REAL NUMBERS

 Euclid’s Division Lemma: For any two positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’, there exist unique integers
q and r such that 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
 Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a
product of primes, and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime
factors occur.
 For any two positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) × 𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏

HCF X LCM
 When HCF, LCM and one number are given, then other number =
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
 HCF should be a factor of LCM
𝑝
 A rational number 𝑞 has a terminating decimal expansion, if the prime factorization of q is of
the form 𝟐𝒏𝟓𝒎 where n and m are any non-negative integers.
𝑝
 A rational number 𝑞 has a non-terminating repeating (recurring) decimal expansion, if the
prime factorization of q is not of the form 𝟐𝒏𝟓𝒎 where n and m are any non-negative integers
(or q contains factors other than 2 and 5)
POLYNOMIALS
If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0 then

𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
a) Sum of zeroes = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − =
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2

𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
b) Product of zeroes = 𝛼𝛽 = =
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2

If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the zeroes, the Quadratic polynomial is given by, k [𝑥2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽] where ‘k’ is
any real number.
If 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, then

𝑏
a) 𝑆1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − 𝑎
𝑐
b) 𝑆2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 𝑎
𝑑
c) 𝑆3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − 𝑎

If 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 are the zeroes, the Cubic polynomial is given by 𝑘[𝑥3 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)𝑥2 + (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼)𝑥
− 𝛼𝛽𝛾] or 𝑘[𝑥3 – 𝑆1𝑥2 + 𝑆2𝑥 – 𝑆3]

Identities
a) (𝛼 + 𝛽)3 = 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 + 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽)
b) (𝛼 − 𝛽)3 = 𝛼3 – 𝛽3 − 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 − 𝛽)
c) (𝛼2 + 𝛽2) = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 = (𝛼 − 𝛽)2 + 2𝛼𝛽
d) 𝛼2 – 𝛽2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 − 𝛽)

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

For a pair of linear equations in two variables 𝒂𝟏𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝒂𝟐𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎 if
Cross- multiplication Method:

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
2
A quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 has
a) Real and distinct (unequal) roots if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0
b) Real and equal roots if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
c) No real roots (or) complex roots (or) imaginary roots if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
The roots of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are given by x =
2𝑎

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
The general form of an AP 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, … where ′𝑎′ is the first term and ‘d’ is common difference
is given by
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑎n = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝒏
The sum of first ‘n’ terms of an AP is, 𝑆n = 𝟐 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
𝒏 𝑛
𝑆n = 𝟐 [𝑎 + an] = 2 [𝑎 + 𝑙]
Here, a1 = a = first term and d = common difference = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 − 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑎n = 𝑆n − 𝑆(n-1)
𝑎1 = 𝑎 = 𝑆1 ; 𝑎2 = 𝑆2 −𝑆1 ; 𝑎3 = 𝑆3 −𝑆2 and so on.
If a, b and c are three consecutive terms of an AP, then 2b = a + c.
Three consecutive terms of an A.P is taken as a – d, a, a +d
Four consecutive terms of an AP is taken as a – 3d, a – d, a +d and a + 3d
TRIANGLES
Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thale’s Theorem):

In triangle ABC, if DE|| BC, then

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
Converse of Basic proportionality theorem: In triangle ABC, if = then DE || BC
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
 𝑎𝑟(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) 𝐴𝐵 2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
If Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅, then =( ) =( ) =( )
𝑎𝑟(∆𝑃𝑄𝑅) 𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅
2 2
Pythagoras theorem: In triangle ABC, right angled at B, 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶2 = 𝐴𝐶

Converse of Pythagoras theorem:

2 2
In triangle ABC, if A𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 , then the triangle is a right angled at B.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY

A point on X – axis is (𝑥, 0) and a point on Y – axis is (0, 𝑦)

Area of the triangle: Area of triangle ABC is the numerical value of,

Collinear points: If three points are collinear, then the area of the triangle formed by them is zero.
 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

The above results can be remembered as ‘SOH CAH TOA’ or ‘OSHACHOTA’

 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

CIRCLES

OB2 = OA2 + AB2

 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLES


Area of a circle = 𝜋𝑟2
 Circumference of circle = 2𝜋𝑟
2 2
 Area of a ring = 𝜋(𝑅 – 𝑟 )

1

Area of a semi-circle = 2 𝜋𝑟2
 Perimeter of a semi-circle = 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟
1
 Area of a quadrant circle = 4 𝜋𝑟2
𝜋𝑟
 Perimeter of a quadrant circle = 2𝑟 + 2

𝜽
 Length of the arc = 𝟑𝟔𝟎˚ × 2𝜋𝑟

𝜽 𝒍𝒓
 Area of a sector = 𝟑𝟔𝟎˚ × 𝜋𝑟2 𝑟 𝟐
, where l is the length of the arc.

 Perimeter of a sector = l + 2r

 Area of minor segment = Area of sector – Area of triangle.

Area of triangle
𝟏
(a) when θ = 90˚, A = 𝟐 𝑟2
√𝟑
(b) when θ = 60˚, ∆ is equilateral. A = 𝟒 a2
 Area of major segment = Area of circle – Area of minor segment
Or
Area of major sector + Area of triangle.
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
STATISTICS
 PROBABILITY

̅ ) = 1 – 𝑃(𝐸)
 For any event E, 𝑃(𝑬

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔

𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔

 Cards numbered from ---- to ---- → Total no of outcomes = (Difference of numbers) + 1

 Cards numbered between ---- and ---- → Total no of outcomes = (Difference of numbers) – 1
TOSSING COINS
 Tossing a coin once:- S={H,T} (no of outcomes = 21)
 Tossing two coins(tossing a coin twice):- S= { HH,HT,TH,TT} (no of outcomes=22)
 Tossing three coins(tossing a coin thrice):- (no of outcomes=23)
S={HHH,HTH,THT,TTT,TTH,HHT,HTT,THH}
THROWING DICE
 Throwing a die :- S= {1,2,3,4,5,6} (no of outcomes=61)
 Throwing two dice( throwing a die twice):- (no of outcomes= 62)

PACK OF CARDS

 Total number of cards =52; No of black cards = 26; Number of red cards = 26
 Total number of face cards (picture cards) = 4 X 3 =12 (K,Q,J)
 King – 4; Queen – 4; Jack – 4; Ace – 4