MATEMATIKA

A RAZINA
FORMULE ZA MATURU
 Standardni zapis kompleksnog broja:

z = a + bi,     a, b ∈ 𝑅,     𝑖 2 = −1,  𝑧 = a − bi,  |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

Trigonometrijski zapis kompleksnog broja:

z = r(𝑐𝑜𝑠φ + isinφ),   φ ∈ [0,2π]

𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(φ1 + φ2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(φ1 + φ2 ))

𝑧1 𝑟1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠(φ1 − φ2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(φ1 − φ2 )),  𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛φ + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛φ)
𝑧2 𝑟2

n 𝑛 φ + 2𝑘π φ + 2𝑘π
√𝑧 = √r (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) ,  k = 0,1, … , n − 1
𝑛 𝑛

1 𝑛
𝑎𝑚 ⋅ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑎𝑚  : 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 ,  𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑎−𝑚 = ,  𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑚
√𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚
𝑎𝑚

(𝑎 ± 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 ± 2ab + 𝑏 2 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)

(a ± b)3 = a3 ± 3a2 b + 3ab2 ± b3 a3 ± b3 = (a ± b)(a2 ∓ 𝑎b + 𝑏 2 )

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + (   ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 𝑏 𝑘 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎𝑏 𝑛−1 + 𝑏 𝑛 , ( )=
1 𝑘 𝑛−1 𝑘 𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)!

a𝑥 2 + bx + c = 0,   a ≠ 0 𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
T (− ,  ) 𝑏 𝑐
2𝑎 4𝑎 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = − ,  𝑥1 ⋅ 𝑥2 =
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥1,2 =
2𝑎

bx = a ⇔ x = log b a 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = x = 𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦

𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 = y 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎

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 Površina trokuta
𝑎 ⋅ 𝑣𝑎 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
P= P = √𝑠 ⋅ (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) s=
2 2
𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 γ abc
P= P= P = 𝑟𝑢 s
2 4r0
Jednakostraničan trokut

𝑎2√3 𝑎√3 2 1
P= v= 𝑟0 = v 𝑟𝑢 = v
4 2 3 3

Površina paralelograma Površina trapeza

𝑎+𝑐
P=a⋅𝑣 P= ⋅𝑣
2
Površina kruga Opseg kruga

𝑃 = 𝑟2𝜋 O  =  2r π

Površina kružnog isječka Duljina kružnog luka

𝑟 2 πα 𝑟𝜋𝛼
P= 𝑙=
360 180

Obujam (volumen) prizme i valjka: 𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒 𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑘𝑢𝑡𝑎 =
𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑧𝑒
V = B  ⋅ ℎ

Obujam (volumen) piramide i stošca: 𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑒ž𝑒ć𝑒 𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑡

𝑘𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑘𝑢𝑡𝑎 =
1 𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑧𝑒
V = B⋅ℎ
3
𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑒 𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑡
Obujam (volumen) kugle: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑘𝑢𝑡𝑎 =
𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑒ž𝑒ć𝑒 𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑡
4 3
𝑉= 𝑟 𝜋
3

Oplošje prizme i valjka:

O = 2B  +  P

Oplošje piramide:
O = B  +  P

Oplošje stošca:
O = 𝑟 2 π + rπs

r = polumjer,   s = duljina izvodnice

Oplošje kugle:
O = 4r 2 π,    r = polumjer kugle

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 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= = 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 γ
𝑠𝑖𝑛 α 𝑠𝑖𝑛 β 𝑠𝑖𝑛 γ

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 tg x =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y

𝑡𝑔 𝑥 ± 𝑡𝑔 𝑦
𝑡𝑔(x ± 𝑦) =
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑔𝑥 ⋅ 𝑡𝑔 𝑦

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2

1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2 2

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2

π 1 π √2 π √3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 =
6 2 4 2 3 2

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑇1 , 𝑇2  :  d(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ) = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 𝑇1 𝑇2  :  𝑃 ( , )
2 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑇1 𝑇2  : 𝑇 1 𝑇2 = 𝑎 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑗 a⃗ ⋅ ⃗b = |𝑎| ⋅ |𝑏⃗| ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 α , a⃗ ⋅ ⃗b = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑘2 − 𝑘1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ),  𝑘 = 𝑡𝑔 α = | |
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1 + 𝑘1 𝑘2

|𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶|
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0:  𝑑(𝑇, 𝑝) =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2

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 Jednadžbe Tangente
Kružnica
Središte: 𝑆(𝑝, 𝑞) (𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑞)2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑥1 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑝) + (𝑦1 − 𝑞) = 𝑟 2

Elipsa
x2 y2 x1 x y1 y
Fokusi: 𝐹1,2 (±𝑒, 0) + =1 + 2 =1
a2 b 2 a2 b
𝑒 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

Hiperbola

Forkusi: 𝐹1,2 (±𝑒, 0)

x2 y2 x1 x y1 y
− =1 − 2 =1
a2 b 2 a2 b
𝑒 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

𝑏
Asimptote: 𝑦 =± 𝑥
𝑎

Parabola

𝑝
Fokus: 𝐹 ( , 0)
2 𝑦 2 = 2𝑝𝑥 𝑦1 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑥1 )

p
Direktrisa: x =−
2

Uvjet dodira pravca 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑙

i kružnice 𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑘 2 ) = (𝑘𝑝 − 𝑞 + 𝑙)2

𝑛
Aritmetički niz: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1) ⋅ 𝑑 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 )
2 1

𝑞𝑛 − 1
Geometrijski niz: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 ⋅ 𝑞 𝑛−1 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1
𝑞−1

𝑎1
Geometrijski red: 𝑆= ,  |𝑞| < 1
1−𝑞

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Derivacija umnoška: (𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔)´ = 𝑓´ ⋅ 𝑔 + 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔´

𝑓 ′ 𝑓´ ⋅ 𝑔 − 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔´
Derivacija kvocijenta: ( ) =
𝑔 𝑔2

Derivacija kompozicije: (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)´(𝑥) = 𝑓´(𝑔(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑔´(𝑥)

Tangenta na graf funkcije: 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ):  𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑓´(𝑥1 ) ⋅ (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

Tablične derivacije:

1
𝑐´ = 0 (𝑥 𝑛 )´ = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 (𝑛−1) ,  𝑛 ≠ 0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)´ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)´ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (𝑡𝑔 𝑥)´ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

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