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Gul-E-Hina
Lecturer,
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research (IEER)
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
gulehina@uet.edu.pk
Last lecture review
• Introduction to wastewater collection system
• Basic terms (sewer, sewage, sewerage)
• Types of sewer
• Sources of wastewater
• Types of wastewater collection system
• Infiltration and inflow
• Variation in sewage flow
• Design periods
• Numericals
Week - 6
Design Period
“The future period for which the provision is made in designing the
capacities of the various components of sewage scheme is known as
Design period”.
Note: Sewerage systems are operated under gravity whereas water supply
systems are operated under pressure
Sewer Size
225-375 mm Ratio 0.7
450-1200mm Ratio 0.75
1 3 5 0 m m Lecture
16-02-2021
o r #l 01a r g eCE-341
r – Environmental Engineering-1R a t i o Engr.Gul-e-Hina
0 . 8 IEER UET Lahore
18
3. Actual Design of Sewer
•Size of sewer : Using Q=AV for the calculation
of diameter
• For using this graph , it is necessary to calculate the hydraulics elements or design
parameters when a sewer is flowing full.
• Then by calculating the ratio of any two known hydraulic elements partially flow
sewers elements
16-02-2021
can be
Lecture # 01
calculated
CE-341 – Environmental Engineering-1 Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 32
Significance of partial flow study
Conditions during partial flow, must frequently determined in combined/ partially
combined sewers due to following reasons:
1. To investigate velocities during dry weather flow to eliminate possibilities of
deposits occurring in pipes.
2. Knowledge of depth of flow is of value in designing sewer intersections.
Large sewers should be brought together at elevations so that water may not
back up into the other.
Where,
Q=Actual amount of rainfall that appears as runoff (m3/hr)
A=Area drained (m2)
I=Intensity of rainfall (m3/m2/hr)
C=Co-efficient of runoff
Impervious surface
Pervious surface
1 in 20 yrs
‘I’ Intensity )mm/hr)
1 in 15 yrs
1 in 10 yrs
1 in 5 yrs
Sewer
Inlet
Sewer
Case 1
Sewer
Inlet
Sewer
Time of flow
M1
M2
200m
A B C
4 Ha 3 Ha 2 Ha
a 300m b 200m c d
SIGNIFICANCE:
• Sewers must be laid at a particular slope to attain self cleansing velocities. The
required slope (while laying the sewers) is achieved through calculations of
invert levels.
NSL
Earth cover=1m
Thickness of pipe
Dia of pipe
Invert level
Earth cover=1m
For example is a 24 meter section of drainage pipe has a fall of 0.30 metres, calculate the
gradient.
Gradient = 0.30 / 24
Gradient = 0.0125
This can be converted into a gradient written as a ratio or 1: some number.
Gradient = 1 / 0.0125 = 80
Gradient = 1 in 80
The above formula may be rearranged for Fall if the gradient is known:
1 / 80 = 0.0125
Fall = 0.0125 x 50
225mm
225mm
M4
225mm
460mm
M4
M1 M3 M4
M2
𝑰
𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 = 𝑵𝑮𝑳 − 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 − 𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 − 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝑳
𝐼
Lower = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐼/𝐿 − (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)
𝐿
M1 M3 M4
M2
M3 M4
M1 M2
310mm dia
L=35m,@0.0056
M5
M1 M2 M3 M4
375mm dia
L=420m,@0.005
M5
450mm dia
L=480m,@0.0031
M6
M1 M2
P=800 persons
L=800m
P=600 persons
L=400m
M4 M3 M5
P=400 persons P=500 persons
L=300m L=700m