylococcal impetigo, infective skin lesions,
scan, 2547f 2261f
diagnosis, 980 Staphylococcal infections
epidemiology, 979 management, vancomycin (usage), 382
injection drug users, 3488 rifamycins, impact, 345
magnetic resonance imaging, 980 treatment, clindamycin (usage), 375
microbiology, 979-980 Staphylococcal infective endocarditis (treatment),
organisms, culturing, 980t clindamycin (usage), 1016
pathogenesis, 979 Staphylococcal liver presence, display, 142f
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei, 3011f Staphylococcal multiresistance (SMR) family, 249
therapy, 980-981, 3488 Staphylococcal osteoarticular infections,
ultrasonography, 980 daptomycin (impact), 397
Spondyloarthropathy, 1308 Staphylococcal pneumonia, pneumatocele
Spondylodiskitis, 1322-1323 formation, 835f
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), Staphylococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis,
2145-2146 1034-1035
case definitions, 2149t Staphylococcal protein A (SpA), 103
Sporanox (itraconazole), 485-487 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS),
Sporothrix meningitis, 1141 741, 1197, 2248-2249
 I104
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (Continued) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (Continued)
(Continued) gram-negative/gram-positive bacterial sequenced strains, mobile genetic elements,
blisters, expression, 2248f envelopes, schematic representation, 2252t
clinical aspects, 2249 2244f skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs),
Index

clinical manifestations, 1197 habitat, 2240 2260-2262

localized SSSS, 2249f health care-associated bloodstream infection, classification, 2260-2262
molecular pathogenesis, 2248-2249 2262-2263 management, 2262
photograph, 1197f hemolysins, 2247-2248 small RNAs, 2243
presumptive therapy, 1197 hidradenitis suppurativa, 2261 Spa typing, 2241
Staphylococcal scarlatiniform syndrome, identification, 2240 species, 2239t
1196-1197 impact, 741-742 species/subspecies, molecular evolution,
Staphylococcal scarlet fever, 1197 impetigo, 2260-2261 2244f
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, 741 infection, risk, 2259t staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS),
diagnostic criteria, 2250t factors, 2258 2248-2249, 2248f
streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, contrast, infection, skin anatomy levels, 2260f superantigens, 2249
742t infective endocarditis, 2263-2266 surface adhesins, 2245-2246
Staphylococcus (staphylococci) clinical manifestations, 2264-2265 surgical site infection, 2261
carriage, study, 14 diagnosis, 2265 teichoic acids, 2246
impact, 1103, 1131 host defenses/prevention, 2264 therapy, 1016
vancomycin, in vitro postantibiotic effect, 382 pathogenesis, 2263-2264 tigecycline, usage, 2257
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), 11, 379-381, injection drug users, right-sided endocarditis toxic shock syndrome, 2249-2250
878-879 (management), 2265-2266 two-component regulatory systems, 2242
accessory gene regulator (agr) regulatory linezolid, impact, 407-408, 2256 vancomycin, therapeutic monitoring, 2255
systems, 2242 lipoglycopeptides, usage, 2257-2258 virulence determinants, 2241-2251
alternative treatments, 2257-2258 lipoteichoic acids, 2246 Staphylococcus epidermidis
antibiotic resistance, 2253-2258 mastitis, 2261 antibiotic resistance, 2273-2274
burden, 2258-2259 meningitis, 2266 bacteremia, 2276-2280
bacteremia, 1209 menstrual toxic shock syndrome, relationship, biofilm, 2274
daptomycin, impact, 396-397 2249-2250 dispersal, 2275
bacterial growth, global regulatory elements methicillin resistance, mechanism, 2254-2255 formation, 2275f
(response), 2238t microorganism, 2238-2240 biomaterials
beta-lactams, 2253-2255 mobile genetic elements, 2251-2253 adherence, 2274
biofilm, relationship, 2243-2245 molecular diagnosis, 2240-2241 maturation, 2274-2275
bloodstream infection, 2262-2263 molecular typing, 2240-2241 breast implants, mastitis/infections, 2280
management, 2263 morphology variants, 2240 burn patients, 2281
capsule, 2245 MRSA, relationship, 2253-2255 cardiac devices, 2277-2278
carbuncles, 2261 MSCRAMMs, 2245t cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections, 2278-2279
carriage, 2259-2260 multilocus sequence typing, 2241 clinical syndromes, 2275-2280
carriers, decolonization, 2260 nasal carriage elimination, topical antibacterials colonization, 2275-2276
cellulitis, 2261-2262 (usage), 458-459 ecology, 2272-2273
elbow location, 2262f neutrophil ingestion, transmission electron endocarditis, 2277
clinical aspects, 2258-2260 micrograph, 84f endophthalmitis, 2279
clinical samples, Gram staining/transmission nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome, epidemiology, 2275-2280
electron microscopy, 2239f relationship, 2250 genitourinary prostheses, infections, 2280
clinical syndromes, 2260-2269 nosocomial bloodstream infection, 2262-2263 implant infections, 2280
clumping factor (fibrinogen-binding protein osteomyelitis, 2267-2269 infection (risk), coagulase-negative
A), production, 2239t clinical manifestations, 2267 staphylococci (impact), 2280-2281
coagulase, production, 2239t diagnosis, 2268 intravascular catheter infections, 2276-2277
community-onset bacteremia, 2262 pathogenesis, 2267 microbiology, 2272-2273
comparative genomics/evolution, 2251 therapy, 2268-2269 molecular epidemiology, 2274
cross-species jump (humans/animals), 2251 Panton-Valentine toxin, 2248 neonates, 2280-2281
culture, 2240 pathogenesis, 2241-2253 orthopedic prosthetic device infections, 2278
daptomycin, 2256 cell surface determinants, involvement, pathogenesis, 2274-2275
DNA-binding proteins, 2242-2243 2243-2247 peritoneal dialysis catheter-associated
double-locus Spa-Clfb typing, 2241 role, 2243 infections, 2279
drug efflux, 2256 pathogenicity, 2251-2252 poly-gamma-dl-glutamic acid, 2275
embolic skin lesions (Janeway spots), 2264f penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), 2247f prosthetic device infections, 2280
endocarditis affinity, improvement, 2257 rabbit experiments, 1415
Janeway lesions, 998f penicillin resistance, 2253 surgical site infections, 2279
management, 2265-2266 peptidoglycan, 2246-2247 transmission, 2275-2276
mitral valve, 2264f assembly, 2247f transplant patients/neutropenic hosts, 2280
endoribonuclease III, 2243 pericarditis, 2266 urinary tract infection, 2279-2280
enterotoxins, relationship, 2250 clinical spectrum, 2266 vascular grafts, 2278
enzymes, secretion, 2247-2248 therapy, 2266 virulence factors, 2274-2275
epidemiology, 2258-2260 prevention, 2258 definition/proposal, 2274t
erysipelas, 2261-2262 prospective strategies, 2258 Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 2281
extracellular factors, 2238t prosthetic joint infections, 2267-2268 Staphylococcus hypersensitivity, 1405
fasciitis, 2261-2262 protein synthesis inhibitors, 2256 Staphylococcus lugdunensis, 2281
folliculitis, 2261 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 2241 Staphylococcus pneumoniae isolation, 777
food poisoning, 2250 pyomyositis, 2269 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 2281
furuncles, 2261 quinolones, usage, 2256-2257 Staphylokinase (SAK), 2251
genomic islands, 2251-2252 quinupristin-dalfopristin, usage, 2257 STAR-CF study, 880
genomics, 2251-2253 regulation, 2241-2251 STARI. See Southern tick-associated rash illness
global regulatory system, schematic resistance island staphylococcal cassette STAR-TOO trial, 880
representation, 2242f chromosome mec, 2252-2253 STAT1, 2987
glycopeptides resistance mechanisms, 2254t gain, 143
full resistance, 2255 scanning electron micrograph, 83f State actors, 179-181
intermediate resistance, 2255 septic arthritis, 2269 Statistically significant results, 148-149, 620
relationship, 2255 septic bursitis, 2269 Statistics, biology (relationship), 148-149
 I105
STATs. See Signal transducers and activators of Stomach, 15-16 Streptococcus (streptococci) (Continued)
transcription alkalinization, 2384 linezolid, impact, 408
Status post renal transplant, 870f disorders, 1568 nomenclature, confusion, 1004
Stavudine, 1624-1625 Stomatitis. See Aphthous stomatitis; Gangrenous Streptococcus agalactiae

Index
STDs. See Sexually transmitted diseases stomatitis asymptomatic colonization, 2341
Steady-state COPD presence, 801-802 capsule, 95-96
antibiotic prophylaxis, 816 Stool chemoprophylaxis, 1135
nonantimicrobial therapy, 813-814 microsporidia, demonstration, 3037f classification, 2340
Steam sterilization, 3302-3303 ova/parasite examination, 3054-3056 description, 2340-2341
immediate-use steam sterilization, 3303 parasites, 220-221 epidemiology, 2341-2342
STEC. See Shiga toxin-producing E. coli specimen, Gram stain, 224 historical perspective, 2340
Stellate macular exudates, papilledema, 2656f Stop codon mutation, 1828 identification, 2340
Stem cell factor (SCF), 91 Strand transfer reaction, blocking, 1634 impact, 1103
absence, 75 Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE), isolates, incidence/serotype distribution,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1862-1863 2341-2342
abdominopelvic infection, 2537 Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), 2614 morphologic characteristics, 2340
antimicrobial resistance, 2538-2539 Stratification, usage, 610 pathogenetic mechanisms, 2342-2343
bacterial factors, 2533-2535 Strawberry tongue, 3281f serologic typing, 2340-2341
bone infections, 2537 STREP-1. See Soluble triggering receptor transmission, 2341-2342
catheter-related S. maltophilia bacteremia, expressed on myeloid cells Streptococcus anginosus
2535-2536 Streptobacillus moniliformis, 2629-2631 abdominal infections, 2364
central nervous system (CNS) infection, 2537 bacteriology, 2629 antimicrobial therapy, 2365
clinical manifestations, 2535-2538, 2536t broth culture, puff balls, 2630f bacteremia, 2364
drug therapy, 2538-2539 clinical manifestations, 2630 bacteriologic characteristics, 2362
epidemiology, 2535 diagnosis, 2631 central nervous infections, 2364
extracellular enzymes, 2533 epidemiology, 2629-2630 clinical manifestations, 2364-2365
eye infections, 2537 pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli, 2630f endocarditis, 2364
genitourinary tract infection, 2537 prevention, 2631 group
genotypes, 2533 therapy, 2631 members, presumptive identification, 2363t
host immunity, avoidance, 2533-2534 Streptococcal cellulitis, 2294 phenotypic differentiation, 2363f
identification, 2533 Streptococcal gangrene, 1204 habitat, 2362
immunization, 2539 necrotizing fasciitis, 2294-2295 head/neck infections, 2364
immunotherapy, 2539 Streptococcal impetigo, 1196 infections, 2365
infection sites, 2536t Streptococcal infections, 742, 2298 pathogenicity, 2362-2364
isolates, class 1 integrons (schematic diagram), Streptococcal myositis, streptococcal necrotizing taxonomy, 2362
2538f fasciitis (comparison), 1220 thoracic infections, 2364-2365
joint infections, 2537 Streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal Streptococcus bovis, 1004-1005
mastoid sinus infection, 2537 myositis (comparison), 1220 group, phenotypical differentiation, 2329t
microbiology, 2533 Streptococcal pharyngitis, 2287-2292 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
non-catheter-related bacteremia, 2536 clinical manifestations, 2288-2289 (SDSE), 2356
paranasal infection, 2537 diagnosis, 2289-2290 virulence determinants, 2356-2357
pathogen, 881 epidemiology, 2287-2288 Streptococcus epidermidis (importance), 1006
pathogenesis, 2533-2535 nonsuppurative complications, 2289 Streptococcus gallolyticus (Bovis) group, 2338
population rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs), 2290 Streptococcus iniae, 2360
risk, 2535 scarlet fever, 2288 Streptococcus marcescens (importance), 1008
susceptibility, 2535 suppurative complications, 2289 Streptococcus mutans, 1004
prevention, 2539 therapy, 2290-2292 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1962
pulmonary infection, 2536 throat culture, 2289-2290 animal studies, 257
siderophores, 2533 Streptococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis, 1035 antibiotic susceptibility, 2320-2321
skin Streptococcal pyoderma, 2292-2293 bronchopneumonia, infiltrate representation,
infection, 2537f bacteriology, 2292 834f
structure infection, 2536 clinical manifestations, 2292 chemoprophylaxis, 1135
therapy, 2538-2539 complications, 2293 chronic bronchitis, acute exacerbation, 2318
tissue damage, avoidance, 2533-2534 epidemiology, 2292 clinical syndromes, 2317-2320
Steric hindrance, 36-37 immunology, 2292 colonization, 2314-2316
Sterile pyuria (revelation), urinalysis (usage), prevention, 2293 progression, 2314-2315
987 therapy, 2293 epidemiology, 2312-2313
Sterilization, 3302-3304 Streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis, 2288f history, 2310-2311
approach, 3294-3298 treatment, 2291t HIV infection, 2317
ethylene oxide “gas” sterilization, 3303-3304 Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, 742 immune defense, 54
issues, 3305-3308 case definition, 2295t immunoprophylaxis, 1136-1137
methods, 3295t-3296t clinical manifestations, 2296-2297 impact, 347, 1005, 1102, 1129-1130
steam sterilization, 3302-3303 cytokine induction, 2296 infectious syndromes, 2320
technologies, advantages/disadvantages, 3302t development (likelihood), increase (factors), invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (age-specific
terms, definition, 3294 2295t incidence/mortality), 2312f
Sternoclavicular septic arthritis, 2525 diagnostic criteria, 2250t linezolid, impact, 408
Steroid therapy, recommendation, 589 organ failure, mechanisms, 2296 meningitis, 2318
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), 734-735, 1402 pathogenesis, 2296 microbiology, 2311-2312
children, 2185f secondary cases, prophylaxis/risk, 2298 noninfectious syndromes, 2320
reactions, 736 shock, mechanisms, 2296 otitis media, 2317, 2322
Stibogluconate, structure, 511f staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, contrast, pathogenetic mechanisms, 2314-2316
Still’s disease, 1308 742t pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides,
STIM1. See Stromal interaction molecule 1 surgical exploration, 2295f antibody responses, 2324
St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), 1158-1159 Streptococcus (streptococci) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy
age-specific incidence, 1889f classification, 2284t (children), 2324-2325
clinical features, 1895-1896 history, 2285-2286 prevention, 2323-2326
epidemiology, 1889 infective endocarditis cases, nonendocarditis resistance, prevalence, 2321-2322
history, 1883 bacteremia cases (ratio), 994t secondary bacterial infection, 2010f
virus, 219, 1883 isolation, 2284t sinusitis, 2317-2318, 2322
 I106
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Continued) Subcutaneous infections Sulfonamides (Continued)
survival, pneumococcal bacteremia (impact), contiguous foci location, 1214-1215 distribution, 411
2313f dark-walled fungi, impact, 3007t drug allergy, 302
therapy, 2322-2323 Subcutaneous nodules, 1209 clinical manifestations, 302
Index

Streptococcus pyogenes, 2 diagnostic challenge, 737-738 diagnosis, 302

impact, 741-742 Subcutaneous tissue infections/abscesses, pathophysiology, 302
Streptococcus species 1210-1215 treatment, 302
abundance, 15 Subcutaneous tumors, 1208 drug interactions, 412
bacteria, isolation, 1304 Subdural empyema, 1177-1180 excretion, 411-412
Streptococcus suis, 2360 clinical features, 1178 gastrointestinal tract limitation, 410-411
Streptogramins, 245, 390-393 cranial subdural empyema, operative long-acting sulfonamides, 410
Streptolysin S, 2287 photograph, 1180f medium-acting sulfonamides, 410
Streptomycin (STM), 470 craniotomy, usage, 1179-1180 metabolism, 411-412
adverse reactions, 470 diagnosis, 1178 nomenclature, 410-411
antimicrobial activity, 470 epidemiology/etiology, 1177-1178 PABA, comparison, 410
availability, 470 injection drug users, 3489 pharmacology, 411-412
derivation, 470 management/outcome, 1178-1180 plasma half-life, 412t
dosage, 470 Subepithelial infiltrates (SEIs), 1410 protein binding, 412, 412t
drug interactions, 470 Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), short-acting sulfonamides, 410
pharmacology, 470 1533-1534 structural formulas, 411f
resistance, 470 Subglottic obstruction, 763 structure, 410
structure, 464f-465f, 470 Subgroup analyses target overproduction, 247
usage, 470, 2802 issues, 622 tissue levels, 412
Strep TSS, steps, 2296 usage, 621-622 topical sulfonamides, 411
Stress, immune function (relationship), 33 Sublingual spaces, 798 toxicity, 412
Stridor, onset, 764 infection, 798 in vitro antimicrobial activity, 411
Stroke patients, nosocomial fever of unknown Submandibular actinomycotic abscess, 2865f Sulfones, 477, 507
origin, 725 Submandibular spaces, 798 Sulfoxone, 477
Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), swelling, Ludwig’s angina (appearance), 798f Sulfur granules, 1434
mutation, 1780 Subpectoral lymphadenitis, 1227 Superantigens, 2249-2251
Stromal melting (keratolysis), 1404 Subperiosteal abscess, 1436 Superficial aspergillosis, 2900-2901
Stromal suppuration, 1404 cause, 1435 Superficial infections, 1194
Strongyloidiasis, 1300, 3204-3206 computed tomography scan, 1437f Superficial suppurative thrombophlebitis, 1020
clinical syndromes, 3205 diagram, 1435f bacteremia, presence, 1021
diagnosis, 3205 surgical drainage, 1437-1438 identification, difficulty, 1021
disseminated strongyloidiasis, prevention, Sub-Saharan Africa incidence, reduction, 1023
3206 HIV/AIDS, 1471-1472 therapy, surgery (usage), 1022
epidemiology, 3204 impact, 1591 venotomy, consideration, 1022
life cycle, 3204 HIV infection, disease burden, 1472 Superinfection, 363
management, 3205 sexual networks, understanding, 1471-1472 Superiority trials, 607
Structural proteins (HCV), 1906 Subtotal deficiencies (SD), 109 Superior orbital fissure, 1436
Strychnine poisoning, 2760 Subviral particles (SVPs), 2132 Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, magnetic
Stuck-on crusts, 1196 Success resonance image, 1183f
Study rates, 619 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 2855-2856
conclusions, examination, 622-623 term, usage, 617 catalytic action, 85
error minimization, 616-617 Sudan ebolavirus virions, electron micrograph, Suppressive Foxp3+ Treg cells, induction,
evidence, examination, 620-621 1996f 100-101
goals, defining, 613 Sulbactam, 275 Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein
groups, baseline comparability, 617 adverse reactions, 275 family, 1070
harms, measurement, 621 clinical use, 275 Suppurative cervical adenitis, 802
participants, selection, 615-616 pharmacology, 275 Suppurative iliac lymphadenitis, 1228
research question, selection, 613 structure, 275f Suppurative intracranial thrombophlebitis,
results, analysis, 619-622 Sulfadiazine, 507 1182-1185
subgroup analyses, 621-622 Sulfadoxine, 507 antimicrobial therapy, 1184
Study of Aldesleukin With and without pharmacokinetics, 507 clinical features, 1182-1183
Antiretroviral Therapy (STALWART), 586 toxicity, 507 diagnosis, 1183-1184
St. Vitus dance. See Sydenham’s chorea Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), resistance, epidemiology/etiology, 1182
Subacute peripheral regional lymphadenitis, 1229 3079 laboratory studies, 1183
Subacute progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), 507 management/outcome, 1184-1185
2956-2957 drug interactions, 415t mortality rate, 1184-1185
central nervous system, involvement, 2957 Sulfhydryl variable 1(SHV-1) beta-lactamases, noninvasive diagnostic procedures, 1183-1184
clinical features, 2957 284 Suppurative jugular thrombophlebitis (Lemierre
endovascular infection, 2957 TEM-1, similarity, 238 syndrome), 799-800
treatment, 2961 usage, 412-413 Suppurative lymphadenitis, 1227-1228
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 1968 Sulfhydryl variable (SHV) enzymes, inhibition, Suppurative odontogenic infections, 787
pathogenesis, 1968-1969 442 Suppurative parotitis, 802
Subarachnoid space Sulfonamides, 246-247, 410-413, 475, 507 Suppurative soft tissue infections, 804
bacterial survival, 1108-1109 absorption, 411 Suppurative thrombophlebitis, 1020-1023
inflammation action, 413f absence, 1020
factors, 1110t mechanisms, 411 clinical manifestations, 1021
induction, 1110-1111 administration, routes, 411 epidemiology, 1020
Subcutaneous abscesses (bacteremic infections), adverse reactions, 412 etiologic agents, 1022
1215 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 670t gram-negative pathogens, impact, 1022
Subcutaneous ecchymoses, meningococcal antimicrobial resistance, 411 laboratory findings, 1021-1022
disease, 2434f bilirubin, competition, 226 pathogenesis, 1020
Subcutaneous fat, necrosis, 1205 blood levels, 412, 412t pathologic changes, 1021
Subcutaneous IL-2 in HIV Infected Subjects with cerebrospinal fluid levels, 412t presumptive therapy, 1022-1023
Low CD4 Counts under Active clinical uses, 412-413 prevention, 1023
Antiretroviral Therapy (SILCAAT), 586 derivation, 410-411 Suppurative thyroiditis, 802-803

Suprahyoid space infections, 798-799
Suprapubic catheterization, 3340-3341
Suramin, 515
treatment usage, 515
Surface antibody, development, 1821
Surface decontamination, effectiveness
(demonstration), 3306
Surface encapsulation, 1106
Surface polysaccharides, Enterobacteriaceae,
2504-2505
Surgery for trichiasis Antibiotics for active
trachoma Facial cleanliness and
Environmental improvement (SAFE)
strategy, 1397
Surgical drainage (source control), 931
Surgical Infection Society (SIS), 1087
Surgical patients, nutritional supplementation
(impact), 130
Surgical procedures, injury prevention,
3366-3367
Surgical prophylaxis
antimicrobial drugs
doses/redosing intervals, 3500t
recommendation, 3499t
compliance, usage (health care quality
measure), 3503
metronidazole, importance, 355
microbiologic flora, 3499t
Surgical site infections (SSIs), 454, 3445
antibiotic prophylaxis
local/topical compounds, usage, 3502-3503
methods, 3502-3503
antibiotic-resistant pathogens, incidence
(increase), 3499-3500
antibiotics, intraoperative redosing, 3502
antimicrobial prophylaxis
administration/redosing, timing, 3501-3502
drug selection/dosing, 3498-3501
principles, 3498-3499
duration, 3502
initial dose, timing, 3501-3502
determinants, 3493-3496
drugs, selection, 3499-3500
historical background, 3492-3493
National Healthcare Surgical Network (NHSN)
definitions, 3503t
pathogen isolate, resistance ability (percentage),
3494t
pathophysiology, 3493-3496
patient factors, 3496
patient risk, assessment, 3497
postdischarge surveillance, 3504
preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis,
3498-3503
prevention, 3497-3504
concepts, 3497-3498
principles, 3493-3497
strategy, decolonization (impact), 455
procedural/proceduralist factors, 3496-3497
prophylaxis
adverse effects, 3503
cost benefit, 3503
rate, prophylactic antibiotic administration
timing (relationship), 3501f
risk
decrease, benefits (interventional
maneuvers), 3497t
factors, 3496-3497
increase, factors, 3494t
Staphylococcus aureus, 2261
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2279
surgical prophylaxis compliance, usage (health
care quality measure), 3503
surveillance, 3503-3504
Surgical wounds, infections, 803
Surotomycin (CB-183, 315), 440-441
antimicrobial profile, 441t
Surrogate end points, 618
usefulness, 618
I107
Surveillance, 150, 3286-3287 Syphilitic keratitis (interstitial keratitis), 1408
active surveillance, 150 therapy, 1408
biosurveillance systems, 184-185 Syphilitic meningitis, 1575, 2696
case reports, 150 impact, 2689-2690
Index
systems, establishment, 151 leptomeninges, infiltration, 2691f
Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Syphilitic meningomyelitis, diagnosis,
Epidemiological Importance (SCOPE), 1583-1584
2522 Syphilotherapy, principles, 2703
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Systematic error, 610
(SEER) Medicare registry, 1676 Systemic antibiotics, administration, 1059
Surviving Sepsis Campaign, 922 Systemic antibody responses (influenza),
Susceptibility genes, 119-123 2010-2011
examples, 118t Systemic bacterial infections, cutaneous
Susceptibility testing involvement, 1208-1210
aerobic actinomycetes, 212 Systemic disease
antiviral susceptibility testing, 219-220 cutaneous manifestations, 3576f
fungi, 214 microsporidiosis, 3041-3043
mycobacteria, 210-211 production, 1689
Suspicion, index, 134 Systemic febrile rash illness, variola (impact),
Sustained viral response (SVR), 534 1698
Sustained virologic response (SVR), 583 Systemic IFN-α therapy, adverse effects, 585
frequency, increase, 1458-1459 Systemic immunity, operative procedures
SV40. See Simian virus 40 (impact), 3496
SVPs. See Subviral particles Systemic infections, 735t
SVR. See Sustained viral response cutaneous manifestations, 733t-734t
Sweet’s syndrome, 739, 1202 generalized lymphadenitis, association, 1230
acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, 1393 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
diagnosis, 739 (SIRS), 739, 3391
Swimmer’s ear (simple otitis externa), 2527 definition, 914
Swimmer’s itch. See Schistosome dermatitis nitrofurantoin, impact, 449
Swimming pool granuloma (cutaneous infection), Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 101, 1308
1235 antibodies, development, 106
Swine, pandemic viruses (emergence), 2008 autoantibodies, direction, 104
Sydenham’s chorea (St. Vitus dance), 2303 clinical features, 104
Syk signal transduction pathway, 30 development, 101
Symbiosis, 2775-2776 Systemic lupus erythematosus, complement
Symbiotic intestinal microbiome, importance, (pathophysiologic roles), 104-106
29 Systemic necrotizing vasculitis, 1844-1845
Symphysis pubis, septic arthritis, 1307f, 2525 Systemic responses, central nervous system
Symptomatic acute hepatitis B, incidence, 1823f regulation, 917-918
Synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP) System Whipple’s disease, 2421
synaptosomal-associated protein-23 (SNAP-
23), 87 T
synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP- T2SS. See Type II secretion system
25), 2764f, 2765 Tables, index, 626t
Synbiotics (efficacy evaluation), clinical trials TAC. See Transient aplastic crisis
(usage), 21t Tachyphylaxis, 923
Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of Tachypnea, 811
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), 1896 Tachyzoite, 3123-3124
Syndromic surveillance systems, development, Taenia saginata, 3230
149-150 Taenia solium, 3230
Synergism, 229, 255. See also Antimicrobial meningitis, 1142
synergism scolex/proglottid, 3229f
agents, impact, 231 Taeniorhynchus uniformis, 1883-1884
occurrence, 231 Tafenoquine, 505
Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis, 1214 clinical use, 505
etiologic agents, 1214 pharmacokinetics, 505
presumptive therapy, 1214 Tahyna virus, 1159-1160
Synergistic nonclostridial anaerobic myonecrosis, Tailoring therapy, deescalating therapy
1222 (differences), 3331
Synovial blood, cultures, 1304-1305 Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei (splenic
Synovial fluids abscess), 3011f
bacterial DNA, identification, 1306 Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), 889-890, 891f
cell counts, 1330 TAMs. See Thymidine analogue mutations
cultures, 1304-1305, 1330 Tanapox, 1705
nongonococcal infection, 1306 clinical manifestations, 1705
laboratory processing, 195-196 control, 1705
white blood cell count, diagnostic parameters, diagnosis, 1705
1306t epidemiology, 1705
Synovitis, acne, plantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, pathophysiology, 1705
and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome, 1324-1325 TAP. See Transporter associated with antigen
Synthetic peptides, 1667, 1670 processing
Syphilis. See Treponema pallidum Tapeworms (cestodes). See Intestinal tapeworms;
injection drug users, 3491 Invasive cestodes
spirochetes, entry, 2688-2689 biology, 3227-3229
worldwide epidemiology, impact, 2688 diagnosis, 3231
Syphilitic exanthem, 2694f disease pathogenesis, 3228-3229
Syphilitic genital lesions (diagnosis), serologic immunology, 3228-3229
testing (usage), 1346 infection, 3230-3231
 I108
Tapeworms (cestodes) (Continued) Teichoic acids, 2246 Tenofovir, 568-569, 1626
larval/adult stages, 3228f Teicoplanin, 388-390 action, mechanism, 568
life cycle, 3227-3228 administration/dosages/infusions, 383t clinical studies, 572
prevention, 3235-3236 adverse events, 390 pharmacokinetics, 568
Index

therapy, 3231 anaphylactoid reaction, 390 resistance, 568

vectors/symptoms, 3228t antimicrobial activity, 388 spectrum, 568
TaqMan Array Card, 1267 chemical structure, 389f toxicity, 568
Target SNAP receptors (t-SNAREs), 87 clinical pharmacokinetics, 389-390 usage, 1452
TATAA box, 2062 clinical uses, 390 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (Viread)
Tat protein, functional domains, 2060 concentration, 389 availability, 1626, 1833
Taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar (TTGA), usage, distribution, 389 resistance, 1831-1832
2474 effectiveness, 390 tenofovir prodrug, 568
Taxonomic profiling, 11 efficacy, 390 Tenosynovitis, multifocal sporotrichosis, 2923f
Tax proteins, 2033 oral dose, 389-390 Terai area, impact, 3092-3093
trans-activation properties, 2039-2040 peritoneal administration, 390 Teratogenicity, risk, 1605
Tazobactam, 275-276. See also resistance, 388 Tergitol-7, usage, 2569
Piperacillin-tazobactam serum levels, monitoring, 390 Tertiary cynomolgus monkey kidney (tMK) cells,
adverse reactions, 276 VanA-type VRE strain resistance, 388 1964
clinical use, 276 TE-IRIS. See Toxoplasmic encephalitis Tertiary peritonitis, 942-954
mean peak serum concentration, 276 immune reconstitution inflammatory antimicrobial therapy, 947-952
pharmacology, 276 syndrome duration, 952-953
structure, 276f Telaprevir (TVR), 529, 572-573 beta-lactams, usage, 951
tissue levels, 276 action, mechanism, 572 blood/plasma transfusion, 953
TBE. See Tick-borne encephalitis ADVANCE trial, 1461 cardiovascular changes, 945
TBHF. See Ticks clinical studies, 572-573 cephalosporins, usage, 950-951
TBM. See Tuberculous meningitis contraindication, 341-342 chloramphenicol, usage, 950
TBRF. See Tick-borne relapsing fever interactions, 572 clindamycin, usage, 950
TCBS. See Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose pharmacology, 572 clinical manifestations, 946
T-cell effector functions, 50 REALIZE trial, 1461 physical findings, 946
T-cell line-adapted (TCLA) viruses, 1666 resistance, 572 symptoms, 946
T-cell lymphomas, 1764 spectrum, 572 diagnostic studies, 946-947
T-cell memory, 53-54 therapy, 1462f etiology, 942
T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), 138 toxicity, 572 fluoroquinolones, usage, 952
increase, 1535-1536 Telavancin (Vibativ), 397-399 gastrointestinal changes, 945
levels, decrease, 1536 action, mechanism, 397-398 gastrointestinal drainage, 953
T-cell receptors (TCRs), 50 administration/dosages/infusions, 383t hyperbaric oxygen, usage, 953
IL-6/TGF-β exposure, combination, 51 adverse reactions, 399 local response, 945
peptides, binding, 55 antimicrobial activity, 398 metabolic changes, 946
presence, 54 chemical structure, 398f metronidazole, usage, 950
transgenic expression, 52 clinical pharmacodynamics, 398-399 microbiologic characteristics, 942-944
T-cell responses efficacy, 399 operative approach, 953-954
quantification, 67f hospital-acquired pneumonia, 399 pathogenesis, 944-945
stage, setting, 59-62 MIC90S, 398 pathophysiologic responses, 945-946
T cells pharmacokinetics, 398-399 pharmacodynamic considerations, 952-953
abnormality, 134-138 resistance, 398 prevention, 954
activation, 43f, 75 skin/soft tissue infections, 399 prognosis, 947
adoptive transfer, 52 structure, 397-398 renal changes, 946
B cells, signals/interactions, 42-43 Telbivudine, 567-568 respiratory changes, 945-946
defects, B-cell defects (combination), 47 action, mechanism, 567-568 respiratory support, 953
immune status, assessment, 138 chemical structure, 564f systemic response, 945-946
immunity, 134-139 clinical studies, 568 tetracyclines, usage, 950
location/activation, B-cell impact, 43-44 interactions, 568 therapy, 947-954
restricted TCR response, 54 pharmacokinetics, 568 tigecycline, usage, 952
signals, requirement, 43f resistance, 568, 1831 water/electrolyte administration, 953
subsets, 50-54 spectrum, 567-568 Tertiary prevention, 156-157
T-cell-independent antigens, 44 tolerability profile, 1452 Tertiary syphilis, 2695, 2704-2705
in vitro function, evaluation, 139 toxicity, 568 TEST. See Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance
TCID. See Tissue culture infective dose usage, 1451-1452 Test
TCLA. See T-cell line-adapted Telithromycin Testes, anatomy/physiology, 1381
TCRs. See T-cell receptors action, mechanism, 371 Testosterone levels, depression, 1549-1550
TCT. See Tracheal cytotoxin administration, 372 Tetanus. See Clostridium tetani
TCTP. See Translationally controlled tumor resistance, 371 Tetanus immune globulin (TIG), preparation, 3544
protein homologue structure, 370f Tetanus toxoid (TT)
Tdap booster vaccinations, differential uses, 372 peptides, presentation, 44f
performance, 161 in vitro susceptibilities, 361t vaccine, availability, 3542
TDF. See Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Temoniera-1 (TEM-1) Tetracyclines, 245, 322-329, 475, 508
TDM. See Therapeutic drug monitoring derivation, 238 absorption, 324
TE. See Toxoplasmic encephalitis genes, 235 acne vulgaris, 328
TEC. See Transient erythroblastopenia of Temoniera (TEM) enzymes, 231 action, mechanism, 322-324
childhood inhibition, 442 activity, 327
Technetium 99-labeled WBC single-photon Temperatures. See Baseline oral temperatures; administration, 324
emission computed tomography/computed Mean oral temperatures adverse drug reactions (ADRs), 329
tomography (SPECT/CT), 1043 oscillation, 711 adverse effects, 227
Technology readiness levels (TRLs), 188 ranges, 711f adverse reactions, 328-329
Tedizolid (TM-700), 444 Temperature-sensitive crystals, usage, 709 antibiotics, chemical structures, 323f
TEE. See Transesophageal echocardiography TEN. See Toxic epidermal necrolysis anti-infective agent pharmacology, 664t
Teeth Tendinitis, quinolone usage (reports), 438 anti-inflammatory uses, 328
percussion, sensitivity, 788 Tendon sheath infection, nontuberculous antimicrobial activity, 325-326
tetracyclines, impact, 329 mycobacteria, 2850 atypical bacteria, interaction, 325
 I109
Tetracyclines (Continued) Thiacetazone (amithiozone), 477 Ticks
binding, 226 Thighs behavior, 3266
bioavailability, 324 cutaneous melioidosis, 2546f biology, 3266
bioterrorism prophylaxis, 328 papillomatous yaws, 2711f paralysis, 3277-3278

Index
chemoprophylaxis, 327 Thioester, movement, 93 clinical differential diagnosis, 3278t
classification, 322 Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar, spirochetal infections (borrelioses), 3268-3270
clinical uses, 326-328 2474 taxonomy, 3266
congeners, 1347 Third-generation cephalosporins, 279f, 289-290 tick-borne bacterial infections, 3268-3273
dosage forms, 648t efficacy, 1128 tick-borne coltiviruses, 3277
dosing, 324 inactivity, 1130 tick-borne ehrlichioses, anaplasmosis
drug distribution, 324-325 usage, 1017 (relationship), 3273
drug-drug interactions, 330t Third-generation RIBA test, approval, 219 tick-borne infectious diseases
drug elimination, 325 13-Valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine epidemiology, 3267-3268
drug interactions, 329 (PCV13), 768 prevention/control, 3278
efflux system, classes, 328 Thomas’ acid solution, usage, 2377-2378 tick-borne protozoal infections, 3274-3276
food-drug interactions, 330t Thoracic central veins, suppurative tick-borne relapsing fever, 3269t
food interactions, 329 thrombophlebitis, 1021 tick-borne rickettsioses, spotted fever group,
formulations, availability, 323t Thoracic disease, actinomycosis, 2866 3271t
function, 322-324 Thoracic infections, GNARs (impact), 2777-2778 tick-borne spirochetal borrelioses, 3268t
gastrointestinal side effects, 329 THP. See Tamm-Horsfall protein tick-borne viral encephalitides, 3276-3277,
genitourinary tract infections, interaction, 327 3C protease inhibitors, usage, 2120 3276t
gram-negative bacteria, interaction, 325 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever (TBHF),
gram-positive bacteria, interaction, 325 (HMG-CoA), 581 3277
hepatoxicity, 329 reductase inhibitors, 589 tick-borne viral infections, 3276-3277
hyperpigmentation, 329 3MC. See Mingarelli, Malpuech Michels, and typhus, 327
hypersensitivity reactions, 329 Carnevale TIG. See Tetanus immune globulin
infections, interaction, 327-328 Thrombocytopenia, 139 Tigecycline, 2257
malaria treatment, 327 CMV complication, 1742 absorption, 331
nephrotoxicity, 329 commonness, 1759 action, mechanism, 330
neurotoxicity, 329 occurrence, 2828 activity, 2742
overview, 322 syndrome virus, severe fever (combination), administration, 330
parasites, interaction, 326 2029 adverse reactions, 333-334
penetration, 324 vancomycin, impact, 385 anaerobic bacteria, interaction, 332
pharmacology, 324-325 Thrush (oral candidiasis), 1550f antibacterial mechanism, 330
photosensitivity, 329 clinical manifestations, 2881-2882 antimicrobial activity, 331-332
prescription, 1354 oral thrush, appearance, 2881f approval, 322
resistance Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), 71 atypical bacteria, interaction, 332
development, 322 Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs), bioavailability, 331
mechanisms, 328 accumulation, 1623-1624 clinical uses, 332-333
respiratory tract infections, interaction, 326 Thymidine kinase (TK), 546 dosing, 330
rickettsiae, interaction, 325 TK-negative HSV, 546 drug distribution, 331
spirochetal infections, interaction, 327 Thymosin-α1, production, 589 drug elimination, 331
spirochetes, interaction, 325 Thyroglossal duct cysts, 802 drug/food interactions, 330
structure, 322-324 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, impact, 716 drug interactions, 334
target site protection, 247 Ticarcillin, 273 gastrointestinal side effects, 333
teeth/bone, interaction, 329 exposure, 256f gram-negative bacteria, interaction, 332
teratogenicity, 329 Ticarcillin-clavulanate (Timentin), 275 gram-positive bacteria, interaction, 331-332
therapeutic indications, 326t Tick bites, 3166 hepatotoxicity, 333
Tetraparesis, 926 transfusion, 3166 intra-abdominal infections, interaction, 332-333
T/F. See Transmitted/founder transplacental/perinatal transmission, 3166 MIC ranges, 331t
Tfh cells. See Helper T-follicular cells Tick-borne bacteria mycobacteria, interaction, 332
TFPI. See Tissue factor pathway inhibitor agents (transmission), blood components Nocardia, interaction, 332
TGF. See Transforming growth factor (usage), 3357 pancreatitis, interaction, 333
Th1 cells, 50 impact, 170 pharmacology, 330-331
Th2 cells, 50-51 Tick-borne bacterial diseases resistance, mechanism, 333
Th17 cells, 51-52 Anaplasma species, impact, 744-745 respiratory tract infections, interaction, 333
response, 73 Ehrlichia species, impact, 744-745 side effects, 334
Th17 responses, impact, 73f Tick-borne diseases, 173 skin/skin structure infections, interactions, 332
Th17 T cells Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) structure, 330
differentiation (promotion), microbial factors clinical features, 1896-1897 urinary tract infections, clinical trials, 333
(impact), 51-52 epidemiology, 1889-1890 usage, 2337, 2556
role, importance, 51 history, 1883 uses, 333
Thalassemia peripheral blood, examination, 1897 wild-type cutoff values, 331t
distribution, 120 subtypes, 1889 Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Test
genetic resistance, 3076 vaccines (TEST) program, 332
Th cells. See Helper T cells travel considerations, 3563 TIGRIS/ULTRIO systems, 1521-1522
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), 233 types, 1901 Time above MIC, pharmacodynamic index, 233
development, 259 Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) Time-dependent antibiotics, 233
necessity, 259 clinical manifestations, 2722-2723 Time-dependent killing agents, 256-257
Thermoregulation, 711-713 diagnosis, 2723 Time-kill curves, example, 256f
flowchart, 712f epidemiology, 2721-2722 Timentin (ticarcillin-clavulanate), 275
process, 712 pathophysiology, 2722 T-independent antigens, 2315
Thermostable direct hemolysis (TDH), 2480 peripheral blood smear, 2722f Tinea capitis, 2989-2990
Thermostable direct hemolysis-related hemolysin prevention, 2723 Trichophyton/Microsporum species (impact/
(TRH), 2480 therapy, 2723 distribution), 2987t
Thiabendazole, 521-522 transmission, 2721-2722 Tinea circinata, 1196
absorption, 521 Tick-borne tularemia, lymphadenopathy Tinea corporis, 2988
adverse effect, 521-522 distribution, 2596f occurrence, 2988
structure, 521f Tickover model, 97 Trichophyton erinacei (impact), 2988f
 I110
Tinea cruris, 2988
Tinea faciei, 2989
Trichophyton rubrum (impact), 2989f
Tinea imbricata, 2985, 2988-2989
Index
early lesions, 2989f
Tinea incognito, 2987-2988
Tinea manuum, 2989
Tinea nigra, 2994
Tinea pedis, 2988
Tinidazole, 356
adverse effects, 516
drug interactions, 516
Tipranavir, 1631-1632
efficacy, 1631
TIRAP. See Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain
adaptor protein
Tissue culture infective dose (TCID), 2076,
2115
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), impact,
932
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 1115
Tissues
Acanthamoeba trophozoite, 3061f
antibiotic concentration, 3498f
cyst, Toxoplasma gondii, 3124-3125
foreign material, impact, 3496
fungi, appearance, 2876f-2877f, 2878t
infectious diseases, transmission, 3358-3359
involvement, patterns, 928
operative trauma, 3496
quinolone distribution, 423
regeneration, complement (presence), 101
retrospective studies, 1542
samples, microsporidia (demonstration),
3037f
spherule, photomicrograph, 2975f
Treponema pallidum (visualization), 2700-2701
TK. See Thymidine kinase
TLC. See Total lymphocyte count
T lymphocytes
antigen presentation, 54-55
division, 50
expansion/functional differentiation, 1691
expression, 59
prevalence, 66
TMA. See Transcription-mediated amplification
tMK. See Tertiary cynomolgus monkey kidney
TMP-SMX. See Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
TMP-SMZ, 347
T-mycoplasmas, 2190
Tobramycin
exposure, 256f
impact, 256
pharmacokinetic parameters, 316t
regulatory approved doses, 257
Toes
pustular lesion, disseminated gonococcal
infection (presence), 1307f
scaling, 2988
tenosynovitis, multifocal sporotrichosis, 2923f
toe-web folliculitis, 2526
tungiasis, periungual lesion, 3258f
Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain adaptor
protein (TIRAP), 117-118, 121
Toll-interleukin receptor (TIR)
domain pathways, 30
TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing
interferon-β (TRIF), 30-31
Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3), 1909
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), 713, 891, 915-916
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 59-60, 71
activation, 792
engagement, 100-101
genes, presence, 29
ligands, 31t
pathway genes, 121
receptor-mediated defenses, 128-129
signaling, 142f
infectious disease, relationship, 122f
Tongue
oral thrush, appearance, 2881f
ulcer, chronic disseminated histoplasmosis
(presence), 2957f
Topical antibacterials, 459-461
agents, usage, 459t
clinical use, 459t
prophylaxis, 453-455
therapy, advantages, 453t
uses, 452-459
Topical chlorhexidine, usage, 3067
Topical corticosteroids, usage, 1408
Topical fluoroquinolones, usage, 1407
Topical mupirocin ointment, effectiveness, 1196
Topical sulfonamides, 411
Topical zinc treatment, 601
TOPIC study, 883
Topoisomerase IV, quinolone inhibition, 420
Torezolid (DA-7157), 444
Toroviruses, 1904
Torula histolytica, 2934-2935
Toscana virus, 2029
Total drug clearance (CLt), 254-255
Total immunoglobulin, quantification, 38
Total lymphocyte count (TLC), 125
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
enteral nutrition, contrast, 130
infusion-related infection, prevention, 3316t
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 734-735
reactions, 736
Toxicity, decrease, 230
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), 1197, 2237
diagnosis, 2250
exotoxins, impact, 587
influenza, relationship, 2013
menstrual toxic shock syndrome, 2249-2250
nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome, 2250
predisposing factors, 2250
prevention, 2250
severity, range, 741
Staphylococcus aureus (relationship), 2249-2250
therapy, 2250
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), 741, 1197
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST 1), 2249
production, 2237
Toxin binding, irreversibility, 2758
Toxocariasis. See Visceral larva migrans
Toxoids, availability, 3531t
Toxoplasma encephalitis, 1578-1580
brain biopsy, 1578
brain MRI, 1579f
clinical presentation, 1578
imaging studies, 1578
laboratory investigations, 1578
secondary prophylaxis, 1579-1580
treatment, 1578-1579
Toxoplasma gondii, 2942
central nervous system, 3129-3130
epidemiology, 3125-3127
forms, 3124f
genetic susceptibility, 3128
histologic features, 3129f
immunity, 3127-3128
infection
pregnancy, 3144
primary Toxoplasma gondii infection,
prevention (measures), 3151t
isolation, 3139
life cycle, 3125f
lymph node, 3128-3129
oocyst, 3123
opportunistic infection, 1657
organism stages, 3123-3125
pathogenesis, 3127-3128
pathology, 3128-3130
prevention, 3151-3152
serologic screening/prophylaxis, 3151-3152
tachyzoite, 3123-3124
therapy, 3147-3151
Toxoplasma gondii (Continued)
tissue cyst, 3124-3125
transmission, 3125-3127, 3125f
Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis, 3134f
Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), 1171
central nervous system symptoms/signs, 3143f
CSF polymerase chain reaction assay, usage,
1171
differentiation, FDG PET (usage), 1580
Toxoplasmic encephalitis immune reconstitution
inflammatory syndrome (TE-IRIS), 1579
Toxoplasmosis
AC/HS test, 3137-3138
agglutination test, 3137-3138
AIDS patient, 3133-3135
antibody, demonstration (serologic tests),
3137-3139
bone marrow transplant recipient, 3132-3133
central nervous system (CNS), imaging studies,
3140f
cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, 3141
clinical entities, diagnosis, 3141
clinical manifestations, 3130-3137
congenital disease, treatment regimens, 3150t
congenital infection, 3151
congenital toxoplasmosis, 3135-3137
diagnosis, 3137-3147
eyes, 3130
heart muscle, 3130
heart transplantation, 3132
hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient,
3132-3133
histologic diagnosis, 3139
immunocompetent patient, 3130-3131, 3141
therapy regimens, 3147
treatment regimens, 3148t
immunocompromised patients, treatment
regimens, 3148t
immunodeficient patient, 3131, 3141-3143
therapy regimens, 3147-3150
immunoglobulin A antibodies, 3138
immunoglobulin E antibodies, 3138-3139
immunoglobulin G
antibodies, 3137
avidity test, 3138
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 3138
immunoglobulin M
antibodies, 3138
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 3138
immunosorbent agglutination assay, 3138
indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, 3138
indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, 3137
kidney transplantation, 3132
liver transplantation, 3132
lungs, 3130
myalgia, 1223
ocular toxoplasmosis, 3143-3144
organ systems, 3130
polymerase chain reaction, 3139
pregnancy, 3135
diagnostic approach/management algorithm,
3145f
treatment regimens, 3150t
prevention, 3151-3152
methods, 3151
pulmonary toxoplasmosis, 3133f
radiologic methods, 3139-3141
Sabin-Feldman dye test, 3137
serologic screening/prophylaxis, 3151-3152
skeletal muscle, 3130
solid-organ transplant patient, 3131-3132
source, 3131t
therapy, 3147-3151
regimens, 3147-3150
treatment, sulfonamides (usage), 412-413
tPA. See Tissue plasminogen activator
TPHA. See Treponema pallidum hemagglutination
TPN. See Total parenteral nutrition
TP-PA tests, 2702

Trace metals, immunity role, 127
Trace minerals supplements, usage, 131
Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), impact, 2620
Trachea, mucormycosis, 2916
Transplantation (Continued)
rejection (prevention/treatment), biologic
preparation (usage), 3416t
tissue procurement, HIV testing (usage), 1522
I111
Traveler’s diarrhea, 3565, 3574-3575
acute traveler’s diarrhea, 3574
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli frequency,
1259t

Tracheobronchitis, 2902
Trachoma, 1397
clinical manifestations, 2161-2162
treatment, 2162
WHO grading scheme, 2162t
Trachomatous conjunctival scarring (TS), 1397
Trachomatous inflammation follicular (TF),
1397
Trachomatous inflammation intense (TI), 1397
Trachomatous trichiasis (TT), 1397
Trade names, 626t
TRAF6. See Tumor necrosis factor
TRAIL. See Tumor necrosis factor-related
apoptosis-inducing ligand
Tram tracks, 2900
Transaminase levels, reversible elevation, 374
Transcription factor IID (TFIID), 2062
Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA),
1512, 1915
qualitative NAT, usage (FDA approval), 1518
technology, development, 1513
Transcytosis, 1108
Transducers, 3319-3320
domes, 3319-3320
function, 36
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 1019
false-negative TEE, occurrence, 1032
recommendation, 1032
sensitivity, 1003
usage, 1002, 1033f
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), 2032-2033
Transformation, 2311
Transforming growth factor (TGF), 44f
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), 42, 1538
mediation, 848
presence, 52
Transforming growth factor-β1, 72
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β),
production (increase), 100-101
Transfusion-associated infections, 3351
Transfusion-associated transmission risk,
bloodborne pathogens, 3352-3356
Transient aplastic crisis (TAC), parvovirus B19
(impact), 1843-1844
Transient bacteremia, 993
Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC),
1844
Transients, 1-2
Translationally controlled tumor protein
homologue (TCTP), 495
Transmembrane potential, electrophysiologic
changes, 84
Transmigration, 82
Transmissible disease, epidemiology, 76
Transmission-based precautions, 3288-3290
indications, 3289t
Transmission, routes, 154-155
Transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses, 2063
Transmitter release mechanism, components,
2764f
Transplacental maternal antibodies, impact,
2047
Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance
Network (TRANSNET), 2898, 2910
Transplantation
antimicrobial prophylactic regimens, 3421t
effect, 3414-3415
infectious phases, 3393f
laboratory studies, 3419t
pathogens, exposure (prevention), 3422t
patients
CMV infection, 1747-1750
Staphylococcus epidermidis risk, 2280-2281
pre-transplantation evaluation, 3419-3420
prophylactic measures, 3420-3422
Index
types, 3442-3445 etiology, 1259t
Transplantation infection problem, 1259
exposure, prevention, 3422-3423 pathogens/epidemiologic features, 1239t
factors, 3415t persistence, 3574-3575
host factors, 3414 prevention, 1260
microbial agents, impact, 3417-3419, 3418t rifaximin, efficacy, 348
monitoring, 3420 self-limitation, 1244
occurrence, timing, 3440-3441 symptoms, 1259
timing, 3440-3441 turista, 1259-1260
Transplantation recipient Travel-related vaccines (adults), 3561t
fever, approach, 3423 Treating through approach, 302
herpes zoster, cumulative incidence, 3448f Treatment effects, measures, 606
pneumonia, microbial causes, 3442t Trecator-SC (ethionamide), 473, 477
Transplant-transmitted bloodborne pathogens, TRECs. See T-cell receptor excision circles
3358 Treg (Th subset), impact, 74
Transporter associated with antigen processing T-regulatory cells (Tregs), 52
(TAP), 55-56 Trematodes
TAP1/TAP2 molecules, 56 eggs, 3223f
Transposable genetic elements, 236-237 features, 3217t
Transposon, characteristic appearance, 237f Tremors, prevalence, 1158
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), usage, Trench mouth, 2738
1002, 1019 Treponema hyodysenteriae, 1267
Transudative 65-1 pleural effusion, differentiation, Treponemal tests, 2702
851t Treponema pallidum (syphilis), 2-3, 1269
Transverse myelitis, 1720-1721 antibodies, 39
Trauma bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, 1343
bite infections, 1214 cardiovascular syphilis, 2698, 2704
burn infections, 1214 example, 2698f
factitial disease (self-induced abscesses), 1214 central nervous system gumma, 2697
hepatic invasion route, 961 chancres, 1343
infections, 1214 clinical criteria, 2699t-2700t
injection site abscesses, 1214 clinical manifestations, 2693-2699
Traumatic lid scarring, 1402 congenital syphilis, 2705-2708
Traumatic wounds, contamination, 1207 clinical signs, 2706t
Travel perineal region, ulceration, 2707f
airline-related morbidity, 3566 scaling annular rash, 2707f
altitude, sickness, 3566 cutaneous syphilitic gumma, 2698f
arthropods, protection, 3565 darkfield microscopy, 2699-2700
bloodborne disease, protection, 3565-3566 DFA-TP, usage, 2699-2700
chronology, 3570 early syphilis, 2703-2704
foodborne disease, protection, 3565 endemic syphilis (Bejel), 2711-2712
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiology, 2687-2688
travelers, 3566-3567 United States, 2687f
immunocompromised travelers, 3566-3567 etiology, 2686-2687
itinerary, detail, 3570 flat wave morphology, darkfield micrograph,
medical kit/care, usage, 3566 2686f
medicine, information resources, 3560t gestational syphilis, 2705
noninfectious travel problems, 3566 gummatous (late benign) syphilis, 2698-2699,
pathogens, protection, 3566 2704
physical examination, 3571 history, 2684-2686
pregnancy, 3567 immunity, 2708
pretravel office visit, structured approach, impact, 1103-1104, 1117-1118, 1121-1122,
3560t 1131-1132
preventive behaviors, 3565-3566 laboratory criteria, 2699t-2700t
sex, behavior, 3565 laboratory diagnosis, 2699-2703
skin diseases, protection, 3566 late benign (gummatous) syphilis,
systemic/disseminated diseases, cutaneous 2698-2699
manifestations, 3576f latency, 2704
traveling adults, special needs, 3566-3567 latent syphilis, 2695
travel-related diseases, worldwide distribution, meningitis, 1142
3562f meningovascular syphilis, 2696
travel-related febrile illnesses, considerations, neurosyphilis, 2695-2699, 2705
3571-3573 asymptomatic neurosyphilis, 2695-2696
travel-related illness, epidemiology, 3559 classification, 2695t
travel-related immunization, 156 tests, 2702-2703
travel-related infections, incubation periods, nontreponemal tests, 2701
3570t ocular syphilis, 2697-2698
travel-related vaccines opportunistic infection, 1663
adults, 3561t otosyphilis, 2698
spacing/interactions, 3563 parenchymatous syndromes, 2696-2697
vaccines, usage, 3547 pathogenesis, 2688-2689
Travelers. See Returned travelers; Returning pathologic features, 2689-2691
travelers PCR detection, 2701
diseases, pathologic effects, 3572f primary syphilis, 2693-2694
immunization, 3559-3563 rapid point-of-care tests, 2702
 I112
Treponema pallidum (syphilis) (Continued) Triclabendazole, 522 Tropical sprue (enteropathy) (Continued)
secondary syphilis, 2694-2695 absorption, occurrence, 522 clinical manifestations, 1299
lesions, example, 2694f oral administration, 522 diagnosis, 1300
skin lesion, histopathology, 2690f structure, 522f dietary fat, impact, 1299
Index

serologic tests, 2701-2703 Triclosan, synthetic bisphenol antimicrobial disease expression, 1297
HIV infection, involvement, 2702 agent, 453 epidemiology, 1297
spirochetes, direct examination, 2699-2701 Tricuspid valve Staphylococcus aureus functional changes, 1300
syphilitic exanthem, 2694f endocarditis, chest CT scan, 2265f histopathology, 1300
syphilitic meningitis, 1575, 2696 TRIF. See Toll-interleukin receptor intestinal abnormalities, 1299-1300
leptomeninges, infiltration, 2691f Trifluorothymidine, chemical structure, 552f pathogenesis, 1299f
syphilotherapy, principles, 2703 Trifluridine, 560 partial villus atrophy, 1300
tertiary syphilis, 2695, 2704-2705 clinical usage, limitation, 560 postinfectious tropical malabsorption, 1297
therapy, 2703-2708 Trimethoprim, 247, 413, 507 spontaneous recovery, 1299
recommendations, 2703t action, 413f symptom complex, 1300
tissues, visualization, 2700-2701 mechanism, 413 therapy, 1300-1301
treatment, absence (natural course), 2691-2693, administration, routes, 413 Tropism, 1690, 2062
2692f anti-infective agent pharmacology, 670t Truncal rash. See Rickettsia typhi
treponemal tests, 2702 antimicrobial activity, 413 Trunk
Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA), antimicrobial agents, addition, 415 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2527f
2712 clinical use, 413 skin, smallpox lesions, 1698f
TRH. See Thermostable direct hemolysis-related derivation, 413 TRUST, macroflocculation assay, 2701
hemolysin distribution, 413 Trypanosoma brucei, 7
Triazoles, 511 drug interactions, 415t Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypomastigotes,
usage, 2890-2891, 2906, 2917-2918 excretion, 413 3117f
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 3049 metabolism, 413 Trypanosoma cruzi, 45-46, 1068
Trichinella pharmacology, 413 infected patients, immunosuppression/
life cycle, 3208 resistance, 413 transplantation, 3112-3113
roundworms, impact, 1287 target overproduction, 247 PAMP expression, 32
species, hosts/geographic distribution, 3209t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), prevention, 3114
Trichinella spiralis, 1224 328, 413-417, 492 studies, 102
larvae, 3209f action, mechanism, 413-414 therapy, 3113-3114
Trichinellosis, 3208-3210 adverse reactions, 1654-1655 trypomastigotes, mouse blood smear, 3109f
clinical manifestations, 3209 antimicrobial activity, 413-414 Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes, 1069f
diagnosis, 3209 antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Trypanosomes, 515, 1413-1414
epidemiology, 3208-3209 occurrence, 414 Trypanosomiasis, drugs (usage), 510-517
pathogenesis/pathology, 3209 anti-Pneumocystis prophylaxis, 1558-1559 Trypanothione, metabolism, 514
prevention, 3210 bactericidal effects, 414 t-SNAREs. See Target SNAP receptors
therapy, 3209-3210 clinical uses, 415-417 TSP. See Tropical spastic paraparesis
Trichinosis, 1224 discontinuation, adverse reactions, 1655 T-SPOT TB test, 211
Trichinella roundworms, impact, 1287 drug-induced cholestasis/hepatitis, 414 TSS. See Toxic shock syndrome
Trichomonads, recognition, 1361 drug interactions, 415 TSST. See Toxic shock syndrome toxin
Trichomonal vaginitis, 1610 excretion, 414 TST. See Tuberculin skin test
Trichomonas vaginalis gastrointestinal infection treatment, 415-416 TT. See Tetanus toxoid
clinical manifestations, 3162-3163 hypersensitivity reactions, association, 1645 TTE. See Transthoracic echocardiography
complications, 3163-3164 intravenous TMP-SMX, usage, 416 TTGA. See Taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar
epidemiology, 3161-3162 metabolism, 414 Tuberculate, 2951
image, 3162f parenteral cloxacillin, comparison, 1321 Tuberculin
taxonomy, 3161 permeability changes, occurrence, 414 conversion, annual rates, 2796t
therapy, 3163 Pneumocystis jirovecii infection treatment, positivity, risk group criteria, 2809t
Trichomoniasis, 1362-1363 416-417 reactivity
complications, 3163-3164 prophylactic loss, 2796
diagnosis, 1362, 3163 regimen, 1656 variant (delayed) tuberculin reactivity,
etiology, 1362 usage, 417 2796
metronidazole/tinidazole, responsiveness pseudomembranous colitis, 798 reactors, percentage, 2798f
(absence), 1363 resistance, 414 Tuberculin skin test (TST), 2790-2791, 2795-2796
pathogenesis, 1362 respiratory tract infection treatment, 415 booster effect, 2796
purulent secretions, 1362f sexually transmitted disease treatment, 416 dosage, 2795
suspension, 1362f side effects, 414-415 false-positive/false-negative reactions, 2796
symptoms, 1362t skin/soft tissue infection treatment, 416 HIV infection, relationship, 2796
therapy, 1362-1363, 3163 toxicity, 414-415 interpretation, 2795-2796
treatment, 516 urinary tract infections, relationship, 415 purified protein derivative, usage, 868
failures, management, 1363t usage, 1277-1278 targeted tuberculin testing, 2795
vaginal discharge, 3162f Tinidazole, 516f technical aspects, 2795
wet preparation diagnostic, 1362 Tripartite motif (TRIM) family, 2059 Tuberculomas, 2800, 2813
Trichophyton erinacei (impact), 2988f Triple NRTI therapy, 1637 bilateral pulmonary tuberculomas, chest
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (host preferences), Triple-reassortment H3N2, descendant, 167-168 radiograph, 2800f
2986 TRIS-EDTA, 2172 Tuberculosis (TB)
Trichophyton species, impact/distribution, Trismus, 2759, 2759f active cases, contacts (treatment), 2809
2987t TRLs. See Technology readiness levels active tuberculosis, 2800t
Trichosporon species, 3010 Trojan horse function, 87-88 diagnosis, assays (comparison), 2789t
Trichuriasis, 3202-3204 Tropheryma whipplei antiretroviral therapy, HIV testing, 1478f
clinical syndromes, 3203 infection, clinical features/spectrum, 2421t cancer, relationship, 2802
control, 3204 meningitis, 1142 cases
diagnosis, 3203 Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, 840, 3213 burden, 2792t
epidemiology, 3203 Tropical pyomyositis, 1218-1219 immigrants, 2792t
life cycle, 3202-3203 Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), 2052, 2055 United States, 2791f
management, 3203 Tropical sprue (enteropathy) childhood, treatment, 2808
prevention, 3204 abdominal pain, 1299 chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, 2797-2798
Trichuris muris expulsion, 50-51 causes, 1298-1299 clinical presentation, 1562-1563

Tuberculosis (TB) (Continued)
CNS tuberculosis (tuberculous meningitis),
2812-2813
correctional facilities, 2794
corticosteroids, 2807
cryptic miliary tuberculosis, 2811-2812
cutaneous tuberculosis, 2817
drug regimens, 2808-2809
drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2792-2793
drugs, usage, 474
elderly, 3454-3455
endobronchial tuberculosis, 2800
end-stage renal disease, 2808
extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 2810-2817
female genital tuberculosis, 2815-2816
gastrointestinal tuberculosis, 1269, 2816
genitourinary tuberculosis (renal tuberculosis),
2815
HIV infection, relationship, 1491-1492
homeless shelters, 2794
hospital setting, 2793-2794
immunology, 2794-2795
immunosuppressive drugs, receiving, 2808
infection, age (impact), 2797
injection drug users, 3486
institutional spread, 2793-2794
late generalized (chronic hematogenous)
tuberculosis, 2811-2812
late hematogenous tuberculosis, 2798
liver disease, 2808
lower lobe tuberculosis, 2800
male genital tuberculosis, 2815
miliary tuberculosis, 2810t
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, treatment,
2805
nonreactive tuberculosis, 2812
nosocomial spread, control, 2794
pathogenesis, 2796-2797
patients, measles, 1971
peripheral osteoarticular tuberculosis, 2815
pregnancy, treatment, 2808
presence, 2798
prevention, 3566
primary hepatic tuberculosis, 2812
primary (childhood) tuberculosis, 866f,
2797-2799
prophylaxis, 3405
pulmonary tuberculosis, 2798-2802
quiescent, previously untreated pulmonary
tuberculosis, treatment, 2809
reinfection (adult) tuberculosis, 2797
re-treatment, 2807
skeletal tuberculosis (Pott’s disease), 2814-2815
susceptibility, 116
targeted tuberculin testing, 2795
therapy, 2802-2810
duration, 2808
treatment, 2807
algorithm, 2806f
forms, 2807
rifamycins, usage, 343-344
rifapentine dose, 344
special circumstances, 2808
uremia, 2808
vaccination, 2810
Tuberculous cervical adenitis, 1228
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis (scrofula),
1228-1229
Tuberculous effusions, presence, 849
Tuberculous empyema, bronchopleural fistula
(relationship), 2814
Tuberculous epididymitis, 1375
Tuberculous interstitial nephritis, 2815
Tuberculous laryngitis, 2817
Tuberculous lymphadenitis (scrofula), 2816
mesenteric tuberculous lymphadenitis, 2817
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM)
CNS tuberculosis, 2812-2813
CT scan, 1139f
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) (Continued)
empirical therapy, 1143
treatability, 1576
Tuberculous otitis, 770, 2817
Tuberculous pericarditis, 1076f, 2814
clinical manifestations, 2814
development, 1076
diagnosis, 2814
mortality (reduction), antituberculous therapy
(usage), 1078
onset, 1077
therapy, 2814
Tuberculous peritonitis, 2816
Tuberculous pleurisy (serofibrinous pleurisy with
effusion), 2813
clinical manifestations, 2813
diagnosis, 2813
early postprimary pleurisy with effusion, 2813
therapy, 2813
Tuberculous spinal meningitis, 2813
Tuberculous spondylitis, 2814-2815
Tubo-ovarian abscess, management, 1379
Tularemia. See Francisella tularensis
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 79-80
alpha production, suppression, 8
gene, location, 120-121
modulation, 93
production, 920-921
TNF receptor-activated factor 6 (TRAF6),
activation, 1111
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 45, 792
inhibition, 343
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing
ligand (TRAIL)
receptors, impact, 1789
TRAIL-mediated apoptosis pathways, 1535
Tungiasis, 3257-3259
clinical manifestations, 3258-3259
control, 3259
epidemiology, 3257-3258
periungual lesions, 3258f
prevention, 3259
recurrence, 3259f
therapy, 3259
Tunneled catheter-related bloodstream infections,
metastatic infections, 1325
Turicella otitidis, 2379
Turista (traveler’s diarrhea), 1259-1260
Turkey rhinotracheitis virus, 1961
TVR. See Telaprevir
23-Valent pneumococcal polysaccharide
efficacy, 2325
usage, 2325f
Tympanic membrane, temperature, 709
Type 1 error rates, 609
Type 1 fimbriae, ubiquity, 2498
Type 1 secretion system (T1SS), 2520
Type 2 error rates, 609
Type 2 secretion system (T2SS), 2520
Type 3 hereditary angioedema, 96-97
Type I fimbriae, 889-890
Type I hypersensitivity, 45
Type II hypersensitivity, 45
Type III hypersensitivity, 46
reactions, inflammatory responses, 46
Type III secreted effector molecules, 8
Type III secretion (T3S), 2156
Type III secretion system (T3SS), 2520, 2563
Type II secretion system (T2SS), 2498
Type IV pili, 2428, 2447-2448
Typhlitis (neutropenic enterocolitis), 988-989
clinical manifestations, 988
diagnosis, 988
pathogenesis, 988
therapy, 988-989
Typhoidal fever, 1280-1282
acute febrile illness, assessment, 1281
Bartonella species, impact, 1280
differential diagnosis, 1279-1280
I113
Typhoidal fever (Continued)
persistence, 1280
prolongation/persistence, causes, 1280-1281
Typhoidal pattern, 1260
Index
Typhoidal Salmonella (classification/microbiologic
characteristics), 1271t
Typhoidal Salmonella enterica
nomenclature/classification, 1271
nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (clinical
distinction), 1271
Typhoidal tularemia, 2597
Typhoid fever, 1266-1267, 1270-1279
burden/distribution, 1272
chronic carriage, 1274
clinical features, 1275t
complications, 1276t
global distribution, 1272f
history, 1270-1271
infection source, 1272
infectious diseases, differential diagnoses,
1280t
invasion, 1273
latency/dissemination, 1273-1274
persistence, 1274
relapse, 1274
severity, 1272
therapy, 2566
transmission, mode, 1272-1273
travel considerations, 3573
uncomplicated typhoid fever, 1275
vaccines, availability, 1279t
Typhoid Mary, 1270
Typhoid vaccine, 1279
availability, 3542
travel considerations, 3561
Typhomalaria, 1271
Typhomalarial fever, 1271
Typhus
clinical laboratory findings, 2219t
epidemic typhus, clinical manifestations, 2219t
transmission, 2218f
Tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate
(YMDD), 1450
motif, point mutations, 567
mutation, 1450
emergence, 566
Tyson’s glands, infections, 2454-2455
Tzanck smear, usage, 1346
U
UCS. See Upstream conserved sequence
UDS. See Ultra-deep sequencing
UFI. See Undifferentiated febrile illness
Uganda, urban antenatal HIV seroprevalence
rates, 1471
UL54, ORF designation, 1738-1739
UL56 gene encoding, 1746-1747
UL89 gene encoding, 1746-1747
UL97 protein, maribavir target, 1746
UL128, mutation, 1739
UL131 mutation, 1739
Ulcerated pustular lesion, 2457f
Ulceration, CMV (impact), 1568
Ulcerative colitis, 75
Ulcère post-chancreux, 2711f
Ulceroglandular tularemia, 2595-2596
primary lesions, 2596f
Ultra-deep sequencing (UDS), 1521
Ultraviolet (UV)
irradiation, hydrogen peroxide (comparison),
3306
light, usage, 3301-3302, 3306
Uncomplicated cystitis (women), 902-903
Uncomplicated gonorrhea
adults, 2459-2460
single-dose treatment, 2459
treatment, follow-up, 2460
Uncomplicated influenza, clinical manifestations,
2011-2012
 I114
Uncomplicated intra-abdominal infections Urethral syndrome, 899 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Continued)
(cIAIs), 936 women, 1353-1354 hydronephrotic kidney, dilated pelvis (staghorn
Uncomplicated malaria Urethritis calculus), 893f
emergency treatment, 3086 complications, 1354 imaging studies, 907-911
Index

therapy, 3084-3085 gonococcal urethritis, 1351-1352 infecting organisms, 894

Uncomplicated quinolone-susceptible gonococcal infectious causes, 1351t infection site, localization, 899
urethritis/cervicitis, eradication, 430 infectious urethritis, 1351-1353 innate immunity, 891
Uncomplicated typhoid fever, 1275 men, 2163 intrarenal abscess, 906-907
laboratory findings, 1275 meningococcal urethritis, 2436 lymphatic route, 888
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI), 887 nongonococcal urethritis, 1351-1352 management, 899-911
agent efficacy, 448t noninfectious urethritis, 1351 considerations, 899-900
comparison, 3335t objective evidence, 1350t manifestations, 896
Uncomplicated urogenital infection (women), postgonococcal urethritis, 1353 natural history, 894-896
2455-2458 syndromic management, 1355 necrotizing papillitis (papillary necrosis), 888f
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Society therapy, 1354-1355, 1355t nonantimicrobial therapy/prevention, 900-901
(UHMS), 592 women, 2165 nonpregnant adults, management, 912f
hyperbaric oxygen treatment, indications Urinary analgesics, usage, 900 oral therapy, 902
(approval), 592t Urinary anti-infectives organisms, low numbers, 899
Underweight bodies, dosage adjustment, 629 anti-infective agent pharmacology, 670t-672t papillary necrosis, infection (impact), 887-888
Undifferentiated febrile illness (UFI), 2092 dosage forms, 649t parenteral therapy, 902
Undifferentiated febrile illness/sepsis syndrome, Urinary beta-human chorionic gonadotropin pathogenesis, 888-890, 2500
2092 (HCG) determination, 946 pathologic characteristics, 887-888
Unilateral MAC lymphadenopathy, preauricular Urinary candidiasis, 2893 perinephric abscess, 906-907
lymph node, 2837f Urinary free cortisol levels, 1677 P fimbriae, 889
Unilateral vesicular lesions, 1735 Urinary pH, 900 pregnancy, 905-906
United Nations General Assembly, Special Session Urinary tract infections (UTIs), 3445 epidemiology, 905
on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS), 1480 acute pyelonephritis, 887 presumptive diagnosis, 897-898
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis (women), prevention, 900-901
181 902 cranberries, usage, 597-599
United States adherence/colonization, 892 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2528
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) adhesins, 889-890 quinolones, impact, 429-430
incidence/prevalence, 1485-1486 adults, 895-896 reinfection, 901
surveillance, 1483-1485 initial therapy, recommendations, 912t-913t relapsing urinary tract infection, 904
Army active-duty personnel, HIV incidence aminoglycosides, usage, 320 renal function, alterations, 897
rate, 1488 analgesics, 900 risk factors, 897t
Army Yellow Fever Commission, 1681 antimicrobial agents, serum/tissue/urine spinal cord injury, relationship, 3454-3455
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) concentrations, 901 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2279-2280
incidence/prevalence, 1485-1486 antimicrobial therapy, 902-905 structural abnormalities, 893-894
surveillance, 1483-1485 principles, 901 surgical management, 911
leprosy treatment regimens, 2828 ascending route, 888 symptoms, 896-897
women, HIV, 1590-1591 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 904 terminology, 887
Universal precautions, HIV transmission, 3365 asymptomatic infection, contrast, 894 therapy
Unrecognized influenza A (H7N9), 165 bacteria, urovirulence, 888-890 response, 901
Untranslated regions (UTRs), 2122 bacteriologic cure, 901 selection, considerations, 901
Untreated syphilis, natural course, 2691-2693, bacteriologic persistence, 901 tigecycline, clinical trials, 333
2692f bacteriologic relapse, 901 TMP-SMX, impact, 415
UPEC. See Uropathogenic Escherichia coli bacteriuria, pregnancy management, 905-906 treatment, 2337
Upper airways (epithelial surfaces), causes, 888 approaches, 911
microorganisms (adherence), 824 cellular immunity, 892-893 type I fimbriae, 889-890
Upper female genital tract, infection, 2451-2452 children, 894-895 uncomplicated cystitis (women), 902-903
Upper gastrointestinal tract pathologic lesions, infection, 902 urine, bladder defenses, 891-892
Helicobacter pylori (association), 2497t chronic pyelonephritis (chronic interstitial uromucoid (Tamm-Horsfall protein), 891f
Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), 750, 753 nephritis), 887 uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Upstream conserved sequence (UCS), 3018 classification, 902-905 adhesins, 889t
Ureaplasmas, 2190-2192 clinical manifestations, 896-897 virulence factors, 890
species, relationship, 2191t clinical presentations, 2332 vesicoureteral reflux, 895f
tetracycline resistance, 2193 complication (men), 903-904 relationship, 893-894
Ureaplasma urealyticum complication, perinephric abscess (impact), 906 virulence factors, expression/selection, 890
isolation, 1373 conditions, 896 Urinary tracts
linezolid resistance, 406 definitions, 3335t anaerobic organisms, 894
Ureidopenicillins, 273-274 diagnosis, 897-899 antibacterial host defenses, 891t
Uremia, 2808 culture, usage, 898-899 antimicrobial prophylaxis, 904
Ureteral stenosis, 1812 dysuria, acute-onset causes (frequencies), 899f candidiasis, 2886-2887
Ureters, obstruction (increase), 893 elderly, 896 infection, 3392
Urethra emphysematous pyelonephritis, 904f physiologic alterations, 905
chronic irritation, 1351 epidemiology, 894-896 reinfection, 904
colonization, 888 epithelial receptors, 889t specimens, 197
distal centimeter, colonization, 1350 fimbriae, 889 structural abnormalities, 904
examination, 1349-1350 frequency, increase, 896 Urine
infection, gonococcus (impact), 2450f fungal infections, 904-905 acidification
irritation, 1351 fungal urinary tract infection, 3344-3345 diet, modification, 900
prostatic abscess, CT scan, 1376f genetic factors, 893 methenamine treatment, impact, 450
Urethral epithelial cell, receptor-mediated group B streptococcal urinary tract infection, antibacterial activity, 900
phagocytosis, 2450f 2345 antigen detection, 833
Urethral exudates hematogenous route, 888 bacterial count, direct examination, 897t
Gram-stained smear, 2458f high-risk children, radiologic imaging, 911t bladder defenses, 891-892
microscopic examination, 2449 host defense, 890-894 cultures
Urethral specimen, examination, 1350-1351 humoral immunity, 892-893 collection, 906, 3343-3344
Urethral symptoms, evaluation, 1350t hydration, 900 test, 903
 I115
Urine (Continued) Vaccines (Continued) Vaginal pH
formaldehyde concentrations, factors, 450 live vaccines, killed/subunit vaccines elevation, 1366, 1368-1369
hippuric acid, impact, 900 (differences), 3517 level, 1362
light microscopic specimen, 891f occupational exposure usage, 3547 Vaginal secretions, 1358-1359

Index
microsporidia, demonstration, 3037f postexposure immunization usage, 3548 abdominal pain, 1360
mycobacterial agents, detection, 2790 pregnancy usage, 3547-3548 appearance, 1359f
patient material, ELISA (usage), 1511 responses, problems, 3518 speculum, usage, 1359f
PCR assay, 1812 routine, 3546-3547 characteristics, 1359t
specimen schedules, interruption, 3550 discharge, quantity, 1360
first morning micturition, 1351 simultaneous administration, 3549 examination, 1360-1362
microscopic examination, 897 special circumstances, 3547-3548 external irritation, 1360
URIs. See Upper respiratory tract infections storage, 3548 medications, 1360
Urogenital infections, 2162-2163 therapy studies, HIV testing (usage), odor, 1360
clinical manifestations/sequelae, 2162f 1522-1523 onset, mode, 1360
men, 2163-2164 travel-related vaccines pH, testing, 1361f
transmission patterns, 2162f adults, 3561t potassium hydroxide, mixing, 16-17
Urogenital tract infections, GNARs (impact), spacing/interactions, 3563 sequential sampling, 944
2778 travel usage, 3547 sexual history, 1360
Uromucoid (Tamm-Horsfall protein), light usage, 3546-3552 vaginal symptoms, characteristics, 1359t
microscopic specimen, 891f adolescents, 3546 wet mount, microscopy, 1378f
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), 888, 2500 adults, 3546-3547 Vaginal trichomoniasis, clinical/laboratory
adhesins, 889t children, 3546 findings, 3162t
virulence factors, 890 vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, Vaginitis
Urosepsis, 887 2077 age, impact, 1360
Urovirulence, 888-890 vaccine-derived poliomyelitis viruses, 2078 estrogen-deficiency vaginitis, 1369
Urticaria, 734-735 vaccine-modified smallpox, 1698 history, 1359-1360
Ushers, 7 vaccine-preventable diseases, 158-170 patient, approach, 1359-1362
Usual (acute) miliary tuberculosis, 2811 factors, 160t Valacyclovir, 546-551
Uterine cervix, cancer (prevalence), 1796-1797 resurgence, 158 absorption, 548
UTIs. See Uncomplicated urinary tract infection; Vaccinia action, mechanism, 546
Urinary tract infections generalized vaccinia, 1697 clinical studies, 549-551
UTRs. See Untranslated regions progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum/ cytomegalovirus, 551
Uveitis, 1388, 1423 vaccinia gangrenosum), 1696 dosage adjustments, 549t
anterior uveitis, impacts, 1425 vaccination herpes simplex virus, 549-550
autoimmune conditions, impact, 1424 Advisory Committee on Immunization interactions, 548-549
classification, 1423, 1424t Practices recommendations, 1697 IV GCV, comparison, 1748
clinical features, 1424-1425 complications, 1696-1697 pharmacokinetics, 548
epidemiology, 1423-1424 immunity, 1696 regimens, 550
etiology, 1424, 1424f vaccine, 745 resistance, 546-548
infectious etiologies, 1424t adverse events, 1696-1698 spectrum, 546
clinical features, 1425-1429 vector, HIV-1 antigen expression, 1670 toxicity, 549
infectious uveitis, diagnosis, 1429-1430 virions, electron micrographs, 1695f varicella-zoster virus infections, 550-551
occurrence, 1426 virus, zoonosis, 1697-1698 viruses, 551
pathophysiology, 1424 Vaccinia conjunctivitis, 1396 Valganciclovir, 557-559
patient approach, 1429-1430 treatment, 1396t action, mechanism, 557
serologic tests, 1430 Vaccinia gangrenosum, 1696 clinical studies, 559
therapy, 1430-1431 Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) CMV prevention, 1747
Uvulitis (invasive bacterial infections), 787 preparation, 3545 dosage adjustments, 558t
therapy, 1696 interactions, 558
V Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous (VIGIV) pharmacokinetics, 558
V1V2 region, 17 doses, impact, 1696 resistance, 557-558
VAC. See Vacuum-assisted closure Vaccinia keratitis, 1410 spectrum, 557
Vaccination Vaccinia necrosum, 1696 toxicity, 558-559, 1658-1659
adenovirus vector, 1792 Vaccinia (smallpox) vaccination, ocular Validity. See External validity; Internal validity
immunologic basis, 3516-3517 complications, 1410 reference, 605
parent/patient education, 3549 Vacuolar myelopathy (VM), 1583 Valve replacement, 1063
priority groups, 167t clinical presentation, 1583 surgery, timing, 1019
Vaccines histologic studies, 1583 Valve ring abscesses, presence, 1005-1006
administration route, 3517 imaging studies, 1583 Valvuloplasty, usage, 1063
adult immunization schedule, 3527f laboratory investigations, 1583 Valvular heart disease, 799
adverse events, 3550 treatment, 1583 Valvular stenosis, presence, 1031f
age, impact, 3517 Vacuolar-type proton ATPases (V-ATPases), 84 VA-MenGOC-BC, 2431
animal models, 1668-1669 Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), 1086 VAMP-1. See Vesicle-associated membrane
availability, 3526-3543, 3531t device, 1338 protein-1
combination vaccines, 3549-3550 Vagina VanA-type VRE strains, resistance, 388
considerations, 3548-3552, 3560-3563 aphthous ulcers, occurrence, 1348 Vancomycin, 378-388
developing world considerations, 3560-3561 evaluation, 1801 action, mechanism, 378
development, 3519-3526 examination, 1360-1362 administration, 383-384
disease, reporting, 3550 protection mechanism, 29 route, 383t
DNA vaccines, 1668 Vaginal cuff infections, occurrence, 1367 adverse reactions, 385-386
doses, timing, 3521f-3525f Vaginal culture, complicated disease antimicrobial activity, 378
FDA-licensed combination vaccines, 3550t (management), 1365 antimicrobial profile, comparison, 441t
guidance, 3521f-3525f Vaginal discharge, abnormality (differential bacteremia, interaction, 386
handling, 3548 discharge), 1359t chemical structure, 378f
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) usage, Vaginal epithelium, breaching, 1376 clearance rate, 384
3548 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), 1800 clinical pharmacodynamics, 381-385
immunocompromised states, 3548 Vaginal microbiome, 16-17 clinical uses, 386-388
injuries, compensation, 3550 variation, 16-17 concentrations, studies, 382-383
intramuscular administration, 1835 Vaginal microbiota, alterations, 17 degradation products, 382
 I116
Vancomycin (Continued)
distribution, 382-383
volume, increase, 384
dosages, recommendation, 383t
Index
drug allergy, 302
drug interactions, 386
endocarditis, relationship, 386
evaluation, 1129
excretion, 383
febrile neutropenia, 387-388
formulation, preparation, 383
gentamicin, addition, 386
half-life, 617
indication, 1309
infusion-related reactions, 385
infusions, 383t
intraperitoneal administration, 384
intravenous administration, 383, 1234
intraventricular administration, 385-386
isolate, low-level resistance, 246
linezolid, differences, 3330
meningitis, interaction, 386-387
nephrotoxicity, 385
neutropenia, association, 385
oral administration, formulation, 384
pharmacokinetics, 384-385
pneumonia, relationship, 387
presumptive vancomycin-induced
maculopapular/erythematous rash,
observation, 385
prophylaxis, 388
pseudomembranous colitis, interaction, 381
resistance, mechanisms, 378-381
skin/soft tissue infections, relationship, 386
structure, 378
therapeutic drug monitoring, 259
therapeutic monitoring, 2255
thrombocytopenia, association, 385
tolerance, 2360
transplacental passage, 383
uses, 388
vancomycin-related nephrotoxicity, increase,
385
ventriculitis, relationship, 386-387
in vitro postantibiotic effect, 382
Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA),
379-381, 1015-1016
expression, 246
rifampin, interaction, 346
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), 605,
2330
infections, quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q/D)
usages, 2337
isolates, tigecycline resistance, 332
linezolid, impact, 408
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis
(impact), 2334f
Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), 381
isolate, recovery, 246
rifampin, interaction, 346
VAP. See Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Vaporized hydrogen peroxide, 3304
VAPP. See Vaccine-associated paralytic
poliomyelitis
VAQTA, 2109
Variable-number tandem reports (VNTRs), 2392
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 2147-2149
case definitions, 2149t
Variant influenza A (H3N2), 167-168
Variant (delayed) tuberculin reactivity, 2796
Varicella
herpes zoster conjunctivitis, 1395-1396
impetigo, confusion, 1734-1735
pneumonitis, appearance, 1733
vaccine, availability, 3542-3543
virions, electron micrographs, 1695f
Varicella-zoster immune globulin (VariZIG), 1735
preparation, 3544-3545
Varicella-zoster retinitis, 1555
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 216, 1155-1156,
3377-3380
antibody tests, 1643
clinical manifestations, 1733-1734
diagnosis, 1734-1735
DNA, PCR detection, 1151
entry, 1689
glycoproteins, 1732
historical overview, 1731-1732
HSCT, relationship, 3434-3435
impact, 1425, 1557
infected/exposed personnel, management,
3378-3380
neurologic disease, 1658
nosocomial exposure, investigation, 3378
nosocomial transmission, prevention,
3377-3378
opportunistic infection, 1657-1658
pathogen, 1732
pathogenesis, 1732-1733
patient description, 969
replication, 1732
therapy, 1411
transmission
mechanisms, 3377
risk, 3377
vasculopathy
diagnosis, 1156
occurrence, 1156
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections
acyclovir, usage, 550-551
epidemiology, 1732
impact, 1155
nosocomial attack, evaluation (algorithm),
3379f
problems, 3448
sensory ganglia, involvement, 1734
valacyclovir, usage, 550-551
Variola (smallpox), 182, 1698-1699
causative agent, 1694
conjunctivitis, 1396
differentiation, 1698-1699
examples, 1698f
febrile vesicular pustular rash illness,
differential diagnosis (confusion), 1699t
lesions, examples, 1698f
trunk, skin location, 1698f
vaccine
availability, 3541
requirement, perception, 188
vaccinia vaccination, ocular complications, 1410
virions, electron micrographs, 1695f
VariZIG. See Varicella-zoster immune globulin
Vascular catheter-related infections, topical
antibacterial prophylaxis, 455
Vascular catheters, insertion, 3320
Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), 81f
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), 847
Vascular closure devices, 1053-1054
clinical manifestations, 1054
epidemiology, 1054
management, 1054
microbiology, 1054
prevention, 1054
Vascular devices, infections, 3392
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 101
endothelial activator, 921
Vascular endothelium, activation/injury, 921
Vascular gangrene, infection, 1222
Vascular graft infection
diagnosis, positron emission tomography
(PET) scan (usage), 1050
imaging techniques, comparison, 1050t
Vascular grafts, Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2278
Vascular insufficiency, osteomyelitis, 1323-1324
Vascular space, neutrophils (emigration), 81f
Vasculature, Candida infection, 2887-2888
Vasogenic edema, computed tomography, 1170f
Vasopressin, levels (increase), 931-932
VATS. See Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
VaxGenAIDSVAX B/B vaccine, 1671
VCA. See Viral capsid antigen
Vd/F. See Apparent volume of distribution
VDJ gene, rearrangement, 41-42
VDRL. See Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
VECTOR, 180
Vector-borne diseases, 170-173
Vector-borne transmission, 155
Vector-borne viral infections, 1157-1159
Eastern equine encephalitis virus, 1159
pathogenesis, 1157
St. Louis encephalitis, 1158-1159
Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 1159
Western equine encephalitis, 1159
West Nile virus, 1157-1158
VEE. See Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Vegetations, formation/growth, 1030-1031
VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth factor
Veillonella, 2783
Vena cava filters, 1054-1055
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL),
1122, 1140, 1426
positive CSF result, 1575
test, 1346
Venereal syphilis, diagnosis, 2686
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), 1159
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV),
1865
epizootic strains, 1868
impact, 1690
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF), 2034
Venomous snake bites, 3512-3513
Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) (sinusoidal
obstruction syndrome), 3427
Ventilated patients, hospital-acquired pneumonia,
2524
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 831
aerosolized drug delivery, intravenous drug
delivery (differences), 3330-3331
clinical diagnosis, summary/recommendations,
3327-3328
diagnosis, 3326-3327
empirical treatment options, 3329t
empirical therapy, 3329-3330
epidemiology, 3326
invasive respiratory tract sampling, noninvasive
respiratory tract sampling (difference),
3327-3328
microbiologic evaluation, 3327
microbiology, 3328-3329
morbidity/mortality, 3326
pathogens, antibiotic resistance patterns
(distribution), 3328t
prevention, 3331-3332
bundles, 3331-3332
quality metric, 3332
rates (reductions), interventions (usage), 3331t
risk factors, 3326
tailoring therapy, deescalating therapy
(differences), 3331
therapy, duration, 3331
treatment, 3329-3331
Ventilator days, median number, 3328t
Ventral/dural epidural space, rim-enhancing soft
tissue (T1-weighted sagittal images), 1181f
Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 1058
closure device treatment, 1055
Ventriculitis
incidence, 1187
vancomycin, impact, 386-387
Ventriculoatrial shunts, infection, 1189
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, 1186
Verdoperoxidase (myeloperoxidase), 141
Verigene, usage, 216-219
Vero cells, vaccinia vector, 1667
Verona integron-encoded (VIM) metallo-beta-
lactamases, 951
Verotoxins, 2512

Verrucae planae (plane warts), 1798
Verrucae plantaris (deep plantar warts), 1798
Verrucae vulgaris (common warts), 1798
Verrucous nodules, chromoblastomycosis, 2926f
I117
Vibrio infections, increase, 169 Viral IFN systems, nonredundancy, 577
Vibrio mimicus, 2483 Viral illnesses, 738
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 2480-2481 Viral inclusions, 1686-1687
clinical manifestations, 2481 Viral infections, 61

Index
Verruga peruana, 2650-2651 differential diagnosis, 2481 impact, 1376
mulaire lesion, 2651f epidemiology, 2481 pathogenesis, 1070
nodular subcutaneous lesions, 2651f laboratory findings, 2481 problems, 3447-3451
Vertebral osteomyelitis, 1322-1323, 2525 prevention, 2481 susceptibility, 116
cause, 1326 therapy, 2481 Viral intervention, MHC class I antigen-
clinical presentation, 1322 Vibriosis, 1266 processing pathway (usage), 56-57
diagnosis, 1322-1323 Vibrio vulnificus, 2481-2482 Viral keratitis, 1408-1412
T1-weighted MRI, 1322f clinical manifestations, 2481-2482 herpes zoster ophthalmicus, impact, 1410
Vertebrate host defense, 78 differential diagnosis, 2482 intraocular reaction, 1409
Very late antigen 4 (VLA4), 81f impact, 1287 self-limited cases, 1410-1411
Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, infection stromal inflammation, 1409
increase, 926 cellulitis/hemorrhagic bullae, presence, 2482f therapy, 1410-1412
Vesicle-associated membrane protein-1 hemorrhagic bullae, 1287f varicella-zoster virus, impact, 1409-1410
(VAMP-1), 87 prevention, 2482 Viral keratoconjunctivitis, therapy, 1412
Vesicles, circumscription, 738 therapy, 2482 Viral meningitis, 1098-1100, 1104-1105
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), 895f Vidarabine, 560-561 adjunctive therapy, 1132-1133
identification, 910 activity, 561 antimicrobial therapy, 1127
UTI, relationship, 893-894 CASG trials, 1155 bacterial meningitis, differentiation,
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) chemical structure, 552f 1120-1121
animal disease, 1982 Video-assisted retroperitoneal débridement children, 1116
classification, 1981 (VARD), safety/efficacy, 972 clinical manifestations, 1115-1116
diagnosis, 1982 Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), 851 diagnosis, 1118-1123
enzootic VSV, 1981-1982 preference, 869-870 enteroviruses, 1115-1116
epidemiology, 1981-1982 requirement, 1561 herpesviruses, 1116
epizootic VSV, 1981 usage, 853 infants, 1116
host response, 1982 Vieussens, Raymond, 2300 infection, initiation, 1104
human disease, 1982 Vif. See Virion infectivity factor mumps virus, 1116
molecular biology, 1981 VIG. See Vaccinia immune globulin neonates, 1116
morphology, 1981 VIGIV. See Vaccinia Immune Globulin pathogenesis/pathophysiology, 1104-1115
prevention, 1982 Intravenous Viral mRNA, analysis, 1794-1795
treatment, 1982 VIM. See Verona integron-encoded Viral myocarditis
vaccination, 1982 Vincent’s angina. See Acute necrotizing ulcerative cellular/molecular pathogenesis, 1069f
Vesicular trafficking, 3049 gingivitis pathogenesis, 1073
Vesiculobullous eruptions, rash, 738 Vincent’s stomatitis, 2738 Viral nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition, 528
Vesiculovirus, 1982t, 1984 Viral agents, impact, 837 Viral orchitis, 1385
Vestibular hair cells (damage), gentamicin Viral arthritis, 1310-1311 Viral parotitis, 802
(impact), 319 rubella, impact, 1310-1311 Viral pathogens
Vestibular toxicity (aminoglycosides), 319 Viral biologic phenotypes, impact, 1598 implication, 14-15
Vestibulitis, 1369-1370 Viral bronchiolitis, severity (factors), 820f virulence, malnutrition (effect), 133f
diagnosis, 1370 Viral capsid antigen (VCA), 1765 Viral pericarditis, clinical suspicion, 1077
etiology, 1370 Viral complementary DNA (cDNA), synthesis, Viral pneumonia
pathogenesis, 1370 1622 impact, 1563-1564
therapy, 1370 Viral conjunctivitis (pink eye), 1394-1396 mixed interstitial-alveolar pattern, bilateral
Vfend (voriconazole), 488-489 Viral croup involvement, 835f
VHF. See Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever; Viral manifestation, 764 Viral receptors, 2062
hemorrhagic fever neck radiograph, 764f Viral regulatory genes, 2060-2061
Vibrio alginolyticus, 2483 Viral culture, swab/tissue specimens, 215-216 Viral tropism (HCV), 1908-1909
Vibrio cholerae (cholera), 1266 Viral cyclin D (ORF72), 1778 Viral variants, distinctions, 1447
annual incidence, global distribution map, 2474f Viral diseases, susceptibility/resistance genes Viremia, 2100
cases (Haiti), 2473f (examples), 118t CNS invasion, relationship, 1104
classification, 2472 Viral DNA synthesis maintenance, 1690
clinical manifestations, 2473-2474 cidofovir inhibition, 552 Viridans group streptococci, 2349-2355
cots, 2476f ganciclovir inhibition, 557 antibiotic therapy, 2353t
dehydration, example, 2476f Viral encephalitis bacteremia, 2353-2354
diagnosis, 2474 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, classification, 2350t
epidemiology, 2472-2473, 2483 comparison, 1146t clinical manifestations, 2352-2355
genomics, 2472 causes, 1153t-1154t differentiation, biochemical characteristics,
immune responses, 2477-2478 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes, 2351t
O1, introduction, 168 1150f endocarditis, 2352-2353
oral killed vaccines, available, 2478t Viral entry inhibition, 528 endophthalmitis, 2354-2355
pathogenicity, 2472 Viral fusion, 2059-2060 epidemiology, 2350
persistence, 6 Viral gene segments, transport, 2002 impact, 3432
prevention, 2478-2479 Viral genomes infections, 2355
rice water stool, 2476f latency, 1714 meningitis, 2354
stools, composition, 2476t unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, presence, microbiology, 2349
suspicion, rehydration approach, 2475t 1686-1687 pathogenicity, 2350-2352
therapeutic fluids, composition, 2476t Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), 744, 1995 pneumonia, 2354
toxin, stem cell factor, 75 epidemiology, 1996-1997 species identification, 2350
treatment, 2474-2477 Viral hepatitis, 1440 therapy, 2352-2355
antimicrobial options, 2477t agents, 1442-1443 antimicrobial resistance/principles, 2355
studies, 431 immune defense, 54 Viridans streptococcal endocarditis, Roth’s spots,
vaccines, 2478-2479 impact, 1557 999f
availability, 3526 opportunistic infection, 1664 Viridans streptococci
travel considerations, 3563 result, 1768 isolation, 2354
Vibrio fetus, 1265-1266 travel considerations, 3573 strains, penicillin sensitivity, 1011
 I118
Virion Viruses (Continued) VκA2 gene segment, absence, 47
cell-associated enveloped virion (CEV), 1695 propagation, cell cultures (usage), 1909 VLA 4. See Very late antigen 4
enveloped virion (EV), 1695 receptors, identification, 1684 VLDL. See Very low-density lipoprotein
extracellular enveloped virion (EEV), 1695 regulation, 2061-2062 VLM. See Visceral larva migrans
Index

intracellular enveloped mature virion (IEV), release, inhibition, 529, 1689 VLPs. See Virus-like particles
1695 replication, 1695 VM. See Vacuolar myelopathy
mature virion (MV), 1695 sensitivity (determination), laboratory VNTRs. See Variable-number tandem reports
morphogenesis, initiation, 1695 techniques (usage), 529-530 VOD. See Veno-occlusive disease
Virion infectivity factor (Vif), 2056 serology, 219 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 1423
Virion protein 35 (VP35), 1995 shedding, 2008-2009 meningitis, 1143
Viroplasms, 1856 specimen collection, 215t Voiding cystourethrogram, 911f
Virulence, 153 spread, 1105, 1689-1690 grades II/III reflux, 911f
acquisition, 9-10 structure, 1681-1683 Vomiting
determinants, 1691 details, 1682 foodborne syndromes, 1287
expression, regulation, 6 principles, 1682 occurrence, 1286
regulatory systems, impact, 6 tropism, 1690 von Jauregg, Julius Wagner, 2685
regulon, 1241 host factors, impact, 1690 von Willebrand factor (vWF), 1031
virulence-associated genes, identification uncoating, inhibition, 529 Voriconazole (Vfend), 488-489
(approaches), 9 virology specimen collection/transport, aspergillosis, 489
virulence-specific sequences, boundaries, 5 214-216 drug interactions, 488
Virulence factors, 1-2, 2274-2275 virulence determinants, 1691 fever, 489
expression/selection, 890 virus-host interactions, 2062-2063 formulations, 488
pneumococcal constituents, role, 2312t Virus-like particles (VLPs), 1860, 2123 indications, 489
poly-gamma-dl-glutamic acid, 2275 feces location, 2131 metabolism, 259
Virulence genes VISA. See Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus mycoses, 489
expression, reversible regulation, 6 Visceral HSV infection, 1723 neutropenia, 489
identification/characterization, 9 Visceral larva migrans (VLM) (toxocariasis), pharmacology, 488
Virulent pathogens, impact, 1038-1039 3237-3238 side effects, 488-489
Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, infections (humans), 3237-3238 usage, 2904-2905
parvovirus B19 (impact), 1844 clinical manifestations, 3237-3238 VP. See Ventriculoperitoneal
Virus-cell fusion, 2060 diagnosis, 3238 VP4 spike, rearrangements, 1855f
Viruses, 214-220 differential diagnosis, 3238 VP35. See Virion protein 35
antigen detection, 216 prevalence, 3237 VRC01, 1529
antiviral drugs, usage, 1687-1688 prevention, 3238 VRE. See Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
antiviral susceptibility testing, 219-220 treatment/management, 3238 VRSA. See Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
attachment, 1683-1685 life cycle (dog), 3237 VSD. See Ventricular septal defect
blocking adherence, 37 Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 510, 3095-3098 VSV. See Vesicular stomatitis virus
cancer, relationship, 1690-1691 AIDS patients, 3097 Vulva
cells amphotericin B deoxycholate, usage, 3103 cancer, 1608
interaction, 1683-1688 children (Kenya), 3095f primary genital herpes simplex virus type 2
killing, 1687 combination therapy, 3104 infection, 1720f
classification, 215t, 1681-1683, 1682t diagnosis, 3098 Vulvar condylomata acuminata, 1799f
culture, 216 differential diagnosis, 3098 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), 1800
detection epidemiology, 3095-3096 Vulvar vestibulitis, 1370f
antigen tests, 204t liposomal amphotericin B, usage, 3103 impact, 1370
methods, 216-219, 217t-218t map, 3094f Vulvitis, 1369-1370
nucleic acid-based tests, 205t miltefosine, usage, 3103 diagnosis, 1369-1370
disassembly, 1685-1686 natural history, 3096 etiology, 1369
DNA genomes, usage/replication, 1686 paromomycin, usage, 3104 pathogenesis, 1369
endocytic uptake/acidification, 1686 pathogenesis, 3096 therapy, 1370
entry, 1688-1689 pentavalent antimony, usage, 3103 Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), 1363-1365,
mechanisms, 1686f susceptibility (GWAS), 119 1610
enveloped viruses, 1685 treatment, 3103 clinical manifestations, 1364
fecal-oral spread, 1689 response, 3104 complication, 1365
genome replication, 1686-1687 Viscerotropic leishmaniasis, 3097 diagnosis, 1364
history, 1681 Visual acuity, 1389, 1393 erythema, patches, 1364f
hosts, interaction, 1688-1692 Vitamin A etiology, 1363-1364
stages, 1688t deficiency, 126 labia majora, excoriations, 1364f
humoral responses, 1692 associations, 126 pathogenesis, 1363-1364
identification, 1681 pregnant HIV-infected women, 1598 patients, classification, 1365t
methods, 216-219, 217t-218t immunity role, 125-126 perineal skin, linear ulcer, 1364f
immunity measurement, serologic testing supplementation, 131, 599-600 secretions, suspension, 1364f
(usage), 219 examination, 126 symptoms, 1364t
infections usage, 599-600 severity, 1363-1364
host responses, 1691-1692 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), immunity role, 127 therapy, 1364-1365
impact, 1687 Vitamin B12, immunity role, 127 treatment, 1365t
persistence, 1690 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vulvovaginal symptoms, 1359t
isolation, 1073 deficiency, manifestation, 126 genital examination, principles, 1360t
life cycles, 1687 immunity role, 126 VUR. See Vesicoureteral reflux
load assays, 530 Vitamin D VVC. See Vulvovaginal candidiasis
microscopy, 216 deficiency, 126 vWF. See von Willebrand factor
neoplasm, linkage, 1691 immunity role, 126 VZV. See Varicella-zoster virus
nonenveloped viruses, 1686 Vitamin D receptor (VDR), 122
nucleic acid-based tests, 216-219 Vitamin E, usage, 131-132 W
nucleic acid/protein capsid, combination, 1683f Vitrectomy, 1419f WAAAR. See World Alliance against Antibiotic
nucleocapsid, 1683f Vitreous aspirate, 1419f Resistance
penetration, 1685-1686 Vitreous culturing, 1418 Wagatsuma medium, usage, 1266
poliovirus, 1161 Vitreous infection susceptibility, 1415-1416 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
structural studies, 1683f Vitreous intravitreal antibiotics, persistence, 1419 (WRAIR), 505

Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells, 216
Warthin-Starry silver stain, 1208
Warts
green tea extract, usage, 602
I119
Whipple’s disease (WD), 1300, 1429 Women (Continued)
causative agent, 1009 clinical manifestations/natural history,
clinical features, 2420-2423 1608-1615
detection, diagnostic algorithm, 2422f fertility desires/intentions, factors, 1612t

Index
human papillomavirus, impact, 602 diagnosis, 2420-2423 intrapartum antiretroviral therapy/
imiquimod, usage, 579 electron microscopic view, 2419f prophylaxis, 1607
therapy, 1804 epidemiology, 2419-2420 management, 1601-1608
WASP. See Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein etiology, 2418-2419 management issues, 1614-1615
Wasting pathogenesis, 2419-2420 medication, absence, 1606
AIDS-associated wasting, causes, 130 pathology, 2420 nongynecologic malignancies, 1608
combating, HIV strategies, 130-131 prognosis, 2423 NRTIs, teratogenicity, 1607
illness, presence, 1550 signs/symptoms, 2421t opportunistic processes, 1608
syndrome, Norwegian scabies (example), 1554f therapy, 2423 postpartum follow-up, 1608
Waterborne diseases (outbreaks) treatment, recommendation, 2423t pregnancy, impact, 1599-1600
pathogens, impact, 1290 Tropheryma whipplei infection, clinical pregnant women, antiretroviral therapy, 1606
surveillance systems, establishment, 151 features/spectrum, 2421t human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Water-soluble contrast material, intraperitoneal White blood cell perinatal transmission, 1595-1608
injection, 937 count, 2572, 2749-2750 reduction, antiretroviral drugs
Water-soluble hemisuccinate artesunate, 495 presence, 1350 (mechanisms), 1601
Water-soluble vitamins, immunity (role), 126-127 White cell lineages, 72 reduction, antiretroviral drugs (usage),
WB. See Western blot White piedra, 2994 1600-1601
WD. See Whipple’s disease WHO. See World Health Organization risk factors, 1597-1599
Weak fermenters, 2675-2682 Whole-body metabolic heat production, neuronal timing, 1596-1597
Weanling diarrhea, 1255 firing rate (responses), 715f human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
manifestation, 1255 Whole-cell pertussis vaccine, usage, 161 transmission, 1592-1608
Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 178 Whole-genome sequencing, 10 efficiency, 1592
WEE. See Western equine encephalitis Whole inactivated virus vaccines, 1668 factors, 1592-1594
Weeksella species, 2681 Whole killed virus vaccines, 1667 timing, 1596-1597
WEEV. See Western equine encephalitis virus WI-38 cells, coronavirus strain 229E, 1908f human papillomavirus (HPV) infections/
Weichselbaum, Anton, 2425-2426 Widal test, 1270-1271 disease, 1608-1610
Weigert focus, 2797 usage, 1276-1277 infertility, 2165-2166
Weight loss, combating (HIV strategies), 130-131 Wildlife morbidity/mortality, AIDS (impact), 1590-1591
Weil’s disease, 2717 infections, 3555-3557 pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 430,
Wells’ syndrome, appearance/clinical features, rabies cases, 1987f 1377-1379, 1610-1611
1202 Wild-type A/Texas/36/91 virus, inoculation, 2009f pregnancy
Wells, William Charles, 2300 Wild-type Staphylococcus aureus (peptidoglycan antiretroviral drug use, pharmacokinetic/
West African HAT, 514 assembly), 2247f toxicity data, 1602t-1605t
West African trypanosomiasis, 3118 Winter-vomiting disease, 1239, 1256 complications, 2166
clinical course, 3118-3119 illnesses, 1256 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 2185f
comparison, 3118t pathophysiologic features, 1256 salpingitis, 2165
Western blot (WB) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 587 sexually transmitted infection protection,
assay, 39 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), 1612-1613
indeterminate samples, resolution, 1518 mutations, 139 trichomonal vaginitis, 1610
usage, 1513-1515 WNV. See West Nile virus uncomplicated cystitis (women), 902-903
usefulness, 39 Women. See Females uncomplicated urogenital infection, 2455-2458
Western blot A, 1514f acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis, 902 local manifestations, 2456
Western equine encephalitis (WEE), 1865 antiretroviral therapy, metabolic complications, urethral syndrome, 1353-1354
prevention, 1873 1614 urethritis, 2165
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), 1159, bacterial vaginosis, 13, 1365-1367, 1610 urogenital infections, 2164-2166
1865 body temperature, increase, 710 vaginal infections, 1610-1611
virus, 219 cervicitis, 2165 violence, reduction, 1478
Western Europe, HIV/AIDS, 1470-1471 cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA shedding, 1611 vulvovaginal candidiasis, 1363-1365, 1610
Western Hemisphere cutaneous leishmaniasis, childbearing age, HIV-infected women Women of color, HIV (impact), 1590
3093f (preconception counseling/care), 1596 Woodward, Theodore, 1271
West Nile encephalitis contraception, 1612-1613 World Alliance against Antibiotic Resistance
age-specific incidence, 1889f cystitis, symptoms, 902 (WAAAR), 250
clinical course, schematic representation, 1895f dysuria, complaint, 1354 World Health Organization (WHO)
clinical features, 1895 ectopic pregnancy, 2165-2166 HIV infection
epidemiology, 1886-1889 endometritis, 2165 clinical staging, 1542t
history, 1883 fertility immunologic classification, 1543t
MRI changes, 1896f intentions/desires, factors, 1612t leprosy treatment regimens, 2828
West Nile virus (WNV), 172, 587, 1157-1158 issues, 1612 polio eradication/endgame strategic plan, 2078t
blood transfusions, 3355 gynecologic infections/disease, 1608-1611 staging systems, comparison, 1543t
encephalitis, 1158 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) World Health Organization (WHO), global
outbreaks, 1888t epidemiology, 1590-1592 influenza surveillance/response system, 175f
infection/illness, factors, 1888f HIV-1 RNA levels, sex differences, 1613 Worldwide HIV incidence (women), 1591-1592
infection, problems, 3450 mother-to-child transmission, factors, 1597t Worried well, 1351
maintenance, 172 preexposure prophylaxis antiretroviral Wound bacteria, species/sources, 3493-3495
meningitis, characterization, 1158 therapy-based clinical trials, 1595t Wound botulism, 2766
neuroinvasive disease prevalence, 1470f injection drug users, 3489-3490
diagnosis, 1158 sexual transmission, risk factors, 1593t Wound diphtheria, 1203
mortality, 1158 worldwide incidence, 1591-1592 Wound exudate, Gram-stained smear (usage), 1221
single-stranded RNA virus, 172 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Wound healing
transmission, 1157 heterosexual transmission, 1592-1595 delay, 1338
cycle, 1888f prevention transmission, 1594-1595 improvement, 591
migratory birds, impact, 1889 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Wound infections
uveitis, relationship, 1428 infection cleaning, 3495
Wheezing, differentiation, 821 antepartum care, 1605 contamination, 3495
Wheezy bronchitis, 818 cervical disease progression, risk, 1609 plot, 3493f
 I120
Wound management, tetanus prophylaxis, 3542t
Wound microenvironment, impact, 3495-3496
Wound pathogens, virulence factors, 3495
Wright, Almroth, 1270-1271
Index
Yellow fever (YF) (Continued) Zanamivir (Continued)
virus, envelope protein, 1906 neuraminidase mutations, 542
YEL-AVD, 1899 once-daily inhaled zanamivir, prophylactic
Yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic administration, 543-544

Wright-Giemsa smears, 216, 3098 disease (YEL-AVD), 1899 oral inhalation, 543-544
Wrist, sporotrichosis, 2921f Yersinia enterocolitica, 1267, 2615-2617 orally inhaled zanamivir, 543
Wuchereria bancrofti causative role, 982 pharmacokinetics, 543
ivermectin, usage, 524 clinical manifestations, 2616-2617 resistance, 542
microfilaremia, suppression, 258 diagnosis, 2617 spectrum, 542
Wunderlich, Carl Reinhold August, 708, 711 epidemiology, 2615-2616 toxicity, 543
WU polyomavirus, isolation, 1808 history, 2615 ZAP-70, 42
microbiology, 2615 ZDV. See Maternal zidovudine
X pathogenesis, 2616 ZEBOV. See Zaire ebolavirus
Xanthochromia, 1093 prevention, 2617 Zebrafish embryos, gene-knockdown studies,
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP), 906 therapy, 2617 107
XDR-TB. See Extensively drug-resistant M. transmission routes, 2616f Zidovudine, 1622-1624
tuberculosis Yersinia frederiksenii, 2607 adverse effects, 1623
Xenopsylla cheopis, 2221 Yersinia intermedia, 2607 intracellular concentration-response
Xenopus embryos, studies, 101 Yersinia kristensenii, 2607 relationships, 260
XenoStrip-Tv, 1362 Yersinia pestis, 2607-2615 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, usage, 209, 2784
Xenotropic murine retrovirus (XMRV), 1674-1675 adaptation, 917 Zika virus (ZIKV)
implication, 1676 bioterrorism, 2614 clinical features, 1897
XGP. See Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis clinical manifestations, 2609-2612 epidemiology, 1897
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), 139, 2315 epidemiology, 2608 history, 1883-1884
X-linked disorder, 120 history, 2607 Zinc (Zn2+)
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Duncan’s humans deficiency
disease), 47, 1760 dead-end hosts, 2608 clinical manifestations, 127
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, 1760 transmission, 2608-2609 clinical trials, 127
XMRV. See Xenotropic murine retrovirus impact, 155, 182 occurrence, 127
Xpert GBS Assay, 2345 microbiology, 2608 immunity, role, 127
X promoter (Xp), location, 1818-1819 natural cycles, 2608 levels, decline, 32
Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar, usage, 2569 pathogenesis, 2609 role, 751
virulence/transmission factors, 2608t supplementation, 132
Y Yersinia philomiragia, 2591 problems, 600
Yaba monkey tumor virus (YMTV), 1706 Yersinia protein kinase A (YpkA), 1267 tissue reserves, absence, 600
clinical manifestations, 1706 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 5-6, 2615-2617 topical zinc treatment, 601
Yatapoxviruses, 1705-1706 causative role, 982 usage, 132, 600-601
Yaws, 2711 clinical manifestations, 2616-2617 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 2494
mother yaw, example, 2711f diagnosis, 2617 Zoonosis (zoonoses)
papillomatous yaws, 2711f epidemiology, 2615-2616 One Health Initiative, 3554
Yeasts, 3010 history, 2615 pathogens (humans), 3556t
Candida glabrata yeast cells, appearance, invasin molecule, 2498 transmission, mechanism, 3554-3555
2876f-2877f microbiology, 2615 vaccinia virus, 1697-1698
cells. See Histoplasma capsulatum. pathogenesis, 2616 zoonotic diseases, 170-173, 3555
connection, 2889 prevention, 2617 emergence, factors, 3555
features, 2874-2875 therapy, 2617 emergence, prediction/early detection,
growth, 1363 Yersiniosis, 1267 3555
impact, 3437 YF. See Yellow fever reemergence, prediction/early detection,
narrow-based yeast, Gomori’s methenamine YMDD. See 3555
silver stain, 2944f Tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate Zoonotic filariae, impact, 3214
prions, 2145 YMTV. See Yaba monkey tumor virus Zoonotic paramyxoviruses
Yellow fever (YF) Youth. See Human immunodeficiency virus classification, 1974
acute hepatitis, association, 1444 Yuppie flu, 1675 structure/molecular biology, 1974-1975
clinical features, 1893 virology, 1974-1975
epidemiology, 1884-1885 Z Zoonotic VL, occurrence, 3096
history, 1882 Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), 1995 Zoophilic dermatophytes, 2985
malaria, distinction, 3083-3084 outbreak, 1996-1997 infections, 2985-2986
pathogenesis, 1681, 1891 Zanamivir, 542-544, 2000 Zoster vaccine
prevention, 1898-1899 chemical structure, 535f availability, 3543
therapy, 1898-1899 clinical studies, 543-544 elderly, 3464
vaccines inhalation, 543, 2005 Zuckerkandl’s dehiscences, 1434-1435
availability, 3543 interactions, 543 Zygodontomys brevicauda, 2034
elderly, 3464 intravenous administration, 544 Zygomycosis, 2909
travel consideration, 3562-3563 intravenous injection, 543 Zyvox (linezolid), marketing, 472