Table of Contents Strength of Materials Simple, Combined and Variable Stresses. Simple and Direct Stresses. Combined Induced Stresse: Sample Problemas..... wenn Engineering Materials Some Important Properties. Classification of Alloy Steels. Functions of Alloying Elements. Uses of Alloy Steels.... Thin/Thick Wall Pressure Vessels Definition... Shafts Definitions. Commercial Sizes of Shafts. Relation of Power, Torque and Speed. Stresses in Shafts, Subject to Torsion Only. Stresses in Solid Circular Shaft Subject to Torsion and Bending.26 Strength of Shaft with Assumed Allowable Stresses. Sample Problems...... Keys Definitions. ee ORL Tt IPL IE. tee ocer cre cer cer cre re pp cee cer ty rt Pl imeAb UP dE ad! Ell a uv ‘Sample Problems... Couplings . Definition... Types of Couplings. Stresses in Flanged Coupling. Sample Problems... Flywheels Design Calculations.. KE of Flywheel in Terms of Moment of Inertia... Energy Required to Punch a Metal Sample Problems. Bolts and Screws Forms of Threads. Definitions of Terms. Formulas... 48 Working Strength of Bolt 49 Power Screws... 49 Sample Problems. 52 Springs Uses of Springs. Types of Spring: Materials for Springs..... ‘Types of Ends of Coil Springs. 55 Stress and Deflection of Coil Springs. Spring Rate.... Sample Problems...Belts - Types of Transmission Belts ... Materials for Transmission Belts. 61 Length and Arc of Contact of Flat Belts. 61 Relation of Speed and Diameter. 62 Tension in Bel 63 WoOTL TLL Power Transmitted. V-Belts... Sample Problems. t Vd Roller Chains Construction of Roller Chain... Construction of Sprocket... Center Distance Between Sprockets. Length of Chains. Lubrication of Chains.. Sample Problems. ‘Ve Ed ‘VY Wire Ropes Uses of Wire Ropes..... Materials for Wire Ropes. Construction of Wire Rops . Designation of Wire Ropes. 74 Design Calculations... uu Basic Equations Involving Mating Gears. . - Strength of spur Gears. Ww Sample Problems.. Clutches’ ayy eee)AEE dT TE Ea At aT Disc or Plate Clutches... Power and Torque Calculation: Cone Clutches... Sample Problems... Brakes Definition. Brake Torque and Power Developed. Differential Band Brake. Block Brake...... Automotive Shoe Brake. Bearings Definitions... Two Types of Bearing Elements..... Classification of Bearings. Sliding Bearings... Ball and Roller Bearings. Sample Problems... Riveted Joints Uses of Riveted Joints. Materials for Rivets. Size of Rivets. Types of Riveted Joint: Strength of Riveted Joint Types of Welds and Welded Joint Strength of Butt Welds. Strength of Fillet Welds. Machine Shop Practice Machine Tools and Machine Operations......Piping System Definitions. Identification Colors for Pipes. Ile 11¢ Practice Problem: Answers to Practice Problems. Elements and Terms in Machine Design Answers of Elements in Machine Design Past Board Exam in Machine Design ME Bad. April 1996. ME Bd. October 1996 Conversion of Units...... PDA LLIL TL TL TL LIL TL TLL TL TL LtGE IP All = CPP Eh cP eth cP CEP CEP ci GM Gab ot t CONVERSIONS . Conversions Linear I statute mile = 5280 feet = 1760 yards I nautical mile = 6080 feet 1 league = 3 nautical miles 18240 feet lyard 3 feet 0.9144 m 1 meter 100 cm 1000 mm 3.28 feet 1.093 yard 1 foot 12 inches 1 inch lrod 1 furlong lcable length = l fathom = lspan = lvara = 1mil = 0.001 inch Area Lhectare = 10,000 sq.m = 11,960 sq. yards lacre = 43560 sq. ft = 4046.8 sq.m | | = 0.4047 hectare 1 square meter = 10.76 sq. ft = 1,195 sq. yardCONVERSIONS Volume ~ Lquart =2pints 1 US gallon = 231 cu. inches = 3.79 liters = 4 quarts 1 British gallon = 277.42 cu. inches Icu.m = 1000 liters = 35.31 cu. ft = 264.2 US gallon I cu. ft =. 7.48 US gallon = 28.32 liters = 1728 cu. inch I ganta = 3 liters = 8 chupas Icavan = 25 gantas Angle 360 degrees = 2n radians 400 grads 6400 mils = Trew : 90 deg = 100 grad I 1deg = 60min { Imin = 60sec Mass & Weight 1ton = 2000 pounds (Ibs.) 1 Jong ton 2240 Ibs 1 metric ton 1000 kg, 2200 Ibs I pound = 16 ounces kip = 1000 Ibs 1kg = 2.22 lbs Lkgf 9.80665 Newtons 1 Newton = 0.1019kg = 0.0459 Ib 1 pound (Ib) = 0.453592 kg = 0.138255N ieee lee ly a ee = ton ow ae lthWEE Te Mot a CU dd nil oll AL CONVERSIONS Work/Energy 1Btu = 778 ft-lb = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal = 1.055k3 Ikeal = 4.187kK lcal = 4.187 Joule lerg = 1 dyne-cm = 10° Joule 1 Joule = 1N-m 1kJ = 1000 Joule Power L horsepower = 550 fi-lb/sec = 33,000 ft-lb/min 2545 Btu/hr 42.4 Btu/min = 0.746 kw 746 watts 1.014 MHp Ikw = 3413 Br/br = ki/sec I watt = J/sec 1MHp = 0.736 kw 1 Boiler Hp = 33,48C Btwhr = 35,322 kJ/or Temperature °c = 30 C= OCF -32) oF =2°C 4+ 32 5 *K =°C +273 °R = °F + 460 A°C = S/9(A°F) A°F = 9/5(A°C) AC = AK AF = ARCONVERSIONS Pressure 1 atmospheric pressure (atm) = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1.033 kg/cm” 1 bar = 100 kPa 1Pa = 1 N/a? 1kPa = LkN/m? = 1000 Pa Fluids 1 poise I stoke = 0.646 million gallons per day (mgd) = 448.8 gal/min (gpm) Im/s = 1000 lit/s = 35.31 ft/s Fundamental Constants acceleration of free fall (g, Avogadro constant (L, N, Boltzmann constant (k = R/N; 9.80665 m/s 6.02252 x 10” mo! 1.380622 x 1079 J/K electric constant (€.). 8.854 x 10? F/m electronic charge(e).. 1.602192 x 10°C electronic rest mass (m, 9.109558 x 107! kg Faraday constant (F).. 9.648670 x 10* C/mol 8.31434 J/kg mol-°K gravitational constant (G).. 6.664 x 10"! N m/kg? Loschmidt’s constant (Ni). 2.68719 x 10% m® magnetic constant (10). 4nx 107 H/m neutron rest mass (m,) 1.67492 x L0kg VD be be a A Ale Le rhe ber Creo ’re ocrd CLE Te ae ‘ry reWoo M A Ni pall CONVERSIONS Planck constant (h).. 6.626196 x 10™ Js proton rest mass (m,) 672614 x 107” kg speed of light (c).. 2.99792458 x 10° m/s Stefan-Boltzmann constant (0)..... 5.6697 x 10° m? K* Properties of Air Btu kcal jis Cp= 0.24 = 0.24 = 10S , Ib-°F kg-°C kg-°C cy=0.171 —BM_ ~ 9.171 eal = 0.716 » 1b-°F ke-°C kg-°C R=533 flb_ = 0.297 Ib--R kg-°K k=14 . Properties of Water kJ Btu Cp= 4.187 = 10 " kg-°C 1b-°F L= latent heat of fusion= 335 = 144 BU 1 kg Ib Specific (sensible) heat of ice = 2.093 — Peet ee kg°C = 0.5 Btu Ib-°F Latent heat of vaporization (from and at 100°C) = 2257 KL = 973. Bu ke Ib Latent heat of water vapor in air and flue gases (average) = 2442 KF = 1050 Btu kgAEE EE ETE de _STRENGTH OF MATERIALS SIMPLE, COMBINED AND VARIABLE STRESSES, Strength - the ability of a material to withstand load without failure. Stress - force dr load per unit area, —, ir Ultimate Stress (Sy) - stress that would cause failure Yield Stress (Sy) - maximum stress without causing deformation (within elastic limit) Ultimate Stress Allowable Stress ( or safe stress ) = Factor of Safety (FS) (or Design Factor ) Design Stress (Sp) - stress used in the determining the size of a member (allowable stress or less) = Su. Sy . = BY op SY FS FS Working Stress (Sw) = stress actually occurring under operating conditions Endurance Limit or Fatigue Limit (S., S, ) = maximum stress that will not cause failure when the force is reversed indefinitely. Residual Stress - internal, inherent, trapped, locked-up body stress that exists within a material as a result of things other than external loading such as cold working, heating or cooling, etching, repeated stressing and electroplating.STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Simple and Direct Stresses: 1, Tensile Stress 5. Torsional Stress x where: T = torque gu 6. Bending ( Flexural ) Stress aa Mc T where: M = moment Se = 2. Compressive Stress 4. Bearing Stress For circule J = polar moment section of of inertia diameter C 165 Ss = — nc ¢ = distance of farthest fiber from neutral axis (NA) un 4 bere Sy nw be outer ‘ee UaCEP CD tre tee cee ee at a at at at STRENGTH OF MATERIALS « I = moment of inertia about the neutral axis bh? . = “27 for rectangular section 7. Strain, Elongation ( or shortening ) Strain ( unit elongation ) = + Stress = £ A E = Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) = Stress _ F/A Strain YL cross-sectional area stress Modulus of Elasticity ( Young’s Modulus) 30,000,000 for steel (206,786 MPa) 8. Thermal Elongation; Stress Y =kL(h-t) Y S =E*=kE(h-t, L (2-u) . where: Y = elongation due to temperature change, m k = coefficient of thermal expansion, m/m-°C t, = initial temperature, °C 4STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Combined and Induced Stresses 1, Combined Axial and Flexural Stress 2. Maximum shear induced by external tension and shearing loads Induced Stresses are those tensile, compressive, and shear stresse induced within a body by application of external forces and/or torque onto the body. Ssmux = 4 VS" + 483 S, = Mcfl and S, = Te/J 3. Maximum normal stress induced by external’ tension and shearing loads St max = + + UNS? + SS Relation between shearing and tensile stress based on theories o failure: Stax = Sy where: Sy = yield stress in tension Sy Ss max = — . * 2 ° Variable Stress ! aS ! N S SoAb Att III ar dt tT ey tf ul i STRENGTH OF MATERIALS N = factor of safety S, = yield point S, = endurance limit S, = mean stress = Seaxt Smin 2 S, = variable component stress — Sox ~ Sraia 2 Sex = maximum stress Sain = minimum stress . SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1. A steel tie rod on bridge must be made to withstand a pull of 5000 Ibs. Find the diameter of the rod assuming a factor of safety of 5 and ultimate stress of 64,000 Ib/in’. (ME Bd. Apr 96) A. 0.75 in C. 0.84 in B O71 ia dD. 079in Solution: S, = = A 64.000 _ _ 000 5 zg a d = 071in 2. If the ultimate shear strength of a steel plate is 42,000 Ib/in*, what force is necessary to punch a 0.75 in diameter hole in a 0.625 in thick plate? (ME Bd. Apr 96) A. 63,000 Ibs C. 61,800 lbs B. 68,080 Ibs D., 66, 800 IbsSTRENGTH OF MATERIALS, Solution: Force = stress x area = Ss (ndt) = 42,000 (x) (0.75) (0.625) = 61,850 Ibs 3. What force P is required to punch a 1/2 in hole on a 3/8 in thick plate the ultimate shear strength on the plate is 42,000 psi? (ME Bd. Oct 95) A. 24,940.Ibs C. 24, 620 Ibs B. 24,960 Ibs D. 24,740 lbs Solution: Force = Stress x Area = Ssu x (ndt) = 42,000 (n) (1/2) (3/8) = 24,740 Ibs 4. A2.5 in diameter by 2 in long journal bearing is to carry a 5500 Ib loa at 3600 rpm using SAE 40 lube oil at 200°F through a single hole at.2 psi. Compute the bearing pressure. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A. 1100 psi C. 1000 psi B. 900 psi D. 930 psi ution: Solution: \ 'g, =F = 15500 = 1100 psi LD per 5. A journal bearing with diameter of 76.2 mm is subjected to a load < 4900 N while rotating at 200 rpm. If its coefficient of friction is 0.0 and the L/D = 2.5, find its projected area in mm”, (ME Bd. Apr 96). A 12,090 C. 13,050 B 14,165 Dz 14,516 : bo eb) Uk Ce Rl eae(rin a 1 A 1 UOTE ED EE s STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Solution: LID = 2.5 L = D(2.5) L = 76,2(2.5) = 190.5 mm ‘Area = Daly 76.2x190.5 = 14,516 mm? N 6. What modulus Of elasticity in tension is required to obtain a unit deformation of 0.00105 m/m from a load producing a unit tensile stress of 44,000 psi? (ME Bd. Oct 95) A. 42,300 x 10° psi C. 43.101 x 10° psi B. 41.202 x 10° psi D. 41.905 x 10° psi Solution: = Stress _ 44,000 = 41.905 x 10° psi Strain 0.00105 7. The shaft whose torque varies from 2000 to 6000 in-Ibs has 1% inches in diameter and 60,000 psi yield strength. Compute for the shaft mean average stress. (ME Bd. Apr 97). A. 6036 psi C. 5162 psi B. 6810 psi D. 5550 psi Solution: Sem = Sout Su _ 2054 +3018 = 6036 psi 8. How many 5/16 inch holes can be punch in one motion in a steel plate made of SAE 1010 steel, 7/16 inch thick using a force of 55 tons. The ultimate strength for shear is 50 ksi and use 2 factor of safety. (ME Bd. 7STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Apr 97). A 58 cs B. 37 D. 62 Solution: Ss =—— Dt 50,000 — -55x2000 ‘xD(7/16) D= 16in 1.6 no. of holes = vie 5.12 say 5 holes 9. Determine the minimum mean diameter of a taper pin for use to fix lever to a shaft, if it is to transmit a maximum torque of 700 in-lbs’ T shaft diameter is 2 inches and the material allowable stress is 15000 py Use factor of safety of 2. (ME Bd. Oct 97). : A. 7.00 mm C. 5.2mm : B. 7.2mm D. 62mm : | Solution: : \ Torque = Fxr ! 700 in-lbs = Fx 1 in F = 700 Ibs =F (x/4yD? 15,000 = 7 | (aD D = 0.2437 in = 6.19 mm 10. A link has load factor of 0.8, the surface factor is 0.92 and the endurance strength is 28000 psi. Compute the alternating stress of the link if it i: subjected to a reversing load. Assume a factor of safety of 3. (ME B | |_— — STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Oct 97). — reamed A 8150 C. 9333 — B. 10920 D. 7260 — Solution: = 28,000 Stress = 2 = 78.000 9939 33 psi _— ° FS 3 = _ 11. The diameter of a brass rod is 6 mm. What force will stretch it by 0.2% — of its length. Etmss = 9x 10" Pa. = A. 5090N C. 9050N B. 5060N D. 6050N = Solution: y =F = AE = 0.002, = ———FL___ (1/4)(0.006)(9 x 10°) — = : F = 5089.4N I — Ts Ga00P pe 207 - apesionac DeyLRenot yO = O~ Tactian — = T = Torque i - oe in-\b, A-10 Le cere _— pe HP POLAR OW AST OE = Paloe Pont = OE Re eg bs 2? neta Ore road TRaLsMMe Steer 9) = trechulus pt > pe [EOP SeTOoS0d Gag of Ferhety Bo n a aygel tb —= a ase wekud \ he _ Ore Ride Stee, AMY ING POLST Sox M- (saxo) —= p= DN p=5| BP TO oS - Sy = LO. = 6o7 OS FOL Toto) Ofc Shar Steer SST — 9 Py 5 Po, 95] ae (ENGINEERING MATERIALS - ENGINEERING MATERIALS Some Important Properties (Faires, pp. 42 - 44) Brittleness - tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation. Ductility - that property that permits permanent deformation before fracture in tension. Elasticity - ability of a material to be deformed and to return to its original shape. Hardness - resistance to indentation. Machinability - relative ease with which a material can be cut. Malleability - susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling and hammering. Plasticity - ability of a metal to be deformed considerably without rupture. Stiffness - ability to resist deformation. Toughness - ability to withstand shock load without breaking. Heat Treatment Practices (Faires, pp. 45 - 46) Annealing - heating above the transformation range, usually 1300 1350°F, and cooling slowly to soften the metal and increase ~2se machining. Hardening - heating above the transformation temperature and quenchi usually in oil, for the purpose of increasing the hardness. 10Int tt PIT tr Wo TP ENGINEERING MATERIALS Normalizing - heating to some 100°F above the transformation range with subsequent cooling to below that range in still air at room temperature to produce uniform structure of the metal. Stress Relieving - heating to a subcritical temperature, about 1100 to 1300°F and holding at that temperature for a suitable time for the purpose of reducing intemal residual stresses. Tempering - reheating to a temperature below the transformation range, followed by any desired rate of cooling to attain the desired properties of the metal. Case Hardening - process of hardening the surface or case of a metal to provide a hard, wear resistant surface while retaining toughness in the core. Metal Forming Processes Rolling - process of forming metal parts by the use of dies after the metal is heated to its plastic range. Forging - process of forming metal parts by the use of powerful pressure from a hammer or press to obtain the desired shape, after the metal has been heated to its plastic range. AISI and SAE Designation of Steel ( Faires p. 47 ) AISI Y XXXX SAE XXXX Y is a letter, used in AISI only, to indicate the method of manufacturing; first number ( or first two numbers) represents class of steel; second number indicates the approximate percentage of the principal alloying element; last two numbers indicate 100 times the approximate percentage of carbon present in the metal. Steel Plain Carbon 10XX Free Cutting 11XX Manganese 13XXENGINEERING MATERIALS Boron 14xXx Nickel ~ 2XXX Nickel-Chromium 3XXX Heat and corrosion resistant 303XX Molybdenum 4XXX Molybdenum-Chromium 41XX Molybdenum-chromium-nickel 43XX Mol; um-nickel 46XX Molybdenum-chromium-nickel 4TXX Molybdenum-nickel 48XX Chromium SXXX Heat and corrosion 514XX resistant SISXX Chromium-vanadium 6XXX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum 8XXX Silicon-manganese 92XX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum OXXX (except 92XX) Commonly Used Metal Metal Description Uses Wrought Iron Tron formed by hammering and Rivets, welded steam an rolling operations water pipes Cast [ron Tron formed by casting Cylinder blocks, brake drums, gears, machine tool ways Malleable Iron“ Heat treated cast iron which is Gears strong, ductile and easily machined Nodular Cast _Cast'iron added with magnesium Casings, Crankshafts, Iron and cerium to become stronger _hubs, rolls, forming die and more ductile Cast Steel. Steel-formed by casting. Gears, crankshafts, : - cylinder barrels 12| ll AW al Ut ENGINEERING MATERIALS Wrought Steel Stee! formed by hammering, Bars, tubes rolling or drawing Stainless Steel Stee! obtained by addition of Steam turbine blades, chromium valves Brass Alloy of copper and zinc Propeller shafts, piston rods, screws, etc. Bronze Alloy of copper, tin and Clutch disks, pump rods, phosphorous shafts, valve stems, etc. Tabulated Properties of Materials Tables of different materials show the following important properties: ultimate strength, yield stress, endurance limit, BHN, modulus of elasticity, elongation, density. Tables in Faires: Tables AT 4 - AT 11, pp. 568 - 582 (Appendix). Tables in Vallance: Table 2-4, p. 25, Table 2-5, p.27, Table 2-6, p. 30 Definitions: 1. Age Hardening - is a change in a metal by which its structure recovers from an unstable or metastable condition that has been produced by quenching or cold working. 2. Alloy - is a substance with metallic properties, composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal. 3. Alloying elements - in steel are usually considered to be the metallic elements added for the purpose of modifying the properties. 4. Anisotropy - is the characteristic of exhibiting of exhibiting different properties when tested in different directions (as tensile strength “with the grain” or “across the grain”). 5. Brittleness - is the tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation . 6. Charpy test - is one in which a specimen, supported at both ends as a simple beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. 1320. . 21. 23. 24, ENGINEERING MATERIALS Cold shortness - is brittleness of metals at ordinary or | temperatures. Cold working - is the process of deforming a metal plastically < temperature below the recrystallization temperature and at a rate produce strain hardening. Damping capacity - is the ability of a material to absorb or da vibrations, which is a process of absorbing kinetic energy of vibrat owing to hysteresis. Decarburization - is a loss of carbon from the surface of st occurring during hot rolling, forging, and heat treating, when surrounding medium reacts with the carbon (as oxygen and cart combining). . Ductility - is that property that permits permanent deformation bef. fracture in tension. Elasticity - is the ability of a material to be deformed and to return the original shape. . Embrittlement. - involves the loss of ductility because of a physical chemical change of the material. |. Free carbon - is that part of the carbon content of steel or iron tha’ in the form of graphite or temper carbon. |. Hard drawn - is a temper produced in a wire, rod, or tube by « drawing. . Homogenous materials - (have homogeneity) have the same structt at all points. Isotropic - materials have the same properties in all directions. . Izod test - is a test which a specimen, supported at one end as cantilever beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. Killed steel - is steel that has been deoxidized with a stro deoxidizing agent, such as silicon or aluminum, in order to eliminate reaction between the carbon and oxygen during solidification. Machinability - is a somewhat indefinite property that refers to t relative ease with which a material can be cut. Malleability - is a materials susceptibility to extreme deformation rolling or hammering. . Mechanical properties - are those that have to do with stress and strai Percentage elongation - is the extension in the vicinity of the fractu of a tensile specimen, expressed as a percentage of the original ga. length. * Percentage reduction area - is the smallest area at the point of ruptPOE TE TE EP Ia TT aD 25. 26. 27. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 37. 38. 39. ENGINEERING MATERIALS of a tensile specimen divided by the original area. Physical properties - exclude mechanical properties, and are other physical properties such as density, conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion. . Plasticity - is the ability of a metal to be deformed considerably without rupture. Poisson’s ratio - is the ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain when the element is loaded with longitudinal tensile force. . Precipitation heat treatment .- brings about the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution by holding the body at an elevated temperature , also called artificial aging. Proof stress - is that stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of a material, usually 0.01% or less. Red shortness - is a brittleness in steel when it is red hot. Relaxation - associated with creep, is the decreasing stress at a constant strain; important for metals in high temperature service. Residual stress - are those not due to applied loads or temperature gradients. Rimmed steel - is incompletely deoxidized steel. Solution heat treatment - is the process of holding an alloy at a suitably high temperature long enough to permit one or more constituents to pass into solid solution and_,then cooling fast enough to hold the constituents as a supersaturated solution. Stiffness - is the ability to resist deformation. . Strain hardening - is increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range. Temper - is a condition produced in a non-ferrous metal by mechanical or thermal treatment. Toughness - is the capacity of a material.to withstand a shock load without breaking. Transverse strength - refers to the results of a transverse bend test, the specimen being mounted as.a simple beam; also called rupture modulus. Work hardening - isthe same as strain hardening, = + . Wrought steel - *is steel that has been hammered, rolled, or drawn in the process of manufacture; it may be plain carbon or alloy steel. 15ENGINEERING MATERIALS Classification of Alloy Steels: 1. Low-alloy structural steels - were developed for structural uses wl light weight is important. 2. Low-carbon alloy steels - (0.10 - 0.25% C) used chiefly 3. Medium-carbon alloy steels. - (0.25 - 0.50% C) usually quenched tempered to hardness between 250 and 400 Brinell. 4. High-carbon alloy steels - (0.50 - 0.70% C or more) ordinarily t treated to hardnesses between 375 and 500 Brinell, for use as sprir wear resisting parts, etc. 5. High-alloy steels - such as stainless steels. Functions of Alloying Elements (chemical symbol in parenthesis): Aluminum (Al) - is an efficient deoxidizer , an alloy in nitriding ste (nitralloys), and it promotes fine grain size. Boron (B) - in very small amounts (0.001% or less) is an economi hardenability agent in low or medium carbon deoxydized steels. Chromium (Cr) - improves hardenability economically, resistance corrosion (with other alloys), strength at high temperatures, and weari properties (high carbon). Cobalt (Co) - improves red hardness. Columbium (Cb) - is often used to stabilize stainless steel. Copper (Cu) - improves steels resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Lead (Pb) - improves machinability, but affects different allo differently. Manganese (Mn) - improves strength and increases hardenabil moderately, counteracts brittleness from sulfur. Molybdenum (Mo) - _inicteases hardenability markedly a economically, tends to counteract temper brittleness, improving cre: strength and red hardness; it improves wear by forming abrasion-resista icles. Nickel (Ni) - strengthens unquenched and annealed steels, toughe: steel (especially at low temperatures), and simplifies heat treatment t lessening distortion. It is the most element for reducing the brittleness « steel at very low temperature. Phosphorous (P) - increases hardenability, strengthens low carb 16 io‘t A "Adan | ‘Kl oul 1 WU wr| ENGINEERING MATERIALS, { steels, improves machinability of free cutting steels, and improves resistance to corrosion. Selenium (Se) - improves machinability of stainless steel; also added to leaded resulfurized carbon steels for the same purpose. Silicon (Si) - strengthens low alloy steels and improves resistance to high temperature oxidation; it is a good general purpose deoxidizer and promotes fine grain. Tantalum (Ta) - isa stabilizer. Titanium (Ti) - is used for deoxidation and for stabilizing austenitic stainless steels; it increases the hardness and strength of low carbon steel and improves creep strength. Tungsten (W) - increases hardenability markedly in small amounts and improves hardness and strength at high temperature. Vanadium (V) - promotes fine grain structure, improves the ratio of endurance strength to ultimate strength of medium carbon steels, increases hardenability strongly when dissolved, and results in retention of strength and hardness at high temperature; it is the most effective element in retarding softening during tempering. ean tb M N AW Uses of Alloy Steels: AISI 2330: bolts, studs, tubing subjected to torsional stresses. AISI 2340: quenched and tempered shafting, connecting rods, very highly stressed bolts, forgings. ‘ AISI 2350: high capacity gears, shafts, heavy duty machine parts. AISI 3130: shafts, bolts, steering knuckles. AISI 3140: aircraft and truck engine crakshafts, oil well tool joints, spline shafts, axles, earth moving equipment AISI 3150: wear resisting parts in excavating and farm machinery, gears, forgings. AISI 3240: shafts, highly stressed pins and keys,, gears. AISI 3300 series: ° for heavy parts requiring deep penetration of the heat treatment ahd high fatigue strength per unit weight. AISI 4063: leafand coil springs ° 7 AISI 4130, 4140: automotive connecting rods and axles, aircraft parts and tubing AISI 4340:~ ‘crankshafts, axles, gears, landing gear parts; perhaps the best ++. general purpose AISI steel. AISI 4640: gears, splined shafts, hand tools, miscellaneous heavy duty machine parts. AISI 8630: connecting rods, bolts, shapes; air hardens after welding. AISI 8640, 8740: gears, propeller shafts, knuckles, shapes AOU dta THIN/THICK WALL PRESSURE VESSELS THIN-WALL PRESSURE VESSELS Definition: A thin-wall pressure vessel is one in which the ratio of the w thickness to the inside diameter is less than 0.07. Thin-Wall Cylinder: PD; S =e where: P = internal pressure D, = inside diameter t = wall thickness S, = tangential (tensile) stress When there is a seam or joint, the joint efficiency E must be considered: PD 2tE where: E = joint efficiency 1 Thin-Wall Sphere: s,= 72 4a Considering the joint efficiency E: PD, 4tE OE aD ae lol Lacs OEE SPEAdhd fdlh u A a A A wil Tl I ri T ‘THIN/THICK WALL PRESSURE VESSELS . THICK-WALL CYLINDERS Definition: A thick-wall cylinder is one in which the ratio of the wall thickness to the inside diameter is more than 0.07. Lame’s Equation ( Vallance p. 451), for internal pressure: EE] here: wi t = wall thickness D = inside diameter S, = tangential or tensile stress P; = internal pressure When subject to internal and external pressure: Maximum tangential stress at the inside: Pi(ro’ + 17) = 2Pofo” — Ss te - Maximum tangential stress at the outside: _ Pin? - Po(ro? + 1) Sw where: P; = internal pressure P, = external pressure 1, = inside radius I. = outside radiusome THIN/THICK WALL PRESSURE VESSELS SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. Determine the bursting steam pressure of a steel shell with diameter 0 inches and made of 1/4 thick steel plate. The joint efficiency is 70% and the tensile strength is 60 ksi. (ME Bd. Oct 97). A. 4200 psi C. 42.8 ksi B. 10.5 ksi D. 8500 psi Solution: PD aE 60,000 = —P1)_ 4(0.25)(0.70) P = 4200 psi 2. Determine the safe wall thickness of a 30 inches steel tank with interr pressure of 7.82 MPa. The yield stress of material is at 275.48 MF The factor of safety to use is 2.0. (ME Bd. Oct 97). A. 3/4 inch C. 286mm B. 23.6cm D. 5/8 inch Solution: s, = 2 at 275.48 _ 7.82(30) 2 2t t = 0.8516 in = 21.6 mm 203 IPT eT L L L L_ L L L L L L_ L 3. THIN/THICK WALL PRESSURE VESSELS A cylindrical tank with 10 inches inside diameter contains oxygen gas at 2500 psi. Calculate the required wall thickness in (mm) under stress of 28,000 psi. (ME Bd. Oct 97) A 11.34 mm C. 12.44 mm B. 10.24mm D. 10.54 mm Solution: 5, = 2D 2t 28,000 = ae t t = 0.4464 in = 11.33 mm Determine the thickness of a steel air receiver with 30 inches diameter and pressure load of 120 psi, design stress of 8000 psi. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A. I/in C. 38 in B. 5/8 in Dz 1/2in Solution: s, = 22 2t 000 = 12030 2 t = 0.225 in. Use 1/4 in standard thickness. A steel cylindrical air receiver with 5 feet diameter and pressure load of 180 psi, design stress of 9500 psi maximum. The pressure vessel is to be provided with 1 1/2 in diameter drain valve installed at the bottom of the vessel and safety pressure relief valve installed either at the top most or at the side with pop-out rating of 200 psi. Assume a 100% weld joint efficiency. The lap welding tensile strength is 65,000 psi, Determine the bursting pressure of this air receiver. 21= THIN/THICK WALL PRESSURE VESSELS A. 1154 psi C. 1354 psi B. 1454 psi Dz 1254 psi Solution: Solving for the wall thickness of the air receiver: = _PD & 2 Based on operating pressure: 180(60) 9500 = t = 0.568 in Based on pop-out pressure: 9500 = 20060) 2t t = 0.631 in The standard plate thickness is 5/8 in (0.625 in) would be safe, solving 1 the bursting pressure using a wall thickness of 5/8 in : PD 2t Sa = P(60) 2(0.625) P = 1354 psi 65,000 = 6. The work cylinder of a hydraulic system is acted by a hydraulic pressu of 370 psi while the maximum load of the piston is 5500 Ibs. If t allowable tensile stress is 2000 psi, what is the required wall thickne of the cylinder. A 0.402 in « C. 0.240 in B. 0.448 in D. 0.284 in 22 PR ath Ris ee eee oR ore ore weWTA Te TEI Te Teter it MM OU THIN/THICK WALL PRESSURE VESSELS Solution: Force = Pressure x Area $500 = 370 x (1/4)D? D = 435in Assume thick-wall cylinder: 2f pat -1] aL a 2000 +370 _ -1]- 0.448 in 2000 - 370 UD = 0.448/4.35 = 0.103 Therefore thick-wall cylinder. 23SHAFTS : SHAFTS Definitions: Shaft - a rotating member transmitting power. Axle - a stationary member carrying rotating wheels, pulleys, etc. Spindle - a short shaft or axle on machines. Machine shaft - a shaft which is an integral part of the machine. ‘Transmission shaft - shaft which is used to transmit power between tl source and the machine absorbing the power. Lineshaft or mainshaft - transmission shaft driven by the prime move Countershaft, jackshaft, headshaft, shortshaft - transmission shaft intermediate between the lineshaft and the driven machine. Prime Mover Fig + Machine shaft ree Countershaft 24Abd At Al ll Ad Wot ‘ Mou ou A oT SHAFTS Commercial Sizes of Shafts , Inches (Faires: p. 269; Vallance: p. 181) | 19 S U3 B77 is 4a yt yu ds 2 °16°R’ W'4 "TR ' WW 1H” 16" 16" 2222 24% 32 3H gt gli 52 5 61 7 67 6" 16" 16" 6 WH OH Materials for Transmission Shafts : cold-rolled, hot-rolled, forged carbon steel. Relation of Power, Torque and Speed yp P = 2nTN and-T.= Fx where: P = power transmitted (kw) T = torque or torsional moment (kN-m) N = speed (rev/sec) F = transmitted load or tangential force (KN) rt = radius (m) Stresses in Shafts, Subject to Torsion Only qT ss=-72 and 0 = © tadians I IG _ $s = + (for solid circular shaft) xD $5 = S72 ( for hollow circular shaft) n(D." - D;’) where: Ss = torsional shear stress torque or torsional moment ¢ = distance from neutral axis to the outermost fiber radius (for solid circular shaft) J = polar moment of inertia = (/32)D* for solid circular shaft = (w/32(D,' - Di‘) for hollow circular shaft 25a) D = diameter of shaft ~ L = length of shaft © = angular deformation in length L, radians G = modulus of rigidity in shear 1,500,000 psi to 12,000,000 psi for steel D, = outside diameter D, = inside diameter Stresses in Solid Circular Shaft Subject to Torsion and Bending Soon = Mw +P Sima = (M+ ME ) maximum shear stress maximum tensile or compressive stress M = bending moment T = torsional moment Strength of Shaft with Assumed Allowable Stresses (PSME CODE p. 18) For Main Power Transmitting Shafts: 3 p= DN or D= [ 80P. 80 N For Lineshafts Carrying Pulleys: p= DN o D= 3 [ 53.5P 53.5 N For Small, Short Shafts: p-DN - y p =f N where: P = Power transmitted in HP - D = Diameter of shaft in inches N = Speed in rpm 26SOI IT ul I Tt ‘ TE TE “EM SHAFTS SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1, What power would a spindle 55 mm in diameter transmit at 480 rpm. Stress «lowed for short shaft is 59 N/mm”. (ME Bd. Apr 97). A 42.12 kw C. 96.88 kw B. 50.6hKw —pP. 39.21 kw Solution: Ss = = 16T (55)? T = 1,927,390 N-mm = 1.92739 kN-m P = 2nTN = 2n(1.92739)(480/60) = 96.88 kw 2. Determine the torque received by the motor shaft running at 4250 rpm,’ transmitting 11 HP, through a 10 in diameter, 20° involute gear. The shaft is supported by ball bearings at both ends and the gear is fixed at the middle of 8 in shaft length. (ME Bd. Apr 97). A. 163 in-lb C. 132 in-lb B. 167 in-Ib D. 136 in-Ib Solution: P = 2nTN KEM 11 (3,000) = 2x T (4250) T = 13.594 flb xh = 163.128 in-lbs 3. Compute the maximum unit shear in a 3 inch diameter steel shafting that transmits 24,000 in-Ib of torque at 99 rpm. (ME Bd. Oct 96). ‘A. 4530 psi C. 3860 psi B, 4250 psi D. 4930 psi 27SHAFTS Solution: 16T_ _ 16(24,000) Ss = — = ——— _ = 4527 psi xD® x3) Ps 4. Compute the lineshaft diameter to transmit 12 HP at 180 rpm w torsional deflection of 0.08 degree per foot length. (ME Bd. Oct 96). A 3in C. 2.35in B. Scm D. 62mm Solution: P = 2nTN 12(33,000) = 2xT(180) T = 350.14 ft-lbs = 4,201.68 in-Ibs L=1ft = 12in pf = > for solid circular shaft 4 _ G = 12,000,000 psi for steel a= 2k Je ss 4,201.68 (12) 0.082) = 22018 02) 120 (x/32)D“(12,000,000) D = 2.35in 5. Compute the nominal shear stress at the surface in MPa for a 40 ‘mn diameter shaft that transmits 750: kw at 1500 rpm. Axial and bendin; loads are assumed negligible. Torsional shearing stress is 28 n/mm?.~ A. 218 C. 232 B. 312 D. 380 28 ber rh tet tee . cDWoW aa AQ DT ATE. WEE WT SHAFTS Solution: - P = 2nTN 750 = 2nT(1500/60) T = 4.775 kNan 6" 16(4.775) $5 = 18 = 1847) _ 379.982 kpa = 380 MPa nD’ (0.04) <.*) hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and an outer diameter of 0.06 m. Compute for the torque if the shear stress is not to exceed 120 MPa in N-m. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A. 4500 C. 4300 B. 4100 D. 4150 Solution: 6 xD." - Dy’) 16T(0.06) . 120,000,000 = ———_—_—___ {(0.06)$ - (0.035)*] T = 4500 N-m a ~ 7. Design the size of solid steel shaft to be used for a'500 hp, 250 rpm application if the allowable torsional deflection is 1° and the allowable stress is 10,000 psi and modulus of rigidity is 13 x 10° psi. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A. Sindia C. 4 7Bin dia B. 4 5/8 india D. 4 3/4 india Solution: Solving for the shaft diameter D based on stress: P = 2nTN 500(33,000) = 2nT(250) T = 10,504,226 fi-lbs = 126,051 in-Ibs 29SHAFTS 16T Ss = SD? 16(126,051. 10,000 = 1126.05) xD* D = 4in Solving for the shaft diameter D based on torsional deflection: The shaft length is not given. The common practice for torsional deflection is per(20D)ength. L=20P — _TL 8A where: Q= = 1°x (180/n) rad 126,051 in-lbs 20D = (w32)D* = 13,000,000 psi x __126.051(20B)" : 180 (7/32)B(13,000,000) D = 48¢4in 7 L J G Therefore: D = 4 7/8 in. 8. A 2 in solid shaft is driven by a 36 in gear and transmits power at 12. rpm. If allowable shearing stress is 12 ksi, what horsepower can transmitted? (ME Bd. Oct 95). A 29.89 C. 38.89 B. 35.89 D. 34.89 30 . ‘Vu tl I MT aT ty WMD A Gat i SHAFTS Solution: 16T (2)? T = 18,850 in-Ibs = 1,570.8 fi-lbs 2n(1,570.8)(120/60) P = 2xnIN = ————___—_——. =_ 35.89 HP 550 12,000 = 9. A short 61mm shaft transmits 120 HP. Compute the linear speed of a pulley 55 cm mounted on the shaft. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A. 1796 fpm C. 1856 fpm B. 1766 fpm D. 2106 fpm Solution: For short shaft (PSME CODE): D'N p=—— . 38 where: D = 61 mm = 2.4 in 2.4)°N 120 = C4 38 N = 330m V = aDN = 1(0.55 x 3.28)(330) = 1870 ft/min 10. A hollow shaft has an inner diameter of 0.035 m and outer diameter of 0.06 m. Determine the polar moment of inertia of the hollow shaft. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A. 1512x 10% m* C. 1.152 x 10% m* B. 1.215 x 10% m* D. 1.125 x 10° mé 31SHAFTS Solution: _ J = (9/32\(D,' - Di’) = (1/32)[(0.06)* - (0.035)‘] = 1.125 x 10° m* 11. Compute the speed of the gear mounted on a 52.5 mm diameter shz receiving power from a driving motor with 250 HP. (ME Bd. Apr 95). A 2182mpm C. 2265 rpm B. 2071 pm D. 2341 mpm Solution: From PSME CODE: P= DN 30 (52.5/25.4N -_— N = 2265 rpm 250 12. A 3 in diameter short shaft carrying two pulleys close to the bearing transmits how much horsepower if the shaft makes 280 rpm? (ME Bc Apr 95). A. 199 HP C. 200 HP B. 198 HP D. 210 HP Solution: . From PSME CODE: DN 3)? (280) p= DN - C8) _ igo up 38 38 32 PD Mei h Vt tbo orkaooemltay KEYS KEYS Definitions: w Key - a machine member employed at the interface of a pair of mating male and female circular cross-sectional members to prevent relative angular motion between these mating members. Keyway - a groove in the shaft and mating member to which the key fits. Splines - permanent keys made integral with the shaft and fitting into keyways broached into the mating hub. Types of Keys: Ht q A We A a Square key - has a square cross-section with half of its depth sunk in the shaft and half in the hub. Flat key - has a rectangular cross-section with the smaller dimension placed in the radial direction with half sunk in the shaft and half in the hub and is used where the weakening of the shaft by the keyway is serious. . Round key - has a circular cross-section. Barth key - is a square key with bottom two comers bevelled. Woodmff key - consists of one-half of a circular disk fitting into a rectangular keyway in the female member and a semi-circular keyway in the male member. Gib-head taper key - is a flat key with a special gib-head to facilitate easy driving and removal of the key. Saddle key - is a flat key used without a keyway in the shaft. Kennedy keys - are tapered square keys with the diagonal dimension in a circumferential direction Feather key - is one which has a tight fit into one member and a loose sliding fit in the other mating member thus allowing the hub to move along the shaft but prevents rotation on the shaft. 33KEYS Square o Round Barth Key Key key vf yy A “> k Lf fy d Kennedy Teather Key Key F where: P = power transmitted T = torque r = radius D = diameter N = speed Crushing (Compressive ) Stress: = F bw 2 Shearing Stress: == wL 34 K woodru Key en Splin cee 2| IOI TT TE AT et q t od i i KEYS Generally, when the key and shaft are of the same material: D wey and L=12D width of key thickness of key L = length of key SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. A 46.2 mm diameter shafting of SAE 1040 grade, cold rolled, having a yield point of 50'ksi and with a 3/4 x 3/4 x 5 inches key. Compute the minimum Yield point in the key in order to transmit the torque of the shaft. The factor of safety to use is 2 and Sys = 0.5 Sy. (ME Bd. Oct 97). A. 39.12 ksi C. 279.20 ksi B. 42.13 ksi D. 47.12 ksi Solution: - Shaft diameter = 76.2 mm = 3 in 5 ksiv= 25,000 psi v Y Design Stress, Ss = 0.5 Sy = 0.5 (50 ksi) = _16T ~ ~ v8s = Ty 16T xGy TT = 132,535.94 in-lb 1. 132,535.94 p= T= BASS _ g8,357291bs — - ¥%¥ . D/2 3/2 * v t 25,000 = F 88,357.29 v Shearing Stress in key, Sse =—- = = 23,561.94 psi WL s psi Ssk = 23.5619 ksi Sy = 23.5619x2 = 47.12 ksi 35KEYS 2. A rectangular key was used in a pulley connected to a lineshaft power of 125 kw at a speed of 900 rpm. If the shearing stress shaft is 40 N/mm? and the key to be 22 N/mm. Determine the len the rectangular key if the width is one fourth that of the shaft dia (ME Ba. Apr 92). A. 17L.8mm C. 187.5 mm B. 175.8mm D. 157.8 mm Solution: P = 2nTN 125 = 2nT(900/60) T = 1.326291 kN-m = 1,326,291 N-mm 16T Ss == _ 16(1,326,291) xD? D = shaft diameter = 55.27mm 326,291 -pe = 1326291 = 47,993 N Diz 55.2712 5. w= = 27 2 13.89 mm 4 : F- vSs = oy 41,993 22 = 13.82 L L = 157.85 mm 36Jhb GMb TD EPP PE DT Rt nh att KEYS 3. Akeyed sprocket deliver a torque of 778.8 N-m thru the shaft of 54 mm OD. The key thickness is 1.5875 cm and the width is 1.11 cm. Compute the length of the same key. The permissible stress value of 60 MPa for shear and 90 MPa for tension. (ME Bd. Oct 97). A. 39.12cm C. $2.22 em B. 4.82cm D. 432em Solution: T _ 7188 Force, F = — = = 28,844.4N r (0.054/2) Sx = shearing stress of the’key = —— wl 28.844.4 N 60,000,000, = 84N m= (0.0111myL) L = 0.0433 m = 4.33 cm 37COUPLINGS . COUPLINGS Definition: Coupling - a mechanical device which is used to connect lengths of shafting permanently. Types of Couplings: 1. Rigid Couplings - couplings that do not allow angular, axial or rotational _ flexibility and used with collinear shafts. A. Flange Coupling - type of rigid coupling which consists of halves of flanges connected to each other by bolts. B. Sleeve or Collar Coupling - rigid coupling which is a cylindrical collar pressed over the ends of two collinear shafi 2. Flexible Couplings - couplings which allow angularity to take c of misalignment of the shafts. Oldham coupling, chain coupling, flexible disk coupling, flexit gear type coupling, hydraulic coupling, universal joints, are examples of _ flexible couplings. Stresses in Flange Coupling P = 2nxTN F = total transmitted load on bolts _ Torque D/2 Fi force per bolt F b= = ——____ No. of bolts “ Fy Ss = shear stress in bolts = —— (wi) d 38AP ETT lt AT COUPLINGS . | rR Sc = compressive stress on flange = a t Flange Coupling: st where: D = diameter of the bolt circle diameter of the shaft t = thickness of the flange d = diameter of the bolt 3AMPLE PROBLEMS: A flanged bolt coupling has ten (10) steel 25.4 mm diameter bolts evenly tighten around a 415 mm bolt circle. Determine the torque capacity of the connection if the allowable shearing stress in the bolt is 50 MN/m?. (ME Bd. Oct 97). A 59.95 kN-m C. 46.15 kN-m B. S52.6kN-m D. 43.8kN-m olution: F Ssp = shearing stress per bolt. = x Ssp = 50 MN/m? = 50,000 kN/m? 50,000 = fe __ (1/4\(0.0254)” F, = force per bolt = 25.335 kN 39COUPLINGS F = force on all bolts = 25.335 x 10 = 253.35 kN T = torque = F x bolt circle radius = 253.35 x (0.415/2) = 52.57 kN-m A flange coupling has an outside diamerer of 200 mm and connects 40 mm shafts. There are four 16 mm bolts on a 140 mm bolt ci The radial flange thickness is 20 mm. If the torsional stress in the : is not to exceed 26-MPa, determine the shearing stress in the bol uniformly distributed. (ME Bd. Oct 90). A. 8.5 Nimm? C. 6.5 N/mm? B. 5.8 Nima? D. 7.5 N/mm? Solution: 40 Ss = aay shearing stress of the shaft 7 16T (0.040) T = 0.3267256 kN-m 26,000 = T 0.3267256 kN-1 F = force on bolts = — = = D2 0.140/2 F = 4.6675 KN = 4,667.5 N oye R= a = 1167N . Fi, 1,167 2 Shearing Stress on bolt = > = —-—.. = 5.8 Nh As (naXi6)? mm psll 4 BL A | | TT Ir t * FLYWHEELS FLYWHEELS Definition: Flywheel - a rotating energy reservoir which absorbs energy from a power source during a portion of the operating cycle and delivers that stored energy as useful work during the other portion of the cycle. Machines in which flywheels are used: punch presses and shears, internal combustion engines, compressors, reciprocating pumps and steam engines. Design Calculations: Kinetic Energy = % mV? Ww KE = —(V’ - Vz’) 2g where: KE = kinetic energy released by flywheel weight of flywheel maximum (operating ) speed Ni minimum speed mDN2 = mean diameter of flywheel = width of flywheel rim = thickness of flywheel rim W =W,+ Wo where: W, = weight of flywheel rim = xDbtp Wa, = weight of arms and hub p = density of flywheel material = 7200 kg/m? for iron 41FLYWHEELS Kinetic Energy of flywheel in terms of Moment of Ineri KE = 41a” KE = (of + @77) where: I = moment of inertia = mk” m = mass of flywheel k =r = radius of gyration @, = maximum angular velocity, rad/sec @2 = minimum angular velocity, rad/sec Coefficient of Fluctuation of Flywheel: Vey Vv VitV2 coefficient of fluctuation maximum speed V, = minimum speed Energy required to punch a metal: E = Ft = Sou xAxt where: E = energy required to punch a metal F = force required to punch a hole Ssu A Sou = ultimate shearing stress A = shear area = ndt for circular hole t = thickness of metal plate d = diameter of hole 42 4 ae pepe cg BED el Oe BE RdUE tt tt al FLYWHEELS >ressure or Force required tp punch a hole (from Machineries andbook): Pressure or Force = d x t x 80 __ in tons where: Pressure = force required to punch a hole, in tons d = diameter of hole, in inches t = thichness of hole, in inches FLYWHEEL: eb [ SAMPLE PROBLEMS: ‘ 1. A cast iron flywheel is rotated at a speed of 1200 rpm and having a mean rim radius of J foot. If the weight of the rim is 30 Ibs, what is the centrifugal force. Use factor C = 41. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A. 14,800 Ibs C. 14,860 Ibs B. 7mt D. 14,724 lbs Solution: V=nDN / nanan) = 125.664 fi/secFLYWHEELS C. ‘ > wv? _ 30(125.664)" ay Fo = centrifugal force = = ra gr 32.174(1) 2 = 14,724 Ibs _ s epeisTon ' 2. What pressure is required to punch a hole 2 inches diameter throu : 1/4 in steel plate? (ME Bd. Apr 95). A. 10 tons C. 30 tons B. 20 tons D. 40 tons . Solution: From Machineries Handbook p. 1924: Pressure = d x t x 80 tons = 2 x (1/4) x 80 = 40 tons 3. A flywheel for a punching press must be capable of furnishing 340( m of energy during the 25% revolution while the hole is being puncl : The flywheel maximum speed is 200 rpm and the speed decreases 8 during the load stroke. The mean radius of the rim is 1016 mm contributes 90% of the energy requirements. Approximate total we of the flywheel to be 1.20 that of the rim. Compute the total weigh f | the flywheel. (ME Bd. Oct 94). ; : A 955N C. 935N ' { i B. 925N D. 796N | ' Solution: Vi = 2mtN; = 2n(1.016)(200/60) = 21.279 m/sec ‘V2 = 2mtNz = 2n(1.016\200/60X1 - 0.087) = 19.427 m/sec We 2 2 \ KE = = (Vr - vz) ih 2 KE = kinetic energy released by the flywheel rim W, = weight of the flywheel rim AnAt dl wey WY sth At A TE FLYWHEELS Sy, 3400(0,90) = jan! 2 279)? - (19.427)?) = 796.38 N W = total weight of the flywheel = 120x W, = 1.20 x 796.38 = 955.6N 4. A shearing machine requires 150 kg-m of energy to shear a steel sheet, and has a normal speed of 3 rev/sec, slowing down to 2.8 rev/sec during the shearing Process. The flywheel has a mean diameter of 75 cm and weighs 0.018 kg/om’. The width of the rim is 30 cm. If the hub and arms of the flywheel account for 15% of its ‘total weight, find the the thickness of the rim. A lom C. 4cm B. Scm D. em Solution: a V, = nDN, = 2(0.75)3) = 7.0686 m/sec V2 = mDN2 = 2(0.75)(2.8) = 6.5973 ni/sec Ww = ——(V? - V7) 2 0 = —Y (7.0686) - (6.5973) } 29.81) W = weight of flywheel = 456.93 kg W = Wet Wa 456.93 = W, + 0.15(456.93) W, = 388.39 kg Pu were W, = nDbtp 38 39= n(75)(30) x tx 0,018 = thickness of rim = 3. cm 45FLYWHEELS 5. A flywheel weighing 910 kg has a radius of gyration of 1524 mm. shaft journals are 304.8 mm in diameter and have a coefficie. friction of 0.06. After the wheel reaches 120 rpm, the driving for withdrawn and the wheel slows to 60 rpm. How much energy thu wheel loss? (ME Bd. Oct 92). A 125 kNem C. 130 kN-m B, 140kN-m : D. 150kN-m . Solution: oy = 120-20 x 308, mrad, min _ 4, sadisec min tev 180" 60 sec ~ “2 = 2n rad/see KE = ™ (0? -a2) PU te ala paoondis 2 KE = mio 28 [(4n? - On] KE = 125,159N-m = 125.15 KN-m .a VO WoO a a Wo ADE Wt AY BOLTS AND SCREWS F, = applied load where: - A, = stress area Sd = design tensile C = 5,000 for carbon steel stress = 15,000 for alloy steel F, = tensile load As = stress area Sy = yield stress Depth of Tap | 1.5 Dincast iron 1,5 Din cast iron 1.25 D in steel D in steel and wrought iron D = nominal diameter D = nominal diameter Initial Tension .2F,D T = CDF, and Torque where torque C = 0.2 for as received initial tension . = 0.15 for fubricated D = nominal diameter D = nominal diameter F, = initial tension Working Strength of Bolt (From Machineries Handbook) W = S,(0.55d? - 0.25d) inlbs where: W = workign strength , in Ibs S, = allowable working stress, psi d = nominal diameter, in Power Screws Power screws are used to move weights and machine parts and uses square, acme or buttress threads. Pitch, P, = the distance between adjacent threads, inches. 1 No. of threads per inch 49BOLTS AND SCREWS Lead, L = the distance the screw advances in one tum P (for single threaded screw) = 2P (for double threaded screw) Linear velocity = (rotational speed) (lead) or (V = Nx Lea x = lead angle Dm = mean diameter of threads tanx = Lead 1Dea Torque applied to turn the screw: WD,(tan x + f) T= — for square thread 241 - ftanx) T = MDe( cosOtanx + Fy for acme thread 2 cos@ - ftanx where: W = load © = 14.5° for acme (15° for trapezoidal) f = coefficient of friction f = tan B (8 frictional angle) ( Torque required to overcome coliar friction: feW(ro + i) 2 where: fc = coefficient of friction of collar 1, = outside radius of collar = inside radius of collar Te q Total torque required to operate the screw, Ty = T + Tz Power = 2nT;N 50 -Le UTP WT a, A Wl i Wot re BOLTS AND SCREWS Torque required to lower the load: ‘WD, (tan x - f) T= 21 + ftanx) Efficiency of Power Screw: Efficiency = Us2til Work tanx(1 - ftanx) = ——________—_____—— for square thread tanx + f + (fDoD,X(1 - ftanx) tan x (cos @ - fsin x) tanxcos@ + fcosx + (fDoDaXcos @ - f sin x) (for Acme Thread, where @ = 14.5°) D. + D, where: De = © 2 Power Screw Nomenclature: Pitch and Lead of Power Screws: (i i rr (a) Single Thread (1 Double Thread (©) Triple Thread 51BOLTS AND SCREWS 1. Aneyebolt is lifting a block weighing 350 Ibs. The eyebolt is of S/ C1040 material with Sy = 67 ksi and Sy = 55 ksi, what is the stre area (in inches square) of the bolt if it is under the unified coarse set thread? (ME Bd. Oct 97). A 0.1344 C. 0.0991 B. 01134 D. 0.1043 Solution: Ps E. SyAs & poms Trew Fanes OS wn 350 = 35.000 Ae As = 0.1134 in? 2. What is the working strength of a 2 inches bolt which is screwed up tightly in a packed joint when the allowable working stress is 12,000 psi? (ME Bd. Oct 97). A. 20,400 Ibs C. 23,400 Ibs B. 22,400 Ibs D. 18,000 Ibs Solution: W = S, (055d? ~ 0.25d) = 12,000{ 0.55( 2)? - 0.25(2)] = 20,400 Ibs 3. If the pitch of a screw is 2/9, find the thread per inch. (ME Bd. Apr A. 0.34 Cc. 5.4 B. 45 D. 17 Solution: . 52VOT TOT TT TP TEE tear OU UE ’ ' BOLTS AND SCREWS - ! Pitch = No. of threads per inch 2 1 9 No. of threads per inch No. of threads per inch = 4.5 4. What is the frictional HP acting on a collar loaded with 100 kg weight? The collar has an outside diameter of 100 mm and an internal diameter of 40 mm. The collar rotates at 1000 rpm and the coefficient of friction between the collar and the pivot surface is 0.15. (ME Bd. Apr 95). A. 08 Hp C. 03 HP B. 0.5 HP D. 1.2 HP Solution: feW(r, + 1) T = frictional torque = —> 0.15(100 x 0.00981,(0.05 + 0.02) = rr = 0.00515 kN-m P = 2nTN = 2n(0.00515)(1000/60) = 0.559 kw = 0.723 HP " 5. Compute the working strength of I in bolt which is screwed up tightly in packed joint when the allowable working stress is 13,000 psi. (ME Bd. Apr 95). ~ A. 3600 Ibs C. 3900 to» B. 3950 Ibs D. 3800 Ibs Solution: W = S,(0.55d? - 0.254) = 13,000 [0.55(1)* - 0.25(1)] = 3900 Ibs 53BOLTS AND SCREWS q 6. A 12cm-x 16 cm air compressor is operating with a maximum pres . of 10 kg/em?. There are 5 bolts with a yield stress of 64,000 psi wt * held the cylinder head to the compressor. Determine the shearing s of the bolt. - A. 39MPa C. 28 MPa B. 66.2 MPa D. 26:6.MPa Solution: Force = Pressure x Area = 10x (W/4,(12?? = 1131 kg 1131 -Load per bolt, Fy = — = 226.2 kg = 497.64 Ib From Faires: Sy As? 6 a : 64,000 Ag? ay : 497.64 = —— 5 v 6 . As = 0.129 in? Fo 497.64 101,325 Ss =—= x = 26,590 kPa = 26.59 MPa As 0.129 14.7 cAeb bE bh Uh eb UT tk pe Siu WOOT a Wo Oe I SPRINGS : SPRINGS Uses of Springs: 1. to absorb energy or shock loads, as in automobile shock absorbers 2. to maintain contact between machine members, as in valves and clutches 3. to act as source of energy, as in clocks 4, to serve as measuring device, as in spring scales Types of Springs: Helical compression, tension and torsion, conical, spiral, disk (Belleville), leaf spring Materials for Springs: | Oil-tempered spring wire, music wire, hard-drawn spring wire, carbon | ; steel, chrome-vanadium steel, chrome-silicon steel, stainless steel ! Tabulated data on Springs: | Tables of spring give the following data: wire size, ultimate stress, 4 yield stress, modulus of elasticity and rigidity. Tables in Vallance: Table 13-1, p. 316; Table 13-2, p. 317 Table in Faires: Table AT 17, p.590 1 II Types of ends of coil spring: | | Be SS Plain Ground Squared Square:i (a) (b) “(c) andwhere: n = effective no. of coils P = pitch d = diameter of the wire Stress and Deflection of Coil Springs 8kDa DEO S; x SO = 2.52 kylSPRINGS Y = total deflection = y; + y2 + ys 100, 100,100 04 2.52 2.52 Y = 562.5 mm = 250 + 156.25 + 156.25 2. Compute the maximum deflection of a 20 coils helical spring having load of 75 kgs. The spring is a squared and ground ends with modu of elasticity in shear of 79.84 GPa, outside diameter of 101.6 mm, « diameter of 9.525 mm. (ME Bd. Oct 97). A. 140.7mm Cc. 15.17mm B. 112.7mm D. 126.7 mm Solution: Dp, = mean diameter = D, - d = 101.6 -9.525 = 92.075 mm 92.075 n =498-2 = 16 active coils 8FCn 8(75 x 0.00981)(9.67)(18) Gd 79.84 x 10° (0.009525) Y = 0.12597m = 125.97 mm 3. Compute the deflection of a 18 coils helical spring having a load of 100 kg. The modulus of elasticity in shear of spring is 96.62 GPa, OD ot 9.256 om and with diameter of 9.525 mm. The spring is squared and ground ends. (ME Bd. Oct 97). : A 9mm C. Umm B. 101mm D. 14mm 58 we eek meet ot PLL LL Led Ue bd | em hn lls NYLET Ul AEE Pert a 7 SPRINGS | Solution: ~ Dn = Dy - d = 9.256 - 0.9525 = 8.3035 cm ~ C = spring index = “a 7 Goss = 8.717 n = 18-2 = 16 active coils y= SFC no 8(100 x 0.00981}(8.717)°(16) Gd 96.62 x 10°(0.009525) = 0.09037 m = 90.37 mm 4, Ahigh alloy spring having squared and ground ands and has a total of 16 coils and modulus of elasticity in shear of 85 GPa. Compute the Wahl factor. The spring outside diameter is 9.66 cm and wire diameter is 0.65 | cm. (ME Bd. Oct 96). A 1.058 C. 1.185 ~B. 1.10 D. 1.20 Solution: Dm = mean dimeter = D, -d = 9.66 - 0.65 = 9.01 cm = spring index = —" = =“! = 13.86 C = spring index = —* = = 13 Wahl Factor = C21. = 403860 -1 - yosg ca 4C- 4 4(13,86) - 4 WV BEL y40 5. A heli spring having squared and" Sud 2 hes atta of 18 coil ta and its material has modulus of elasticity in shear of 78.910 GPa. If the spring has an outside diameter of 10.42 om and a wire diameter of 0.625 cm, compute the maximum deflection that can be produced in the spring due to a load of 50 kgs. (ME Bd. Oct 95). A 302mm C. 490 mm B. 342mm D. 322 mm 59SPRINGS Solution: . Du = Do -d = 10.42 - 0.625 = 9.795 cm Dm C = spring index = —* = 2795 = 15.672 d 0.625 n = 18-2 = 16 active coils 3 50 x 9.81)(15.672)%(16) y = BFCn _ 860 x981N15.672) (16) = 4 409m = 490 mm Gd 78,910,000,000(0.00625) 6. A coiled spring with 5 cm of outside diame‘zr is required to work un the load of 190 N. The wire diameter is $ mm, the spring is to hav: active coils and the ends are to be closed and ground. Determine total number of coils. The modulus of rigidity is 80 GPa and the mc radius is to be 23 mm, with 7 mm pitch of the spring. (ME Bd. Oct 9: A. 6.5 coils C. 85 coils B. 7.5 coils D. 9.5 coils Solution: Total no, of coils = no. of active coils + 2 =6+2=8 say 85 coils 4 J J a Ch At Ae ea 60 ne—_ a WoW ad A TE lt BELTS . BELTS Types of transmission belts: 1. Flat belt - used with flat pulleys and allows long distance between shafts. 2. V- Belt - used with sheaves or groove pulleys and provides stronger grip at short distance between shafts. 3. Toothed belt - paired with toothed pulleys and used as timing belt where speed ratio must be maintained. Materials for transmission belts: Oak-tanned leather is the standard material for flat belts. Chrome leather is used where very pliable material is desired. Rubber belt is used when exposed to moisture, acids and alkalies. Fabric and canvas belts are used for light power transmission. Length and Arc of Contact of Flat Belts: Open Belt: L = 2C + 1.57(D.+D,) + @-Dy 4c D,-D, R-r @ = nt2sin’ —- = nt Cc + sign for larger pulley - sign for smaller pulley 61BELTS where: L = length of belt D ameter of smaller pulley Dy = diameter of larger pulley R = radius of larger pulley radius of smaller pulley are of contact, radians center distance c 0 2C + 1.5702 +Di) + @:+D,? 4c @ = n+2 sin! St Speed ratio; Relation of speed and diameter _ MN Ss fatio = — speed ratio N 2 DiN; = D.Nz = speed of smaller pulley (usually the driver) speed of larger pulley (usually the driven) D, = diameter of smaller pulley Dz = diameter of larger pulley: ITT I Tr ATT re I WoT I BELTS Tension in Belts: Neglecting Centrifugal Tension (slow velocity) F, ze z: ef (provided that F, > F2) 2 Ro ~~ sw tr where: F, = tension in tight side (maximum tension) F, = tension in slack side (minimum tension) f = coefficient of friction @ = arc of contact, rad Sw = working stress = 300 psi for leather belts b = belt width t = belt thickness Considering Centrifugal Tension: F, - Fi rite _ fe F, - Fe 1apbtv? where: Fo = centrifugal tension = — Ibs 8 p = density of belt, Ib/in? b = belt width, in t = belt thickness, in V = belt velocity, f/sec = nDN g = 32.2 fi/sec? 5 Net belt pull (tangential force on pulley) . F=F,-F Power Transmitted: T = torque = Fxr = (Fy-F,)r P = power = 2nTNBELTS Power transmitted in terms of belt velocity: i - FV p= or KW=(F-F)V, 550 where: F, = tension in tight side, Ib or KN tension in slack side, Ib or KN = belt velocity = nDN, fi/sec or m/s Power transmitted in terms of RPM TN =a a kw = 2 63,000 60 where: T = torque = (F,-F,)r , ft-lb or KN-m N = belt speed, RPM Tabulated data on horsepower rating of belts: i ° Vallance: Table 16-6, p. 387 \ Faires: Table 17.1, p. 450 fF V-Belts (PSME CODE) : Construction of V-Belts: Rubberized Woven Jacket Tensile Layer te Load-carrying tension members, fabric or cords Resilient cushion or compression member Standard V-belt and Sheave Dimensions: er nr Orn re Ope ORE OLE A as Rasa! flATT TET TE TT TEE TET TPIT Tre tr rr yr BELTS Belt Length and Center Distance; Arc of Contact: @-d? L = 2C + 157D+4) + (+d) % B+ Vb- 320-4 c = BANU: 320-4" 16 Arc of contact on small sheave: @ = 180° - D-d) 60° where: L = pitch length of belt C = center distance , D = pitch diameter of large sheave d = pitch diameter of small sheave b = 4L-6.28(D+d) Standard Pitch Length and Designation of V-belts: Table 3.3, p. 21 (PSME CODE) Example: B75 is Section B V-belt with length of 76.8 inches. Horsepower Rating for V-Belts: YS HP = XS°*! - — - zs* where: HP = recommended horsepower X, Y, Z are constants (Table 3.6) S = belt speed in thousands of feet per minute «DN 1000 d. = equivalent diameter of small sheave which is equal to pitch diameter multiplied by small diameter factor (Table 3.9) - 65ae BELTS Design procedure in determining the number of V-Belts required: (PSME €ODE) Given: Size of Belt, sheave diameters, speed, power transmitted 1. Find the length of the belt from Table 3.3. 2. Solve for the center distance and the arc of contact. 3. Find the values of X, Y, Z from Table 3.6. 4. Solve for the speed ratio and find the small diameter factor from Table 3.9, then solve for d.. Compute the HP rating per belt. Find the length correction factor from Table 3.7 and arc of cont correction factor from Table 3.8, then solve for the corrected rating per belt. 7. Find the service factor from Table 3.5, then divide the correc power transmitted by the HP rating per belt. * ay V-Belt Design (Faires) Design HP No. of Belts. = ——____—_ Adjusted Rated HP Design HP = (transmitted HP) x service factor Adjusted Rated HP = KK, (rated HP) where: transmitted HP = is the nameplate rating HP Ke = correction factor for the arc of contact Ky = correction factor of belt length B + VB? - 320,-Diy 16 C = center distance = B = 4L - 6.28(D;-Dy) ‘rl tos VW dagen | oe TE ore OPP ote ort abtl bee cabo ober lee miaWTO TE TET TE TET TP TIT Te Ter \ BELTS Center Distance should be equal to: D, +D, c= > +D oo C=D, whichever is larger. SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. A lineshaft runs at 360 rpm. A 18 inches pulley on the same shaft is belt connected to a 12 inches pulley on the countershaft. From a 15 inches pulley on the countershaft, motion is transmitted to the machine. Compute and check the required diameter of the pulley on the machine to give a spindle speed of 660 rpm. (ME Bd. Apr 97). A. 16 inches C. 10 1/2 inches B. 12 I inches D. 8 1/2 inches Solution: N,D,; = ND, . 360 (18) = N2 (12) = 540 rpm (speed of countershaft) N2D3 = NaDy (540X(15) = 660 Dy = 12.27, say 12 1/4 inches 2. A pulley 610 mm in diameter transmits 40 kw at 500 rpm. The arc of contact between the belt and pulley is 144 degrees, the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.35 and the safe working stress of the belt is 2.1 MPa. Find the width of the belt used if its thickness is 6 mm A. 250mm C. 340mm B, 300mm . D. 430 mm Solution: % Power = 2nTN = InT (00/60) 67_— BELTS. T = 0763944 kN-m T=(F\-F)r 0.763944 = (F; - F2) (0.610/2) F,-F; = 2.505 kN = 2505 N (Eq. 1) Fu Lt © ossicisex 00) = 9 419 Fy F F, = ca (substitute the value of F; to Eq. 1) Al F = 2h Fi - say 7 2505 neon? F, = 4282N Sw = working stress = 4282 b (0.006) b = 034m = 340 mm 2,100,000 = A slurry pump is to be driven by a 50 HP, 2400 rpm diesel engine an operating under moderate shock load with service factor of 1.20. Th pump will operate at 800 rpm and using type B V-belt. The availabl small sheave diameter is 5.4 inches and having a factor of 1.14. The ar: of contact factor is 0.89 and the length of belt factor is 0.97. Find th no. of belts used. (ME Bd. Apr 95). Ad cil B. 10 D. 12 Solution: 68 Design HP = transmitted HP x service factor x 1.20 = 60 HP 10° 13.962 Var Rated HP = [4.737(— )* - =" - 0.0234 4] —* Vow KyD; 10° "19? AL PUL PUA 11: Bbc MLL ne Mad RaM MM AEE TT Ged Come ree wea i BELTS = 1.14 (small sheave diameter correction factor, given) Va = RDN = neanete) = 3393 f/min Rated HP = tars 0” yoo _ 13.962 _ g o734 33937 13393 i 393 1.14(5.4) 0 10 = 5.792 HP Adjusted Rated HP = KgK, x Rated HP Ke = 0.89 (arc contact factor, given) Kz = 0.97 (belt length factor, given) Adjusted Rated HP = (0.89) (0.97) (5.792) = 5 HP Design HP No. of Belts = ——_______ Adjusted Rated HP 60 = — = 12 belts wv 69ROLLER CHAINS ROLLER CHAINS Construction of Roller Chain: Farad P P = pitch of chain = distance between centers of adjacent rollers Construction of Sprocket: a P |" Sao 'p _ Sin (180/T) t where: D = pitch diameter : T = no. of teeth ! P = pitch of chain por Designation of Chain Sizes: Chain No. 25 35 40 50 60 80 100 L Pitch,in 1/4 38 V2 5/8 3/4 1 114 ChainNo. 120 140 160 200 Pitch, in 11/2 13/4 2 212 Tabulated Data on Roller Chains: Tables of roller chains gave the following data: Chain No., no. of te of small sprocket, speed, horsepower rating per strand, type of lubricati am : Thor rn ni” ea TL erg Ok Rk vr (re kot mest meh ek et Re helM ROLLER CHAINS Table in PSME CODE: Table 3.11 pp. 25 - 28. Table in Vallance: Table 17-2 pp. 406 - 408. Center Distance Between Sprockets: c= pu -T-t+V@QL-T-H"- O810T- } where: C = center distance, mm P = Pitch of chain, mm L = length of chain, in pitches T = no. of teeth of large sprocket t = no. of teeth of small sprocket General Rule: The center distance between sprockets, as a general rule, should not be less than 1 1/2 times the diameter of the larger sprocket and not less than 30 times the pitch nor more than about 50 times the pitch. Length of Chain: THe @-? + 40C where: L = length of chain, in pitches C = center distance in pitches (may contain decimal) T = no. of teeth of large sprocket t = no. of teeth of small sprocket L=2C+ Lubrication of Chains: Types of Lubrication: Type! - manual lubrication applied at least once every 8 hours of operation Type I - drip lubrication Type Il- bath or disc lubrication Type IV- oil stream lubrication 71ROLLER CHAINS Recommended SAE viscosities for various operating temperatures: y wo Temperature Viscosity Gis -4.420- 40°F SAE 20 3711-44 40- 100°F SAE 30 37-1] 48.86 100 - 120°F SAE 40 402@=(@O 120 - 140°F. SAE 50 Design Procedure in determining the number of strands: Given: Size of chain, speed, no. of teeth on small sprocket, power transmitted . 1. Find the service factor from Table 3.5, (or Table 17.7, Fai p.460), then compute the design power. 2. Find the horsepower rating per strand from Table 3.11. 3. Divide the design horsepov _ by the horsepower rating per stran get the no. of strands. SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. As recommended the center to center distance between sprockets sho not be less than times the bigger sprocket. (ME Bd. Oct S A 2.26 Cc. 1i2 B. 13/4 D. 2.59 The answer is letter C. 2. Big chain sprocket wheels are designed with spokes/arms are ota elliptical in cross section with major axis times thy nun. an (ME Bd. Oct 97). A2 c.112 B. 212 D. ‘The answer is letter A. (Machineries Handbook p. 1061). ak Va (asl we owet mere Per PAE PE OPT OUR VkROLLER CHAINS LC 3. It is ideal for maximum quietness in sprocket drive ‘operation to choose ___ or more teeth. (ME Bd. Oct 97). wi A 24 Cc. 27 B. 18 D. 21 The answer is letter C. (Faires p. 469). 4. Ina chain drive design for large speed reduction it is preferable to use a double reduction or compound type of transmission instead of single two sprockets transmission. Drives should be so designed that the angle between two tight chain strands does not exceed degrees. (ME Bd. Oct 97). A 45 C. 55 B. 60 D. 90 The answer is letter A. Consider a maximum safe center center d istance of sprockets should be pitches. Very long center distance cause catenary tension in the chain. (ME Bd. Apr 96). . A. 70 C. 60 B. 80 D. 50 AUTRE tte The answer is letter B, (PSME Code p. 24 ) B TOP TP PW We