01 January 2024 20:25

Note:

01-Point in Cartesian Plane

Dist. from y-axis. :=|𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑|

Dist from x -axis=|𝑦 − cord|

02: Distance b/w two points

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
D = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 )

Note 03: Section formulae

Internal divisors-
Let a point be P (𝛼, 𝛽) inside the line
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑦
𝛼 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , 𝛽 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
External divisors-
Let a point be P (𝛼, 𝛽) 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦
𝛼 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, 𝛽 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛

Mid-Point-
If mid point of a line is P then its coordinates are-
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
𝑃 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2

Determinant, -
𝑎 𝑏
1- = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
e 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 e
2- 𝑑 e 𝑓 = 𝑎 −𝑏 +𝑐 = 𝑎(ei − ℎ𝑓) − 𝑏(di − 𝑔𝑓) + 𝑐(dℎ − 𝑔e)
ℎ i 𝑔 i 𝑔 ℎ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑐

Note-

1-
# length of AP =⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯×
( )
𝐴𝐵
# length of PB =⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯×
( )
𝐴𝐵

2- Harmonic Conjugate.

AP, AB, AQ
New Section 2 Page 1
 AP, AB, AQ

Area of a Triangle

𝑥 𝑦 1
Area= ⎯ 𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 𝑦 1

Note-
1- Area of an equilateral triangle =>

⎯⎯
√
Area = ⎯⎯𝑎

⎯⎯
√
h= ⎯⎯𝑎

2- Area of Polygon->

New Section 2 Page 2

 # straight method ->

Ar (ABCD) =

1
= (x 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 ) − (𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 )
2

Condition of Collinearity
-> Make area of ΔABC=0

-> Section formula Should be applicable

-> Sum of any 2 distance is equal to 3rd distance

->find slope using any two $ equate.

Cyclic Quadrilateral

1- <A + <c = 180

2- <B +<D= 180

(pr + qs) = (BD + AC)

New Section 2 Page 3

 Four Center's of a Triangle

1- Centroid (G)
Point of intersection of median's

Key Points-

1- Centroid divides Median in 2: 1 (from Vertex)

2- Coordinates of G = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Apollonius Theorm

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 = 2(𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶 )

New Section 2 Page 4

 .

2-ORTHOCENTRE (H)

Point of intersection of Altitudes or Perpendiculars

𝑥 tan 𝐴 + 𝑥 tan 𝐵 + 𝑥 tan 𝐶 𝑦 tan 𝐴 + 𝑦 tan 𝐵 + 𝑦 tan 𝐶

𝐻 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶

3- Incentre (I)
Point of Intersection of internal bisectors
.

New Section 2 Page 5

 KEY POINTS

1-

𝐴𝐼 𝑏 + 𝐶
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐼𝐷 𝑎

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦
2- 𝐼 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

3-

4-Circumcentre
Point of Intersection of perpendicular bisector's

New Section 2 Page 6

 • For a Right angled triangle the Circumcenter is midpoint of hypotonus

• C = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
.

 Only Point which lies at equal distance from all 3 Vertices

New Section 2 Page 7

 HUM PAANCH

1- All 4 centers are same for eq. triangle

2- All four centers are collinear for isosceles triangle

3- for any triangle G (centroid) divides the line joining H ( ortho-center ) $ CC

(circum-center) ratio 2: 1

# ONGC rule :-

4- Centeroid divides the triangle in 3 (or 6) triangles of equal areas

New Section 2 Page 8

5- Image of ortho-center in any side line on Circum-circle

SLOPE OF A LINE

1- Inclination (𝜃): −

Slope of line = tan 𝜃 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋)

𝑚 = tan 𝜃

2-Intercept

X-intercept = abscissa (x-cord) of point where line cuts x - axis

Y-intercept = ordinate(y-cord) of point where line cuts y-axis (Initial oordinate)

y-int = B ka y-cord

New Section 2 Page 9

 y-int = B ka y-cord

X-cord of A = X-int

NOTE :-

1. Line having equal intercept , m= -1

2- line having equal length of intercept , m= ±1

3- line having intercept equal in magnitude opposite in sign m=1

4- line equal with co-ordinate axes , m=±1

Equation of line

1- Point slope form 3- Slope - Intercept Form

𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶

4- Intercept form
2- Two point form
⎯+ ⎯ = 1
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑚 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥 −𝑥

New Section 2 Page 10

 6- Normal Form
5- General Form
𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = 𝑝
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

# Equation of line in Determinant Form

𝑦 −𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑦 − 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 1

Parametric Eq Of Line

𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ±𝑟
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Angle b/w two lines

New Section 2 Page 11

 .

𝜃+𝜃 =𝜃

tan 𝜃 − tan 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃

𝑚 −𝑚
tan 𝜃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+𝑚 𝑚

Note :-
# 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 < 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝐿 $𝐿
# obtuse < b/w 2 lines 𝐿 $ 𝐿 = 𝜋 − 𝜃
# if 2 lines 𝐿 $ 𝐿 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑚 = 𝑚
# if two lines 𝐿 $ 𝐿 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ⊥ ⇒ 𝑚 𝑚 = −1

Perpendicular Dist Of A Point from a Line

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑑 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√𝑎 + 𝑏

Distance between parallel lines

New Section 2 Page 12

 𝑐 −𝑐
𝑑 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√𝑎 + 𝑏

Area of a Parallelogram

(𝐶 − 𝐶 )(d − d )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝑚 − 𝑚 )

Area = AB.𝑃 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⋅ 𝑃 = 𝑃 ⋅ 𝑃 ⋅ cosec 𝜃

Position of Point WRT to line

Opposite Side => 𝐿(𝑃) ⋅ 𝐿(𝑄) < 0

Same side => 𝐿(𝑃) ⋅ 𝐿(𝑄) > 0

New Section 2 Page 13

IMAGE $ FOOT OF PERPENDICULAR

𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 −2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏

𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 −(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐)

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏

New Section 2 Page 14