ECE 2115 General Engineering Cognate

Formula Sheet & Conversion Factors

STATICS Friction
𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁
Forces and Components 𝑓
Θ = tan-1 𝑁
Fx = Fcosθ
Fy = Fsinθ
Belt Friction
F = √(𝐹𝑥)2 + (𝐹𝑦)2 𝑇1
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑒 𝜇β
Θ= tan-1 (𝐹𝑥 ) 𝑇2

By coordinate dimensions: DYNAMICS

𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧 𝐹
= = = Rectilinear Motion
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑
𝑑𝑆
d = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
By direction angles: 𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧 𝐹
= = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠Θx 𝑐𝑜𝑠Θ𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠Θ𝑧 1 𝑉 2 = 𝑉𝑜2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
Resultant of Forces in Space: 1
𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
R = √(𝑅𝑥)2 + (𝑅𝑦)2 + (𝑅𝑧)2 2

Moment Analysis Free-Falling Bodies

Moment of a Force 𝑉 2 = 𝑉𝑜2 − 2𝑔𝑦
M = Fd 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑔𝑡
1
𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
Couple 2
| C | = Fd
Curvilinear Motion
𝑑𝑣
Equilibrium 𝑎𝑇 =
𝑑𝑡
Loading Principles
𝑣2
Square: R = ωL 𝑎𝑁 =
𝑟
Triangle: R = (½) ωL
𝑎 = √(𝑎𝑁 ) + (𝑎 𝑇 )2
2
Projectile Motion Banking of Highway Curves
x-axis; ax = 0 V = V-rated
𝑥 = (𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜃)(𝑡) 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 2
tan 𝜃 =
𝑉𝑥 2 = (𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜃)2 𝑟𝑔
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜃 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

y-axis; ay =-g V > V-rated

1 𝛽 =𝜃+∅
𝑦 = (𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜃𝑡) − 𝑔𝑡 2
2 ∅ = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 2
𝑉𝑦 = (𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜃) − 2𝑔𝑦
𝑉𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡 V < V-rated
𝛼 = 𝜃−∅
𝑉𝑜2 sin 2𝜃
𝑅=
𝑔 Impulse and Momentum
Coefficient of Restitution
(𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜃)2 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
ℎ= 𝑒=
2𝑔 𝑣1 − 𝑣2

General Equation of a Projectile Impulse Equation

𝑔𝑥 2 𝑤
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 𝛴𝐹 • 𝑡 = (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑜)
2𝑉𝑜2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑔

Rotational Motion Momentum

𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 + 𝛼𝑡 𝑤
𝑀𝑂𝑀 = (𝑣) = 𝑚𝑣
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 2 + 2𝛼𝜃
2 𝑔
1
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
2
Stress
Mass Moment of Inertia 𝑃
𝜎=
𝑤 𝐴
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑘 2 = ( )𝑘 2
𝑔
Tensile Stress (Solid Cylinder)
Force-Inertia Method 𝑃
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜋
𝑤 (4 𝐷2 )
𝑅 = 𝛴𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = ( ) 𝑎
𝑔
g = 32 fps2 = 9.8 m/s2
Tensile Stress (Hollow Cylinder)
𝑃
Dynamic Equilibrium 𝜎𝑡 = 𝜋
𝑤
(4 𝐷2 − 𝑑2 )
REF = ( 𝑔 ) 𝑎
Compressive Stress Static Indeterminancy
𝑃 Case 1
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜋
( 𝐷2 ) 𝛿𝑠 = 𝛿𝑐
4
𝑃
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜋 Case 2
(4 𝐷2 − 𝑑2 )
𝛿𝑠 = 𝛿𝑠 + 𝑒

Stress on Riveted Plate

Case 3
𝑃
𝜎𝑠 = 𝜋 𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑎 𝑑𝑄
(4 𝑑2) tan 𝜃 = = =
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 =
𝑑𝑡 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0]
𝑃𝑠 (𝑎) + 𝑃𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏) − 𝑄(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = 0
Stress on a Plate
𝑃 Thermal Deformation
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜋
(4 𝑑2) 𝛿𝑡ℎ = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝑃
𝜎𝑠 =
𝜋𝑑𝑡 Torsional Shearing Stress
𝑇𝜌
𝜏=
Stresses in Bolts 𝐽
𝑃 T = Torque; 𝜌 = radial distance;
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜋
(4 𝐷2 − 𝑑2 ) J = polar moment of inertia
𝑃 𝑇𝑟
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜋 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
( 𝑑2 )
4
𝑃
𝜎𝑠 = Polar Moment of Inertia
𝜋𝑑ℎ 𝜋
𝐽𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = (𝐷)4
32
Strain 𝜋
𝐽ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
𝛿 32
𝜀=
𝐿
Angle of Twist
Hooke’s Law 𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝐽𝐺
E = modulus of elasticity
Modulus of Rigidity
𝑃𝐿 𝜏
𝛿= 𝐺=
𝐴𝐸 𝛾

Deformation Power Transmission

𝜌𝑔𝐿2 𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑇
𝛿=
2𝐸 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑃𝐿 𝜌𝑔𝐿2 T = twisting moment/torque
𝛿𝑇𝐹 = +
𝐴𝐸 2𝐸
 Flanged Bolt Coupling Spring Index
Torque Capacity 𝐷𝑚
𝑚=
For any number of bolts, n 𝑑
𝜋
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 𝜏( 𝑑2 )(𝑅𝑛 )
4 Wahl’s Factor
4𝑚 − 1 0.615
𝑊𝐹 = ( + )
Two concentric rows of bolts 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚
𝑇 = 𝑃1 𝑅1 𝑛1 + 𝑃2 𝑅2 𝑛2
Bar Elongation
Shear Strain 64𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛
𝛾1 𝛾2 𝛿=
𝐺𝑑 4
=
𝑅1 𝑅2
Spring Constant
Hooke’s Law 𝑃 𝐺𝑑 4
𝑃1⁄ 𝑃2 𝑘= =
𝛿 64𝑅 3 𝑛
𝐴1 = ⁄𝐴2
𝐺1𝑅1 𝐺2𝑅2 Springs in series: inverse
Springs in parallel: additive
Bolts on the two circles have the same area, bolts
are made of the same material Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
𝑃1 𝑃2 1
= 𝑡 ≤ 𝑟
𝑅1 𝑅2 10

Stress in Helical Springs Circumferential Stress

𝜏 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 𝜌𝑑
𝜎𝑐 =
2𝑡
Direct Shear Stress
𝑃 Longitudinal / Circumferential Stress
𝜏1 = 𝜋 𝜌𝑑
(4 𝑑2 ) 𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
Torsional Shearing Stress
16𝑃𝑅 Factor of Safety
𝜏2 =
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜎𝑦
𝑆𝐹 =
𝜎𝑤
Total Stress (Light Spring)
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 Thermodynamics
𝜏= (1 + )
𝜋𝑑3 4𝑅 𝑘𝐹
R = mean radius (coil radius) 𝑎=
𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Total Stress (Heavy Spring)
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615
𝜏= ( + )
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚
 Pressure

Vacuum
P = Po – Pg
Not Vacuum
P = Po + Pg

Absolute Temperature, T
T°R = t°F + 460 (degree Rankine)
T°K = t°C + 273 (Kelvin)

180 F° = 100 C°
5
1 F° = 9 C°
9
1 C° = 5 F°
1𝑔𝑓 =980.66 dyne 1 F° = 1 R°
1𝑘𝑔𝑓 =9.8066 N 1 C° = 1 K°
1𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 4.448 𝑁
1 slug = 32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1𝑙𝑏𝑚 = 453.51 𝑔𝑚 Conservation of Mass

𝑚 𝐹 𝐹𝑔 Quantity of fluid passing thru a given section:

= = 𝑉̇ = 𝐴𝜐
𝑘 𝑎 𝑔
𝑉̇ 𝐴𝜐
𝑚̇ = = = 𝐴𝜐𝜌
Specific Volume 𝑣 𝑣
𝑉 1
𝑣= =
𝑚 𝜌

Specific Weight
𝐹𝑔
𝛾=
𝑉

Relationship
𝜌𝑔
𝛾=
𝑘