KAKAPOY NA LORD

P1 EXAM
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are defined as?
a. Any minute living organism that can cause disease, spoil food, and
deteriorate materials.

2. Relationship between E. coli and dog

a. Commensalism

3. Veterinary Microbiology is?

a. Focuses on the study of microorganisms, cultivation, demonstration, and their
role in treatment and disease whether zoonotic or not.

4. Hydrogen sulfide test is positive for what family

a. Enterobacteriaceae

5. Microorganisms made up of RNA

a. Viroids

6. Media to culture Staphylococcus spp. Except

a. Nutrient
b. MSA
c. XLD

7. Spontaneous generation example

a. Pieces of cheese and mice
b. Presence of maggots on meat
c. Both

8. FMD eradicated in the Philippines?

a. Yes

9. E.coli can grow on MacConkey agar

a. Yes

Then what is the observable chuchu

-Pink Colonies because selective for Gram-negative bacteria.

10. 5% blood of what animal is used in blood agar

a. Sheep
11. Crystal violet, malachite green, fuchsin
a. Basic dyes
12. The limitations of these postulates lead to the discovery of what organism?
a. Viruses

13. Identified the first filterable agent from animals, The virus of foot and mouth disease.
a. Loefler and Frosch

14. Viroids and prions are categorically called

a. Subviral

15. Type of staining used to isolate spirochetes

a. Special (use special when organisms have flagella)

16. What is the primary and counterstain used in Capsule Staining (Anthony’s Capsule
Staining)?
a. Crystal violet and Copper sulfate

17. Mr. Omar Apollo, a Veterinary Medicine student, is currently conducting his research which
includes the cultivation of bacteria using media. He wants to cultivate E. coli as the primary
purpose of his study. However, his adviser wants to add Staphylococcus spp. to cultivate his
study.
What specific media should the student use to culture E. coli?
- EMB
What is the color for a positive reaction with E. coli?
- green Metallic sheen
What media should he use if he wants to determine whether the bacteria is motile or non
- SIM
This media is what type of physical state?
- SOLID LIQUEFIABLE !!!!! xDdddd
The following media could be used to culture Staphylococcus spp. Except
- Nutrient, Mannitol, XLD

18. Abolished the Spontaneous Generation and what are his discoveries.
a. Louis Pasteur; rabies vaccination, microbial fermentation (pasteurization)

19. Who is the first scientist to disprove the theory and how did he do it?
a. Francisco Reddi; maggots

20. The scientist uses a sequence of procedures that are used to prove that a particular
organism can cause a particular disease. Father of modern microbiology.
a. Robert Koch
21. Who is the scientist that is well-known for his innovative contribution to immunization and
the ultimate eradication of viruses. What disease?
a. Edward Jenner; smallpox virus

22. Dmitry Ivanovsky and Martinus Beijrinck demonstrated a significant difference in the
discovery of the tobacco mosaic disease. True or False?
a. False

23. Yellow fever virus needs mosquitoes in its life cycle to infect and cause disease. This is an
example of what kind of virus?
a. Arbovirus - “ar” means arthropods = mosquitoes

24. The following describes a prokaryotic cell, except

a. Typically 0.2-1 mm in diameter
b. Has nucleus
i. No cytoskeleton
c. Undergoes binary fission

25. The following describes the E. coli, except

a. Unicellular
b. Smaller and less complex
c. Contains peptidoglycan
d. Bullet-shaped

26. The following describes aphthovirus, except

a. It is a member of the (inaudible) -viridae and consists of RNA
b. Has no envelope
c. Can be multiplied by inert media
d. Contains capsid

27. The following describes a fungus, except

a. Unicellular
b. Multicellular
c. Motile
d. Produce mycotoxins

28. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which means

- Only reproduce inside host cells

29. In cultivation, explant is _____, while cell culture xdddd is _____

- Rarely used, commonly used

30. Arbovirus is an example of what environment reservoir

 - Exogenous

32. Genome of mRNA viruses

- Baltimore

33. Kinds of transmissions

- Vertical and horizontal

35. FOR THE OTHER LONG ASS SITUATION WITH E. COLI,

Can be cultured using MacConkey agar
Would result in gram-negative
Would show pink colonies (lactose fermenter)

36. Color of acid production in biochemical tests?

- yellow

37. What does IMVIC stand for?

- Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer, Indole, Citrate

38. Hydrogen sulfide is positive for Enterobacteria (due to ferric citrate)

- Results in blackening of the medium

39. What tests can be done consecutively?

- MR & VP

40. What type of microscope to use to identify bacteria if it is either gram positive or negative?
- Compound microscope

41. What is the importance of taxonomy?

a. It permits the accurate identification of organism
b. Whatever basta ALL OF THE ABOVE answer ahaha

42. Correct order

- Domain (Kingdom) - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

43. Oxygen percentage for microaerophiles

- Less than 10%

44. This classification uses an organism’s full hereditary information.

- Genotypic

45. This classification uses an organism’s actual observed properties, morphology, and
identification(?).
- Phenotypic
46. This kind of bacteria uses oxygen when it's present but continues to grow when oxygen is
unavailable.
- Facultative aerobes

47. Microaerophiles are damaged by an oxygen level of ___

- 20%; bcs microaerophiles only require 10% (below 10%)

48. All are DNA viruses, except

a. Parvo
b. Circo
c. Reo
d. Papilloma

49. All are RNA viruses, except

a. Herpes
b. Picorna
c. Calici

50. Herpes
a. To creep

51. Virus names derived from their size, except

a. Parvo
b. Circo
c. Astro (star)
d. Picorna

52. Virus names derived from their shape, except

a. Calici (cup)
b. Corona (crown)
c. Rhabdo (bullet)
d. Paramyxo

53. Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus which means a virus that is capable of infecting
a. Nerves tissues

55. gram negative, curved rods, zn (+)

- Campylobacter spp. and Vibrio spp.

56. Phenylalanine Deaminase Test positive test result (I forgot the exact question)
a. Positive test: development of light to dark green color within 1-5 minutes after applying
ferric chloride reagent. (notes from doc)
57. A farmer went to the lab to submit samples from his dead cow. He wants to know the
causative agents of the cows' death . The attending vet included this differential diagnosis with
Brucellosis Mycobacterium enterococci and leptospirosis what are the 4 correct media for the
veterinarian to have definitive diagnosis
- Esculin agar(enterococci),
- lowenstein Jensen(mycobacterium spp),
- Tween 80 albumin(leptospira spp),
- Skirrow medium (Brucella spp.)
-
58. Ziehl-neelsen something
A.primary 5 Mins, water 30sec, counter 30-90 secs (sa endospore man ni siya)
59. Indole chuchuchu
a. Tryptophan

60. Inoculation is used for the cultivation of some viruses. Yolk Sac

61. It is mainly used for the vaccine production. Allantoic cavity

62. In spot test how many seconds indicates the presence of indole. 20 seconds
P2 EXAM
1. What is the disadvantage of standard plate count?
a. Sensitive to temperature

2. Two chromosome; linear chromosome

a. Burkholderia species; borrelia species

3. Fimbriae is present
a. Both gram - and +

4. Are hair-like filamentous chains of cells, consisting of tubular cell walls.

a. Hyphae

5. A network of threadlike fibers called hyphae make up.

a. Mycelium

6. Animal that uses/take intranasal vaccination

a. Chicken

7. Number of bonds in adenine and thymine

a. Double hydrogen

8. main function of cell wall except

a. Maintains its shape
b. maintains osmotic integrity
c. chemotaxis and sensory (kani answer?) YEssss ahhh nice2 thanks
d. aids in cell division and biosynthesis (murag naa ni biosynthesis diri na part?)

9. Question regarding a gram-negative and positive bacteria and color base on the cell
wall.
a. gram-negative is pink due to thinner walls, gram-positive is purple due to thicker
walls (not sure sa exact wording basta mao ang thought hahaha)

10. These are present in gram-negative except:

a. teichoic acid (gram-negative have lipopolysaccharide, porin, lipoprotein,
periplasmic space)

11. These are Absent in gram-positive except:

a. teichoic acid/ periplasmic space (gram-positive dont have lipopolysaccharide,
porin, lipoprotein)
 12. These are true for Spheroplast and Protoplast except?
a. they have the same shape (spherical)
b. they are naturally occurring
c. unstable cells
d. osmotically sensitive cells

21. The only DIRECT mode of bacterial gene transfer.

a. Transduction
b. Conjugation
c. Transformation
d. recombination

23. High nitrogen carbon ratio ___- excellent nitrogen storage substance.
a. 2:1

24. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) is stained with dye such as _____.

a. Nile blue

25. A ________ is a type of base substitution in which a particular nitrogenous base is changed
to the other base of the OTHER CLASS while ________ is a type of base substitution in which
a particular nitrogenous base is changed to the other base of the SAME CLASS.
- Transversion, transition

26. _______ reduces transcription while ______ increases transcription.

- Repressors ; Activators

27. What kind of genetic transfer is (either) Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae
(also known as Chlamydophila pneumoniae), and Chlamydia psittaci? (Between these three
species was in the question, but I am not sure which one.)

28. If a donor cell that is F-plasmid POSITIVE has already contributed to a recipient cell, what is
the condition of the recipient cell?
- F positive

29. Follow-up question for #28, can this cell donate F-plasmid to other recipient cells?
- Yes

30. A process by which any bacterial gene may be transferred to ANY bacterium.
a. GENERAL Transduction

31. These chemicals can kill non-enveloped viruses, EXCEPT:

a. Alcohol
 b. Aldehydes
c. Ethylene oxide
d. Halogens

32. The following are asexual spores, EXCEPT:

a. Blastospores
b. Basidiospores
c. Chlamydospores
d. Sporangiospores

33. What type of carriers are ticks, mice, etc.

- Vector

34. The type of carrier state wherein an individual who has recovered from an illness caused by
the pathogen, but can still spread the pathogen even after recovery.
- Convalescent carrier

35. Carbon fixation end products chuchu (unsa ni anhi? Unsay ans ani ? )

36. Generation time

- the time required for a bacterial cell to divide

37. A process in which a small protuberance develops at one end of the cell
- Budding

38. All are physical requirements for bacterial growth except:

a. Temperature
b. pH
c. Lipids
d. Salt concentration

39. All are chemical requirements except:

- Salt concentration

40.Innate immunity secretes interferons such as Cytokines, Chemokines

- Inflammatory Barrier

41. antibodies are transferred from mother to child

- Passive Natural Immunity

42. Male sex organ of fungi

- Antheridium
43. Bacteria that can grow at refrigeration temperatures and lead to the spoilage of the product.
- Psychrotrophs

44. These organisms are responsible for decomposition of refractory materials chitin, and
keratin.
- Chytridiomycota

45. __ hyphae extended above the surface,__ grow beneath the surface
- Aerial, Rhizoid

46. Rate of cell growth is exactly balanced by the rate of cell death
- Stationary

47. Microbes are most sensitive to adverse conditions and antibiotics

- Log phase

48. Correct order of bacterial growth curve

- Lag , Log , Stationary, Death

49. Mesophile and thermophile optimal growth

- 25-45, 50-60

50. Incorrect flagellar arrangements

- Monotrichous: Staphylococcus aureus

51. Can be directly translated into protein (mRNA)

- +ssRNA

52. Cannot be directly translated into protein (mRNA)

- -ssRNA

53. Significance of pili to bacterial pathogenicity

- Attachment (Adhesion) & secretion (Dli ra ni siya attachment pos?) (ako ans pud sa
p2 is attachment pero nag basa ko after sa p2 naa diay sa transcript (B bacterial
appendages page 3)

54. Which is true in secondary immune response

- High rate of antibody production

55. Correct order of sporulation process

- Replication of DNA, Completion of spore, spore coat form

56. Correct order of sexual repro of fungal

 - plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination

57. Microbial ______ is the ability to cause disease. Microbial _______ is the severity of the
disease.
- Pathogenicity, Virulence

58. ANTIBODIES USED IN PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

- lgM

59. African swine fever is a single case or cluster of cases which is not normally not present in
an are
- Sporadic

60. katong 5 in 1 virus?

- Not sure kung Live Attenuated (i think so)

61. Is the time or period between a person contracting a virus and their symptoms start to show
- Incubation ni? Ambot sakto ba ni ang question kay ang acute is when a person shows
symptoms of the infectious disease. Diba duha mn to ka question nga ingani???
- Non-specific symptoms - Prodromal???
- Specific symptoms - Acute??

62. Leads to activation of naive b cells

- Lag phase

63. Uracil base-pairs replaces __ during DNA transcription

- Thymine

64. All are stop codon except

- UGG (UAA, UAG, UGA = stop codon)

65. In plasmid map what is the role of promoter site

- Allows gene transcription

66. EXOENZYME IS RELEASED OUTSIDE THE CELL AND THE MOLECULES THAT ENTER
THE CELL. WHICH IS TRUE BATO????
A. AMYLASE (fat): GLUCOSE
B. PECTINASE (pectin): GLUCOSE
C. Lipase (starch): Glycerol
 D. ALL OF THE ABOVE( KANI MAY CORRECT)

67. How many hydrogen bonds between Adenine & Thymine

- 2 Hydrogen Bonds

68. Antibiotic that inactivates enzyme except

a. Fluoroquinolones (topoisomerase)
b. Macrolides ??? Macrolides ang answer kay ang rest is mu inactivate og enzymes. Ako gi
butang sa kilid nila ang ilahang inhibitors - pinaka cute na classmate
c. Beta-lactams ( beta-lactamase)
d. Aminoglycosides (kalimut ko unsa na cell wall inhibitors ani niya)

69. E.coli plasmids

a. Fertility, Killer, & Resistance

70. Which is NOT true about Exotoxins (Palihug ko tubag ani guys hahaha)
a. Produce by G(+) & (-)
b. Highly unstable
c. Heat resistant
d. Highly toxic

71. UV radiation thingy

a. Base substitution
b. Base subtraction (depletion?)
c. Insertional chuchu
d. Spontaneous

72. How phenol disinfects or smth

- Precipitates proteins
- Denature proteins

73. How many molecules of ATP thingy

a. 32-34
b. 34-36
c. 36-38
d. 38-40

74. refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other
biological agents____ describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic
microorganisms through chemical stuff chuchu,
a. Sterilization; disinfection ay idk anymore basin sayop :>

75. Which of the following is NOT a reservoir:

a. People
 b. soil,
c. arthropods
d. None
76. provides buoyancy that bacteria can move towards oxygen rich surface areas in hypersaline
environments and for energy (ATP) synthesis
- Gas vesicles

77. Lister forms

I. Cell wall deficient
II. Difficult to cultivate
III. Mechanical METHOD something
IV. Vibrio spp is a natural occurring something

a. D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

78. Which of the following is not true about Gas vesicles?(TABANG!!)

a. form ridge-like structure that traps gas
b. the internal part of the vesicle is hydrophilic
c. only permeable to gas molecules
d.

79. Animal-to-animal
a. Communicable disease

80. _____ is the process by which any bacterial gene may be transferred to another bacterium;
______is the process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes are transferred to another
bacterium?
a. Generalized transduction; specialized transduction

81. Involves electron-transfer reactions in which the movement to another is coupled with an
energy-trapping reaction
- Heterotrophic

82. canine parvovirus what kind of transmission ba to

Answer : Fomite transmission

Di na sya (feca oral?orrr same langs na?) murag wala to fecal oral sa choices :< indirect
ata to ang isa (ug Vomer)

83. What genetic transfer chuchu si Neisseria gonnorhea

a. Horizontal
 b. Vertical
c. Both

84. Inorganic compounds are oxidized directly (without using sunlight) to yield energy (e.g.,
NH3, NO2–, S2, and Fe2+).
- AUTOTROPHIC

85. Microorganism that have sulfur granules or microorganisms that use hydrogen sulfide as
electron source bsta same thought rna HAHHAHAH kna nlng
- Corynebacterium pyogenes
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Both are correct(Mao ni ako answer hehe) yeses mao
- None of the above

86. Katong unsa nga toxin si cholera? Mana ni? Wa pa tingali

- Enterotoxin heheh naas table

87. Transport system that doesn't require energy but uses carrier proteins
a. Facilitated diffusion ← correct answer report nako -rufilo xoxo
b. Active transport
c. Passive transport
d. Solvent Drag

88. All microorganisms that are polysaccharide producing?

- Bacillus
- Nicordia
- both
- None of the above

89. They are taxonomically diverse and are usually defined by the electron donor that they use
only use carbon dioxide as sole carbon source but also generate energy from inorganic
compounds

a. Aerobic nonphotosynthetic lithoautotrophs

b. Aerobic photosynthetic lithotrophs
c. Anaerobic non-photosynthetic lithotrophs

90. Intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein

a.Ribosomes b. Chlorosomes c. Carboxysomes d. Magnetosomes

91. Type of pasteurization for milk; creates a product with relatively shelf life at refrigerator
temperature
- Direct method (Ultrapasteurization)
92.The effect of changes in pH to bacterial growth except? (im not sure sa question basta
choices kay kani to)
a. Mitochondrial chuchu
b. Disrupting the plasma membrane
c. Altering the activity of enzymes
d. Altering the activity of membrane transport proteins

94. Herpesviridae and Adenoviridae are examples of:

- Linear dsDNA viruses

95. ___ is a transfer DNA between 2 closely related bacteria ___ is a process where parts of
DNA are taken up by the bacteria from external environment (im not sure bout this pero naa
ni na question basta answer ato duha)
a. Transduction , transformation

96. Symmetry of Bacteriophage

- Complex

97. __ are long hair-like tubular microfibers while the ___are bristle-like short fibers.

a. pili, fimbriae,

98. Something about tetanus

a. Indirect

100. Trotropahin
Naa naba tung parts sa flagella pa answer
Tung isa pd na gel maka lihuk

101. About sa movement sa pili

- locomotion
- rotation
- flexible in terms of bending
- Twitching motion

102. Non-conjugative - don't initiate conjugation. Absence of ___

- Answer TRA GENES

103 Spirochetes HAVE Bundles of flagella called____

- axial filament

L-forms i think naa to sa exam :’> (naa sa 77)

flexible in terms of bending but rigid in terms of twisting for efficient torque transmission
- Hook
- Filament
- pili

Chuchu Lactobacillus spp.

- Lactic acid fermentation
- Alcohol fermentation (naa sa table)
- none of the above
- idk unsay 4th choice
Unsay answer ani? (LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PO AMEN :D AND ALCOHOLIC
FERMENTATION ANG YEAST)

What does phenol (lysol) do to bacteria? (naa na tong question,,, number 72)
Precipitation of Protein