Section 2 Design and Construction of Centrifugal PumpsSECTION 2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS PUMP TYPES 1, Pumps are classified according to impeller design and the number of impellers. ‘A multistage pump has more than __ impeller. 2 A twostage pump has impellers. 8. A two-stage pump has the same effect as joining —__ single-stage pumps in series. 4, The first pump discharges into the __ pump. 5. A multistage pump has two or more impellers mounted ‘on one — 6. The head at the discharge of the second impeller is sreater than the head at the discharge of the fist ‘The greater the number of impellers, the (higher ewer) the final discharge head is. 7. Since liquids are nearly incompressible, all the impellers in the pump are designed for about the same eapacity. ‘The impellers of a multistage pump are all about the size, 8. Pumps are also classified as single-suetion or double- suction. In single-suetion pump, liquid enters from (one side/ both sides) of the impeller. 9. In a double-suction pump, liquid enters through (one side/both sides) of the impeller. 10. Since liquid enters at both sides of the impeller, a @ouble-suction pump is used for (high/low) capacity operations. 1. Doublesuetion pumps have lower NPSH requirements. When the NPSH available is low, a___-suetion pump is probably better suited for the pumping job, two Digher same one side Doth sides high double12, Impellers may be open, partially open, or enclosed. OPEN PARTIALLY OPEN ENCLOSED Inall three designs, the. of the impeller is open. 18, On an open impeller, the sides of the vanes (are/are nat) covered. 14, More liquid leaves the rim of the (open/partially open/ ‘enclosed) impeller. 15, Flow is least controlled in the ____ impeller. 16) The __impeller is the Teast likely to come clogged. Propeller Pumps 11. A propeller pump works very much like an impeller pump. Instead of an impeller, the _____ whips the liquid passing through it to high speed. 33 enclosed open open propeller18. In this way the propeller adds _____to the energy, or pressure liquid. 19. There are differences between impellers and propellers. IMPELLER For example, liquid leaves the (propeller/impelier) in propeller the same direction as it entered. 20. Liquid leaves the (impeller/propelier) at right angles impeller to the way it entered, NZL. Liquid enters the impellor only through the eye in the (impeller/propeller) pump. impeller 22. In the propeller pump, liquid enters the pump (through the eye/through the blades). ‘through the blades 28, The area through which liguid enters the pump is smaller in the (Impeller/propeller) pump. impeller 24. Therefore, the ___ pump can handle larger propeller capacities. 34Turbine Pumps 25. The best features of the impeller pump and the pro- peller pump are combined in the turbine pump. + $+ PROPELLER TURBINE IMPELLER ‘The turbine pump is a mixture of the pump and the —______pump. 26, ‘The flow of liquid through a turbine pump is #3 like the flow through a centrifugal pump. ce the flow through a propeller pump, halfway between the flow through a centrifugal ‘ump and the flow through a propeller pump. 27, ‘The turbine pump, ike a propeller or an impeller pump, can be single- or multistage. ‘The multistage pump is used when you need a higher discharge (capacity /head). 35 propeller impeller halfway between Now tom the poge, tum the boak over, end ge on28, Name the following pump designs. A B. ic, ~ a EB 29. Which of these pumps are not eentrifugal pumps? (A/B/C/D/E) 36 A, single-suetion B. double-suetion C. multistage D. propeller pump E, turbine pump DandEVertical and Horizontal Pumps 80. This pump must move liquid up out of a water well, or pit, or any other source of liquid. 1D ee There (is/is no) suction head available, iexo 21, ‘The proseure needed to move liquid int the pump sue- ee see fess #018 ran Mea asc prercne uaa cn Push the liquid all the way up into the pump sution, 88. One way to Increase the NPSH avallable isto (in pee ata acta ere ran fe othe pump suction, Hi cm pu inh pe he tel ia a= Er ~~ ae a Y sf ‘ i qt fl i Ele ‘ : — ‘is elves the pump (more/lss) NPSH available, a st85. Since the well is deep and narrow, the pump must be ut in it (horizontally vertically). vertically 386, To provide better NPSH, the pump is installed (hori- zontally vertically) and (above/below) the level of the vertically; below liquid. Because of the large amount of discharge head needed to lift liguid from a wel, the turbine vertical pump it generally (single-/multi-) stage. rulti- Pumps Operating in Series or in Parallel 87. When the discharge of one pump is fed into the suction of another pump, the two pumps operate in series Pumps (A/B) are operating In series, A 88. When the pumps are connected in series, the second pump takes liquid from the first and inereases the discharge head, Putting pumps in series inereases the discharge ‘of the system. head 89, The second pump cannot discharge more liquid than it receives from the frst, ‘Thus, pumps in series (should/should not) have about should the same capacities40. Pumps that discharge into the same line are operating in paraltel. Pumps (A/B) are operating in parallel 41. Operating pumps in paraliel_the eapacity of the system. 42, With pumps operating in parallel, the total amount discharged equals the amount discharged from the first pump —____ the amount discharged from the second, 43. Since liquid discharged from the first pump does not enter the second, the discharge head produced by the two together is (greater than/the same as) the head produced by each one separately. 44, Pumps operated in parallel should have about the total head characteristics, 45, Pumps are operated in parallel to ineregse —___. 46. Pumps are operated in series to increase 47. Two pumps with similar capacity and head charae- teristies at a given speed may be connected in either 48. fo increase capeeity, connect pumps in 49. To increase head, connect pumps in plus, or + ‘the same as capacity head parallel; series parallel seriesRegulating Pump Dischorge 50, ‘The aniount of liquid discharged from a pump can be changed in a variety of ways. Aon the discharge can be open or valve closed. \ 51, By partially closing the valve, more pressure needed to get liquid out of the pump. 52, Partially closing the valve (increases/decreases) the decreases discharge volume, 58, Here is another way to regulate the discharge volume. BYPASS LINE Aline is connected to the discharge line. bypass 4054. An open ____in the bypass line allows liquid ‘to flow through the bypass line as well as through the discharge line. 55. When this valve is opened, some of the liquid from the tows inte the bypass. 56, ‘Then it lows back to the pump ‘87, This means that (more/less) liquid is actually dis- charged from the pump into the discharge line. 58. Being able to adjust the pump discharge is impor- tant when the pump may be moved and used for a operation. MECHANICAL DETAILS Packing Box 159, The rotating shaft of a centrifugal pump extends out through the casing so that the impeller may be coupled tothe occas eee 60. The drawing shows a typleal packing box. CASING SHAFT SLEEVE racine nines. | Packine cuano nut ‘The packing is formed around the ‘mize leakage of liquid from the pump. G1. ‘The packing box surrounds the shaft where it enters the sas a discharge suction different prime mover, or driver shaft casing, or housing64. er. 1. B. ™ ‘Normally, the packing is formed into rings which con- form to the shape of the. Packing must be a low-friction material which is non- abrasive Abrasive material damages the ‘To minimize leakage along the shaft, the packing i against the shaft. If the shaft is permitted to rub directly against the packing, the section of shaft in the packing box ‘To keep from replacing the whole shaft due to packing wear, a is used to cover the section of shaft inside the packing box. Packing must be a material that is not attacked and weakened by the being pumped. Packing which is weakened by the liquid permits some of the liquid beinge pumped to ____to the atmos- here. Packing is chosen for the ___being pumped ‘and its temperature. A packing gland at the (Inner/outer) end of the pack- ing box holds the packing in place. ‘The pressure necessary to compress the against the shaft sleeve and control leakage is supplied by the packing gland nuts. ‘A small amount of leakage between the packing and the shatt is necessary for. ‘The amount of _____{ usually determined by company practices. ‘Tho packing gland holds the _______in place and controls the amount of. If the nut is tightened too much, the rubbing: sur- faces may not be sufficiently _____, and there may be excessive wear on the and the ‘Since insulficient lubrication may cause overheating, packing gland nuts must be______to allow the amount of leakage specified by company practices. 2 shaft pressed, or tightened ceseape, or Teak liquid outer packing: Teakase lubricated shaft, or sleeve packing adjustedLantern Rings 5. 16. 1. 80. Look at the drawing, LUBRICATING LANTERN RING ‘The lantern ring is a metal cage about the size of packing ring that fits around the______ sleeve ide the packing box. ‘The lantern ring provides a spaco between the packing rings near the center of the packing box which ean he supplied with lubricating or seal ‘The lantern-ring arrangement shown differs from ring packing in the way it is ‘The lubricating Auid can be liquid from the pump or liquid from outside the pump. When a corrosive or erosive liquid is being pumped, lantern-ring lubrication from (another source/the pump) is used. Lubricating fluid is pumped into the packing box under pressure higher than the pressure inside the casing, ‘This pressure keeps the liquid in the pump from enter- ing the Lantern-ring packing is also used in a pump operating at less than atmospheric pressure. When the pump operates under vacuum, air may be pulled into it during operation. ‘To keep air out, the pressure of the sealing-lubricating fluid must be (above/below) the pressure of the atmos- phere. 8 shaft oil lubricated another source packing box above81. In a pump operating under vacuum, the lubvicating liquid is usually the liquid being pumped, if that liquid ‘nonegrrosive. It is-pumped into the packing box at @ pressure above pressure. 82 Pump A is pumping a light oil. Pump B is pumping acid. (Pump A/Pump B) is fitted with a lantern ring. 83. Liquid leaking from the pump is a hazard, especially if it vaporizes at a low temperature. Leakage can also be expensive, ‘Therefore, pump packing should be —__fre- ‘quently to make sure itis operating properly. ‘Mechanical Seals 84, Mechanical seals are more widely used than shaft packing because they require less maintenance and hold leakage to SPRING SEAL olL, STATIONARY HOLDER OUTLET SEAL RING COMPRESSION RING SEAL OIL SEAL ROTATING SHAG lead Tp FLANGE (Herd-Surface Metal) ‘Tho other element rotates with the 85. The stationary seal ring is usually made of 86. The rotating seal ring is faced with special metal where it comes in contact with the seal ring, “4 atmospheric Pump B checked shaft stationary:8. 88, 89, 91, 92, ‘The spring holder is held in place on the shaft by a set screw. ‘The compression ring and the rotating seal ring are free to move along the ‘The springs push against the compression ring and compress the flexible O-ring against the shaft and the rotating seal members, to prevent __ at this point. ‘The O-ring is made of rubber or some other flexible material, depending on the liquid being: pumped. Tt makes a tight elements and the shaft. between the rotating Heat is generated between the stationary and rotating faces, Oil is civewlated in the packing box to cool and the teal ‘Tho lubricant also helps to keep corrosive or — material out of the seal, A single seal has one set of sealing faces. ‘This seat hhas two sets of sealing faces. PUMP CASING COMPRESSION SEAL OIL SEAL OIL ROTATING INLET SEAL RINGS STATIONARY STUFFING SEAL RING BOX FLANGE It is a___ seal, 45 leakage lubricate doubleImpeller Thrust 92. During operation, pressure in the discharge portion of the casing is greater than the pressure in the suction portion, SUCTION bY ffm vischarce PRESSURE PRESSURE —| i—_— The discharge pressure acts on the right side of the impeller, exerting a foree to the (left/right). left 94. The discharge pressure acting on the right side of the impeller exerts 2 force to the lett. ‘The suction pressure acting on the left side of the impeller exerts a force (0 the, right 95. Since the suction prossure is less than the discharge pressure, the total foree acting to the left sreater than the force acting to the right. 96. This imbalance of forces creates thrust along the shatt. To overcome this thrust and hold the —___ impeller in its proper position, a thrust bearing is used. 97. Both sides of the impeller maintain close clearance with the casing. HOLE WEAR RING WEAR RING ‘Wear rings at the eye minimize leakage from the back to the suction. discharge 46“98. A collar at the back of the impeller has the same inside dimension as the suction eye. ‘Wear rings between the collar and the easing minimize into the collar. leakage 99. Any leakage into the eollar flows back into the suetion ‘through & hole in the impeller. ‘This hole equalizes pressure between the left and right sides of the impeller 100. Since the __on both sides of the impeller pressure is about equal, there is almost no thrust. 101, In multistage pumps, several methods can be used to ‘minimize thrust. Some pumps are constructed so that some of the im- pellers face one way on the shaft and the others face the other way. One set of impellers offsets the — of the others. thrust Balancing Drum 102, When all impellers are installed in the same direction on the shaft, thrust may be reduced with a balancing drum. BALANCING DRUN ATTACHED TO SHAFT PACKING BALANCE LINE TO SUCTION ‘The thrust created by each impeller acts to the (left 3) lett a1108, ‘The total impeller thrust is the sum of the thrust of all the impellers, ‘The pressure acting on the left side of the balancing drum is the pump ___ pressure. 104, The space on the right side of the balancing drum is, open to the suetion. ‘This space is at____ pressure. 105. The pressure difference across the balancing drum creates a foree acting to the right. ‘The drum is sized so that this foree balances the impeller 106. The small clearance between the balancing drum and the easing: minimizes leakage from the discharge back to the suction, ‘As wear increases, this clearance inerosses, and the volumetric efficiency of the pump ALIGNMENT AND VIBRATION 107, The pump and prime mover are joined by couplings. ‘The pump and —must be properly aligned. 108. If the pump is handling: hot liquid, then the pump should be heated to near operating to ‘check alignment. 109. Improper alignment of the pump and prime mover puts a strain on the shaft and may wear or break the shaft or couplings. Improper alignment may also cause bearings and seals to___ excessively or fail. 110, Improper alignment may also damage wear rings, and permit the impeller to against other parts. 111, Any improperly balanced rotating assembly may cause excessive vibration, Misalignment of pump and prime mover ov partially blocked impellers may also eause 112, Cavitation in the impeller is the eontinual forming and collapsing of vapor bubbles in the liquid. Cavitation may cause the pump to 48 discharge suction decreases prime mover, or driver ‘temperature rub vibration vibrate118. Sometimes vibration can be heard, or detected by ‘the pump. 114, Many pumps are equipped with gages and meters which vibration. 115, Excessive vibration is a sign that something is wrong with the pamp. If unusual noise or vibration occurs, the pump must be______as soon as possible. LUBRICATION Wear Rings 116. Wear rings simplify maintenance by protecting: the casing and the 117. Wear rings are lubricated only by the being. pumped. 118, Wear rings are not properly lubricated if the liqui the pump vaporizes or if the pump runs The Packing Box 119, Packing must always be lubricated Normally, ring packing Is lubricated by the being pumped. 120. The lantern ring and packing are lubricated by an oil pumped to the ring, especially if the pump is handling or erosive liquid. 121. Some packing boxes are lubricated by grease cups instead of Bearings and Couplings 122, The pump shaft must rotate with the least frietion possible. Resistance to the rotation of the shaft must be as as possible. 128, ‘The impeller must be kept in position while it rotates. ‘emust be free to rotate, but not to in other directions, 49 fecling detect shut down Impeller liquid ary corrosive mall124. Besides rotating, the shaft may tend to move in two other ways. ROTATION AXIAL MOVEMENT (TURNING) (THRUST) {In most pumps, more of the area of the impeller is exposed to discharge pressure than to suction pressure. ‘This unbalanced pressure causes a_____ to be foree exerted in an axial direction. 125. Movement can also occur if the pump has a long, un- supported shat, or if the impeller is out of balance. ‘This is (axial/radial) movement. radial 128, Both radial and axial movement must be controlled, or minimized if the impeller is to remain in position. 127. Bearings support the shaft and allow it to rotate with very little friction. Bearings also control ____ and. ‘movement of the shaft. 128, The bearing lubricant provides a fluid film between the rotating shaft and the bearing. ‘This fuid flm prevents the shaft and its stationary sup- ports from____ against each other. rubbing 129. A radial (journal) bearing on which the shaft rests controls _____ movements. radial 180. A thrust bearing limits end-to-end movement of the sagt, A thrust bearing limits the amount of (axial/radial) axial ‘movement. 50181. Some pumps use ball bearings to control both radial and ‘thrust movement, RADIAL BALL BEARING OP — BALL BEARING ‘The shatt of this pump is supported by both and all bearings, radial 182, Ball bearings are lubricated so that there is almost no between the ball and any of the other wear, or friction arts it touches. 188, The ball bearings _______ freely as the shaft turn rotates. 184. Ball bearings may be grease- or oil-ubricated. Where the load on the bearing is great and considerable heat is generated, oil is used as the lubricant because it alo___"__the shaft and bearing. cools 185, Grease-pecked bearings can be overgressed. Overgreasing causes the bearing to. overheat 186, Slinger rings are also used to move lubricating oil from the reservoir to the bearing. BEARING A slinger ring fixed to the shaft and rotating: with it throws oil from the reservoir onto the. bearing aL137. Large pumps use heavy-duty sleeve bearings instead of ball bearings. BEARING CONTAINER FNC BEARING BRACKET ‘A sleove bearing has (more/less) surfaco arca than a more ball bearing does. 188. A sleeve bearing can support a very ——____ heavy, or large shaft. 189, Sleeve bearings control (radial/axial) movement. radtal 40, ‘The bearing is made of low-friction metal (babbitt) and is lubricated by a film of oil 141. The oil is supplied to the bearing under pressure through grooves on the bearing surface. ‘The high-pressure oil insures that the shaft (can/can- rnot) squeeze the film of oil out of the bearing under ‘cannot heavy load. 2. The shaft rotates on a film of. and there is no oil ireet contact between the shaft and bearing, 13, Oil can be supplied to a sleeve bearing either byan ail ring or under pressure by a lube-oil pump. SLEEVE BEARING on RESERVOIR below reservoir 524, 15, us, 11, ‘The ring rotating on the ____picks up the reservoir and carries it up to the bearing. fl from In a pressurized oil system, ofl is pumped to each Lube-oil pumps are used when the load on the bearings is great. Where possible, the pressure lube-oil system should be working before the pump is started so that there is an oil film between the shaft and the Pumps with a lange axial load use 2 babbitt-faced (anti- friction) thrust bearing. THRUST SHOE RETAINER BABBITT.FACED THRUST SHOE PUMP BEARING BRACKET THRUST COLLAR us, 149, 150. 151. ‘The thrust collar rotates as part of the —__. ‘The stationary thrust shoes restrict axial movement of the shat. ‘The shoes are pivoted to absorb minor variations in the rotation of the thrust ——_. Oil may be pumped to the bearing, or the bearing may run in oil to maintain a lubrieating between ‘the surfaces, ‘The temperature of the lubricating oil must be main- tained within the operating range. If the temperature rises too high, bearings may and fail. ‘Many pump couplings are lubricated with heavy ofl or grease, Before the pump is started and during operation, ‘the couplings should be checked for lubrication and 58 shaft bearing bearing shaft collar ‘lm overheat leakage152, ‘The operating manual or the supervisor specifies the —_____ and amount of oil to be used for lubricating the coupling. 158. Oil must be free of dirt and water. Water breaks down the film between the shaft and bearing, and____is abrasive, PUMP COOLING 154. Pumps performing heavy-duty service and pumps moving hot liquids may be water-jacketed. Pump parts subjected to_____ temperatures are surrounded with water jackets. 155. Water is circulated to cool the lubricating oil, packing, and other parts where ____ temperatures may develop. 156. Friction between the shaft and packing erestes heat. ‘Sometimes the heat generated in the packing box area is too great to be carried away by the. or the lubricant, 157, To keep the shaft and packing from overheating, they are fitted with La cfeite 158. Look at the drawing. CASING WATER JACKET PACKING SOD ‘The cooling water eireulates In the surrounding the packing box. PACKING GLAND Ba grade dirt high high water jackets water jacket159. When the bearing lubricant must be cooled, the bear- 160. 161 162, ing and reservoirs may be surrounded with ——___ Where the heat generated is too great to be carried away by water-jacketed reservoirs, the lube oil is pumped through a shell-and-tube cooler and then to thoes ey If not much heat is generated by the pump, heat is lost directly to the _____ through the reservoir housing. High temperature pumps usually have water-jacketed bases (pedestals). ‘The more heat the pump has to handle, the more thoroughly it is eae 55 water Jackets earings ‘air, or atmosphere water-jacketed