Lab 9: Phasors

Report

Part 1: Capacitive Circuit

Figure 1: Series RC Circuit

Construct the circuit from Figure 1 on your breadboard.
⦁ Set the signal generator on the ADALM2000 to give a sinusoidal wave output
with an amplitude of 1V (2Vpp), offset = 0V, and frequency = 500 Hz.
⦁ Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope across V1 to measure V Source.
⦁ Connect channel 2 of the oscilloscope across resistor R 1 to measure VR.

Using cursors, measure the amplitude of the voltage across the resistor (not peak-peak)
and the phase angle φ between VR and VSource (Hint: measure the time between a peak in
VR and VSource and use that to calculate phase angle, and remember that sign matters).
Write the measured VR and φR in phasor notation below (include calculations).

VRφR : 360 * Difference in Time / period

Time Difference: 419.58 us
Period: 2000 us
Angle R = 75.524 degrees
VRφR = 284.615 mv Angle 75.524 Degrees

Using VR, how can we calculate the current going through the circuit (in phasor
notation)? Calculate it below:

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 Iφ :
284.615 mV / 1000 ohms = .284615 mA
.284615 mA angle 75.524 degrees

Next, move channel 2 of the oscilloscope across C1 to measure VC (amplitude, not peak-
peak). Find the amplitude and phase angle:

VCφC :
Time Difference: -106.294 us
Period: 2000 us
360*-106.294 / 2000 = -19.1329 degrees

.930769 V angle -19.1329 degrees

Using the measured current and VC, can you calculate and verify the complex impedance
of the capacitor? Calculate ZC using the measurements, and then calculate ZC using the
formula from the manual. Do they match up?

ZC, measured: R = Vc/Ic =

3270.27387 angle -94.6569 degrees ohms = [-265.51067 - j3259.47776 ohms]

ZC, calculated: Zc = 1/(jwc) = 1/(j1000pi) * .000001 = -j3183.09 ohms

The measured and calculated values are similar enough that we can assume the difference is
only due to imperfect resistor impedences and other components

CHECKPOINT 1: SHOW YOUR TA THE OSCILLOSCOPE RECORDING OF

YOUR VSOURCE AND VC.

We have now verified the impedance of a capacitor using experimental measurements.

Repeat this process now with the following frequencies: 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz. Fill
Table 1 below. You do not need to show all your work.

Table 1: Measurements to verify a capacitor’s complex impedance.

Freq. ZC,calculated(Ω) VR I VC ZC,measured(Ω)
(Hz) mag phase mag phase mag phase
500 -j3183.1 285m 75.524 .286 75.524 .931V -19.1 -265.5 - j3259.4
v mA ohms
1000 -j1591.5 0.512 59.32 .512mA 59.32 0.849V -31.42 -80.92 - j1692.7
V ohms

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2000 -j795.8 0.731 39.44 .731mA 39.44 .635V -52.31 -30.37 - j864.4
V ohms
4000 -j397.9 .842V 22.15 .842mA 22.15 .371V -66.26 110.79 - j432.9
ohms
8000 -j198.9 .917V 15.96 .917mA 15.96 .212V -77.86 -192.88 - j227.5
ohms

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Part 2: Inductive Circuit

Figure 2: Series RL Circuit

We will now repeat the same experiments with an inductive circuit. Construct the circuit
from Figure 2 on your breadboard.
⦁ Set the signal generator on the ADALM2000 to give a sinusoidal wave output
with an amplitude of 1V (2Vpp), offset = 0V, and frequency = 500 Hz.
⦁ Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope across V1 to measure V Source.
⦁ Connect channel 2 of the oscilloscope across resistor R 1 to measure VR.

Using cursors, measure the amplitude of the voltage across the resistor and the phase
angle φ between VR and VSource.

VRφR :
Time Difference: -29.1 us
Period: 1.98 ms
360 * 9-29.1)/1980 = -5.29 degrees
VR∠φR = 917 mV angle -5.29 degrees

Calculate current:

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 Iφ :
917 / 1000 = 9.17 mA
I∠φ = 9.17 mA angle (-5.29 degrees)

Next, move channel 2 of the oscilloscope across L1 to measure VL (amplitude, not peak-
peak). Find the amplitude and phase angle:

VLφL :
Time Difference: 329.6 us
Period: 1.98 ms
360 * 329.6 / 1980 = 59.90 degrees
VL∠φL = 105 mV angle 59.9 degrees

Using the measured current and VL, calculate and verify the complex impedance of the
inductor. Calculate ZL using the measurements, and then calculate ZL using the formula
from the manual. Do they match up?

ZL, measured: VL∠φL / I∠φ = 105 mV angle 59.90 degrees / 91.7 mA angle -5.29 degrees
Zc = 11.45 angle 65.19 degrees
Zc = 4.81 + j10.39
ZL, calculated: jwL
w = 3141.59
ZL = j10.37 ohms

They match very very closely, so we can assume it was due to our imperfect components

CHECKPOINT 2: SHOW YOUR TA THE OSCILLOSCOPE RECORDING OF

YOUR VSOURCE AND VL.

Repeat this process now with the following frequencies: 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz. Fill
Table 2 below. You do not need to show all your work.

Table 1: Measurements to verify a capacitor’s complex impedance.

Freq. ZL,calculated(Ω) VR I VL ZL,measured(Ω)
(Hz) mag phase mag phase mag phase
500 j10.37 917m -5.29 9.17mA -5.29 105mV 59.90 4.81 + j10.39
V
1000 j20.74 872m -9.89 8.72mA -9.89 173mV 64.94 7.31 + j19.32
V
2000 j41.48 859m -20.01 8.59mA -20.01 331mV 65.01 4.93 + j37.94
V

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 4000 J82.96 788m -37.68 7.88mA -37.68 601mV 52.17 6.18 + j76.28
V
8000 j165.92 633m -57.12 6.33mA -57.12 962mV 32.33 3.95 + j152.19
V

Does the voltage measured across the capacitor from Part 1 lead or lag behind V Source?
What about the voltage measured across the inductor in Part 2? Use the complex
impedance equations from the formulas section on the first page of the manual to provide
a mathematical explanation for this.
The capacitor lags behind the Voltage source since ZC = 1/jwC which is the same as -j/wC,
with the -j indicating a 90 degree phase shift in the negative direction, meaning a capcitor will
always lag the voltage source.

The inductor leads teh voltage source since ZL = jwL with the positive j indicating a 90 degree
phase shift in the positive direction, meaning the inductor will always lead the voltage source