DOI: 10.1002/slct.

201702488 Full Papers

1
2 z Electro, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry
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4
5
Lithium Bis(fluorosulfony)imide-Lithium
6 Hexafluorophosphate Binary-Salt Electrolytes for
7
8 Lithium-Ion Batteries: Aluminum Corrosion Behaviors and
9
10
Electrochemical Properties
11 Lan Xia,*[a, b] Yabei Jiang,[a] Yueyang Pan,[b] Shiqi Li,[b] Jason Wang,[b] Yiting He,[b]
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Yonggao Xia,*[a] Zhaoping Liu,[a] and George Z. Chen[b]
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14
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Aluminum corrosion behaviors and electrochemical properties collectors at 4.3 V vs. Li + /Li, but also improved cycling perform-
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of Lithium bis(fluorosulfony)imide (LiFSI)-lithium hexafluoro- ance. Meanwhile, Artificial Graphite/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (AG/
17
phosphate (LiPF6) binary-salt electrolytes containing mixtures of NMC111) pouch cells made with the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) electro-
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LiFSI and LiPF6 (with a total salt content of 1.2 mol L 1) with lyte with the LiFSI concentration of 0.2 mol L 1 display an
19
different molar ratios in EC/EMC (3:7, by vol.) solutions are excellent cycling stability with 93.9% capacity retention at 1 C
20
systematically investigated. Our experimental results from cyclic rate after 360 cycles, and enhanced capacity retention at
21
voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chronoam- 20 8C, 60 8C and after 55 8C storage for 30 days compared to
22
perometry and the charge-discharge measurements of Li/LiNi1/3 cells with 1.2 mol L 1 LiPF6/EC-EMC conventional electrolyte.
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Co1/3Mn1/3O2 half-cells demonstrate that the LiFSI-LiPF6 binary- This work confirms that binary-salt electrolytes system, such as
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salt electrolytes with the LiFSI concentrations lower than LiFSI-LiPF6, may be a promising method to enhance the
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0.3 mol L 1 exhibit not only passivating aluminum current longevity and storage properties of Li-ion batteries.
26
27
28 Introduction
LiTFSI, LiFSI is smaller and lighter, and LiFSI-based electrolytes
29
Nowadays, most of commercial lithium-ion batteries widely use have a higher ionic conductivity, a higher Li + transference
30
lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)-containing carbonate- numbers of 0.5 ~ 0.6, a higher solubility up to 5 mol L 1, along
31
based electrolytes. LiPF6 is used almost exclusively as conduct- with a better thermal stability up to 180 8C.[7–9] In few years ago,
32
ing salt, which is mainly attributed to the fact that the LiPF6- the FSI anion is commonly used in ionic liquids (ILs), these ILs
33
based electrolyte displays high ionic conductivity, good electro- show a good compatibility not only with Li metal electrode,[10]
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chemical stability, and passivating aluminum current collectors Si[11] or electrodeposited Ge electrode[12,13], but also with
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at high potentials.[1] Nevertheless, LiPF6 is thermally instable graphitized carbon electrode,[14–16] which is not previously
36
and also extremely sensitive to traces of moisture and alcohol, observed from ILs based on other anions. Recently, LiFSI has
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which result in the formation of hydrofluoric acid HF and been dissolved in gel polymer electrolytes[9,17] or liquid electro-
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correspondingly lead to a severe deterioration of the cycling lytes[7] with a better ionic conductivity and cycling performance
39
performance and safety.[2–4] Therefore, great efforts have been than LiPF6.[18] LiFSI outperforms LiPF6 and exhibits improved
40
made on exploring new lithium salts as an alternative for this electrochemical performances of nanosilicon electrodes[19] us-
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common salt LiPF6. ing LiFSI as conductive salt in carbonates solvents. A long-term
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Some new imides salts have emerged, such as lithium bis cycling lithium-metal cells is observed in the concentrated
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(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Li[N(SO2CF3)2] [(LiTFSI)[5] and Lith- electrolytes based on the LiFSI salt and ether solvents, which
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ium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide Li[N(SO2F)2] (LiFSI).[6] Compared to obviously suppress dendrite growth due to the highly compact
45
feature of the SEI structure on the highly concentrated LiFSI-
46
[a] Dr. L. Xia, Y. Jiang, Prof. Y. Xia, Prof. Z. Liu based electrolytes.[20,21] Additionally, another advantage of LiFSI
47
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering (NIMTE) is the better stability toward hydrolysis than LiPF6, which result
48 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in the excellent cyclability of lithium-ion batteries.[8] However,
49 Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
impurities have been constantly plaguing this new salt.[22] On
50 E-mail: Lan.Xia@nottingham.edu.cn
xiayg@nimte.ac.cn the one hand, LiFSI displays good anticorrosive properties
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[b] Dr. L. Xia, Y. Pan, S. Li, J. Wang, Y. He, Prof. G. Z. Chen toward aluminum, especially when a salt of high purity is
52 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering used.[8,23] On the other hand, it should be noted that, its severe
53 Faculty of Science and Engineering
corrosion behaviors towards aluminum current collector are
54 University of Nottingham Ningbo China
Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, P. R. China observed at potentials above 4.0 V vs. Li + /Li and several studies
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Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under are focused on this phenomenon.[7,24,25]
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https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201702488
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To effectively suppress the corrosion of Al collector caused Table 1. Composition of LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes with a total salt
1
by LiFSI-based electrolytes, several methods, including using content of 1.2 mol L 1, EC: EMC (3:7, by Vol.) as the base solvent.
2
functional additives,[26–28] and the superconcentrated electro- Mark LiFSI / mol L 1
LiPF6 / mol L 1
3
lytes,[29,30] have been proposed to prevent the dissolution of Al.
4 LiFSI(0.0)-LiPF6 (1.2) 0.0 1.2
It is worth noting that using dual-salt electrolytes of LiFSI and
5 LiFSI(0.1)-LiPF6 (1.1) 0.1 1.1
other lithium salt (such as LiBOB, LiDFOB or LiPF6) can LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) 0.2 1.0
6
effectively suppress the Al corrosion and improve rate perform- LiFSI(0.3)-LiPF6 (0.9) 0.3 0.9
7
ance and cycling stability of battery.[31–33] Meanwhile, it was LiFSI(0.4)-LiPF6 (0.8) 0.4 0.8
8 LiFSI(0.5)-LiPF6 (0.7) 0.5 0.7
reported by Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd. in 2012 that the addition
9 LiFSI(0.6)-LiPF6 (0.6) 0.6 0.6
of 0.2 mol L 1 LiFSI into the electrolyte 1.0 mol L 1 LiPF6/EC- LiFSI(0.7)-LiPF6 (0.5) 0.7 0.5
10
EMC (3:7, v/v) can effectively improve the cycling performance LiFSI(0.8)-LiPF6 (0.4) 0.8 0.4
11
of the LiCoO2/graphite cell. Nevertheless, Zhang et al.[31] LiFSI(0.9)-LiPF6 (0.3) 0.9 0.3
12 LiFSI(1.0)-LiPF6 (0.2) 1.0 0.2
showed that the corrosion behavior of the Al current collector
13 LiFSI(1.1)-LiPF6 (0.1) 1.1 0.1
in this electrolyte 0.2 mol L 1 LiFSI + 1.0 mol L 1 LiPF6/EC-EMC LiFSI(1.2)-LiPF6 (0.0) 1.2 0.0
14
(3:7, v/v) was observed at potentials above 3.4 V vs. Li + /Li.
15
Wang et al.[32] also reported that 1 mol L 1 LiFSI-LiPF6 dual-salt
16
electrolyte without or with 2% VC can reduce gassing and
17
improve storage properties of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/graphite
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pouch cells at elevated temperatures. However, there is no
19
systematic study of the impact of different molar ratios of LiPF6
20
and LiFSI on the aluminum current corrosion behaviors and
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electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries in the
22
literature.
23
For this reason, in this paper, we prepare different LiFSI-
24
LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes containing mixtures of LiFSI and
25
LiPF6 with different molar ratios in EC: EMC (3:7 by volume)
26
solutions. The total molarity of Li + is kept constant at 1.2 mol
27
L 1. Then, the cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron
28
microscopy (SEM), chronoamperometry and charge-discharge
29
measurements are used to investigate the influence of LiPF6/
30
LiFSI molar ration on the Al electrode corrosion behaviors and
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cycling performance of Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 half-cells. The
32
electrochemical properties of artificial graphite/ LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3
33
O2 pouch cells with the LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes and Figure 1. The ionic conductivity of LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes contain-
34
the LiPF6-based conventional blank electrolytes are also ing mixtures of LiFSI and LiPF6 with different molar ratios in EC/EMC solutions
35 at 30 8C.
compared through its long-term cycling stability and its
36
capacity retention at 20 8C, 60 8C and after 55 8C storage for
37
30 days.
38
maximum value of ~ 11.44 mS cm 1. Compared with the same
39
salt concentration and temperature, the conductivity of the
40 Results and Discussion
electrolyte 1.2 mol L 1 LiPF6/EC-EMC (3:7, by Vol.) is 10.46 mS
41
Firstly, we prepare the LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes cm 1. This result show that the conductivity of LiFSI salt is
42
containing mixtures of LiFSI and LiPF6 with different molar higher than that of LiPF6 salt, the use of LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt
43
ratios in EC/EMC solutions and then examine their ion electrolytes can bring about high ionic conductivity compared
44
conductivity at 30 8C. To better understand the ion conductivity to the LiPF6-based electrolytes.
45
of the LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes, we used the mixture When Al current corrosion behaviors happen, the current
46
solvents EC: EMC (3:7, by Vol.) as the base solvent and make flow passing in between the Al foil and active cathode
47
the total salt content of 1.2 mol L 1 fixed, as indicated in electrode layer is restrained to a great extent, which influences
48
Table 1. Figure 1 displays the ionic conductivity of the LiFSI- the charge and discharge of the electrode. Therefore, to
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LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes containing mixtures of LiFSI and investigate the corrosion behaviors of Al current collector in
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LiPF6 with different molar ratios in EC/EMC solutions at 30 8C. LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes, Figure 2 gives the CV curves
51
As it can be seen from Figure 1 that the conductivity of LiFSI- measured on Al foil in different electrolytes containing mixtures
52
LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes increases with the raise of molar of LiFSI and LiPF6 with different molar ratios in EC/EMC
53
ratio of LiFSI. When the molar ratio of LiFSI and LiPF6 is 12 to 0, solutions at a voltage range of 3.0-5.0 V. The scan rate was
54
that is, the content of LiFSI is 1.2 mol L 1 and the the content 0.1 mV s 1. As showed in Figure 2, when the electrolyte has no
55
of LiPF6 is 0 mol L 1, the ion conductivity of the LiFSI-based LiFSI that is the conventional LiPF6-based electrolyte, at a low
56
electrolyte 1.2 mol L 1 LiFSI/EC-EMC (3:7, by Vol.) reaches to the scan rate of 0.1 mV s 1, small oxidation current during the
57

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30 Figure 2. The CV curves measured on Al foil in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes containing mixtures of LiFSI and LiPF6 with different molar ratios in EC/EMC
31 (3:7, by vol.) solutions between 3.0 V and 5.0 V at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s 1.
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33
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positive direction of the first scan was observed at 3.5 V vs Li + electrolytes between 3.0 V and 5.0 V at a scan rate of 0.1 mV
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/Li, and the oxidative rate continued to increase with increasing s 1. The SEM image of the fresh Al electrode shows rather
36
potential from 4.0 V to 5.0 V. When the direction of potential smooth. As the LiFSI concentration is increased from 0.1 mol
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change was reversed, the oxidative rate abruptly decreased L 1 to 0.3 mol L 1, no obvious change is observed on the
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with decreasing potential. In the subsequent scan, the oxidative surface of the Al electrode, which indicates that the Al
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current became smaller. The results indicated that an AlF3 and electrode have not been corroded. When the LiFSI concen-
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LiF passivated layer on the surface of Al collector was formed tration rises up to > 0.3 mol L 1, we find that the SEM images
41
to remarkably suppress Al corrosion, which was consistent with display visual changes containing many corroding pits on the
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the results in previous reports.[26,34] As the LiFSI concentration in Al surface, suggesting that the oxidative corrosion of Al
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LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes is increased from 0.1 mol L 1 reported by Zhang[34] cannot be avoided. These results show
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to 0.4 mol L 1, although the oxidative current during the first that Al corrosion is effectively suppressed in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-
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three successive scans was observed, the currents during the salt electrolytes with the LiFSI concentrations lower than
46
fifth scan were approximately equal, which can infer that the 0.3 mol L 1, which is similar to the CV results (Figure 2).
47
protective film of AlF3 and LiF caused by the presence of LiPF6 To further explore the Al corrosion characteristics of LiFSI-
48
have been formed on Al in these four electrolytes. When the LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes, Figure 4 presents the chronoam-
49
LiFSI concentration in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes rises up perometry profile of Al foil working electrode obtained at 4.3 V
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to > 0.4 mol L 1, the anodic currents were always very large vs. Li + /Li in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes of both LiPF6 and
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until 5.0 V vs. Li + /Li during all the CV scans, which were caused LiFSI salt in EC/EMC solutions for 10 hours at room temper-
52
by oxidizing the Al electrode, suggesting that the Al corrosion ature. As shown in Figure 4, when the LiFSI concentration rises
53
cannot be effectively suppressed in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt up to > = 0.7 mol L 1, the anodic current always be larger than
54
electrolytes with the LiFSI concentration over 0.4 mol L 1. 0.005 mA after chronoamperometry for 10 h, which results
55
Figure 3 compares the SEM images of the surface of the Al from the Al oxidative corrosion reaction.[2] However, when the
56
foil before and after the CV testing in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt LiFSI concentration is below 0.4 mol L 1, the anodic current
57

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44 Figure 3. SEM images of Al foil before and after the CV testing in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes between 3.0 V and 5.0 V at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s 1.
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remarkably decrease to 0 mA after chronamperometry only for electrolytes with the LiFSI concentration larger than 0.8 mol L 1
48
10 min, which indicates that the oxidative corrosion of Al exhibits a very poor cyclic stability with the discharge capacity
49
electrode has effectively been suppressed in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary- quickly down to 0 mAh g 1 (see Table 2). When the LiFSI
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salt electrolytes with the LiFSI concent smaller than 0.3 mol L 1. concentration is 0.7 mol L 1, the electrode shows a low capacity
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Figure 5 compares the cycling capacities of Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3 retention of 0% after 94 cycles, and its discharge capacity
52
Mn1/3O2 half-cells assembled with LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electro- decreases to 0 mAh g 1. As the LiFSI concentration is increased
53
lytes containing mixtures of LiFSI and LiPF6 with different molar from 0.1 mol L 1 (LiFSI(0.1)-LiPF6 (1.1)) to 0.6 mol L 1 (LiFSI(0.6)-
54
ratios in EC/EMC solutions at a current density of 40 mA g 1 LiPF6 (0.6)), its capacity retention is decreased from 88.8% to
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and cut-off voltage of 3.0-4.3 V. It can clearly be seen that the 48.2% after 100 cycles, showing that with the LiFSI concen-
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Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrode cycled in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt tration increasing, the oxidative corrosion of Al electrode
57

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1.0 mol L 1 LiPF6/EC-EMC (3/7, v/v)) demonstrates good
1
cyclability with a reversible capacity of 130.9 mAh g 1 at 100th
2
cycle, corresponding to an excellent capacity retention of 88%
3
with respect to its capacity at the fifth cycle. Moreover, the
4
electrode shows a relatively high initial coulombic efficiency of
5
84.7% compared to other LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes.
6
Therefore, in the following section, we select the composition,
7
LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt [0.2 mol L 1 LiFSI + 1.0 mol L 1
8
LiPF6/EC + EMC (3/7, v/v)] as the LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electro-
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lytes to investigate the electrochemical performance of full cells
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when using these LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes.
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Figure 6 compares the electrochemical properties of the
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Artificial Graphite/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (AG/NMC111) pouch cells
13
with the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte to those with
14
the blank electrolyte 1.2 M LiPF6/EC + EMC (3/7, v/v). As
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presented in Figure 6b, in the initial cycle, the pouch cells with
16
these two electrolytes show similar charge-discharge curves,
17
while the cell delivers a 17 mA higher reversible capacity in the
18
LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte than in the blank
19
electrolyte. As the cycle number is increased from 1 to 360, the
20
discharge capacity of the pouch cell in the blank electrolyte
21
decrease to 933 mA, corresponding to capacity retention of
22
90.6%. In contrast, with the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt
23
electrolyte, the cell exhibits highly reversible charge-discharge
24
behavior with a discharge capacity of about 983 mA after 360
25
cycles, that is, 93.9% of its first capacity, displaying an excellent
26
cycling performance of the pouch cell. This result may be due
27 Figure 4. Chronoamperometry profile of Al foil electrode obtained at 4.3 V to the slightly higher conductivity of the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0)
28 vs. Li + /Li in LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes containing mixtures of LiFSI
and LiPF6 with different molar ratios in EC/EMC solutions.
binary-salt electrolyte (10.72 mS cm 1) than the blank electro-
29
lyte (10.46 mS cm 1). Moreover, it can also be seen from
30
Figure 6c that the pouch cell with the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-
31
salt electrolyte shows a higher discharge capacity with all the
32
cycling process than that in the blank electrolyte. This
33
comparison indicates that the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt
34
electrolyte can improve the reversible capacity and cyclability
35
of the Artificial Graphite/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (AG/NMC111) pouch
36
cells. Additionally, Figure 6d shows a summary of capacity
37
retention of the pouch cells at 20 8C, 60 8C and after 55 8C
38
storage for 30 days. The reversible capacity of the pouch cells
39
with the blank electrolyte at 20 8C and 60 8C can still reach
40
565 and 1087 mA, corresponding to a capacity retention of
41
55.12% and 106.05%, respectively. In contrast, with the
42
LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte, the cell at 20 8C and
43
60 8C exhibits a highly capacity retention of 64.65% and
44
107.13%, respectively. After being stored for 30 days at 55 8C,
45
the cells assembled with the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt
46
electrolyte show a superior capacity retention of 80.17%, which
47
is higher than that assembled with the blank electrolyte
48
Figure 5. Cycle performances of Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 half-cells assembled
(77.46%). At the same time, Compared to the cells with the
49
with LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes containing mixtures of LiFSI and LiPF6 blank electrolyte (OCV = 4.054 V), the cells with the LiFSI(0.2)-
50
with different molar ratios in EC/EMC solutions at a current density of 40 mA LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte (OCV = 4.037 V) show a smaller
51 g 1 and cut-off voltage of 3.0-4.3 V. voltage drop during the 55 8C storage test, which indicates that
52
parasitic reactions at the surface of the positive electrode in the
53
LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte occurs less than that in
54
becomes more and more severe. Particularly, when the LiFSI the blank electrolyte. These results suggest that the LiFSI(0.2)-
55
concent is 0.2 mol L 1, the LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cycled in the LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte can greatly improve the electro-
56
LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte (0.2 mol L 1 LiFSI +
57

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31 Figure 6. (a) Photograph of the 1000 mAh-Artificial Graphite/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (AG/NMC111) pouch cells, (b) Voltage profiles for the charge–discharge cycles
32 and (c) cycling performance according to the CC–CV protocol of the pouch cells within the voltage range of 3.0–4.2 V at the 1C rate, (d) Summary of capacity
33 retention of the pouch cells at 20 8C, 60 8C and after 55 8C storage for 30 days.
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chemical properties of the Artificial Graphite/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cycles, and enhanced capacity retention at 20 8C, 60 8C and
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(AG/NMC111) pouch cells. after 55 8C storage for 30 days compared to cells with the blank
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conventional electrolyte 1.2 mol L 1 LiPF6/EC-EMC. This work
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confirms that the LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolyte may be a
40 Conclusions
promising electrolyte system in Li-ion battery industry.
41
In summary, we have systematically investigated the aluminum
42
corrosion behaviors and electrochemical properties of LiFSI-
43 Supporting Information Summary
LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes containing various molar ratios of
44
LiFSI and LiPF6 (a total Li concentration of 1.2 mol L 1) in EC/ Supporting information provides the details of experimental
45
EMC (3:7, by vol.) solutions. The Al corrosion measurements methods.
46
show that when the LiFSI concentration is lower than 0.3 mol
47
L 1, the severe corrosion of the aluminum current collector
48 Acknowledgements
arising from LiFSI salt is effectively suppressed through the
49
passivating Al collector effect of LiPF6 at high potential. On the The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of
50
other hand, Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 half-cells exhibit an improved China (21503246), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo
51
cycling stability in the LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes with (2017 A610022), and the Ningbo Municipal Government (3315
52
the LiFSI concentrations lower than 0.3 mol L 1. Moreover, Plan and the IAMET Special Fund, 2014 A35001-1). The authors
53
Artificial Graphite/ LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (AG/NMC111) pouch cells also appreciate Chuanshui Wang (Zhejiang Research Institute of
54
made with the LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 (1.0) binary-salt electrolyte with the Chemical Industry, Ltd. (Hangzhou, China)) for providing the LiFSI
55
LiFSI concentration of 0.2 mol L 1 display an excellent cycling samples.
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stability with 93.9% capacity retention at 1 C rate after 360
57

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1 Table 2. Cycle stability of Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 half-cells assembled with LiFSI-LiPF6 binary-salt electrolytes.
2 Electrolyte 1st discharge capacity / 1st coulombic effi- 5th discharge capacity / 100th discharge capacity / 100th capacity reten-
3 mAh g 1 ciency/ % mAh g 1 mAh g 1 tion / %
4 LiFSI(0.0)-LiPF6 148.2 84.7 149.9 130.5 87.0
5 (1.2)

6 LiFSI(0.1)-LiPF6 144.4 84.1 147 130.6 88.8

7 (1.1)
LiFSI(0.2)-LiPF6 146.4 84.7 148.7 130.9 88
8
(1.0)
9 LiFSI(0.3)-LiPF6 146 84.6 147.7 128.1 86.7
10 (0.9)
LiFSI(0.4)-LiPF6 150.2 85 151.6 131.2 86.5
11
(0.8)
12 LiFSI(0.5)-LiPF6 149.4 83.5 149 99.2 66.6
13 (0.7)

14 LiFSI(0.6)-LiPF6 129.1 83.4 145.7 70.3 48.2

15 (0.6)
LiFSI(0.7)-LiPF6 149.1 84.8 149.1 0 (94th) 0
16
(0.5)
17 LiFSI(0.8)-LiPF6 147 83.6 0 (4th) 0 0
18 (0.4)
LiFSI(0.9)-LiPF6 147.3 84.9 0 (4th) 0 0
19
(0.3)
20 LiFSI(1.0)-LiPF6 136.6 83.2 105.7 0 (9th) 0
21 (0.2)

22 LiFSI(1.2)-LiPF6 143.4 82.9 112.5 0 (15th) 0

23 (0.0)

24
25
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57

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