Life Processes (Solution) - 21

Pre-Foundation Course LIFE PROCESSES (Solution)
LIFE PROCESSES (Solutions)

PART - 1
NUTRITION
DPP - 1
Multiple choice questions (MCQs)::
Que. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Ans. c b a c d b a b d d
Que. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Ans. c a a c d b b c c a
Que. 21. 22.
Ans. b c
Short answer questions:

23. Refer to page no. 13 and Q. No. 42 of this (solution) booklet.
24. Fungi perform Saprophytic or Saprotrophic mode of nutrition.
25. Contractile vacuoles of amoeba serves the function of excretion and osmoregulation.
26. (a) Refer to page no. 154 (Booklet) (b) Refer to page no. 155 (Booklet)
DPP - 2
Multiple choice questions (MCQs):
(MCQs)
Que. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
Ans. b a b d c a c a c c
Que. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.
Ans. b c d a b
Very short answer questions:
42. Water and electrolytes are absorbed in large intestine.

intestine
43. Refers page no. 167 & 168 (Booklet).
44. No, no any enzyme is present in bile juice.
45. Breaking down of large fat molecules into small droplets or globules by the action of bile is called
emulsification. Emulsification of fat takes place in duodenum.
46. Role of HCl –
(i) It provides acidic medium for activation of pepsin.
(ii) It kills microbes presents in food.
47. (i) Pepsin – secreted by gastric gland of stomach.
(ii) Ptyalin – secreted by salivary gland in mouth.
(iii) Trypsin – secreted by pancreatic gland of pancreas.
(iv) Gastric lipase – secreted by gastric gland of stomach.
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LIFE PROCESSES (Solution) BIOLOGY
PART - 2
RESPIRATION
DPP - 3
Que. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.
Ans. a d a d d d a a b c
Que. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.
Ans. c c b d b a c
PART - 3
TRANSPORTATION
DPP - 4
Que. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.
Ans. a d c a d d a a c a
Que. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
Ans. b d d a a a
PART - 4
EXCRETION
DPP - 5
Que. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
Ans. b b c c d c c b c b
Que. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95.
Ans. a c b b a
PART-5
PREVIOUS YEAR’S COMPETITIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
Nutrition (Digestion and Absorption)
Que. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105.
Ans. a c c c b d b a d b
Que. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115.
Ans. c b d c d a a c c d
Que. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125.
Ans. c c c a b b b b c a
2
Que. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135.
Ans. a d a b a b d b c d
Que. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145.
Ans. b d c c d b b b a d
Que. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155.
Ans. a d c b a c d a b b
Que. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163.
Ans. c b d b d c a c
Respiration (Breathing and Exchange of gases)
Que. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173.
Ans. c b b d d a c b c
Que. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183.
Ans. b c a c d b d c c b
Que. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193.
Ans. b c d c b b d b a c
Que. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203.
Ans. b b b c d a a d a c
Que. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209.
Ans. d b d c b b
Transportation (Body fluids and circulation)
Que. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219.
Ans. b d a a b a a d c d
Que. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229.
Ans. b c a d a c b d d c
Que. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239.
Ans. a c a c d d b a d a
Que. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249.
Ans. a d b d b d b c a a
Que. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259.
Ans. a d a a c d c d a, c d
Que. 260.
Ans. d
Excretion (Excretory products and their elimination in animals)
Que. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270.
Ans. b d c b c a a a d c
Que. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280.
Ans. b a c c c d d d b a
Que. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290.
Ans. b b b b a b d c d d
Que. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298.
Ans. b d a d a b d b
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NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS

INTEXT-1
1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?
2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
3. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?
4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
INTEXT-2
1. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
2. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
3. What is the role of acid in our stomach?
4. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
5. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
INTEXT-3
1. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining
oxygen for respiration?
2. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?
3. How is oxygen and carbon dioxides transported in human beings?
4. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area of exchange of gases?
INTEXT-4
1. What are the components
mponents of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these
components?
2. Why it is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
3. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
4. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
5. How is food transported in plants?
INTEXT-5
1. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.
2. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
products
3. How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
NCERT END-OF-CHAPTER
END EXERCISES
1. The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for:
(a) Nutrition (b) Respiration (c) Excretion (d) Transportaiton
2. The xylem in plants are responsible for:
(a) Transport of water (b) Transport of food
(c) Transport of amino acids (d) Transport of oxygen
3. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires:
(a) Carbon dioxide and water (b) Chlorophyll
(c) Sunlight (d) All of these
4. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide,
dioxide, water and energy takes place in :
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Mitochondria (c) Chloroplast (d) Nucleus
4
5. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
6. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
7. What are the necessary conditions
onditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-
by-products?
8. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the
anaerobic mode of respiration.
9. How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange
exchang of gases?
10. What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
11. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
12. What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
13. Compare
are the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their
structure and functioning.
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
Multiple choice questions:
1. Which of the following statements about the autotrophs is incorrect:
(a) They synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll
(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch
(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight
(d) They constitute
itute the first trophic level in food chains
2. In which of the following groups of organism, food materials are broken down outside the body and
absorbed?
(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba (b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta (d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm
3. Select the correct statement:
(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food
(b) Heterotrophs utilize solar energy for photosynthesis
(c) Heterotrophs synthesize their own food
(d) Heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates
4. Which is the correct sequence of parts in human alimentary canal
(a) Mouth → stomach → small intestine → oesophagus → large intestine
(b) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → large intestine → small intestine
(c) Mouth → stomach → oesophagus → small intestine → large intestine
(d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine
5. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be
affected?
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars
(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(d) Absorption of vitamins
6. The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of the following from hydrochloric
hydroch acid. Choose the
correct one :
(a) Pepsin (b) Mucus (c) Salivary amylase (d) Bile
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7. Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?

(a) Stomach (b) Small intestine (c) Large intestine (d) Oesophagus
8. A few drops of iodine solution were added to rice water. The solution turned blue-black
blue in colour. This
indicates that rice water contains
(a) complex proteins (b) simple proteins (c) fats (d) starch
9. In which part of the alimentary canal food is finally disested?
(a) stomach (b) Mouth
uth cavity (c) Large intestine (d) Small intestine
10. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the following :
(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates
(b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
(c) trypsin and lipase digest fats
(d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats
11. When air is blown from mouth into a test-tube
test tube containing lime water, the lime water turned milky due to
presence of
(a) oxygen (b) carbon dioxide (c) nitrogen (d) water vapour
12. The
he correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is
Ctyplasm Mitochondria
(a) Glucose 
→ Pyruvate 
→ Ethanol + carbon dioxide
Ctyplasm Ctyplasm
(b) Glucose 
→ Pyruvate 
→ Lactic acid
(c) Glucose 
→ Lactic acid
Ctyplasm Ctyplasm
(d) Glucose 
→ Ethanol + carbon dioxide
13. Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic respiration?
Mitochondria Ctyplasm
(a) Glucose 
→ CO2 + H2O + Energy
(b) Glucose 
(c) Glucose 
→ Pyruvate + Energy 
→ CO2 + H2O
(d) Glucose 
→ Pyruvate + Energy 
14. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about respiration?
(i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised.
(ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place, i.e., oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and
carbon dioxide from blood into alveolar air.
(iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen.
(iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
15. Which is the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?
(a) Nostrils → larynx → pharynx → trachea → lungs
(b) Nasal passage → trachea → pharynx → larynx → alveoli
(c) Larynx → nostrils → pharynx → lungs
(d) Nostrils → pharynx → larynx → trachea → alveoli
16. During respiration exchange of gases take place in
(a) trachea and larynx(b) alveoli of lungs (c) alveoli and throat (b) throat and larynx
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17. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about heart?

(i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of body while right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from lungs
(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts while right ventricle pumps
deoxygenated blood to lungs
(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different body parts
(iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different
different parts of the body while left ventricle pumps
oxygenated blood to different parts of the body
(a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
18. What prevents backflows of blood inside the heart during contraction?
(a) Valves in heart (b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles
(c) Thin walls of atria (d) All of these
19. Single circulation, i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the
body, is exhibited by
(a) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander (b) Hippocampus,
campus, Exocoetus, Anabas
(c) Hyla, Rana, Draco (d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle
20. In which of the following vertebrate group/ groups, heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different
parts of the body?
(a) Pisces and amphibians (b) Amphibians and reptiles
(c) Amphibians only (d) Pisces only
21. Choose the correct statement that describes arteries.
(a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under high pressure; collect blood from different organs
and bring it back to the heart
(b) They have thin walls with valves inside, blood flows under low pressure and carry blood away from
the heart to various organs of the body
(c) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under low pressure; carry blood from the heart to various
organs of the body
(d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carry blood
away from heart to different parts of the body.
22. The filtration units of kidneys are called :
(a) ureter (b) urethra (c) neurons (d) nephrons
23. Oxygen
gen liberated during photosynthesis comes from
(a) water (b) chlorophyll (c) carbon dioxide (d) glucose
24. The blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in :
(a) carbon dioxide (b) water (c) haemoglobin (d) oxygen
25. Which of the following is an incorrect
inco statement?
(a) Organisms grow with time.
(b) Organisms must repair and maintain their structure.
(c) Movement of molecules does not take place among cells.
(d) Energy is essential for life processes.
26. The internal (cellular) energy reserve in autotrophs is :
(a) glycogen (b) protein (c) starch (d) fatty acid
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27. Which of the following equations is the summary of photosynthesis?

(a) 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
(b) 6CO2 + H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2 + 6H2O
(c) 6CO2 + 12H2O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
(d) 6CO2 + 12H2O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O
28. Choose the event that does not occur in photosynthesis :
(a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll (b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
(c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide (d) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
29. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends upon :
(a) oxygen (b) temperature
(c) water in guard cells (b) concentration of CO2 in stomata
30. Choose the forms in which most plants absorb nitrogen :
(i) Proteins (ii) Nitrates and Nitrites
(iii) Urea (iv) Atmospheric nitrogen
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
31. Which is the first enzymee to mix with food in the digestive tract?
(a) Pepsin (b) Cellulase (c) Amylase (d) Trypsin
32. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(i) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast
(ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria
(iii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria
(iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
33. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. This result due to :
(a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol (b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose
(c) non conversion of glucose to pyruvate (d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid
34. Choose the correct path of urine in our body :
(a) kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary bladder
(b) kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → ureter
(c) kidney → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra
(d) urinary bladder → kidney → ureter → urethra
35. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the:
(a) cytoplasm (b) chloroplast (c) mitochondria (d) golgi body
36. Name the following:
(a) The process in plants that links light energy with chemical energy .
(b) Organisms that can prepare
pare their own food.
(c) The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
(d) Cells that surround a stomatal pore.
(e) Organisms that cannot prepare their own food.
37. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during night”. Do you agree with this
statement? Give reason.
38. How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores?
39. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark and the other in
continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons.
40. If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no
photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.
8
41. Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

42. Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph.
43. Is ‘nutrition’ a necessity for an organism? Discuss.
44. What would happen if green plants disappear from earth?
45. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long? Give
reasons for your answer.
46. How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
47. Match the words of Column (A) with that of Column (B)
Column (A) Column (B)
(a) Phloem (i) Excretion
(b) Nephron (ii) Translocation of food
(c) Veins (iii) Clotting of blood
(d) Platelets (iv) Deoxygenated blood
48. Differentiate between an artery and a vein.
49. What are the adaptations of leaf for photosynthesis?
50. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
51. What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?
52. What is the significance of emulsification of fats?
53. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
54. Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine?
55. Match Group (A) with Group (B):
Group (A) Group (B)
(a) Autotrophic nutrition (i) Leech
(b) Heterotrophic nutrition (ii) Paramecium
(c) Parasitic nutrition (iii) Deer
(d) Digestion in food vacuoles (iv) Green plant
56. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?
57. Why is blood circulation in human heart called double circulation?
58. What is the advantage of having four chambered heart?
59. Mention the major events during photosynthesis.
60. In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?
(a) Cloudy days (b) No rainfall in the area
(c) Good manuring in the area (d) Stomata get blocked due to dust
61. Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced?
62. What is common for Cuscuta, ticks and leeches?
63. Explain the role of mouth in digestion of food.
64. What are the functions of gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach?
65. Match the terms in Column (A) with those in column (B)
Column (A) Column (B)
(a) Trypsin (i) Pancreas
(b) Amylase (ii) Liver
(c) Bile (iii) Gastric glands
(d) Pepsin (iv) Saliva
66. Name the correct substrates for the following enzymes
(a) Trypsin (b) Amylase (c) Pepsin (d) Lipase
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67. Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?

68. What will happen if platelets were absent in the blood?
69. Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. Explain.
70. Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem?
71. Why is transpiration important for plants?
72. How do leaves of plants help in excretion?
Long answer questions:
73. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.
74. Describe the alimentary canal of man.
75. Explain the process of breathing in man.
76. Explain the importance of soil for plant growth.
77. Draw the diagram of alimentary canal of man and label the following parts. Mouth, Oesophagus,
Stomach, Intestine.
78. How do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings?
79. Explain the mechanism of photosynthesis.
80. Explain the three pathways of breakdown in living organisms.
81. Describe the flow of blood through the heart of human beings.
82. Describe the process of urine formation in kidneys.
NCERT INTEXT SOLUTIONS

INTEXT - 1
1. In case of multicellular organisms, only the cells present in the surface layer are in direct contact with the
surrounding environment. The other cells and the internal organs are not in direct contact with
surrounding environment. Thus, diffusion is insufficient to deliver oxygen to all parts of a multicellular
organism like humans. It has been estimated that a period of 3 years would be needed to carry a molecule
of O2 from our lungs to get to our toes, if diffusion were to move O2 in our body.
2.
Living things Non-living
living things
• A living thing has a self built organization, • The organization is imposed and limited.
consisting of several components, that exists
beyond the level individual.
• Living things obtain simple molecules from • Such activity is not seen.
outside and convert them into complex
protoplasmic constituents.
• Living things perform growth, development • No such activity occurs.
and differentiation.
• Living beings have property of self repair. • Non-living
living things have no such property. The
repairs can only be done by outside agencies.
• Living organisms have ability to sense the • Protection of non-living
living things is imposed.
surroundings and protect
rotect themselves.
• Living things have a definite life span. • There is no definite life span.
• Living beings reproduce and multiply. They • Multiplication is imposed.
produce offsprings and pass on genes to
next generation.
• Living organisms have ability to evolve in • Non-living
living things do not have ability to
time. evolve.
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3. The important raw materials used for by an organisms are : (i) Carbon dioxide, water and mineral nutrients
are needed by autotrophic plants; (ii) organic nutrients are needed by heterotrophic organisms; and (iii)
oxygen to be used for respiration and release of chemical energy in the form of ATP.
4. The important processes essential for maintaining life are: Nutrition, Respiration, Transportati
Transportation and
Excretion.
INTEXT - 2
1. Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
• In autotrophic mode of nutrition, the • In heterotrophic mode of nutrition, the
organisms prepare their own organic food organisms get their food prepared by
from inorganic raw materials. autotrophs or from other organic sources.
• Perform by plants. • Perform by animals
2. The raw materials for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. The plants get carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere and water from the soil.
3. The acid (hydrochloric acid) secreted inside the stomach makes the medium acidic which is necessary for
the activation of the enzyme pepsin.
4. Enzymes are proteins which catalyse the biological reactions. Digestive enzymes, secreted by digestive
glands located in different parts of alimentary canal, help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats.
5. Small intestine is long tubular structure. Its inner lining possesses numerous finger
finger-like projections called
villi which increase the surface area for absorption
absor of digested food.
INTEXT - 3
1. Aquatic organisms, such as fishes, obtain oxygen for respiration which is dissolved in water. The amount
of oxygen dissolved in water is very low. On the other hand, the terrestrial organisms take oxygen directly
from air.
2. Diverse organisms obtain energy by breaking down glucose through two different pathways:
(i) Aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to convert Glucose into carbon dioxide and water.
(ii) Anaerobic respiration which incompletely breaks glucose in absence of oxygen.
3. Refer to Booklet Page No. 184 & 185 (Respiration).
4. Humanan lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory tubes. A primary bronchus divides into
secondary bronchus, which in turn forms tertiary bronchus. Tertiary bronchus divides repeatedly into
bronchioles which finally terminate into alveoli. Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral p
pouches which are
extremely thin-walled
walled and possess a network of capillaries. Exchange of gases takes place in alveoli and
hence an alveolus is called miniature lung.
The alveoli provide a vast surface area where exchange of gases can takes place. Oxygen diffuses from
alveoli into pulmonary blood capillaries and CO 2 diffuses out from capillaries into alveoli. It is estimated
that the total surface area of alveoli of human lungs is about 100 m2 .
INTEXT - 4
1. • The major components of the transport system in human beings are blood and lymph.
• Blood plasma helps in transportation of food, carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes, salt and other
soluble substances. Red blood corpuscles carry oxygen.
• Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine to other tissues. It also drains excess fluid
from extra cellular space back into the blood.
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2. Bird and Mammals need comparatively more energy for maintaining their body temperature. This can be
maintained by separating the oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood.
3. The components of transport systems
sys in higher plants are – (i) xylem and (ii) phloem. Xylem consists of
tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
4. Refer to Booklet Page No. 203 (Transportation).
INTEXT - 5
1. Refer to Booklet Page No. 210 & 211 (Excretion).
2. Refer to Booklet Page No. 207 & 208 (Excretion).
3. The amount of urine produced is regulated by reabsorption of water and dissolved substances. It
depends on how much of excess water is there in the body and how much of the waste material has to be
excreted.
NCERT END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b)
5. Fats are digested inside the intestine where partly digested and acidic food comes from stomach. This
part receives bile juice from the liver and the enzyme lipase from pancreatic juice. Bile contains certain
salts which bring about the emulsification of fat molecules into small globules. The pancreatic juiceju
contains an enzyme lipase which brings about the digestion of fat.
6. Saliva contains water, salts, mucin and an enzyme ptyalin. The enzyme ptyalin is salivary amylase which
splits starch and glycogen into maltose.
7. The conditions necessary for autotrophic
autotrophic nutrition are availability of light, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide,
water and an appropriate temperature. The by-products
by products of autotophic nutrition are molecular oxygen.
8.
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. Aerobic respiration occurs in presence of O2 1. Anaerobic respiration occurs in absence of O2.
where O2 is utilized.
2. Glucose is completely broken down to release 2. Glucose is incompletely oxidized to release
the end products in the form of CO2 and the end products in the form of ethanol or
water. lactic acid.
3. Energy released in larger amount. 3. Energy is released in lesser amount.
4. It takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria. 4. It takes place in cytoplasm. The mitochondria
are not involved.
9. The alveoli
veoli are present at the terminal of bronchioles. They are balloon shaped structures which increase
the surface area for the exchange of gases and are richly supplied with blood vessels.
10. Deficiency of haemoglobin causes anaemia in our bodies. We will not be able to get sufficient oxygen for
respiration and we will get easily tired and lose weight.
12. Xylem are mainly responsible for transportation of water and minerals whereas phloem carries organic
food and hormones. Xylem helps in upward
upward movement whereas phloem is responsible for downward and
lateral transport.
13. Both alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys possess network of blood capillaries. The exchange
of gases takes place in alveoli where impure blood (deoxygenated blood)
blood) is purified to oxygenated blood.
Similarly, the nephrons purify the blood by filtering out its waste products in the form of urine.
12
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

Multiple choice questions:
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ans. c b a d b b b
Que. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. d d d b d d d
Que. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans. d b c a b d d
Que. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans. d a a c c c c
Que. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Ans. c b c c d c a
36. (a) Photosynthesis (b) Autotrophs (c) Chloroplast (d) Guard cells (e) Heterotrophs
37. Yes: During the day, the rate of photosynthesis is high and it utilizes CO2 evolved during respiration. At
night, photosynthesis does not occur. Therefore, plants give out CO2 during respiration.
38. Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by the gain or loss of turgidity of their guard cells. When
guard cells absorb water from surrounding cells, they swell up and become turgid. As a result, their
thicker inner walls move outward creating a pore in between the two guard cells (i.e., stomata become
open). When the guard cells lose water to surrounding cells, they become flaccid. As a result, their inner
thicker walls move inward and close the stomatal opening.
39. The plant, kept in continuous light, will live longer due to the following reasons :
(i) It will manufacture food by photosynthesis. The latter will be used for its maintenance and growth.
(ii) Photosynthesis will release oxygen. The latter will be utilized by plant for respiration.
40. During the day, the ratee of photosynthesis is much higher than the rate of respiration. As a result, CO2
produced during respiration is utilized in photosynthesis. In fact, lot more CO2 is absorbed from outside
for photosynthesis. Oxygen is evolved in higher amounts than what is needed for respiration. Hence,
plants release O2 during the day.
41. Fishes require oxygen for respiration. They utilize dissolved oxygen of water through gills. When taken
out of water, fishes are unable to obtain oxygen from air and hence they die.
42.
Autotroph Heterotroph
1. It manufactures its own food from inorganic 1. It obtains its food from outside.
substances.
2. It possesses photosynthetic pigments for 2. It lacks photosynthetic pigments for trapping
trapping sunlight. light.
3 It converts light energy into chemical energy. 3. It first digests and absorbs food, assimilates it
in tissues and then utilizes it to obtain energy.
43. Yes; Food is required for –

(i) acquiring energy for various metabolic processes of the body.
(ii) the growth of new cells.
(iii) the repair or replacement of worn out cells.
(iv) developing resistance against diseases.
13
44. In the absence of green plants, all herbivores will die due to starvation followed by carnivores. In the
absence of both, decomposers will also die.
45. This plant will not remain healthy for long because:
(i) It will not be able to get oxygen from the environment for respiration.
(ii) It will not be able to get CO2 from environment for photosynthesis.
(iii) Of lack of transpiration, upward
upward movement of water and minerals from the soil will be affected.
46.
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. Aerobic respiration occurs in presence of O2 1. Anaerobic respiration occurs in absence O2.
where O2 is utilized.
2. Glucose is completely broken down to 2. Glucose is incompletely oxidized to release
release the end products in the form of CO2 the end products in the form of ethanol or
and water. lactic acid.
3. Energy released in larger amount. 3. Energy is released in lesser amount.
4. It takes place in cytoplasm and 4. It takes place in cytoplasm. The
mitochondria. mitochondria are not involved.
47. (a) – (ii), (b) – (i), (c) – (iv), (d) – (iii)

48.
Artery Vein
1. It has thick, elastic, muscular wall. 1. It has thin, non- elastic wall.
2. Its has narrow lumen. 2. It has wide lumen.
3. Flow of blood is fast and jerky. 3. Flow of blood is slow and smooth.
4. It carries blood away from the heart to an organ. 4. It carries blood from an organ towards heart.
5. It carries oxygenated blood (exception 5. It carries deoxygenated blood (exception
pulmonary artery). pulmonary vein).
49. (i) Leaf has large surface area for maximum light absorption.
(ii) Leaf orientation is such that it absorbs optimum light.
(iii) Leaf has extensive network of veins. These not only provide mechanical strength but also enable
rapid transport of substances to and from the mesophyll cells.
(iv) Leaf has numerous stomata for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
(v) Leaf has very large number of chloroplasts in the mesophyll for photosynthesis.
50. Herbivores eat plant matter which is rich in cellulose. The latter takes longer time for complete digestion
by the enzymes present in symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, they have longer small intestine. Carnivores
other hand, feed on flesh and do not contain cellulose. They, therefore, have shorter intestine for
digestion of food eaten by them.
51. Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus and digestive enzymes. Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach
from corrosion by HCl and action of pepsin enzyme
enzyme of gastric juice. In the absence of mucus, lining of
stomach will be corroded leading to acidity and gastric ulcers.
52. Emulsification of fats, in fact, means conversion of large molecules of fat into smaller globules by bile
salts. These small globules
ules can effectively digested by fat digesting enzyme ‘lipase’.
53. The wall of alimentary tract contains muscle layers, Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of these muscles
(i.e., peristalsis) causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal.
14
54. Absorption
ption of digested food occurs mainly in the small intestine because :
(i) Digestion of food is completed only in the small intestine.
(ii) Finger like projections (villi) in the wall of small intestine provide large surface area for maximum
absorption.
(iii) Villi of small intestine are richly supplied with blood vessels for carrying the absorbed food to
different parts of the body.
55. (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c) – (i), (d) – (ii)
56. Aquatic animals (e.g., fishes) obtain oxygen from water present in the
the dissolved form through their gills.
The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite small as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Therefore,
to obtain required oxygen from water, aquatic animals have to breathe much faster than the terrestrial
organisms.
57. Blood circulation in human heart is called double circulation because the blood passes through the heart
twice in order to complete one cycle of the body, i.e., through the right side of the heart as deoxygenated
blood and through left side of the heart as oxygenated blood.
58. In four-chambered
chambered heart, right half is completely separated from the left half by septa. As a result,
oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood do not mix. The body parts receive only oxygenated blood
from the heart. This is useful
eful to animals such as birds and mammals who have high energy needs.
59. Major events during photosynthesis are :
(i) Absorption of sunlight by photosynthetic pigments present in the chloroplasts.
(ii) Photolysis of water.
rgy to chemical energy, and generation of assimilatory power (NADPH).
(iii) Conversion of light energy
(iv) Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
60. (a) Rate of photosynthesis decreases due to low intensity of light during cloudy days.
(b) Rate of photosynthesis decreases due to wilting of
of leaves, closure of stomata etc.
(c) Rate of photosynthesis increases due to availability of more minerals, aeration and moisture.
(d) Rate photosynthesis decreases due to blocked stomata which affects gaseous exchange.
61. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency in the living organisms.
It is produced during respiration (in all organisms) and also during photosynthesis (in plants).
62. Cuscuta, ticks and leeches are parasites. They derive nutrition from other organisms without killing them.
63. (i) Food gets moistened when mixed with saliva.
(ii) Teeth crush the food into smaller pieces.
(iii) Tongue helps in thorough mixing of food with saliva.
(iv) Ptyalin (salivary amylase) breaks carbohydrates partially into simple sugars.
64. Gastric glands secrete gastric juice which contains mucus, HCl and digestive enzymes. Mucus protects the
inner ling of stomach from HCl and pepsin enzyme. HCl makes the medium
medium acidic for the pepsin enzyme
to act on proteins. Pepsin enzyme starts digestion of proteins. Gastric lipase is another enzyme present
which acts on fats.
65. (a) – (i), (b) – (iv), (c) – (ii), (d) – (iii)
66. (a) Proteins (b) Carbohydrates (starch) (c) Proteins (d) Fats
67. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to various body parts. The flow of blood is fast and jerky
under pressure. Therefore, arteries have thick, elastic walls. Veins collect blood from various body parts
and bring to the heart. They have valves. So flow of blood is smooth, under no pressure. The thin walls of
veins, therefore, allow smooth flow of blood towards heart.
15
68. Blood platelets are essential for blood clotting. In the absence of platelets, blood clotting will be affected
resulting in greater loss of blood.
69. Plants are anchored to the soil and, hence, they do not move. Most of their body has large number of
dead cells. Therefore, their energy requirements are low as compared to animals which move about for
various activities.
70. Root cells are in close contact with the soil. They actively take up ions from soil. Ion concentration,
therefore, increases inside the root. This results in increased osmotic pressure and, hence, movement of
water from the soil into the
e root continuously.
71. Transpiration (i) helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals from roots to the
leaves, and (ii) it helps in the cooling of plant parts.
72. In plant cells, waste materials are stored in their vacuoles. For instance, many plants store their waste
materials in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells and epidermal cells. When the old leaves fall, waste materials
are removed (excreted).
Long answer questions:
73. (i) Finger-like
like projections develop by pseudopodia.
(ii) Food is ingested by phagocytosis.
(iii) Digestion of food occurs in food vacuole by digestive enzymes.
(iv) Digested food is absorbed in the cytoplasm by diffusion.
74. (i) Mouth and buccal cavity (ii) Oesophagus (iii) Stomach
Refer to booklet page no. 164, 165 & 166
(iv) Small intestine (v) Large intestine
75. (i) Role of diaphragm and ribs during inhalation and exhalation.
(ii) Passage of air through respiratory tract.
tract Refer to booklet page no. 183, 184 & 185
(iii) Exchange of gases in the alveoli of lungs.
76. (i) Soil is the source of water and minerals.
(ii) It provides oxygen to root cells for respiration.
(iii) Micro-organisms
organisms present in soil have symbiotic association with plants.
plant
77. Refer to booklet page no. -164 (Nutrition).
78. Digestion in (i) buccal cavity (ii) Stomach (iii) Intestine [Refer to booklet page no.-- 168, 169 & 170 (Nutrition)]
79. (i) Absorption of sunlight by photosynthetic pigments.
(ii) Photolysis of water
(iii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and generation of assimilatory power (NADPH).
(iv) Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
80. Hint : (i) Pyruvate to ethanol, CO2 and energy.
(ii) Pyruvate to lactic acid and energy. Refer to booklet page no.- 177
17 (Respiration)
(iii) Pyruvate to CO2, H2O and energy.
81. Hint : (i) Atrium (ii) ventricles
(iii) Deoxygenated blood (right ventricle to lungs) Refer to booklet page no.- 1977 and 198 (Transportation)
(iv) Oxygenated blood (lungs to left side of heart
and thence to the body).
82. Hint : (i) Structure of nephron
(ii) Glomerular filtration
(iii) Selective reabsorption Refer to booklet page no.- 213 & 214 (Excretion)
(iv) Secretion
16

Life Processes (Solution) - 21

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Pre-Foundation Course LIFE PROCESSES (Solution)

LIFE PROCESSES (Solutions)

Short answer questions:

Very short answer questions:

42. Water and electrolytes are absorbed in large intestine.

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS

7. Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?

17. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about heart?

27. Which of the following equations is the summary of photosynthesis?

41. Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

67. Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?

NCERT INTEXT SOLUTIONS

NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

43. Yes; Food is required for –

47. (a) – (ii), (b) – (i), (c) – (iv), (d) – (iii)

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