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Pam Boschee
Oil & Gas Facilities Editor
Acceleration (milli g)
2
−2
NS
EW
−4
0 300 600 900 1.2×103 1.5×103 1.8×103 2.1×103 2.4×103 2.7×103 3×103 3.3×103 3.6×103
Time (s)
altered with anomalies, identifying deepwater version because of the ice- Two accelerometers are placed at
the changes in real time. All of the over periods,” Dennis said. each location to measure accelerations
anomalies were detected. in the platform east/west (EW) and
Dennis said, “The Marlin Online Monitoring of north/south (NS) directions. Typical
dismisses some of the mundane Structural Integrity time traces of accelerations are shown
human tasks, such as watching hours Structural failure of offshore platforms in Fig. 2.
of videotape, where everything appears can lead to loss of life, loss of asset, and The SMS hardware and software,
as it did during the last inspection. environmental consequences. When developed by Fugro Structural
The proprietary software performs platforms are susceptible to damage Monitoring, are contained in a cabinet
autonomous change detection. from environmental wave loading in the platform’s control room. Two
Differences from the last inspection and fatigue, online structural integrity systems were installed to provide
are highlighted, and a list is generated, monitoring detects member failures redundancy during outage and repair
providing nearly real-time reporting. and reduces the risks of platform of one of the systems. The system
That list of changes is immediately collapse between inspections and identifies spectral peaks and natural
available to the customer, in contrast improves structural reliability. frequencies from the response spectra
to taking the images back to shore and Many offshore fixed platforms are for data collected every hour. The
comparing them with videotape from approaching or have exceeded their raw time history data are stored in
the last inspection.” original design lives. In seeking life addition to the hourly summary
extensions, operators need to assess the data (natural frequencies, mean and
Decommissioning and remaining life, and online monitoring standard deviation of accelerations,
Arctic Applications can offer knowledge of the platform’s and displacement response).
During planning for decommissioning, structural performance. Periodical backup of the data is made
the original fabrication drawings An online monitoring system and stored onshore.
provide the only data available about based on natural frequency was applied The measured natural frequency
the platform’s structure in some to the Ninian Southern platform, of the first NS node over a 5-year
cases. Over the life of a platform, operated by CNR International in the period of operation is shown in Fig. 3.
ownership may have changed hands northern North Sea in a water depth of Because there is noise associated
several times, resulting in unavailable 140 m. Installed in 1977, the platform with the hourly natural frequency
or outdated data. Alterations to the jacket is a self-floating, four-legged measurements, 4- and 24-hour and
original platform design, such as risers, design with K bracing. The bracing 28-day mean values of natural frequency
pipelines, and boat landings, are not system has little redundancy in the are used in the screen information.
documented in the as-built drawings. event that one of the braces becomes In December 2006, a jacket brace
Dennis said, “The AUV can model severed. The platform has a history of severed and was repaired in October
structures and junk at the bottom weld defects and fatigue-induced brace 2007. At the moment the brace severed
to provide documentation of the failures, which have required extensive in two, a sudden 3% drop in the NS
platform’s current condition.” hyperbaric weld repair work. An online mode natural frequency was instantly
A deepwater version of the Marlin integrity monitoring system, provided detectable. Before this event, there
is in a design review stage with a by Atkins Oil and Gas, was installed to was a period of crack growth around
planned delivery and trial slated for continuously measure and report the the circumference of the brace, which
late in 2014, most likely in the Gulf natural frequency of the platform in did not lead to a gradual decrease in
of Mexico. The MK3’s deepwater real time. natural frequency.
capabilities will include field residency The structural integrity monitoring The ability to distinguish brace
where the AUV is capable of living in system (SMS) uses accelerometers failures from other causes of natural
the field and being operated remotely. placed on the topside on the deck frequency fluctuation is important. The
“Arctic regions are on our radar for the above each of the four platform legs. natural level of noise associated with
Fig. 3—Five years of natural frequency measurement data for first NS mode.
loading of equipment onto the platform and is measured using the damaged
can also affect the measured natural strength ratio (DSR). A typical
frequency. Measurements at the Ninian pushover analysis is shown in Fig. 4.
platform showed long-term fluctuations The DSR is defined as the base shear
of about ±1% in the first EW and NS under which total collapse of the
natural frequencies. The fluctuations structure would occur divided by the
occurred simultaneously and correlated 100-year return period wave-induced
with changes in topside mass during base shear. To effectively use SMS,
drilling operations. failure of braces must not result in low
Natural frequency monitoring DSR values. Those braces whose failure
with the SMS detects full severance is not detectable by the SMS must not
of the individual braces when the have low DSRs.
change in natural frequency is greater
than 2%. Because monitoring is Subsea Infrastructure
continuous, a severance of a brace Imaging and Mapping
should be detectable on the day it Accurate identification of the location
severs. Information about the face of of subsea structures, including
the structure on which the severed pipelines, is important in risk
brace is located can also be obtained assessment when planning new builds,
using other data on which frequencies modifications, and relocations of
are reduced. When the natural structures. Any subsea environment
frequency drops below a threshold, can be crowded with infrastructure, and
an alert is forwarded to the structural current locations of all operators’ assets
engineers and further investigation are not readily available
Fig. 4—A pushover analysis model of a of the accelerometer measurements InterMoor launched a software
platform jacket. is performed. system that provides up-to-date
The management of the photos of the infrastructure in the
natural frequency measurement means
consequences of failure requires that Gulf of Mexico using Google Earth to
that a period of some hours may be
the platform possesses sufficient evaluate the risk of damaging existing
required before a large drop is correctly
capacity to withstand loading following infrastructure (Fig. 5). Users of the
identified as brace severance. Significant
brace severance. Reserve capacity is MoorVision system can query the
changes in topside mass resulting from
determined from pushover analysis Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s
public-domain Gulf of Mexico a 15-nautical-mile radius. A Google RPSEA 09121-3300-05 Phase II Final
infrastructure database and collect and Earth visualization file can be generated Technical Report, Autonomous
compile infrastructure data, including and imported to the consequence Inspection of Subsea Facilities by
well production, pipeline flow rates, assessment workbook developed by the Dan McLeod, Lockheed Martin Mission
and reported metering rates within American Bureau of Shipping. OGF Systems & Sensors.
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