Punjab Engineering College

Chandigarh

Major Project Report

Child Safety Car Alert System

Submitted By:- Submitted To:-

Rattan Singh (20105058) Dr. Jasbir Kaur

Nitin Kapoor (20105060)
 Ayush Goyal (20105061)
Ankit Raj (20105119)

Table of Content

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………3

Self-Declaration………………………………………………………………………………4

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….5

CHAPTER - 1 (INTRODUCTION)

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..6

1.2 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………7

1.3 Proposed Solution Overview………………………………………………….…...7

1.4 Benefits………………………………………………………………………….....8

CHAPTER - 2 (COMPONENTS)

2.1 Components used…………………………………………………………………..9

2.2 Components description…………………………………………………………..10-21

CHAPTER - 3 (DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT)

3.1 Block Diagram and flow chart……………………………………………………...22

3.2 TinkerCAD Circuit…………………………………………………………….……23

3.3 Code………………………………………………………………………………...23-25

3.4 Pin connections……………………………………………………………………...25

CHAPTER - 4 (FUNCTIONALITY)

4.1 Functionality………………………………………………………………………...27

5. Further Enhancements……………………………………………………………………….28

6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...29

7. References……………………………………………………………………………………30

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Acknowledgement

Every successful project contains behind it an effort of a number of enthusiastic people who have
always given their valuable advice and lent a helping hand. We sincerely appreciate their inspiration,
support and guidance which has been instrumental in making this project a success.

We take this as an opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our guide, Dr.
Jasbir Kaur for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the
course of this project.

We extend a special thanks to Dr. Arun Kumar Singh (HOD, Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department) for his unwavering support and guidance. We are also grateful to the staff
and lab incharges of the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, who taught us the
fundamental essentials and gave us an opportunity to take up this project which has been a great
learning experience for us.

Our noteworthy appreciation to our colleagues, who have helped us out willingly to the best of their
abilities. Lastly, we place a deep sense of recognition to our friends and family members who have
been a constant source of inspiration during the preparation of this project work.

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Self-Declaration

We proudly affirm that the research encapsulated in our Major Project, titled "Child Safety Car Alert
System," submitted in partial fulfillment for the conferment of the Degree of "Bachelor of
Technology" within the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, is presented to
the esteemed faculty of Punjab Engineering College. This project stands as a testament to our
dedication and is a comprehensive record of our Major Project work conducted under the expert
guidance of Dr. Jasbir Kaur within the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering.

We have not submitted the matter presented in this work anywhere for the award of any other Degree.

Group members SID

Rattan Singh 20105058

Nitin Kapoor 20105060

Ayush Goyal 20105061

Ankit Raj 20105119

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Abstract

The Arduino-based Child Safety Car Alert System stands as a seamlessly integrated device, poised to
issue timely alerts to the driver should a child be inadvertently left unattended in the vehicle. Crafted
with precision on the Arduino board, the system harmoniously blends sensors with a GSM module for
a symphony of safety. In the intricate dance of technology, pressure and motion sensors take center
stage, diligently scanning the back seat of vehicles to detect the subtle presence of a child. Meanwhile,
the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) orchestrates the swift dispatch of alerts to the
driver, ensuring a prompt response. The selection of GSM is a nod to its prowess in minimizing energy
consumption per bit while elevating data rates. Two sentinel sensors, the Force Sensitive Resistor
(FSR) Sensor and Pressure Infrared (PIR) Sensor, join forces in a choreographed routine. The alert
system takes center stage, activated in a synchronized performance when both sensors detect the
unmistakable presence of a child in the rear car seat. The crescendo of safety culminates as parents or
drivers receive an immediate notification via mobile phone message, a harmonious blend of
technology and vigilance.

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1.1 Introduction

Ensuring the safety of children within the confined space of a car is a matter of paramount importance, given
the potential risks associated with such environments. Each year, incidents involving children left
unattended in parked cars lead to tragic outcomes, ranging from heat-related illnesses to accidents. In
response to this pressing issue, our project embarks on the development of an innovative Child Safety
System for vehicles.

The heart of our system lies in the integration of advanced sensors, specifically a Passive Infrared (PIR)
sensor and a Force-Sensitive Resistor (FSR) sensor. The PIR sensor serves as the primary detector,
leveraging its ability to identify infrared radiation emitted by living beings. Strategically positioned within
the vehicle, it ensures accurate detection of a child's presence. Complementing this, the FSR sensor is
seamlessly embedded into the child's car seat, offering an additional layer of confirmation through the
monitoring of pressure. This dual-sensor approach not only enhances the accuracy of presence detection but
also accounts for real-world scenarios where a child may be present but not physically detected by the PIR
sensor alone.

The motivation for selecting these specific sensors stems from their complementary functionalities. The PIR
sensor excels in recognizing heat signatures associated with living organisms, making it an ideal choice for
detecting the presence of a child in the car. On the other hand, the FSR sensor, by gauging pressure on the
child's seat, provides a tangible confirmation of the child's physical presence, fortifying the reliability of the
overall system.

This project aims to go beyond the conventional methods of child safety in vehicles, which often rely on
visual checks or rudimentary alarm systems. Our system introduces a sophisticated and intelligent approach
to child safety, actively monitoring and responding to the child's presence in real-time. The envisioned
outcome is a comprehensive solution that not only prevents inadvertent neglect but also promotes
responsible parenting practices.

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1.2 Problem Statement

Every few days in the world, there are reports of young children dying from heat stroke after being left in
parked cars. Heat stroke can damage the brain and other body organs. It can even lead to death. It doesn’t
take long for a child’s body temperature to become too high very fast when left in a car because: The
temperature inside a car can increase 20 degrees in just 10 minutes and 40 degrees in an hour. Deaths have
happened when it’s just above 25 degrees Celsius outside. Leaving the windows open slightly does not
prevent the temperature from rising to a dangerous level. It doesn’t have to feel hot outside to be dangerous
inside a car. A child’s body heats up three to five times faster than an adult’s body. Children have a lot of
body surface area that absorbs heat. Children’s bodies have not yet developed the ability to cool down well.
Every few days in the world, there are reports of young children dying from heat stroke after being left in
parked cars. Heat stroke can damage the brain and other body organs. It can even lead to death. It doesn’t
take long for a child’s body temperature to become too high very fast when left in a car because: The
temperature inside a car can increase 20 degrees in just 10 minutes and 40 degrees in an hour. Deaths have
happened when it’s just above 25 degrees Celsius outside. Leaving the windows open slightly does not
prevent the temperature from rising to a dangerous level. It doesn’t have to feel hot outside to be dangerous
inside a car. A child’s body heats up three to five times faster than an adult’s body. Children have a lot of
body surface area that absorbs heat. Children’s bodies have not yet developed the ability to cool down well.

Fig. 1(a) Percentage of child left by circumstances

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1.3 Proposed Solution Overview:

The project introduces an advanced solution to the prevalent issue of child safety in vehicles. Utilizing Force
Sensitive Resistor (FSR) and Pressure Infrared (PIR) sensors, coupled with GSM technology, the system
detects a child's presence in the back seat. The innovative integration of these components allows for real-
time alerts, triggered in a synchronized performance when both sensors confirm the child's presence. The
proposed solution is not just a technological marvel but a harmonious blend of vigilance and responsiveness,
ensuring immediate notifications to parents or drivers via mobile phones. This holistic approach promises a
new era of child safety in vehicular transportation, marking a paradigm shift towards a safer and more secure
future for our young passengers.

1.4 Benefits

This innovative project extends a protective embrace to children, ensuring their safety in vehicles. By
seamlessly integrating Arduino, sensors, and GSM technology, the system provides timely alerts to drivers,
averting the potential risks of leaving a child unattended. The precision of pressure and motion sensors,
combined with the swift communication prowess of GSM, creates a foolproof safety net. This not only
mitigates the likelihood of accidents but also promotes peace of mind for parents and drivers, fostering a
safer transportation environment for the most precious passengers. The Child Safety Car Alert System
represents a pivotal leap forward in the realm of child welfare, aligning technology with a paramount
societal need.

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2.1 Components Used

Hardware Requirements:

● ARDUINO UNO

● PIR Sensor

● FSR Sensor

● GSM

● GPS

● Buzzer

● Breadboard

● LEDs

● Jumper Wires

● 1K ohm resistor

● Battery

Software Requirements:

● ARDUINO IDE

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2.2 Components Description

1. ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino. Here UNO means 'one' in Italian. It was named as
UNO to label the first release of Arduino Software. It was also the first USB board released by
Arduino. It is considered as the powerful board used in various projects. Arduino.cc developed the
Arduino UNO board.

Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller. It is easy to use compared to other

boards, such as the Arduino Mega board, etc. The board consists of digital and analog Input/Output
pins (I/O), shields, and other circuits.

The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, and
an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header. It is programmed based on IDE, which stands for
Integrated Development Environment. It can run on both online and offline platforms.

The IDE is common to all available boards of Arduino.

The Arduino board is shown below:

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 Fig. 2(a) Arduino UNO

Fig. 2(b) Different components of Arduino UNO

Let's discuss each component in detail.

1. ATmega328 Microcontroller- It is a single chip Microcontroller of the ATmel family. The

processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It combines Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash),

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 Analog to Digital Converter, SPI serial ports, I/O lines, registers, timer, external and
internal interrupts, and oscillator.
2. ICSP pin - The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to program using the
firmware of the Arduino board.
3. Power LED Indicator- The ON status of LED shows the power is activated. When the
power is OFF, the LED will not light up.
4. Digital I/O pins- The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The pins numbered from
D0 to D13 are digital pins.
5. TX and RX LED's- The successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these
LED's.
6. AREF- The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed a reference voltage to the Arduino
UNO board from the external power supply.
7. Reset button- It is used to add a Reset button to the connection.
8. USB- It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the programming of
the Arduino UNO board.
9. Crystal Oscillator- The Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes the
Arduino UNO a powerful board.
10. Voltage Regulator- The voltage regulator converts the input voltage to 5V.
11. GND- Ground pins. The ground pin acts as a pin with zero voltage.
12. Vin- It is the input voltage.
13. Analog Pins- The pins numbered from A0 to A5 are analog pins. The function of Analog
pins is to read the analog sensor used in the connection. It can also act as GPIO (General
Purpose Input Output) pins.

2. PIR Sensor

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light
radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors.
PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and automatic lighting applications. PIR sensors
detect general movement, but do not give information on who or what moved. For that purpose, an
imaging IR sensor is required. PIR sensors are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID",
for "passive infrared detector". The term passive refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate
energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat)
emitted by or reflected from objects.

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 Fig. 2(d) Components of PIR Sensor

2.1 Operating Principle

The Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor operates on the principle of detecting infrared radiation emitted by
objects. Comprising pyroelectric materials, the sensor remains passive, sensing changes in
temperature without emitting radiation. The sensor's segmented design utilizes pairs of pyroelectric
sensors. When an object moves within its field of view, temperature variations in the corresponding
segments generate electrical signals. Amplifying and processing these signals, the sensor produces an
output, indicating the presence or motion.

2.2 Operation
The Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor operates on a fascinating principle of detecting infrared radiation
emitted by objects within its field of view. The fundamental concept relies on the fact that all objects
with a temperature above absolute zero emit infrared radiation as a result of their thermal motion.
PIR sensors are widely employed in various applications, including security systems, automatic
lighting, and occupancy detection due to their efficiency and reliability. A PIR sensor typically
consists of a crystalline material made of pyroelectric elements. These pyroelectric materials exhibit
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a unique property: they generate an electric charge when subjected to temperature changes. The
sensor itself is segmented into individual zones, each equipped with a pair of pyroelectric sensors.
These segments allow the sensor to detect changes in infrared radiation across different areas. The
operation of a PIR sensor involves a cyclic process that includes the detection of changes in infrared
radiation, signal processing, and generating an output.

Here's a step-by-step breakdown:

Pyroelectric Material: The core of the PIR sensor is made up of pyroelectric materials, often
lithium tantalate or polyvinyl fluorides. These materials possess the ability to generate an electric
charge when exposed to variations in temperature.
Segmentation: The sensor is divided into multiple segments, and each segment contains a pair of
pyroelectric sensors. This segmentation allows the sensor to have a broader coverage area and a more
refined detection capability.
Detection of Infrared Radiation: In a quiescent state, the PIR sensor measures the ambient infrared
radiation. When an object with a different temperature than its surroundings enters the sensor's field
of view, it causes a change in the infrared radiation detected by the pyroelectric sensors.
Electric Charge Generation: The temperature change induces a temporary voltage across the
pyroelectric material. This voltage is proportional to the rate of change of infrared radiation falling
on the sensors.
Signal Processing: The generated electrical signals are then amplified and conditioned. The sensor's
electronics process these signals to eliminate noise and irrelevant data, ensuring a reliable output.
Output Generation: Based on the processed signals, the PIR sensor produces an output signal. This
output indicates the presence of a warm object or a change in temperature within the sensor's field of
view.
Time Delay and Reset: To avoid false triggers, many PIR sensors incorporate a time delay feature.
After detecting a change, the sensor often includes a timer that prevents immediate retriggering,
helping filter out brief, non-significant temperature changes. Additionally, the sensor resets to its
quiescent state once the time delay elapses.
Dual Element Sensors: Some PIR sensors utilize dual-element sensors with two pyroelectric
materials in reverse polarity. This configuration helps enhance the sensor's sensitivity while reducing
false alarms caused by environmental factors such as changes in ambient temperature.
In summary, the PIR sensor's operation hinges on the responsive behavior of pyroelectric materials
to changes in infrared radiation. This process allows for the reliable detection of motion or the
presence of warm objects, making PIR sensors invaluable in applications where efficient and
accurate motion sensing is crucial.

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 2.3 Practical Implementations
In practical applications, the Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is extensively used for motion detection in
security systems and automated lighting. When integrated into security setups, PIR sensors act as
motion detectors, triggering alarms or activating surveillance cameras upon detecting human or
animal movement. In automated lighting systems, PIR sensors enable energy efficiency by turning
lights on only when motion is detected, and off when the area is vacant. This practical
implementation enhances both security measures and energy conservation, showcasing the versatility
and effectiveness of PIR sensors in real-world scenarios.

3. FSR Sensor
The Force-Sensitive Resistor (FSR) sensor is an innovative electronic component designed to
measure and detect varying levels of physical pressure or force applied to its surface. FSR sensors
exhibit a unique resistance change in response to compressive or squeezing forces, allowing them to
serve as effective force-sensing devices. These sensors are constructed with a thin, flexible material
containing conductive particles. As pressure is applied, the particles come into closer contact,
altering the resistance of the sensor. FSR sensors find applications in diverse fields such as touch-
sensitive interfaces, medical devices, robotics, and interactive electronics, providing a versatile
solution for detecting and quantifying force in different contexts.

Fig. 2(e) FSR Sensor

3.1 Operating Principle

The operating principle of a Force-Sensitive Resistor (FSR) revolves around the change in resistance
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in response to applied force or pressure. FSRs are constructed with a thin, flexible material
containing conductive particles.

3.2 Operation
The key elements of their operation include:
Conductive Particles: The sensing material within the FSR contains conductive particles that are
dispersed throughout its structure in a non-conductive matrix.
Resistance Change: In its natural state, the FSR has a relatively high resistance. When force is
applied to the surface of the sensor, the conductive particles within the material come into closer
contact, reducing the overall resistance of the sensor.
Voltage Divider Circuit: FSRs are typically used in a voltage divider circuit. As the resistance of
the FSR changes with applied force, it alters the voltage division in the circuit.
Output Voltage Variation: The change in resistance results in a corresponding change in the output
voltage across the FSR. This voltage variation is proportional to the force applied, creating a
measurable electrical signal.
Force Sensitivity: FSRs are highly sensitive to force, allowing them to detect subtle changes in
pressure. This makes them suitable for applications where precise force measurements are required.
Versatility: FSRs come in various shapes and sizes, catering to different force-sensing needs. They
are adaptable to different surfaces and can be integrated into diverse systems and applications.
Inverse Relationship: It's important to note that the relationship between force and resistance in
FSRs is generally inverse—increased force leads to decreased resistance, and vice versa.

3.3 Practical Implementation

The practical implementation of Force-Sensitive Resistor (FSR) sensors spans various applications
due to their versatility in detecting and quantifying force.
Here are a few notable practical implementations:
Touchscreens and Input Devices: FSRs are utilized in touch-sensitive screens and input devices,
such as interactive kiosks and control panels. The sensors can detect the pressure applied by a user's
touch, enabling responsive and intuitive user interfaces.
Medical Devices: FSRs find applications in medical devices like pressure-sensitive foot mats for
gait analysis, force-sensing insoles, and adaptive surfaces for ergonomic seating. These applications
aid in healthcare diagnostics, rehabilitation, and personalized patient monitoring.
Robotics and Prosthetics: In robotics, FSRs are integrated into robotic grippers and end-effectors to
enable precise force control. In prosthetics, FSRs contribute to creating more natural and responsive
artificial limbs by detecting pressure and force applied during movement.
Musical Instruments: FSRs are employed in musical instruments, especially electronic drums and

16
 touch-sensitive surfaces on synthesizers. The sensors capture the force and intensity of a musician's
touch, translating it into dynamic and expressive sound variations.
Automotive Safety Systems: FSRs play a role in automotive safety by being incorporated into seats
to detect occupants' presence and estimate their weight. This information helps in deploying airbags
more effectively based on the size and position of the occupant.
Human-Machine Interaction: FSRs contribute to creating interactive and responsive human-
machine interfaces. This includes applications in gaming controllers, smart appliances with touch-
sensitive controls, and interactive exhibits in museums.
Sports Equipment: FSRs are integrated into sports equipment such as golf grips, bicycle seats, and
fitness equipment to measure the force and pressure applied during use. This data can be valuable for
performance analysis and optimizing equipment design.
Industrial Automation: FSRs are employed in industrial settings for monitoring and controlling
processes where force feedback is essential. This includes applications in assembly lines, robotic
arms, and quality control systems.
The practical implementation of FSR sensors showcases their adaptability across diverse fields,
providing a reliable and cost-effective solution for applications requiring accurate force detection.
Their ability to respond to varying levels of force makes them invaluable in creating more
responsive, interactive, and user-friendly technologies.

4. GSM

GSM - GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Special Mobile), is
a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

It was created to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by
mobile phones and is now the default global standard for mobile communications – with over 90%
market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories.

GPRS - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-oriented mobile data service on the 2G
and 3G cellular communication system’s global system for mobile communications (GSM).

GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in

response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained
by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

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GSM Module - A GSM module or a GPRS module is a chip or circuit that will be used to establish
communication between a mobile device or a computing machine and a GSM or GPRS system. The
modem (modulator-demodulator) is a critical part here.

Fig. 2(f) GSM Module

These modules consist of a GSM module or GPRS modem powered by a power supply circuit and
communication interfaces (like RS-232, USB 2.0, and others) for computers.

A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB, or Bluetooth connection, or it
can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities.

A GSM module or GPRS modules are similar to modems, but there’s one difference: A GSM/GPRS
Modem is external equipment, whereas the GSM/GPRS module is a module that can be integrated
within the equipment. It is an embedded piece of hardware.

A GSM mobile, on the other hand, is a complete system in itself with embedded processors that are
dedicated to providing an interface between the user and the mobile network.

Understanding Modems - Wireless modems generate, transmit or decode data from a cellular
network, in order to establish communication.

A GSM/GPRS modem is a class of wireless modems, designed for communication over the GSM
and GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to
activate communication with the network. Also, they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity) numbers similar to mobile phones for their identification.
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 1. The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with the processor or controller, which
are communicated through serial communication.

2. These commands are sent by the controller/processor.

3. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command.

4. Different AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the

processor/controller/computer to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.

Its functions include:

● Read, write and delete SMS messages.

● Send SMS messages.

● Monitor the signal strength.

5. GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a crucial technology that has drastically transformed
numerous industries, from transport and logistics to outdoor sports. The primary instrument in
leveraging GPS technology is the GPS module, an electronic device that communicates with GPS
satellites to provide geographical location data. This article seeks to offer an in-depth understanding
of GPS modules, their workings, uses, and importance in today’s technologically driven world.

A GPS module is a compact electronic device that integrates a Global Positioning System (GPS)
receiver to determine precise geographical location information. These modules are widely used in
various applications such as navigation, tracking, mapping, and geolocation services.

19
 Fig. 2(g) GPS Module
Overview of GPS modules: Components of a GPS Module: GPS Receiver: The core component
responsible for receiving signals from GPS satellites. It processes these signals to determine the
module's location, altitude, and velocity. Antenna: A built-in or external antenna receives the radio
signals transmitted by GPS satellites. The quality of the antenna can influence the module's
performance in acquiring and maintaining satellite signals. Microcontroller/Processor: Handles the
processing of incoming GPS data and may include additional features like data logging, filtering, and
interfacing with other peripherals. Memory: GPS modules often include memory for storing satellite
almanac data, recent positions, and other information. This helps in quicker satellite acquisition
during subsequent power-ups. Power Supply: GPS modules typically operate on low power and can
be powered by batteries or external power sources. Some modules come with power-saving modes to
conserve energy. Interface Ports: Connectors or pins for communication with external devices, such
as microcontrollers, computers, or other embedded systems. Common interfaces include UART
(serial), I2C, or SPI.

Working Principle: Satellite Signal Reception: GPS modules receive signals broadcast by a
network of satellites orbiting the Earth. These signals contain precise timing and location
information. Signal Processing: The GPS receiver processes the incoming signals to extract
information about the distances between the module and visible satellites. This is done using a
technique called trilateration. Location Calculation: By knowing the distances to at least four
satellites, the GPS module calculates its precise latitude, longitude, altitude, and sometimes velocity.
Data Output: The calculated location data is then typically output through the module's
communication ports. This data can be in the form of NMEA sentences (standardized GPS data
format) or custom formats. Types of GPS Modules: Standalone GPS Modules: Independent modules
that provide location data without relying on external devices. Suitable for applications where only
location information is needed. GPS Receiver Modules: Compact modules designed to receive and
process GPS signals. They require an external microcontroller for data processing and are often used
in embedded systems. GPS Tracker Modules: Modules equipped with additional features such as
data logging, real-time tracking, and communication capabilities. Commonly used in vehicle tracking
and asset monitoring systems.

Applications: Navigation Systems: In-car navigation, maritime navigation, and aviation systems use
GPS modules for accurate positioning and route guidance. Location-Based Services (LBS): Mobile
devices use GPS modules for location-aware applications, including mapping, geotagging, and social
media check-ins. Asset Tracking: GPS modules are integral to tracking systems used to monitor the
location and movement of vehicles, shipments, and valuable assets. Surveying and Mapping:
Surveyors use high-precision GPS modules for mapping and geospatial applications. IoT (Internet of

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 Things): Embedded systems and IoT devices leverage GPS modules for location-aware functionality.
GPS modules have become ubiquitous in modern technology, enabling a wide range of applications
that rely on accurate positioning and navigation information. Advances in GPS technology continue
to enhance the accuracy, sensitivity, and power efficiency of these modules.

3.1 Block Diagram & Flowchart

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 Fig. 3(a) Block Diagram

Fig. 3(b) Flowchart

3.2 TinkerCAD Circuit

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 Fig. 3(c) TinkerCAD Circuit

3.3 Code

#include <TinyGPS++.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial gpsSerial(3, 4); // RX, TX

TinyGPSPlus gps;

int pirSensorPin = 2; // PIR sensor's digital input pin

int fsrSensorPin = A0; // FSR sensor's analog input pin
int fsrThreshold = 20; // Threshold value for FSR sensor
bool pirDetected = false; // Flag to track PIR sensor detection

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(pirSensorPin, INPUT);
// No need to set up the FSR sensor; it's analog and will be read directly.

23
}

void loop() {
int motionDetected = digitalRead(pirSensorPin); // Read the PIR sensor
int fsrValue = analogRead(fsrSensorPin); // Read the FSR sensor

if (motionDetected == HIGH) {
while (gpsSerial.available() > 0) {
if (gps.encode(gpsSerial.read())) {
displayGPSInfo();
}
}

if (!pirDetected) {
Serial.println("Motion detected! Checking FSR sensor...");

pirDetected = true;
}

if (fsrValue >= fsrThreshold) {

Serial.println("Child in car seat!");
} else {
Serial.println("No child in car seat.");
}
} else {
pirDetected = false; // Reset the flag when no motion is detected
//Serial.println("No child in car seat.");
}
}
void displayGPSInfo() {
Serial.print("Location: ");
Serial.print(gps.location.lat(), 6);
Serial.print(", ");
Serial.println(gps.location.lng(), 6);

Serial.print("Altitude: ");
Serial.println(gps.altitude.meters());

Serial.print("Speed: ");
Serial.println(gps.speed.kmph());

Serial.println();
24
 }

3.4 Pin Connection

PIR to Arduino Uno

● GND------------------------GND

● DOUT------------------------ Digital Pin 2

● VCC-----------------------5V

FSR to Arduino Uno

● One End Connected to GND

● Other End Connected to Analog Pin 0

GPS to Arduino Uno

● VCC-----------------------5V

● RX-----------------------Digital Pin 0

● TX-----------------------Digital Pin 0

● GND------------------------GND

25
Fig. 3(d) Circuit

26
4.1 Functionality

1. If the child is not in the car - the PIR sensor will not detect anything due to which the output
will be ‘No child in CAR‘

2. If child is in the CAR - the PIR sensor will sense and turn on the FSR sensor, the FSR will
sense the weight on the seat, If it is in between the range then the output will be HIGH and
will send notification to the user

3. This loop continues

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5. Further Enhancement

● Real-time Location Tracking:

Integrate a GPS module into the system to track the real-time location of the vehicle. This feature can be
valuable in case of emergencies, allowing caregivers or authorities to locate the vehicle and child.

● Mobile App Connectivity:

Develop a mobile application that connects to the Child Safety System via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Caregivers
can receive alerts, monitor the child's status, and access location information directly on their smartphones.

● Temperature Monitoring:

Include a temperature sensor to monitor the internal temperature of the vehicle. If the temperature exceeds a
safe threshold, the system can trigger an alarm or notify caregivers to prevent heat-related risks.

● Emergency Notification System:

Implement an emergency notification system that automatically contacts emergency services or predefined
contacts in critical situations. This feature adds an extra layer of safety and ensures a prompt response in
emergencies.

● Integration with Vehicle Systems:

Collaborate with vehicle manufacturers to integrate the Child Safety System directly into the vehicle's
electronics. This could include integration with the car's alarm system, allowing for seamless
communication and enhanced security features.

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6. Conclusions and Future Scope

The Safety Child Car Alert System may not accommodate all possible technologies; however, it shows great
potential for parents/driver to leverage on its benefit to prevent any fatal incident from happening. The
system intends to provide reminders to parents who left their child in car unintentionally. This effort is more
applicable and relevant for children in a dominant age range between newborn to toddler. The add-on
confirmation detection mechanism allows a rigid and precise detection of the entity mechanism to be
working perfectly. Issuance of notifications/alerts to parents on add-on integrated GSM module fulfilled the
objective of the project. Nevertheless, this system does not address the effectiveness of notification once
issued. Despite low-cost, the system’s easy set up make SCCAS a user-friendly device. In all, the cost of this
project sum up to 350. Yet there are always rooms for improvement. For future work, the system should
ideally be equipped with robust operating capabilities such as battery life, feedback to indicate proper
function, provide end-of-trip convenience reminder and minimal additional user action.

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7. References

1. Perrucci, G. P., Fitzek, F. H. P., Sasso, G., Kellerer, W., Widmer, J., “On the Impact of 2G and
3G Network Usage for Mobile Phones’ Battery Life”, 2009 European Wireless Conference,
255-259, 2009.

2. KidsandCars.org, “Child Vehicular Heat Stroke Summary”, Summary of heat stroke issue, 3-
12-15, 2012.

3. Guard, A., Gallagher, S.S., “Heat related deaths to young children in parked cars: an analysis
of 171 fatalities in the United States, 1995–2002”, Injury Prevention,

4. https://www.electronicsforu.com/resources/gsm-module

5. https://www.javatpoint.com/arduino-uno

6. https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/time/millis/

7. Chilton A., “The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors”, Infrared
Radiation Theory. Azo Sensors ArticleID=339, 2014

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