BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE MLS – 110

FINALS
Lactobacillus Acidophilus 3. Quantiferon-TB
❑ Normal flora of the mouth, GIT (Boas-Oppler ➢ measures interferon gamma levels
bacillus) and vaginal canal (Doderlain’s bacillus) ➢ not affected by previous BCG vaccination
❑ Non-pathogenic and has little clinical significance 4. RAPID culture: Bactec radiometric culture – 1-2
❑ Cultured on Tomato Juice Agar weeks only
❑ L. casei “Shirota strain” (yakult) 5. GeneXpert- PCR based NAAT for detection of MTB
from sputum specimens
Propionebacterium acne (Cutibacterium acne) 2. M. bovis
❑ Anaerobic diphteroid, skin flora ❑ TB in animals
❑ Catalase, indole, Nitrate reduction (+) ❑ BCG vaccine attenuated
❑ Aerotolerant, has sulfur granules but can only seen 3. M. africanum
in macroscopically ❑ Most common cause of TB in Africa
❑ Blood culture contaminants 4. M. leprae-
❑ Bacteria found in acne ❑ Acid fast rod in nasal mucosa of patients with
MYCOBACTERIUM nodular variety of Hansen’s disease
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ❑ Hydrolyze 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA)
❑ Koch’s bacillus ❑ Non-cultivatable on agar (in-vitro), has tropism to
❑ Obligate aerobe, Gram (+), or Gram ghost/neutral peripheral nerves
❑ Slightly curved rod, measuring 0.2-0.6micron in ❑ MOT: person-person thru inhalation/skin contact
diameter and 1-4 in length
❑ Require CO2 for growth RUNYON CLASSIFICATION OF MOTT (DELOST)
❑ Virulence: cord factor and Sulfatides
❑ GHON complexes- granulomatous lesions
Resistance:
❑ highly resistant to drying, remains in putrifying
sputum for weeks/dried sputum for 6-8 months
❑ droplets of dried sputum may be infectious 8-10
days
❑ organisms from culture are killed within 2 hours
upon exposure to sunlight
❑ Sputum: 20-30 hours exposure to sun before they
GROUP I- PHOTOCHROMOGENS
get killed
(produce pigment in light only)
❑ Generally resistant to chemical disinfection;
❑ M. kansasii – yellow bacillus, NO3(+), causes
requires 24hr exposure to 5% phenol
pneumonia
❑ Easily killed by Moist heat, boiling for 10mins,
❑ M. marinum – NO3(-), Growth at 30deg, agent of
pasteurization/autoclave.
swimming pool granuloma
Laboratory Diagnosis:
❑ M. simiae – Niacin (+), N03 (-)
1. Chest X-ray
❑ M. asiaticum
2. Tuberculin Test, Mantoux = (+) 5-10mm induration
GROUP II- SCOTOCHROMOGENS
3. Gram stain sputum = suitability test (>10SEC,
(even in the dark)
<25PMNs)
❑ M. scrofulaceum – Tween 80 (-), Urease (+), causes
4. DSSM (AFB stain) = 2x3 cm ideal size of smear
scrofula
Stains:
❑ M. szulgai – photochromogen at 25degC
1. Ziehl-Neelsen (Hot method)
❑ M. xenopi
2. Kinyoun (cold method)
❑ M. gordonae – “TAP WATER BACILLUS”, Tween 80
3. Fite-Faracos
(+), Urease (-), found in TAP water
4. Arylmethane dyes
❑ M. flavescens
5. Auramine-rhodamine (+) yellow against black
❑ M. thermoresistible
backgorund
GROUP III- NON-PHOTOCHROMOGENS
6. Spengelers stain – for colorblind, (+) black
❑ M.avium – Lady Windermere Syndrome, TB in birds
7. Pappenheims stain: MTB-red; M.smegmatis-blue
and chicken
8. Baungarten’s stain: MTB-blue; M.leprae- red
❑ M. avium – intracellulare complex: “Battey
Culture Media:
bacillus”,
❑ culture maintained for 8weeks/ 2mos
❑ incidence in HIV patients
❑ Colonies: Tan to buff (non-pigmented) dry, rough,
❑ M. ulcerans – “Inert bacillus”, Buruli ulcers
watery, resembling to “cauliflower”
❑ M. haemophilum
1. Egg based media: with Malachite Green (inhibit
❑ M. terrae-trivale – Raddish bacillus
normal flora)
GROUP IV RAPID GROWERS
➢ Lowenstein-Jensen
❑ M. fortuitum – NO3 (+)
➢ Petragnani (increased MG)- for contaminated
❑ M. chelonei – NO3 (-)
spx
❑ M. phlei – Hay bacillus
➢ American Thoracic society medium
❑ M. smegmatis
➢ Dorset Egg Medium
❑ M. abscessus – severe chronic pulmonary infection
2. Agar Based Media:
➢ Duboi’s Oleic-Acid Albumin Medium
➢ Middlebrook 7H10, 7H11- clear media used for
AST

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 BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE MLS – 110
FINALS
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE or ENTEROBACTERALES ❑ MUG (+) except E. coli 0157:H7 (most virulent type)
❑ Gram negative rods ❑ Rapid Lactose fermenter on MacConkey Agar
❑ Motile with peritrichous flagella except: Klebsiella, ❑ Green metallic sheen on EMB (Eosin Methylene
Shigella, Yersinia Blue)
❑ Facultative anaerobes ❑ Typing based on O and H antigens
❑ Ferment glucose Spectrum of Disease:
❑ Often with gas production except: Shigella, 1. Neonatal Meningitis – MCC in the Philippines
Salmonella, Proteus, Providencia BE CAREFUL!
❑ Catalase positive except: Shigella dysenteriae B-E-L
❑ Oxidase negative except: Plesiomonas (new B group Strep (S. agalactiae) – MCC in the US
member) E. coli – MCC in the Philippines
❑ Reduce Nitrate to Nitrite except: Erwinia and Listeria monocytogenes – MCC among
Pantoea immunocompromised pregnant
Antigenic Structure: 2. UTI – MCC of UTI, in both sexually and non-sexually active
1. K antigen patients
❑ Capsular antigen; Heat labile BE CAREFUL!
❑ Some Salmonella have capsular (K) antigens, S. saprophyticus: SEXUALLY ACTIVE only
referred to Vi E. coli: BOTH
2. O antigen
❑ Somatic antigen; Heat stable
❑ Serogrouping of Shigella
❑ Antibodies to O antigens are predominantly IgM
3. H antigen
❑ Located in flagella
❑ Denatured or removed by heat or alcohol
❑ Agglutinate with Anti-H antibodies, mainly IgG

3. EHEC – caused by E. coli:H2

❑ Virulence factor is the Verotoxin or Shiga-like Toxin
❑ Named after Vero cells found in African Green
Monkey Kidney
❑ EHEC is inoculated in SMAC – Sorbitol-MAC
❑ Result is: Sorbitol NEGATIVE

Biochemical Tests:
1. TSI – Triple Sugar Iron: Fermentation of sugars
2. LIA – Lysine-Isoleucine-Arginine
❑ For Lysine Deamination and Decarboxylation
3. Indole: detects Tryptophanase
4. MRVP – Methyl Red and Vogues-Proskauer: Mixed
Acid Fermentation
5. Vogues-Proskauer Tests: Butylene Glycol Pathway Klebsiella
6. Citrate Utilization ❑ TSI (A/A with Gas)
7. Malonate Utilization ❑ IMViC = -/-/+/+
8. Decarboxylase Test: uses Moeller Medium ❑ LOA = +/-/-
❑ Ability to use Lysine, Ornithine and Arginine ❑ Pink MUCOID colonies in MAC agar
9. Phenylalanine Deaminase Test ❑ Lactose fermenter
10. Gelatin Liquefaction test – Positive: Serratia, Proteus ❑ Non-motile (SKY)
11. Urease test: Uses Christensen/Stuart Urea Agar Patient Settings:
❑ Nosocomial (long duration in hospital)
❑ Alcoholics
❑ Diabetics
Spectrum of Disease:
1. K. pneumoniae: aka Friedlander’s bacillus
➢ Pneumonia: “currant-jelly like sputum)
2. K pneumoniae ss. Ozaenae – Purulent atrophic rhinitis and
cerebral abscess
Escherichia coli
3. K. rhinoscleromatis – granoluma -nose and pharynx
Characteristics:
4. K. (Calymmabacterium) granulomatis
❑ TSI A/A
➢ Granuloma inguinal or Donovasis
❑ LOA = +/+/-
➢ Donovan bodies – beefy, granulomatous
❑ IMViC = +/+/-/-

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 BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE MLS – 110
FINALS
❑ C. koseri – cause of nursery outbreaks of neonatal
meningitis and brain abscess.
Salmonella
❑ Lactose non-fermenter, except S. arizonae (Slow)
❑ H2S positive – “Fish/Bull’s eye appearance”
❑ Differentiate with Shigella
❑ Bismuth Sulfite Agar (BSA) – selective agar for
Salmonella typhi.
❑ Typhoid Mary (Mary Mallon)
❑ IMVIC: -/+/-/+
❑ TSI: K/A, H2S (+)
Patient Settings
Enterobacter ❑ Undercooked chicken and egg
Characteristics: ❑ Tendency to hide (gallbladder and Peyer’s
❑ IMViC = -/-/+/+ Patches)
❑ TSI = A/A + gas, H2s (-) ❑ Isolation: B-U-S
❑ Opportunistic infections: UTI, RT, and wound ➢ 1st week: Blood
infections ➢ 2nd and 3rd: Urine
❑ Most predominant isolate is E. cloacae & E. ➢ 5th week: Serum (Ab titers)
aerogenes Spectrum of Disease:
❑ Lactose fermenter, except: E. taylorae or E. ❑ Typhoid fever:
cancerogenus ➢ MCC Salmonella typhi
➢ Associated with osteomyelitis after trauma ➢ Septicemia with GIT infection
❑ E. sakazakii – produces yellow pigment ➢ “Rose spots” in abdomen – second week
➢ Diagnosis:
• WIDAL TEST – detect O and H antigen
• Classified by Kauffman-White Scheme
Shigella
❑ TSI= K/A
❑ H2S (-) - use to diff with Salmonella
❑ Non-motile
❑ NLF except Shigella sonnei (NLF)
Serratia ❑ Natural habitat is limited to intestinal tracts of
Characteristics: humans and other primates where they produce
❑ Slow lactose fermenter; ONPG (+) (CHYSSS) bacillary dysentery
❑ Slow urease producer (CKEYS) ❑ Dysentery – presence of blood, mucus and pus in
❑ Non-Motile (SKY) stool
❑ Produces extracellular DNase, Lipase, Gelatinase ❑ Shingellosis – Seizures, HUS, associated with S.
❑ Resistant to many antimicrobials (MDR) dysenteriae
❑ S. marcescens, S. rubidaea, S. plymuthica ❑ TSI (K/A)
➢ produces red pigment due to PRODIGIOSIN ❑ H2S negative – (differentiate with Salmonella)
when incubated at room temperature. ❑ Lactose non-fermenter, except S. sonnei (Slow)
Spectrum of Diseases: ❑ Non-motile
S. marcescens – most clinically significant
❑ Infection of urinary and respiratory tract
❑ Bacterimic outbreaks
❑ Septic arthritis

Proteus
❑ Non-lactose fermenter (PPM)
❑ Rapid urease producer (PPM)
S. plymuthica – osteomyelitis was found following ❑ H2S positive – differentiate with Providencia and
motorcycle accident Morganella
S. odorifera – emits dirty, musty odor like that of potato ❑ “Burnt chocolate” odor
Citrobacter ❑ P. mirabilis – MCC of Struvite kidney stones
❑ Organism resemble to Salmonella but ONPG (+) ❑ “Swarming” motility on SBA
and LDC (-) ❑ Triple Phosphate Crystals = coffin lid
❑ Hydrolyze urea slowly
❑ ferment lactose (slow), citrate (+)
❑ C. freundii – isolated from diarrheal stool cultures
Providencia
➢ Extraintestinal pathogen
❑ Normal intestinal flora, cause UTI
➢ Growth in KCN Agar

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 BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE MLS – 110
FINALS
❑ Providencia rettgeri: urease positive; P. stuartii: ➢ P. mendocina
urease negative/var. Burkholderia
Edwardsiella ❑ Burkgolderia mallei – causes Glander’s or Farcy
❑ isolated from environment and many cold disease
blooded and warm-blooded animals including ➢ Infectious disease of HORSES
reptiles, fish, frogs, turtles. ➢ B. mallei is the only non-motile in the family.
❑ E. tarda – most human species ❑ Burkholderia pseudomallei – causes Meliodosis
❑ same IMVC with E. coli but differs with H2S (+), NLF, (Vietnam’s Time bomb disease or Whitmore’s
TSI: K/A disease)
Yersinia ➢ Glander’s like disease found in humans
❑ Biosafety level 3 ➢ Medium: Ashdown agar – have “earthy odor”
❑ Requires cold enhancement (YeLi) Burkholderia cepacia
➢ Motile at 25 deg C, Non-motile at 37 deg C ❑ Oxidase and LDC (+)
➢ Except Y. pestis – non-motile at both ❑ motility: lopotrichous
temperature ❑ CULTURE MEDIUM: OFPBL agar: yellow
❑ Incubated for 1-3 weeks ❑ Earth like/dirt like odor
❑ Red bull’s eye in Cefsulodin Irgasan Novobiocin Disease:
(CIN) agar (clear colonies with pink center) ❑ Heart valve endocarditis
❑ Safety pin appearance – Bipolar bodies in Wayson ❑ Foot rot in humans Onion rot in plants
stain ❑ 2nd most common cause of cystic fibrosis
Spectrum of Disease:
1. Bubonic plague – by Yersinia pestis
❑ “Buboes” – painful regional lymph nodes
❑ Transmitted by rat fleas
2. Mesenteric appendicitis – by Y. enterocolitica
❑ Acquired through contamination of blood bags
NON-FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
❑ Grow in MacConkey as colorless colonies
Acinetobacter
❑ Fail to acidify O-F media
❑ Under Moraxella family
❑ Most isolates are oxidase positive
❑ Gram-negative coccobacilli
❑ Oxidizes glucose
➢ “fat coccobacilli”
❑ Most have characteristic and odor
❑ Associated with nosocomial infections
❑ Most are MDR
❑ A. baumannii = most prevalent in infected wound
Family Pseudomonadacia
of US army soldiers
❑ Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas
➢ Bluish or peach pink tint on MAC
❑ Lactose non-fermenter BUT oxidizers
➢ Cornflower blue color on EMB
❑ All are motile except B. mallei
❑ TSI: K/K, catalase (+), Oxidase (-), Non-motile, MDR
❑ All are oxidase positive except S. maltophila
❑ A.bamannii- oxidizer, growth at 42degC
Pseudomonas
❑ A.lwoffii- Non-oxidizer/assacharolytic
❑ Medium: Centrimide agar (Colonies have fruity,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
grape-like or corn tortilla odors due to 2-
❑ Old name: Xanthromonas
aminoacetophenone)
❑ Oxidase (-), Dnase (+), LDC (+)
❑ Colonies = “gun metal appearance”
❑ Oxidizer of glucose
❑ Large, dull gray, with feathery edge
❑ Strong oxidizer of maltose
❑ Able to grow at 42 deg C (P. aeroginusa,
❑ Lavender green colony
Campylobacter, Stenotrophomonas maltophila)
❑ Ammonia like odor
❑ Pigment production:
❑ TSA- yellow pigment
➢ Pyocyanin – blue pigment
❑ Causes wound infection (farming equipment)
➢ Pyoverdin – yellowish green
Alkaligenes faecalis
➢ Pyorubin – red
❑ Oxidase, catalase (+), Urease (-)
➢ Pyomelanin – brown
❑ Motile: peritrichous
Spectrum of Disease:
❑ Apple-like “fruity odor”
1. Associated with Cystic Fibrosis – infect the lungs
❑ OF negative
2. Whirlpool associated dermatitis
❑ Dse: UTI, wound, diarrhea
3. Jacuzzi or hot tub syndrome
4. Ecthyma gangrenosum
5. Swimmer’s ear infection
6. Malignant otitis externa – external ear infection
with diabetes
Other Stains:
❑ Fluorescent pseudomonads:
➢ P. fluorescens
➢ P. putida
❑ Soil denitrifiers – utilize ammonium and acetate Vibrio
from soil ❑ Gram (-) comma shaped rod with flagellum
➢ P. stutzeri ❑ CM = TCBS agar, Acid or Alkaline Peptone water
❑ TCBS: yellow due to sucrose fermentation

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 BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE MLS – 110
FINALS
➢ Fermenters: V. cholerae and V. alginolyticus HAEMOPHILUS, HACEK AND OTHER FASTIDIOUS ORGANISM
➢ Non-fermenters: appears green HACEK
❑ All are halophilic except V. cholerae and V. ❑ (Haemophilus aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter
mimicus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium
❑ String test: differentiate Vibrio from Aeromonas hominis, Eikenella corodens, Kingella spp)
➢ Rgt: 0.5% Deoxycholate ❑ Dysgonic (slower or poorer growing)
➢ Vibrio – Positive string ❑ Cause sub-acute bacterial endocarditis and
➢ Aeromonas – No string periodontal disease
Vibrio cholerae ❑ Normal flora of oral cavity
❑ Causative agent of cholera = “Rice Water Stool” ❑ Fail to grow on MacConkey
➢ S/Sx = “Washerwoman’s hands” ❑ Glucose fermenter
➢ Ingestion of contaminated shellfish or water HAEMOPHILUS
❑ Serotypes based on O antigen ❑ Ferment CHO except: H. ducreyi
➢ El Tor and Classic – contains O1 antigen ❑ Non-motile, non-spore forming, Facultative
➢ Bengal – contains O139 antigen anaerobes
❑ Serotypes based on other antigens ❑ Most spp are oxidase and catalase positive
➢ Ogawa = has A and B antigen ❑ Obligate parasites
➢ Inaba = has A and C antigen ❑ Required growth factors:
➢ Hikojima = has All ➢ Hemin/ hematin (X factor)
➢ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD or V
factor)
❑ Preferred incubation:
➢ H. influenzae-5%- 10% CO2 at 35degC to
37degC for 24 to72 hours
➢ H.ducreyi- 5%- 10% CO2 at 33degC with high
humidity for up to 7 days
❑ Specimen processing and isolation: collected by
premoistened swab, Stuarts or Amies
Other VIbrio
❑ H.influenzae: NPS
❑ V. parahaemolyticus
❑ H.aegypticus: eye swab
➢ Most prevalent in Japan
❑ H.ducreyi: swab chancroid
➢ Non-fermenter (green in TCBS), halophilic
❑ Culture media: Chocolate agar/ CAP with
➢ Medium – Wagatsuma Agar = shows
bacitracin
“Kanagawa phenomenon” (double zone of
❑ Nairobi biplate medium
hemolysis)
❑ Laboratory ID
❑ V. vulnificus – raw and contaminated oysters
➢ Neufeld quelling reaction
Aeromonas
➢ Staphylococcus streak
❑ hydrophilia (water loving) – the most common
➢ X and V factor requirement
isolate
➢ Porphyrin test
❑ Gram negative straight rods
❑ Large, round, raised, opaque, B-hem (SBA)
❑ Ferments lactose, pink-centered colonies on CIN
(Cefsulodin- irgasan-novobiocin)
Plesiomonas shingelloides
❑ Straight gram-negative rods that occurs singly, in
pairs, in short chains
❑ Shiny, opaque colonies, gamma hem on SBA
❑ White to pink in inositol brilliant green bile aslt agar
❑ LDC, ODC, ADH POSITIVE – “POSITIVE TRIO”
Campylobacter H. Influenzae
❑ Grows optimally at 42 deg C (PaCS) ❑ Formerly known as Pfieffer’s bacillus
❑ Colonies – “Wings of Seagull” appearance ❑ Six serotypes (a,b,c,d,e and f)
❑ Gram-negative S or curved shaped ❑ Most frequently encountered serotype in infection
❑ CM: Skirrow’s medium serotype B
❑ Campylobacter jejuni – implicated with Guillian ❑ Encapsulated strains are pathogenic
Barre syndrome ❑ Main cause of meningitis in children <5 years old
Helicobacter pylori ❑ Associated with respiratory conditions epiglottitis
❑ Natural habitat: Stomach ❑ Catalase (+), lactose (-), xylose positive
❑ Only bacteria associated with cancer (MALT H. aegypticus
lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma) ❑ Formerly known as “Koch-weeks bacillus”
❑ Causative agent: Peptic Ulcer Disease ❑ Closely resembles H.influenzae biotype III
❑ Tests: ❑ Causes purulent conjunctivitis “pink eye” and
➢ Urea breath test – non-invasive ❑ Brazilian purpuric fever.
➢ Stool antigen test – non-invasive H. ducreyi
➢ Rapid urease test – biopsy ❑ Infective agent of CHANCROID (soft chancre)
❑ Direct examination: “schools of fish” railroad tracks
or finger prints

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 BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE
FINALS
H. aphrophilus
❑ New name: Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
❑ “foam loving” or needing high concentration of
❑ CO2
❑ found in dental and gingival scrapings
❑ With ‘V’ factor dependent and independent
❑ Strains
A. actinomycetemcomitans
❑ Fermenter
❑ Isolation (24hours for visible growth-pinpoint)
❑ After 48 hours “star shape”
❑ Catalase positive
❑ Bipolar staining- “Morse code” appearance
Eikenella corrodens
❑ Fastidious, capnophilic, part of gingival and bowel
flora
❑ Corroding bacterium, characteristic in agar: “PIT
AGAR non-fermenter”
❑ Produces bleach like odor
Kingella kingae
❑ Causes bon infection, oral & blood infection,
subacute bacterial endocarditis
❑ Fermenter (dysgonic); pits agar
❑ Non-hemolytic (K. denitrificans) or B-hemolytic
(K.kingae)
Capnocytophaga
❑ Capnophilic, fusiform or filamentous bacilli.
❑ Characteristic motility: Gliding motility
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
❑ Agent of Granuloma inguinale/ donovans
❑ Group of organisms are seen within mononuclear
cells known as Donovan body
❑ Closely related to Klebsiella
Pasteurella
❑ P. multocida (agent of Pasteurellosis)
❑ Zoonotic infection, agent of shipping fever in
cattles
❑ Route of infection is from bite or scratch of an
infected animal usually a cat: “CAT BITE
INFECTION”
Bordetella
❑ Aerobic, non-motile except; B. bronchiseptica
❑ B. pertussis- agent of WHOOPING COUGH
❑ 3 stages of whooping cough
a) Catarrhal- flulike symptoms (contagious)
b) Paroxysmal – repetitive coughing episodes
c) Convalescent – recovery phase
❑ Ideal specimen: NPS
❑ Culture media:
a) Bordet-Gengou (Potato Blood Glycerol)
b) Regan Lowe (Charcoal-Cephalexin)- selective
agar (colonies=mercury droplet)
c) Buffered charcoal yeast extract
Brucella
❑ Agents of brucellosis, undulant fever, malta fever
❑ Small, non-motile, aerobic gram-negative
coccobacilli
❑ Zoonotic, organisms are normal flora of GIT of
goats/sheep
❑ Infections acquire thru ingestion of contaminated
milk nd meat products.
❑ Culture: Castaneda medium (biphasic med)
Francisella
❑ Faintly staining, gram negative coccobacilli, non
motile, obligately aerobe
❑ Tularemia- dse of rodents,- rabbit
RDME | BSMT – 3C
MLS – 110
❑ Individual who handle animal, acquire this zoonosis
through direct contact with blood trough animal
bite or scratch.
❑ Can also be acquired indirectly thru inhaled insect
vectors primarily ticks
❑ Culture media: BLOOD GLUCOSE CYSTEINE MEDIUM
Legionella
❑ L. pneumophila (Legionnaires disease, Pontiac
fever)
❑ L. micdadei (Pittsburgh pnuemonia()
❑ L. bozemanni (Wiga’s agent of pneumonia)
❑ Naturally found in both natural and artificial water
sources; have been found in ponds, creeks,
streams, wet soil, water cooling towers for
airconditioning and heating system and plumbing
system.
❑ Culture medium: BCYE, Feely-Gorman medium
Streptobacillus moniliformis
❑ Gram negative bacilli
❑ Agent of:
➢ rat bite fever (aka spirillum minus) referred
“SODOKU”
➢ Haverhill fever) ingestion of contaminated milk
❑ Broth resembles to “fluff balls” or “bread crumbs”
SPIROCHETES: BORRELIA, TREPONEMA, LEPTOSPIRA
Microscopes to visualize spirochetes:
❑ Darkfield microscopy
❑ Phase contrast MS
❑ Fluorescent MS
Morphological features:
❑ Motility without flagella
Borrelia
❑ Helically coiled bacteria transmitted through
arthropod vectors including lice and ticks
❑ Flexibly twisted organism resembling “stretched
spirals”
❑ Grow in: KELLY MEDIUM
Borrelia recurrentis
❑ Agent of louse-borne relapsing fever; Endemic
relapsing fever
❑ Vector: Human louse (pediculus humanus)
Borrelia anserine, toricatae, parkeri
❑ Agent of tick-borne relapsing fever
❑ Vector: Ornithodorus ticks
❑ Diagnosis: Wright/ Giemsa/BM
Borrelia burgdorferi
❑ Agent of Lyme Disease
❑ Transmitted by: tick vectors: Ixodes dammini/Deer
ticks
❑ Culture media: Barber Stoener Kelly at 33degC for
6 weeks
❑ Confirmatory: ELISA & Western Blot
Treponema
❑ Tightly coiled/twisted
❑ Lab diagnosis:
➢ Darkfield Microscopy- corkscrew motility
➢ Levaditi silver impregnation
➢ Serology:
• Screening: VDRL, RPR, TRUST (regain test)
• Confirmatory: FTA-ABS, TPHA, MHA-TP,
HATTS
Treponema pallidum
❑ Venereal disease (great pox, evil pox)
❑ Transmitted by sexual contact, direct blood
transmission or transplacental route
6
 BACTERIOLOGY LECTURE MLS – 110
FINALS
❑ Non-cultivatable on agar medium
❑ Viable in freezing temperature, killed in refrigerator
temp.
STAGES:
1. Primary syphilis
❑ hard chancre (painless and firm)
❑ Dx: coiled organism with corkscrew motility
❑ spx: swab / aspirate
2. Secondary syphilis
❑ condyloma lata (wart like lesions in moist areas of
the body)
❑ spx: serum (serologic test)
3. Latent syphilis
❑ asymptomatic; (+) serologic test
4. Tertiary syphilis
❑ Gummas
❑ Neurosyphilis (Tabes dorsalis- degeneration of
spinal cord)
❑ Spx: CSF (serologic test)
Leptospira
✓ L.biflexia: non-pathogenic, found in water and soil
✓ L.interogans
❑ Zoonotic, causing human and animal leptospirosis
❑ Shed in the urine of animals: rodents, cattles,dogs,
raccoons and bats
❑ Involves In kidney, lives and CNS infection
❑ Severe form of leptospirosis: WEIL’s Disease
❑ Specimen: 1st week=blood/csf/tissue; 2nd week:
urine
❑ Culture media: Fletcher’s (animal serum + fatty
acid)
❑ GOLD STANDARD TEST: Microscopi Agglutination
Test
GRAM (-) ANAEROBIC BACILLI (GIT FLORA)
Bacteroides fragilis
❑ colon flora; organism most commo0nly
encountered in anaerobic infections
❑ REQUIRES 20% bile
❑ Produce capsules, catalase (+), succinic acid
❑ Culture media: BBE (Bacteroides Bile Esculin Agar)
❑ Kanamycin, Vancimycin, Colistin –resistant
Prevotella melaninogenica
❑ Brown-black pigment on KVLB agar
❑ Brick red fluorescence on UVL
❑ Inhibited by 20% bile
Fusobacterium nucleatum
❑ Breadcrumb colonies & ground glass spindle shape
rods.
❑ Greening on exposure to air/ Fluoresces chartreuse

RDME | BSMT – 3C 7