INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOLS FOR ENERGY

AND ENVIRONMENT
 Content
➢ International milestones
✓ STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE

✓ FIRST WORLD CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE

✓ BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION

✓ FORMATION OF IPCC(LIST OF COP’S)

✓ UN CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION

✓ STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POP’S

✓ ROTTERDAM CONVENTION

✓ BASEL CONVENTION

✓ BOMAKO CONVENTION
 FIRST WORLD CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE

➢ World Climate Conference (1979) (FWCC or WCC-1)

➢ Chair: RM White, USA
➢ Venue: International Conference Centre, Geneva (12th – 23rd Feb 1979)

❖ Convened by WMO, in collaboration with :

✓ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),
✓ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
✓ World Health Organization (WHO),
✓ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
✓ ICSU and other scientific partners, as “a world conference of experts on climate and mankind”.
 BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION

➢ The Brundtland Commission(1987): Norway's former PM Gro Harlem Brundtland.

➢ Presented a new concept - Sustainable Development.

➢ To ensure sustainable development : Agenda 21, in many areas and on all levels of society.

➢ Report: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in

1992.

➢ The concept helped to shape the international agenda and the international community's attitude

towards economic, social and environmental development.

➢ Report defined :
Sustainable Development as “Development which meets the needs of current
generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs".

➢ The concept supports strong economic and social development, in particular for people with a low
standard of living.

➢ At the same time it underlines the importance of protecting the natural resource base and the
environment. Economic and social well-being cannot be improved with measures that destroy the
environment.

➢ Intergenerational solidarity is also crucial: All development has to take into account its impact on the
opportunities for future generations.
 FORMATION OF IPCC

➢ Created :1988.

➢ Set up by: WMO and UNEP

✓ To prepare, based on available scientific information, assessments on all aspects of climate change and its

impacts, with a view of formulating realistic response strategies.

➢ Today the IPCC's role is as defined in Principles Governing IPCC Work,

✓ "...to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-

economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate

change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.
 LIST OF COP’S

1995: COP 1, Berlin, Germany

1996: COP 2, Geneva, Switzerland

1997: COP 3, The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change

1998: COP 4, Buenos Aires, Argentina

1999: COP 5, Bonn, Germany

2000: COP 6, The Hague, Netherlands

2001: COP 7, Marrakech, Morocco

2002: COP 8, New Delhi, India

2003: COP 9, Milan, Italy

2004: COP 10, Buenos Aires, Argentina

2005: COP 11/CMP 1, Montreal, Canada

2006: COP 12/CMP 2, Nairobi, Kenya

2007: COP 13/CMP 3, Bali, Indonesia

2008: COP 14/CMP 4, Poznań, Poland

2009: COP 15/CMP 5, Copenhagen, Denmark

2010: COP 16/CMP 6, Cancún, Mexico

2011: COP 17/CMP 7, Durban, South Africa

2012: COP 18/CMP 8, Doha, Qatar

2013: COP 19/CMP 9, Warsaw, Poland

2014: COP 20/CMP 10, Lima, Peru

2015: COP 21/CMP 11, Paris, France

2016: COP 22/CMP 12/CMA 1, Marrakech, Morocco

2017: COP 23/CMP 13/CMA 2, Bonn, Germany

2018: COP 24/CMP 14/CMA 3, Katowice, Poland

 RIO SUMMIT

➢ UN CONFERENCE ON ENVT. & DEVELOPMENT CALLED AS RIO SUMMIT OR EARTH

SUMMIT 1992.
➢ ADOPTED: 27 PRINCIPLES -SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN FUTURE.
➢ AGENDA 21 – FIRST BLUE PRINT TO ACHIEVE SUSTAIANABLE DEVELOPMENT IN 21
CENTURY.
➢ UNCCD(UN CONVENTION TO COMBOT DESERTIFICATION).
➢ CBD(UN CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY).
➢ UNFCCC(UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE).
KOYOTO PROTOCOL
The UN member countries divided into:

❑ Annex I countries: Industrialized countries and economies in transition.

❑ Annex II countries: Developed countries which pay for costs of developing countries.

❑ Non Annex I countries: Developing countries.

Kyoto Protocol: Mechanisms
 MARRAKESH AGREEMENT(COP7)

❖ THE MAIN DECISIONS AT COP 7 INCLUDED:

➢ Operational rules for international EMISSIONS TRADING among parties to the Protocol and for the
CDM and joint implementation.
➢ A compliance regime that outlined consequences for failure to meet emissions Targets but deferred to
the parties to the protocol, once it came into force.
➢ The decision on whether those consequences would be legally binding.
➢ Accounting procedures for the flexibility mechanisms.
➢ A decision to consider at cop 8 how to achieve a review of the adequacy of Commitments that might
lead to discussions on future commitments by Developing countries.
 DELHI DECLARATION(COP 8)

➢ COP 8:New Delhi : November 2002,

➢ It marked a new phase of negotiations as the focus shifted to implementation of the

Marrakesh Accords and to Convention issues.

➢ COP 8 adopted the Delhi Ministerial Declaration on Climate Change and Sustainable

Development as well as the New Delhi work programme on education, training and public

awareness.
 BALI ACTION PLAN(COP 13)

➢ Adopted : 2007.

➢ All developed country Parties have agreed to “quantified emission limitation and reduction

objectives, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account

differences in their national circumstances.”

➢ Developing country Parties agreed to form a nationally appropriate mitigation actions

[NAMAs] context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology,

financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner.

➢ 42 developed countries,57 developing countries and the African Group (a group of countries

within the UN)have submitted mitigation targets to the UNFCC secretariat.

➢ Under NAMA India in 2008,PM launched NAPCC(National Action Plan
On Climate Change) having 8 components.

✓ JLN National Solar Mission.

✓ National Water Mission.

✓ National mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency.

✓ National mission on Sustainable Habitat.

✓ National mission on Green India.

✓ National mission on Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem.

✓ National mission on Agriculture.

✓ National mission on Strategic Knowledge Platform on Climate Change.

 POLAND(COP14)
The meeting produced a number of useful results:
➢ Launched the Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol.
➢ The Fund was to be filled by a 2% levy on projects under the Clean Development Mechanism.
➢ Parties agreed that the Adaptation Fund Board should have legal capacity to grant direct access to
developing countries.
➢ It identified divergences of views on key issues related to increasing the level of available funding for
adaptation and improvements to the CDM, which required resolution in the coming year.
➢ Further progress was made on a number of ongoing issues of particular importance to developing
countries, including adaptation, finance, technology, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation (REDD),and disaster management.
➢ A significant outcome was that governments agreed that the first draft of a concrete negotiating text
for a global climate change deal would be available at a UNFCCC gathering in Bonn in June of 2009,
with the target of adoption at COP15 in Copenhagen.
 COPENHAGEN ACCORD (COP 15)

➢ The Copenhagen Accord contained several key elements on which there was strong

convergence of the views of governments.

➢ This included the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature

increase to no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels,subject to a review in

2015.

➢ There was, however, no agreement on how to do this in practical terms.

➢ It also included a reference to consider limiting the temperature increase to below 1.5

degrees - a key demand made by vulnerable developing countries.

 Other central elements included:

➢ Developed countries promises to fund actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the

inevitable effects of climate change in developing countries.

➢ Developed countries promised to provide US$30 billion for the period 2010-2012, and to mobilize long-term

finance of a further US$100 billion a year by 2020 from a variety of sources.

➢ Agreement on the measurement, reporting and verification of developing country actions, including a

reference to "International Consultation And Analysis", which had yet to be defined.

➢ Establishment of four new bodies: A mechanism on REDD-plus, a High-Level Panel under the COP to

study implementation of financial provisions, the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund, and a Technology

Mechanism.
 CANCUN(COP 16)
Under this Parties agreed:

➢ To commit to a maximum temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to
consider lowering that maximum to 1.5 degrees in the near future.

➢ To make fully operational by 2012 a technology mechanism to boost the innovation, development and
spread of new climate-friendly Technologies.

➢ To establish a Green Climate Fund to provide financing to Projects, Programs, Policies and other
activities in developing countries via thematic funding windows.

➢ On the Cancun Adaptation Framework,which included setting up an Adaptation Committee to promote

the implementation of stronger,cohesive action on adaptation.
 DURBAN (COP 17)

➢ Durban 2011, delivered a breakthrough on the international community's response to climate change.

➢ In the second largest meeting of its kind,the negotiations advanced, in a balanced fashion, the implementation
of the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, the Bali Action Plan, and the Cancun Agreements.

➢ The outcomes included a decision by Parties to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change as soon as
possible, and no later than 2015.

➢ The President of COP17/CMP7 Maite Nkoana-Mashabane said:

"What we have achieved in Durban will play a central role in saving tomorrow, today."
 WARSAW POLAND (COP 19)

➢ Warsaw Climate Change Conference 2013 concluded successfully!

➢ Key decisions adopted at this conference include decisions on further advancing the

Durban Platform, the Green Climate Fund and Long-Term Finance, the Warsaw

Framework for REDD Plus, the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage

and other decisions.

PARIS AGREEMENT (COP 21)
 Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2016
➢ On 12 December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted as an agreement within the UNFCCC
framework.

➢ 192 countries have signed this agreement (including India).

➢ 94 Countries have ratified (including India).

➢ India ratified on 02 October 2016.

➢ It will come into force on 4 November 2016 after ratification by 55 UNFCCC Parties,
accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

➢ Paris Agreement will replace the Kyoto Protocol after its second Commitment period ends on 31
January 2020.
 Provisions in Paris Agreement

➢ A long-term target to limit the rise in the global temperature “to well below 20C (3.60F) above pre-
industrial levels” and appealed to countries to engage in efforts to restrict the increase to 1.50C.
➢ A promise to generate a global assessment of climate improvement by 2018 and the nations will be
back to the negotiating table by 2020 for presenting.
➢ Climate objectives that would represent an advancement ahead of their then Existing target.
➢ Voluntary pledges made by 188 parties (countries) to climate change action in the shape of
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).
➢ Emissions-slashing pledges from individual countries and promises to help the developing nations
adapt to the detrimental effects of global warming.
➢ Moreover, the negotiators agreed on measures to amend, strengthen, and scrutinize countries’
individual contributions (INDCs).
 Importance of Paris Agreement, 2016

➢ For the first time in more than 20 years of UN’s climate negotiations, the COP21 accomplished a
legally binding and universal agreement on climate: the Paris Agreement.

Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR)

(India’s Standpoint)

➢ Stresses the need for equity and fairness(as highlighted by the developing countries).

➢ Obligation on all parties (countries) to take climate action in consideration of their respective
domestic/national circumstances.
India Ratifies the Paris Climate Agreement.
 India’s Ratification of Paris Agreement

➢ India ratified the Paris agreement on climate change on 2nd October 2016.

➢ India is the world’s 4th-largest carbon emitter accounting for 4.1% of the total global
emission, is the 62nd nation to ratify the agreement.
 India’s Commitments in Paris Agreement

➢ Reduction in emissions intensity per unit GDP by 33 to 35% below the 2005 level by 2030.

➢ The aim is to produce 40% of the total electricity from sources other than fossil fuels.

➢ Creation of an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon-dioxide through extra
forest and tree cover by 2030.

➢ Voluntarily installing 175 GW of renewable power capacity by 2022 (Targets are 100 GW of
electricity from solar energy, of which 40 GW would be through individual rooftop systems.
 UN CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION

➢ Established: 1994
➢ UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to
sustainable land management.
➢ The Convention addresses specifically the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the dry
lands, where some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be found.
➢ In the 10-Year Strategy of the UNCCD (2008-2018) that was adopted in 2007, Parties to the
Convention further specified their goals:

"to forge a global partnership to reverse and prevent desertification/land

degradation and to mitigate the effects of drought in affected areas in
order to support poverty reduction and environmental sustainability"
➢ The Convention’s 195 parties work together to improve the living conditions for people in
dry lands, to maintain and restore land and soil productivity, and to mitigate the effects of
drought.

➢ The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the

participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation.

➢ The UNCCD secretariat facilitates cooperation between developed and developing

countries, particularly around knowledge and technology transfer for sustainable land
management.

➢ As the dynamics of land, climate and biodiversity are intimately connected, the UNCCD
collaborates closely with the other two Rio Conventions; the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), to meet these complex challenges with an integrated approach and the best
possible use of natural resources.
 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POP’S

➢ The Stockholm Convention is the most significant global legally binding instrument for
targeting POPs.
➢ The UNEP coordinated the organisation of the Stockholm Convention, which was originally
signed by 92 nations and the European Community on the 23 May 2001 in
Stockholm,Sweden.
➢ Listed:12 key POPs chemicals (dirty dozen) for which signatories are required to reduce the
risks to human health and the environment arising from their release.
➢ Enlisted parties are required to take measures (legal and/or administrative) to eliminate or
heavily restrict the production and use of POP pesticides and PCBs, and to minimise the
unintentional production and release of POPs.
➢ The 12 key POPs that are targeted by the Convention include Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT,
Dieldrin,Dioxins,Endrin,Furans, Hexachlorobenzene, Heptachlor, Mirex, PCBs and Toxaphee.
➢ The Stockholm Convention is perhaps best understood as having five essential aims:

✓ Eliminate dangerous POPs, starting with the 12 worst Support the transition to safer
alternatives.

✓ Target additional POPs for action.

✓ Cleanup old stockpiles and equipment containing POPs.

✓ Work together for a POPs-free future.

➢ The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) is the designated interim financial mechanism for the
Stockholm Convention.
 ROTTERDAM CONVENTION

➢ The text of the Rotterdam Convention was adopted on 10 September 1998 by a Conference of
Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

➢ The Convention entered into force on 24 February 2004.

➢ The objectives of the Convention are:

✓ To promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade
of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from
potential harm

✓ To contribute to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating

information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making
process on their import and export and by disseminating these decisions to Parties.
 BASEL CONVENTION

➢ The Basel Convention : Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

their Disposal .

➢ Adopted on 22 March 1989:Basel, Switzerland,

➢ In response to a public outcry following the discovery, in the 1980s, in Africa and other parts of the
developing world of deposits of toxic wastes imported from abroad.

➢ Objective-

✓ The overarching objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the
environment against The adverse effects of hazardous wastes. Its scope of application
covers a wide range of wastes defined as “hazardous wastes” based on their origin and/or
composition and their characteristics, as well as two types of wastes defined as “other
wastes” - household waste and incinerator ash.
➢ Aims and provisions:-

✓ The reduction of hazardous waste generation and the promotion of environmentally sound management

of hazardous wastes, wherever the place of disposal.

✓ The restriction of trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes except where it is perceived to be in

Accordance with the principles of environmentally sound management.

✓ A regulatory system applying to cases where trans-boundary movements are permissible.

 BOMAKO CONVENTION
➢ The Bamako Convention is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import into Africa of any
Hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The convention came into force in 1998.

➢ SPECIFICITY

✓ The Bamako convention uses a format and language similar to that of the Basel
convention, but : Is much stronger in prohibiting all imports of hazardous waste.

✓ It does not make exceptions on certain hazardous wastes (like those for radioactive
materials) made by the Basel convention.

➢ STATUS OF THE CONVENTION

✓ Negotiated by 12 nations of the African Union (former Organization of African Unity) at

Bamako, Mali in January, 1991.Came into force in 1998.

✓ Till date: 29 Signatories, 25 Parties.

➢ PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTION :-

✓ Prohibit the import of all hazardous and radioactive wastes into the African continent for any
reason.

✓ Minimize and control trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes within the African
continent.

✓ Prohibit all ocean and inland water dumping or incineration of hazardous wastes.

✓ Ensure that disposal of wastes is conducted in an “environmentally sound manner ".

✓ Promote cleaner production over the pursuit of a permissible emissions approach based on
assimilative capacity assumptions Establish the precautionary principle.