I.

ALGEBRA PART 3

A. Partial Fraction
Case 1: Linear Factors not repeated.
7x2-23x+10 = 7x2-23x+10 = A + B + C
(3x-1)(x2+x-2) (3x-1)(x-1)(x+2) (3x - 1) (x - 1) (x + 2)

Solving the equation. A=2, B=1, C=4

Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors.
4𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
2 2
= + 2
+ +
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)2
Solving the equation, A = 2; B = 3; C = 5; D = 1

Case 3: Quadratic Factors not Repeated.

3𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 −𝑥+3)
= +
(𝑥+1) (𝑥 2 −𝑥+3)

Solving the equation, A = 1; B = 2 ; C= -2

Case 4: Repeated Quadratic factors.

𝑥 4 +𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −7 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶 𝐷𝑥+𝐸
(𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
= + +
(𝑥+2) (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2

Solving the equation, A = 1; B = 2; C = -3; D = 0; E = -1

B. Permutations
Is a group of things arranged in a specific order of arrangement
nPr the number of permutations of “n: things takern “r” at a time

𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟 )!

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Example: How many permutations can be made out of the letters A, B and C taken three at a
time?
Solution: For A, B & C, taken 3 at a time
The following arrangements can be made
ABC, BCA, CAB, CBA, ACB, BAC = 6 ways

𝑛! 3!
Using the formula: ( n = 3, r= 3 ) 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = (𝑛−𝑟)!
= (3−3)! = 6 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

B.1 Fundamental Principle:

If an event E1 can happen in n1 ways and another event E2 can happen in ng ways. then both
events E1 & E2 can happen in n1n2 ways.
B.2 Permutation of things, some of these things are alike or similar,
The permutation of n things in which s are alike, I are alike, u are alike and so on is:
𝑛!
𝑃 = 𝑠!𝑡!𝑢!

(EE BD. APR. ’97)

How many permutations are there in the word BANANA?
𝑛! 6!
Solution: n = 6; 3 A’s and 2 N’s 𝑃 = 𝐴!𝑁! = 3!2! = 60 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
B.3 Circular Permutation
Permutation in a circle or round table by taking one object or things at a time. P = (n-1) !

C. Combinations
An arrangement of objects or things by taking r of n things without considering the definite order
of arrangement.

𝑛!
C = number of combination with “n” things taken “r” at a time 𝐶 = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

Example:
How many combination can be taken out of the letters A, B & C taken 3 at a time.
No. of combination: ABC = 1 way Using formula: (n=3, r = 3)
𝑛! 3!
𝐶 = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)! = (3−3)!3! = 1 𝑤𝑎𝑦

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D. Probability 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

Types of event:
D.1 Single event: Event that occur only once
D.2 Exclusive event: Events that do not occur simultaneously
Joint probability = sum of the probability of each event
D.3 Probability in independent events: One event will not be affected in the probability of
other event.
Joint probability = product of probability of each event
D.4 Probability in dependent event: One event affects the probability of the other event
Joint probability = product of probability of each event

E. Standard Deviation
For the given numbers x1, x2, x3,……, xn

E.1 Standard Deviation, SD

(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑥 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑥 − 𝑥3 )2 + ⋯ + (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )2
𝑆𝐷 = √
𝑛

E.2 Standard Deviation of sample:

(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑥 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑥 − 𝑥3 )2 + ⋯ + (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )2
𝑺𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 = √
𝑛−1

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑛
Where: n = number of terms
E.3 Variance = (Standard deviation of sample)2
E.4 RMS value

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝟐𝒏

= √ 𝟏
𝒏

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F. Venn Diagram
1. In a survey of 10 smokers, it was disclosed that 7 smokes M, 5 smoke H, and 3 smoke W, it
was further disclosed that 3 smoke M & H, 2 M & W, 2 H & W, 1 M,H,W,
A. How many smoke M only?
B. Smoke W only
C. How many do not smoke M, H & W?
D. M or H nor W
E. M and H nor W
G. Progressions
G.1 Arithmetic Progression
- is a series of numbers having a common difference
Example 1: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Therefore from the above given: a=2, L=10, d = 4 – 2 = 2, n = 5
Formulas:
𝑛 𝑛
A. 𝐿 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 B. 𝑆 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = 2 (𝑎 + 𝐿)

Where: L = last term a = first term n = number of terms S = sum of all terms d = common
difference = a2 – a1
Note: d is positive if increasing series of numbers
d is negative if decreasing series of numbers
C. Arithmetic mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of an arithmetic series.
𝑎+𝑏
The arithmetic mean of a & b is 2

G.2 Geometric Progression

- Is a series of numbers having a common ratio.
Example: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
Therefore form the above given: a = 2, L = 256, r = 4/2 = 2, n = 8
Formulas:
𝑎(1−𝑟𝑛 ) 𝑎−𝑟𝐿
A. 𝐿 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 B. 𝑆 = 1−𝑟
= 1−𝑟

Where: L = last term a = first term S = geometric sum of all terms n = number of terms
r = common ratio = a2/a1
C. Geometric mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of a geometric series.
The geometric mean of a & b is √𝑎𝑏

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 I. TRIGONOMETRY

CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES:
Acute angle – angle less than 90 degrees
Obtuse angle – angle more than 90o but less than 180o
Reflex angle – angle more than 180o but less than 360o
Complementary angle – angles whose sum is 90o
Supplementary angle – angles whose sum is 180o

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES:
1 degree = 60 min 1 min = 60 sec. 90 deg = 100 grad
𝜋rad = 180 deg 1 rev = 2𝜋 rad = 360o = 2𝜋 rad = 400 grad = 6400 mills

RIGHT TRIANGLE
Six Trigonometric Functions: B

Sin A = a/c Csc A = c/a

c
Cos A = b/c Sec A = c/b a
Tan A = a/b Cot A = b/a
Pythagorean Theorem: c2 = a2 + b2 A b C
Perimeter = a + b + c
Where: a = opposite b = adjacent c = hypotenuse

II I
Sign of the function by Quadrant

+ +
Function I II III IV -

Sine + + - - +
- + -
Cosine + - - + +

Tangent + - + - III IV

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 Horizontal Plane
ANGLE OF ELEVATION B
Angle of elevation – is the angle above Line of Sight
Target

Observer
the horizontal plane of the observer
B Horizontal Plane
𝛽 = angle of elevation

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION Horizontal Plane

x
Angle of depression – is the angle below the
Observer
Line of Sight
horizontal plane of the observer Target

x Horizontal Plane
x angle of elevation

LOGARITHM
1. 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1 𝑛
1. 𝐿𝑜𝑔 √𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 / 𝑛 9. 𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑥 𝑏 then a = b

2. 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑏 (1) = 0 2. 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 / 𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑦 10. 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑎 then x = a

3. 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛 3. 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑦 11. 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 𝑥 then y = x

4. 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 4. 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 12. Anti log = 1/Log

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

X = Xo ekt
At half-life: x = xo / 2
X = amount at any period xo = original amount
k = constant t = time

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RIGHT TRIANGLE

1. If sin 𝛼 = x, what is sec 𝛼?

2. Which is true regarding the signs of the natural function for angles between 90 o and 180o?
A. The tangent is positive C. The cosine is negative
B. The cotangent is positive D. The sine is negative
3. A transit set up 40 m from the base of a vertical chimney reads 32 o30’ with the crosshairs
set on the top of the chimney. With the telescope level, the vertical rod at the base of the
chimney is 2.1m. Approximately how tall is the chimney?
A. 15 m B. 26 m C. 28 m D. 38 m

LOGARITHM:
1. What is the natural logarithm of e xy?
A. 1/xy B. xy C. 2.718xy D. 2.717/xy
2. What is the value of (0.001)2/3?
A. Antilog (3/2 log 0.001) C. antilog (log 0.001/2)
B. 2/3 antilog (log 0.001) D. antilog (2/3 log 0.001)
3. Solve for x: Log2 x + log(x-2) = 3
A. 2, 4 B. -2, 4 C. 2, -4 D. -2, -4

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

1. A certain radioactive substances has a half-life of 38 hours. How long does it takes for 90%
of the radioactivity to be dissipated?
A. 120 h B. 122 h C. 124 h D. 126 h
2. Experimental data show that a body’s temperature declines exponentially in time according
to the expression T(t) = 50e-0.04t (where 50 is a constant expressed in oC, 0.04 is the cooling
rate in min-1, and t is the cooling time expressed in minutes). How long would it take the
body to reach 25oC?
A. 12.4 min B. 15.6 min C. 16.5 min D. 17.3 min

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OBLIQUE TRANGLE
SINE LAW – Relates the sine of the angle
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 sin 𝐴 𝑐 sin 𝐶 𝑐 sin 𝐶
sin 𝐴
= sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐶 𝑏
= sin 𝐵 𝑏
= sin 𝐵 𝑎
= sin 𝐴 A + B + C = 180o

AREA OF TRIANGLE:
1 1 1
𝐴 = 2 𝑎 𝑏 sin 𝐶 𝐴 = 2 𝑏 𝑐 sin 𝐴 𝐴 = 2 𝑐 𝑎 sin 𝐵

COSINE LAW – Relates the cosine of the angle

c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cos B a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
Note:
1. In solving angles in a triangle given 3 sides, do not apply Sine Law, instead Cosine Law
since the sine function cannot give an angle of more than 90 degrees.
2. The maximum angle of triangle will be the opposite of longest side.
3. The minimum angle of triangle will be at the opposite of the shortest side.

IDENTITIES
1. sin Ѳ = 1/ csc Ѳ 5. cot Ѳ = cos Ѳ/ sin Ѳ 9. sin Ѳ = cos (90- Ѳ)

2. cos Ѳ = 1/ sec Ѳ 6. sin2 Ѳ + cos2 Ѳ = 1 10. cos Ѳ = sin (90- Ѳ)

3. tan Ѳ = 1/ cot Ѳ 7. tan2 Ѳ + 1 = sec2 Ѳ 11. tan Ѳ = cot (90- Ѳ)

4. tan Ѳ = sin Ѳ/ cos Ѳ 8. cot2 Ѳ + 1 = csc2 Ѳ 12. cot Ѳ = tan (90- Ѳ)

ADDITION and SUBTRACTION FORMULAS:

sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± sin y cos x
cos (x ± y) = cos x cos y ± sin x sin y
tan (x ± y) = tan x ± tan y
1± tan x tan y

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DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS:
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2sin2 x
tan 2x = 2 tan x
1 – tan2 x

BEARING AND DIRECTIONS

Northwest - 45° between N and W
Northeast – 45° between N and E
Southwest - 45° between S and W
Southeast - 45between S and E

Example: Find the bearing of the following forces acting as shown.

F1 = N 40° E or 40° E of N F2 = N 60° W or 60° W of N

F3 = S 30° W or 30° W of S F4 = S 50° E or 50° E of S

IDENTITIES
1.What is an equivalent expression for sin 2x?
A. ½ sin x cos x B. 2 sin x cos ½x C. -2sinxcosx D. 2sin x/ sec x
2.Simplify cos (30 – A) – cos (30 + A) as a function of angle A only.
A. Sin A B. tan A C. cos A D. sec A

SINE AND COSINE LAW

1.Given triangle with angle C=28.7°, side a=132 units and b=224 units. Solve for angle B. (ME
Board April 1995)

BEARING AND DIRECTION

1.Two ships leave a dock at the same time. One sails northeast at the rate of 8.5 mph, the other
sails north at the rate of 10 mph. How many miles apart are they at the end of 2 hours?