Lecture 6

CE-341
Environmental Engineering II
(2+1)

Instructor: Madiha Razzaq

Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE)

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan
 Waste Stabilization Ponds
WSP is a relatively shallow body of wastewater, contained in an earthen/lined basin of
controlled shape for treating wastewater through natural processes.

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 Suitability in developing countries
✓ Most suitable for developing countries, which
- have limited financial resources
- Lack technical expertise
- Land area is available at cheap cost, in rural and semi urban settings

However, 1/3rd of WWTPs are based on WSPs in USA

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 Advantages
✓ Can produce effluent fit for irrigation
✓ Minimum sludge handling problems
✓ Low in construction + operational cost
✓ Do not require import of equipment/spares (aerators etc.)
✓ Most suitable in hot climate
✓ Most appropriate in rural settings and small towns.
✓ Result in high fecal coliform reduction (in MP only)

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 Disadvantages
✓ Area intensive (require large area).
✓ Anaerobic ponds may be odorous if designed on higher BOD loading (higher
than permissible)

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 Types of WSPs

Location: at least 500 m away from the main population Restricted crop irrigation: AP and FP sufficient

for aesthetic and other environmental reasons. Unrestricted irrigation: MP are added after AP or FP

Lining needed: If water table is high and being used for WHO guidelines for reuse of wastewater in unrestricted
water supply purpose irrigation Fecal coliform < 1000 MPN/100 mL.

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 Design of WSP (Anaerobic Pond)
✓ Process Design: determination of volumetric quantities
✓ Physical design: geometry and position of inlet and outlet of WSP

✓ Design Criteria
- Designed on volumetric loading
- Detention time: 1-5 days
- Side slopes : 1V:3H
- Area calculated is always mid depth area
- Desludging period ~ 5 years

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 Design of WSP (Anaerobic Pond)

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 Design of WSP (Facultative Pond)
✓ Mostly used for domestic sewage of low to medium strength.
✓ Has three zones as shown below.

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 Design of WSP (Facultative Pond)
✓ Design Criteria Design Formula
- Designed on surface loading rate i.e. kg BOD/ha .day
- Detention time: 7-20 days
- Side slopes : 1V:3H
- Depth: 1.5-2m
- Area calculated is always mid depth surface area
- Desludging period ~ 10-15 years

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 Design of WSP (Facultative Pond)

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 Design of WSP (Facultative Pond)

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 Design of WSP (Maturation Pond)
✓ Fully aerobic ponds, used after facultative ponds
✓ BOD reduction is not significant and not the objective
✓ Used for the reduction of fecal coliform

✓ Principle mechanisms of fecal reduction are

- Temperature and time
- High pH (>9)
- High light intensity

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 Design of WSP (Maturation Pond)
✓ Design Criteria Design Formula
- Designed on surface loading rate
- Detention time: 4-14 days
- Side slopes : 1V:3H
- Desludging period ~ 20 years

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 Design Problem
Design a WSP system for the town of Ferozewala (Tehsil of District Sheikhupura). The
population as per 2017 census is 202,148. Take average water consumption as 200 Ipcd.
Take 80% of water consumption as wastewater flow. Adopt population growth rate as
2.83%. The BOD of wastewater is 200 mg/L. Adopt design year of 2036. The mean
temperature of the coldest month is 15°C.
Design with two options:
- Effluent will be used for restricted irrigation and
- Effluent will be used for unrestricted irrigation.
- Compare both options w.r.t. area requirements.

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 Design Problem
✓ Solution
1. Restricted irrigation: anaerobic pond + facultative pond
2. Unrestricted irrigation: anaerobic pond + facultative pond + maturation pond

Solution Steps Detention time

1. Estimated population in 2036 Dimensions of pond
2. Wastewater flowrate Effluent BOD
3. Anaerobic pond design 5. Total area of option 1
• Volumetric loading 6. Maturation pond design
• Volume of pond 1. Volume and area
• Detention time 2. Dimensions
• Area & dimension of pond 3. Effluent MPN
4. Facultative pond design 7. Total area of option 2
Surface loading
Area of pond

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 Design Problem (AP)

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 Design Problem (FP)

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 Design Problem (MP)

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