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REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

Peace - Work - Country Peace - Work - Fatherland

U MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS
....................... .......................

ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES NATIONAL ADVANCED SCHOOL OF

TRAVAUX PUBLICS
PUBLIC WORKS
.......................
.......................
DEVOIR 1
1) The typology of markets.

A market is an imaginary or fictitious place where offerers and seekers are likely to meet
according to the prices requested in relation to the quantities demanded.
The functioning of a market depends mainly on the number of buyers and sellers present in that
market. There are several types of markets depending on the number of buyers and sellers.
They are :
Type of market Definition
Bilateral monopoly Market consisting of a single seller and a single buyer
Pure Monopoly Market consisting of one seller and several buyers
Monopsone A market in which a single applicant faces a large number of
suppliers
Thwarted Monopsony A situation where, in a market, a single applicant is faced with
several suppliers
Duopsone Market that consists of only two buyers
Oligopole A market in which there are only a small number of sellers, in
principle of large size, and a multitude of buyers (e.g. the
automobile market, the computer market)
Duopoly Oligopoly in which there are only two vendors.
Oligopsone Market characterized by a multitude of sellers facing a few
buyers
Competition Describes a market structure where there are enough buyers
and sellers that no one has the power to influence the price. In
this case, supply and demand determine the equilibrium price of
the market which is binding on all.
Monopolistic competition A type of economic competition in which monopolistic firms
compete in a market. It is a situation of market imperfection:
each firm has a monopoly for its particular product, different
from that of competing firms.

Only one Some Several (infinity)

Offer Request

Only one Bilateral monopoly Monopoly thwarted Pure Monopoly

Some Thwarted Bilateral oligopoly Oligopole
Monopsony
Several (infinity) Monopsone Oligopsone Pure competition
2) What is microeconomics?
 What is macroeconomics?
Economics is a social science that studies the rational behavior of economic agents in the face
of their unlimited needs in relation to their limited resources for an optimal choice aimed at
fulfilling their degree of satisfaction by emphasizing the law of utility and the order of priority.
Economics is divided into macro and micro economics which are defined as follows:

- Microeconomics is a branch of economics that models the behavior of economic agents

(consumers, households, businesses,). It analyzes economic phenomena and behavior at
the level of individual agents. It focuses on the observation and analysis of interactions
on a small scale (supply, demand, price determination)

-Macroeconomics is a branch of economics whose purpose is the global study of the

economy based on major aggregates such as consumption, production,
employment, income, investment, inflation, unemployment rate, etc. It studies the
economy at the national or international level.
We can differentiate between microeconomics and macroeconomics as follows:
Microeconomics Macroeconomics
Seeks individual perspective. Seeks a general perspective
Study the concrete actors, like a consumer. Studies global economic actors, such as a
country,
Individual variables. Example; the GDP (Gross Global variables. Example; GDP observes the
Domestic Product) observes the quantity total production of a country
produced by a single company

DEVOIR 2
1) Typology of companies according to OHADA

OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa) is an intergovernmental

organization that aims to harmonize business law in its member states in West and Central
Africa. According to the Uniform Act on the Law of Commercial Companies and Economic
Interest Groups (AUDSC-GIE) adopted by OHADA in 2014, companies can be classified into three
categories:
- Single-member limited liability companies (EURL)
- Limited liability companies (LLC)
- Public limited companies (SA)
OHADA also recognizes other types of enterprises such as economic interest groupings (EIGs)
and limited partnerships (LPs), but these types of enterprises are less common than the three
categories mentioned above.
The typologies of companies according to OHADA are explained in the table below.

Type of Description Benefits Disadvantages

company
Sole Company created by a -To be the only master -No legal personality -No
proprietorship natural person and on board legal existence of its own
(EI) indefinitely liable -Simple constitution - U
social debts and nlimited
inexpensive - liability
No minimum on the
capital entrepre
-Simplified accounting neur's
and formalities own
property
- Li
ttle
financial
means to
finance
develop
ment -
Risk for
the
continuit
y in case
of death
of the
company
director
Liability A company founded by - -Mandatory
company one or more partners, More appointment of an
Limited (LLC) natural or legal persons, or auditor to certain
who are liable for the less conditions -No public
company's debts only up flexibl offering, more difficult
e
to the amount of their development
opera
contributions and whose tion
rights are represented by and organization
company shares -
Liabili
ty
limite
d to
 contri
butio
ns -
Share
s in
princi
ple
freely
transf
erabl
e

Limited Company founded by one -Liability limited to -High minimum capital

company or more shareholders, contributions - 10.000.000 FCFA paid up
(SA) natural or legal persons, Easy transfer of in half at the constitution
who are liable only up to shares - Several -Cumbersome and costly
the amount of their operating modes formalities, especially in
the case of a public
contributions and whose possible -
offering - Mandatory
rights are represented by Confidence of
appointment of an
shares partners - auditor
Presumption of - C
credibility umberso
me
operation
- P
ossibility
of public
offering,
easier
develop
ment
Company by The simplified joint stock - Liability limited to - Formalism similar to the
Simplified company is a company contributions - Flexible SA
Shares established by one or more and evolving structure - No public offering
(SAS) partners and whose Free operation with a
statutes freely provide for President
the organization and
operation of the company
Company Company in which all Free determination of - All
name partners are merchants capital partners
collective and are indefinitely and have
(CNS) jointly liable for debts
social
Limited Company in which one or Free determination of
Partnership more partners are capital
(LP) indefinitely and jointly and
severally liable of the
company's debts, called
"general partners", with
one or more partners
responsible for the
company's debts within
the limit of their
contributions, called
"limited partners" or
"limited partners".
Company in Company in which the
Participation partners agree that it will
(SP) not be registered in the
Trade and Personal
Property Credit Register
and that it will not have
legal personality
merchant
status
- Total
and
unlimited liability - Difficult
and closed transfer of
shares
- In
principle,
the
death of a partner entails
the end of the partnership
- Trans
fer of shares
is difficult and closed
because it requires the
unanimity of the partners
-The general partners have
the status of
merchants
- Total and
unlimited liability for the
general partners -Transfer
of shares is difficult and
closed because it requires
unanimity of the general
partners -In principle,
the death of a general
partner results in the
termination of the
partnership
-No minimum capital Lack of legal personality, the
costs and difficulties
-Freedom offered to resulting from the possible
the partners in the separation of the partners
operation of the and the need to foresee in
company the constitutive act its
operating rules as well as
the potential events
conflicting
De facto Company founded by
company partners but not explicitly
recognized by OHADA law
or company recognized by
OHADA law but which has
not completed the legal
formalities of constitution
Group Organization whose
Of interest exclusive purpose is to
Economic implement, for a
(GIE) determined period of
time, all the means to
facilitate or develop the
economic activity of its
members, to improve or
increase the results of this
activity.
Simplified The simplified cooperative
cooperative society is the one
society constituted between at
least five natural or legal
persons
Cooperative The cooperative society -Limited liability
society with with a board of directors is to the contributions
board of the one constituted
directors between at least fifteen
natural or legal persons.
-No minimum capital -No legal personality
but compulsory
contributions. -Unlimited and joint liability
of each partner
-The management of
the company is
ensured by the
partners.
- Great flexibility and -Joint and several liability
freedom of of the members of the
operation. - No EIG. - Necessity of a
minimum capital. cooperation and
Possibility of pooling therefore a good
resources. understanding between its
members
-Tax consequences that
may be significant in the
event of the
transformation of the EIG
into another legal form
-Liability limited to Self-management can be a
contributions source of blockage and
-Contractual flexibility conflict, particularly
- Management between employees and
participatory process managers
that includes all the
company's employees,
partners and
shareholders.
Self-management can be a
source of blockage and
conflict
-Contractual flexibility
Heavy management with
Board of Directors
 2) What choice do you make between being a shareholder and a bondholder and why?

-A shareholder is an entrepreneur. It is someone who is willing to take risks. He is a

placer of funds in order to expect dividends or losses.
- A bondholder is an investor of funds with a constant interest rate that is repayable
after a certain period of time.
The choice between stocks and bonds depends on many factors, including one's risk tolerance,
investment time horizon and financial goals.
For me, I would opt for stocks for the following reasons:

• A shareholder has the opportunity to make a huge profit if the company is doing well as
long as the bondholder is just getting his money back with an interest fixed between him
and the company.
• As long as an individual has shares in a company, he or she will always be entitled to
shares in the profits based on the percentage of shares held.
• Being a shareholder in a company means having shares in the company. This implies
owning the company in the same way as other shareholders (investors who have
invested the same amount as you).
• A shareholder participates in the life of the company. That is, he has the possibility to
make decisions in the company and to take part in the company's activities.
• The shareholder has the possibility to benefit from discounts or a company contribution.

• More control over exactly what you invest in.

• If you own shares, you own part of the company. This gives you rights, including the
right to receive dividends, if the company distributes them, and to influence the general
policy of the company at shareholders' meetings.

3) Show us the diagram of a closed economic circuit and the diagram of an open economic circuit.

An economic circuit is a schematic representation of the different relationships that exist

between economic agents. Below, we have the diagrams of open and closed economic circuits.
Diagram of an open economic circuit
 Diagram of a closed economic circuit
DEVOIR 3

1) An economic agent has a revenue of 150,000 F. His PMC is 𝟕𝟎%

a) Determine the amount of his savings.
b) As a result of the social measure, his income increases by 𝟐𝟎% as well as her savings.
Calculate the average and marginal propensities.

𝑅 = 150 000 𝐹, 𝑃𝑀𝐶 = 70%

a) 𝐸 =?
𝐶
𝑃𝑀𝐶 = ⇒ 𝐶 = 𝑅 × 𝑃𝑀𝐶
𝑅

= 150 000 𝐹 ×
= 105 000 𝐹
𝑅=𝐶+𝐸 ⇒𝐸=𝑅−𝐶
= 150 000 𝐹 − 105 000 𝐹
= 45 000 𝐹

b) 𝑅𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒𝑎𝑢 = 𝑅 + 20%𝑅
= 𝑅(1 + 0.2) 𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒𝑎𝑢 = 1.2 𝐸
= 1.2 𝑅
= 1.2 × 45 000 𝐹
= 1.2 × 150 000 𝐹
= 180 000 𝐹 = 54 000𝐹 Average propensity :
𝐸 𝑃𝑀𝐸 =
𝐹
== 0.3 = 30%
𝑅 𝐹

𝑃𝑀𝐶 = 1 − 𝑃𝑀𝐸 = 1 − 0.3 = 0.7 = 70%

Marginal propensities:
𝐸 𝐹

𝑝𝑚𝑒 = =
𝑅 𝐹

= = 0.3 = 30%
𝑝𝑚𝑐 = 1 − 𝑝𝑚𝑒
= 1 − 0.3 = 0.7 = 70%
2)
a) What is a good corporate citizen?
b) Name 03 examples of corporate citizens in your country with citizen accuracy on your
country.

a)
A good corporate citizen is an organization whose economic and social goals coexist, proving
that the pursuit of financial profit is not the only objective.
Corporate citizenship is a broad concept referring to companies that take into account in their
daily activity and their development constraints related to the general interest (ecology,
employment, ethics, sustainable development, fair trade, ...)
A good corporate citizen is one whose ethical activities and practices are at the forefront.
Corporate citizens are often known for their efforts to be more environmentally responsible
and practice social and ethical policies. Corporate citizens focus on promoting the interests of
employees, as well as consumers and mothers in the local community. These companies can
also help reduce the impact of their products on the environment and adopt more
environmentally friendly practices, such as recycling, using recycled materials and sustainable
practices.

b)
 Cameroon Telecommunications Corp (Camtel): This is a not-for-profit corporate citizen that
provides comprehensive telecommunications and services to Cameroonians. Since their
launch in 2004, Camtel has been committed to promoting the responsible adoption of
information and communication technologies with a focus on environmental protection.

 Cameroon eCommerce Solutions (CESS): This company is a leading e-commerce platform

that aims to help the Cameroonian industry by promoting the use of new technologies to
offer online services and products to its consumers. CESS works to create jobs and
encourages companies to adopt ethical practices.

 CamGreen Initiative: This educational and ecological enterprise is dedicated to improving

the environment through campaigns, conferences, publications and community initiatives to
protect and improve the natural environment in Cameroon. 3) Difference between a sector of
activity and an industry.
The difference between a business sector and an industry is the level of specificity and detail.
An industry is a general type of economic activity, while an industry is a more specific area
within an industry. For example, the health sector includes all businesses and industries related
to medical care and health. A specific industry within this sector might be the manufacture of
drugs.

4) How is compliance with the code of ethics a factor of performance and competitiveness for
the company?
Give 03 principles of the ethical code.
• Valuing ethics is important for companies because by choosing to implement
By adopting an ethical approach, the company knows that it has everything to gain: credibility,
improved social dialogue, reputation, positive image, advantageous strategic positioning, etc.
Ethics is not to be distinguished from business!
Compliance with the code of ethics is therefore important for the company as it allows it to
develop a positive image with customers and stakeholders, and thus strengthens the company's
reputation. Ethical practices can also improve the company's performance and competitiveness
by encouraging trust and promoting a positive working environment and prohibiting
questionable practices. Consumers are increasingly sensitive to ethical practices and want to
ensure that their resources are used responsibly. This means that companies that promote
ethical practices can benefit. Finally, adherence to ethical codes can help companies manage
risk and prevent investigation and litigation by authorities, saving any costs associated with
these proceedings and other sanctions.

• Three principles of the code of ethics are:

 Integrity: Acting to ensure that a company's activities meet high standards of conduct,
loyalty and morality. Companies must adopt and implement integrity strategies to avoid
harmful and abusive practices.

 Fairness: respect the principle of justice and fair treatment to the extent possible. It
involves rewarding value and behaving fairly toward all customers, suppliers and staff.

 Responsibility: comply with applicable laws and assume responsibility and consequences
for their actions. Companies must be committed to being responsible at all levels and to
providing safe, quality products and services.

5) In a few words, tell us what CSR (Social and Economic

Responsibility) is for a company
 CSR is the contribution of companies to the challenges of sustainable development. A
company that practices CSR will therefore seek to have a positive impact on society while
being economically viable.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that holds companies responsible for
promoting the well-being of the community and the environment through their business
operations. CSR typically involves strategies to raise awareness of social justice issues,
improve quality of life and reduce ecological impact, and promote honesty and respect for
human rights.

6) Let be the following production function Total cost = 𝟖𝑸𝟐𝑹𝑻

+ 𝟐𝑸𝑲 + 𝟑𝑸𝟑𝑲𝑻 − 𝟐𝟓.

Knowing that the production takes into account as a unit produced the factor 𝑸

a) Determine overall costs

b) Determine unit costs.

a) Overall costs = 𝐶𝑇
𝑄
2 3
8Q RT+2QK+3Q KT−25
=
Q =
8𝑄𝑅𝑇 + 2𝐾 + 3𝑄2𝐾𝑇 − 25
𝑄

With 𝐶𝑇 = total cost. b) The unit costs are 𝐶𝑉𝑀 and 𝐶𝐹𝑀
CVT is a function of 𝑄, ⇒ 𝐶𝑉𝑇 = 8𝑄2𝐾𝑇 + 2𝑄𝐾 + 3𝑄3𝐾𝑇

CFT is not a function of 𝑄, ⇒ 𝐶𝐹𝑇 = −25

𝐶𝑉𝑀 = 𝐶𝑉𝑇 = 8𝑄2𝐾𝑇+2𝑄𝐾+3𝑄2𝐾𝑇 = 8𝑄𝐾𝑇 + 2𝐾 + 3𝑄2𝐾𝑇

𝑄 𝑄

𝐶𝐹𝑇 25
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = =−
𝑄 𝑄

With 𝐶𝑉𝑇 = couts variable totale

𝐶𝐹𝑇 = Total fixed costs

 7) Let be the following production function
Average cost = 𝟐𝑸𝑲𝑻 + 𝟖𝑸𝟑𝑳𝑻 − 𝟏𝟐𝑸𝟐𝑻² − 𝟓𝟎𝑲𝑻
.
𝑸

Knowing that the production takes into account as a unit produced the factor 𝑸

a) Determine overall costs

b) Determine unit costs

a) Overall costs = 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑒 × 𝑄 = (2𝑄𝐾𝑇 + 8𝑄3𝐿𝑇 −

12𝑄2𝑇2 − 50 𝐾𝑇
)×𝑄
𝑄

= 2𝐾𝑇 + 8𝑄2𝐿𝑇 − 12𝑄𝑇² − 50𝐾𝑇

b) The unit costs are 𝐶𝑉𝑀 and 𝐶𝐹𝑀

CVT is a function of 𝑄, ⇒ 𝐶𝑉𝑇 = 8𝑄2𝐿𝑇 − 12𝑄𝑇2

CFT is not a function of 𝑄, ⇒ 𝐶𝐹𝑇 = 2𝐾𝑇 + 50𝐾𝑇

𝐶𝑉𝑀 = 𝐶𝑉𝑇 = 8𝑄2𝐿𝑇−12𝑄𝑇2 = 8𝑄𝐿𝑇 − 12𝑇2

𝑄 𝑄

𝐶𝐹𝑇 2𝐾𝑇+50𝐾𝑇 2𝐾𝑇 50𝐾𝑇

𝐶𝐹𝑀 = = = +
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄

8) What are the roles of the company?

Economic Social Financial